通常，一份英文的研究计划大约1~2千字，虽然没有明文规定的要求，但是还是建议大家考虑以下几点： A typical research proposal will be somewhere between one and two thousand words. While we do not insist on a definite format, we encourage students to keep the following in mind: The proposal should begin by explaining the subject area in which the research is to be located, and providing an indication of the key theoretical, policy or empirical debates it plans to address. The proposal should then present a brief review of the literature you plan to contribute to in conducting your own research. You need to demonstrate a familiarity with the relevant academic literature and theories relating to your research proposal, and an awareness of the major lines of argument that have been developed in your chosen research field. You then need to discuss the research questions you plan to address. Importantly, you need to demonstrate the manner in which your research questions emanate from: gaps in the existing empirical literature; from the application of a particular theory in a specific industry or national context; or from a synthesis of a number of bodies of literature, for example. Although not essential, research questions that are topical or have policy relevance will be particularly welcome. You research proposal should be as specific and focused as possible. If your research is being driven by gaps in the existing literature, which of these gaps will you attempt to address? If your research is being driven by theoretical or policy debates, which specific points of these debates are you going to focus on? The research proposal can also provide some explanation of what led you to the topic. Thus, if your topic emerges from a long-standing interest or from interests you developed while studying for a former qualification, do not hesitate to impart this information - it will help to convey your motivation for pursuing doctoral studies. Depending on the nature of your subject, it is desirable to give some indication of the research methods that will be used to conduct the research. A variety of different research methods exists, so you should seek to identify the method that is most suited to your area of research - econometric modelling, participant observation, survey data analysis, case-study analysis, the analysis of historical records, for example. Most doctoral work involves empirical research. The successful completion of doctoral work in the time allotted thus often depends on the ability to obtain the data needed. If your proposed research involves empirical work you should provide an indication of how you might collect any relevant data. For example, you might like to say something about access to particular sources of information (whether you will need on-line access to databases, whether you can use relevant archives etc). You could also comment on the country or geographical region in which the study will take place and explain why you have chosen this country/ region. It might also be worth saying something about unit of analysis for the research (whether you are looking at individuals, groups, workplaces, companies etc) and provide some justification for your choice of unit of analysis. Importantly, you need to explain the manner in which the data you collect will enable you to address your research questions. You should give special attention to the feasibility of data collection. Your proposal may contain interesting and highly relevant research questions, and it may be well grounded in the literature, but it may not be a practical research enterprise. You must balance the scope of your proposal against the practical problems of data gathering. Does your research proposal call for special access to managers or organisations? How many potential variables or factors does it require you to address? Can you examine all of them? Students whose projects involve data gathering in countries other than the UK are advised to pay close attention to the issue of feasibility. Students whose projects depend on data that are not available in the UK should indicate in their proposal how they propose to finance their data gathering. Although no indication of the research findings can be presented, it is often beneficial to conclude the research proposal by indicating the contribution you envisage that your research will make to the literature in your particular subject area, or by indicating the potential practical or policy implications of your research. This means providing an indication of the extent to which you feel your research will make an original contribution, suggesting how it may fill gaps in existing research, and showing how it may extend understanding of particular topics. While your research proposal is judged mainly on content, it must also look professional. It should be typed and written in good English. If you are submitting a photocopy, make sure it is of the highest quality. Particular attention will be paid to clarity of expression and also the structure, coherence and flow of argument. Finally, always include a bibliography (in a standard format – e.g. Harvard) with your research proposal that lists books and articles to which you make reference in your proposal. Finally, it is natural for ideas to evolve and change, so you will not be obliged to adhere to the specifics of your proposal if you are offered a place on the programme. However, the proposal is the foundation of your working relationship with your supervisors and thus it cannot be radically altered without discussion and consultation with your supervisors. 【参考资料】 http://www.education.monash.edu.au/students/current/study-resources/proposalwriting.html http://www.ssdd.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.07.htm http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/graduate/apply/research_proposal.html
have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection. N Engl J Med Pediatric Neonatology 6 5 GLUTAMICS-a randomized clinical trial on glutamate infusion in 861 patients undergoing surgery for acute coronary syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Surgery - Cardiac 5 4 Performance of HbA1c as an Early Diagnostic Indicator of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Youth. Diabetes Care Pediatrics (General) 6 5 Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention on Clinically Important Medication Errors After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 5 6 Internal Medicine 5 6 Cardiology 5 3 Safety and long-term humoral immune response in adults after vaccination with an H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine with or without AS03 adjuvant. J Infect Dis Public Health 6 5 Effect of mindfulness training on asthma quality of life and lung function: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 4 Interventions for treating isolated diaphyseal fractures of the ulna in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Emergency Medicine 6 4 Surgery - Orthopaedics 5 5 Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Pediatric Neonatology 6 5 Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev GP/FP/Obstetrics 6 5 Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 5 4 A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 7 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 7 5 Comparing midwife-led and doctor-led maternity care: a systematic review of reviews. J Adv Nurs GP/FP/Obstetrics 6 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Fluticasone/Salmeterol combination confers benefits in people with asthma who smoke. Chest Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 The effect of clinical covariates on the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor. Chest Occupational and Environmental Health 5 5 Predicting cardiac arrest on the wards: a nested case-control study. Chest Cardiology 5 4 A Randomized Trial of Two Weight-Based Doses of Insulin Glargine and Glulisine in Hospitalized Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Insufficiency. Diabetes Care Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 6 6 Internal Medicine 6 6 Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 6 6 Internal Medicine 6 6 Gynecology 6 5 Progression of early structural lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis assessed using CT. Thorax Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancet Neurol Hematology/Thrombosis 6 6 Applicability of stroke-unit care to low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Neurol Neurology 5 4 Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for early stage cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 5 4 Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Hematology/Thrombosis 6 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Neurology 5 4 Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 6 6 Scalpel versus electrosurgery for abdominal incisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Surgery - Gastrointestinal 6 4 Validation of the pulmonary hypertension connection equation for survival prediction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest Respirology/Pulmonology 5 4
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Clinical and cost effectiveness of booklet based vestibular rehabilitation for chronic dizziness in primary care: single blind, parallel group, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. BMJ General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 6 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 6 Just click on the title to review the abstract and/or PubMed record. Best wishes from Evidence Updates
近两年，我多次接到生物医学科技搜索引擎BioMedLib的email，说我的论文被评为评为相关领域中发表的十大最佳论文之首。具体email附后。 另我发现，网上许多人都以自己的文章进BioMedLib十大最佳论文为豪。我还发现有人有这样的观点：“BioMedLib网站只要看到你发表了一篇文章，就根据你的文章研究内容进行检索，找出另外九篇文章，把你的文章自动放在第一，其它九篇放到后面，这个既不说明这十篇文章是某一领域的十佳文章，更不说明你的文章是十佳之首，说的直白点就是相似度检索，和研究水平毫无关系。” 是这样吗？ “BioMedLib十大最佳论文”到底是什么东东？有没有知情者。 =================================== BioMedLib: "Who is Publishing in My Domain?" =================================== For your article Shen HJ: . Yao Xue Xue Bao; 2006 Sep;41(9):888-92 PMID: 17111839 the following section is the top 20 articles published on the same topic since you published yours. Please sign up to continue receiving this service (view the following link in your browser). This literature-monitoring service is provided to you free of charge by BioMedLib. http://wipimd.com/nlnsrvys9034fnoi?srvyi=47091wft=wimsqt11=17111839.001qt03=shj@nuaa.edu.cnmld=BLD2045TTTeiREovadt01=D2045T The monthly "Who Is Publishing in My Domain" service also includes free full-text publications (free PDF downloads), plus publications citing your article. You will be able to customize these lists to your informational needs in the registration page. Please forward this email to your co-authors, so that they can sign up as well. You can also sign up for a different article. http://wipimd.com/nlnsrvys9034fnoi?srvyi=47091wft=wimscmpgn89116=BLD2045TTTeiREova Regards, Article Delivery Services www.WIPIMD.com Email correspondence: custserv@bmlsearch.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 1: Top 20 Articles, in the Domain of Article 17111839, Since its Publication (2006) 1. .Shen HJ: Yao Xue Xue Bao; 2006 Sep;41(9):888-92 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=17111839%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 2. Molecular dynamics simulations of flexible polymer chains wrapping single-walled carbon nanotubes.Tallury SS, Pasquinelli MA: J Phys Chem B; 2010 Apr 1;114(12):4122-9 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=20205372%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 3. Molecular dynamics simulations of polymers with stiff backbones interacting with single-walled carbon nanotubes.Tallury SS, Pasquinelli MA: J Phys Chem B; 2010 Jul 29;114(29):9349-55 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=20593831%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 4. Molecular dynamics simulations of deformation and rupture of super carbon nanotubes under tension.Qin Z, Feng XQ, Zou J, Yin Y, Yu SW: J Nanosci Nanotechnol; 2008 Dec;8(12):6274-82 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=19205194%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 5. Probing diameter-selective solubilisation of carbon nanotubes by reversible cyclic peptides using molecular dynamics simulations.Friling SR, Notman R, Walsh TR: Nanoscale; 2010 Jan;2(1):98-106 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=20648370%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 6. Multicomponent ballistic transport in narrow single wall carbon nanotubes: analytic model and molecular dynamics simulations./spanMutat T, Adler J, Sheintuch M: J Chem Phys; 2011 Jan 28;134(4):044908 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21280799%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 7. The thermal conductivity and thermal rectification of carbon nanotubes studied using reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.Alaghemandi M, Algaer E, Bƒhm MC, Mƒ¼ller-Plathe F: Nanotechnology; 2009 Mar 18;20(11):115704 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=19420452%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 8. Application of molecular dynamics simulations for structural studies of carbon nanotubes.Brƒ³dka A, Ko…‚oczek J, Burian A: J Nanosci Nanotechnol; 2007 Apr-May;7(4-5):1505-11 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=17450918%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 9. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of structural and mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes./spanMashapa MG, Ray SS: J Nanosci Nanotechnol; 2010 Dec;10(12):8083-7 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21121299%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 10. Kinetics of water filling the hydrophobic channels of narrow carbon nanotubes studied by molecular dynamics simulations.Wu K, Zhou B, Xiu P, Qi W, Wan R, Fang H: J Chem Phys; 2010 Nov 28;133(20):204702 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21133447%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 11. Molecular dynamics simulations on hydrogen adsorption in finite single walled carbon nanotube bundles.Knippenberg MT, Stuart SJ, Cheng H: J Mol Model; 2008 May;14(5):343-51 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=18286311%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 12. Investigation of the influence of thermostat configurations on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes in molecular dynamics simulations.Heo S, Sinnott SB: J Nanosci Nanotechnol; 2007 Apr-May;7(4-5):1518-24 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=17450920%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 13. Acute and long-term effects after single loading of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes into zebrafish (Danio rerio).Cheng J, Chan CM, Veca LM, Poon WL, Chan PK, Qu L, Sun YP, Cheng SH: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 2009 Mar 1;235(2):216-25 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=19133284%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 14. Stabilization of aqueous carbon nanotube dispersions using surfactants: insights from molecular dynamics simulations./spanTummala NR, Morrow BH, Resasco DE, Striolo A: ACS Nano; 2010 Dec 28;4(12):7193-204 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21128672%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 15. Molecular dynamics simulation study of ionic hydration in negatively charged single-walled carbon nanotubes.Guo X, Shao Q, Lu L, Zhu Y, Wei M, Lu X: J Nanosci Nanotechnol; 2010 Nov;10(11):7620-4 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21137996%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 16. Molecular dynamics simulations of ion transport through carbon nanotubes. I. Influence of geometry, ion specificity, and many-body interactions.Beu TA: J Chem Phys; 2010 Apr 28;132(16):164513 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=20441294%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 17. Catalyzed growth of carbon nanotube with definable chirality by hybrid molecular dynamics-force biased Monte Carlo simulations.Neyts EC, Shibuta Y, van Duin AC, Bogaerts A: ACS Nano; 2010 Nov 23;4(11):6665-72 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=20939511%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 18. Perylene-based nanotweezers: enrichment of larger-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes./spanBackes C, Schmidt CD, Hauke F, Hirsch A: Chem Asian J; 2011 Feb 1;6(2):438-44 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21254422%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 19. Molecular dynamics analysis on buckling of defective carbon nanotubes.Kulathunga DD, Ang KK, Reddy JN: J Phys Condens Matter; 2010 Sep 1;22(34):345301 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=21403253%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches 20. Molecular dynamics simulation study of the structural characteristics of water molecules confined in functionalized carbon nanotubes.Huang LL, Zhang LZ, Shao Q, Wang J, Lu LH, Lu XH, Jiang SY, Shen WF: J Phys Chem B; 2006 Dec 28;110(51):25761-8 Go to the online record: http://bmlsearch.com/?kwr=17181218%5Bpmid%5Dcmpgn83301=BLD2045TTTeiREovaxpclps3=Matches
PRESIDENT OF CHINA HU JINTAO (re-translated) : Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, friends, It is a great pleasure to see you here. Russian President Vladimir Putin and I have just completed our trust-based, in-depth and fruitful discussions, during which we exchanged views on the development of bilateral relations and topical international and regional issues of interest to both our countries. We have reached agreement on a wide range of issues in the course of the talks. We have signed a joint statement on further deepening Chinese-Russian relations and comprehensive, equitable, trust-based interaction and strategic partnership, and have witnessed the signing of important documents on cooperation. We appreciate the steps to boost the positive, thriving and stable development of Chinese-Russian relations scheduled for this year. We emphasise that we will continue to consider the development of Chinese-Russian relations as one of our country’s top foreign policy priorities, remain committed to boosting the pace of the Chinese-Russian relations and bring our strategic partnership and comprehensive cooperation to new heights. We believe that our central task is to implement the Chinese-Russian development programme in the new decade. It is essential to fully take advantage of close top-level contacts between our two countries, as well as intergovernmental and interagency cooperation mechanisms, and constantly strengthen mutual support. We will deepen comprehensive cooperation and boost Chinese-Russian centuries-old friendship, strengthen strategic coordination in international affairs and more actively promote our common development and prosperity, thereby ensuring peace, security and stability in the region and the entire world. We agreed that it is necessary, given the new conditions of internal development and the global economic environment, to take advantage of our countries’ economic complementarity, optimise the structure of trade and economic cooperation and improve its quality. In this regard, the parties will implement the Chinese-Russian investment cooperation plan, expand investment, will be constantly guided by the principle of equality and joint benefits, deepen cooperation in oil and gas, nuclear energy, electricity, in the use of alternative sources of energy and establish strategic cooperation in the energy sector. We will also interact in the sphere of high technology and innovation, and accelerate the modernisation of production facilities engaged in cooperation on major strategic projects to improve the international competitiveness of our economies. We will also promote cooperation in cross-border infrastructure projects for rapid development of our border areas. I am confident that as a result of our joint efforts trade will increase to $100 billion by 2015 and $200 billion by 2020. We have decided to further deepen Chinese-Russian cooperation in the humanitarian sphere, and have agreed to intensify efforts on an action plan for cultural cooperation in the new decade. Special attention will be given to youth contacts. We will actively implement the plans for the visit of 300 Moscow State University students to China this year, as well as conduct consultations on a plan of youth delegations exchange over the next five years. We agreed to strengthen cooperation in defence, law enforcement and security. The parties will use all channels and platforms that will take cooperation between our armed forces to a new level. It is also necessary to create a mechanism for interstate cooperation in law enforcement and security on the basis of existing intergovernmental ties to provide more effective coordination and cooperation in this field. We agreed that the strengthening of Chinese-Russian cooperation in international and regional affairs helps to protect our common interests and promote peace, security and stability in the region and the world. Taking into account the complex and rapidly changing international and regional situation, our two countries will pay special attention to cooperation within the UN, SCO, BRICS, and G20, and uphold the objectives and principles stated in the UN Charter and basic norms governing international relations to promote solidarity and cooperation between countries with emerging economies and developing countries in order to promote a more equitable and rational development of international political and economic order. Ladies and gentlemen, Today, the Chinese-Russian strategic partnership has approached a new historical stage. Together with Russia, we are ready to adopt a strategic and long-term approach to the development of our relations in the light of the situation in general, and raise them to ever new levels. Thank you for your attention. PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA VLADIMIR PUTIN: President Hu Jintao, ladies and gentlemen, First of all, I want to say that I am very happy to be visiting friendly Beijing once again. I am grateful to President Hu Jintao for the business-like and at the same time warm and sincere atmosphere in which we worked today. China is a strategic partner of the Russian Federation. Our relations in all fields are built on a mutually beneficial basis with a high degree of trust and openness. In the political sphere, we have attained the highest level of mutual trust: we provide firm support to each other on key issues affecting the vital interests of our two nations. Our trade and economic ties are reaching new heights. Today, we have signed about twenty bilateral agreements in key areas of cooperation: the energy, industry, banking, aviation and innovation technology. We have already mentioned that the trade increased by 40% in 2011. There is no doubt that by 2015-2020 we will reach entirely new heights, as Mr Hu said. We will diversify trade, increase mutual investments, launch new infrastructure and hi-tech projects and develop direct contacts between the regions and business communities. All our agreements are being implemented. This applies to the fuel and energy sphere, where our work includes hydrocarbons, the power industry, nuclear energy and renewable energy. Significant progress has been made in almost all of these areas. We agreed to accelerate our efforts on creating a long-range widebody aircraft and heavy helicopters, to continue the implementation of joint programmes in space, and to advance a number of other key projects in high technology sectors. We welcome the active participation of Chinese partners in the Russian technoparks and special economic zones, as well as research and innovation centres. We are ready to further boost interregional cooperation, intensify the programme of cooperation between the Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia and Northeast China. We have adopted such a programme until 2018. Bilateral humanitarian contacts are also expanding. Very successful reciprocal national years and language years were held in 2009 and 2010, respectively. A new promising endeavour has been launched: the years of tourism exchange. I hope that at the expert level, our colleagues will propose many new initiatives that will widen the opportunities for the people in our countries to interact with each other. Our priorities in this area include the expansion of youth and student contacts. At present Russia has about 18,000 Chinese students and China has 8,000 Russian students. Joint sporting events should also be on our agenda. Ladies and gentlemen, During our meeting, we exchanged views on issues on the global and regional agenda. Our countries have consistently advocated the establishment of an equitable world order, uniting the efforts of all states in the fight against modern threats. These include terrorism, extremism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and large-scale economic crises. To this end, we intend to increase cooperation in major international organisations including the UN, G20, BRICS and SCO. We will work actively in multilateral associations of the Asia-Pacific region. We believe our joint initiative to strengthen security in the Asia-Pacific region plays an important role and will support the relationship between our defence agencies. We support the formation of an open and equitable security and cooperation architecture in the region based on the principles of international law. We had a useful exchange of views on the situation in the Middle East, North Africa, on the Korean Peninsula, the Iranian nuclear programme and other relevant issues. I will stress once again that our positions are close, consonant, and most importantly, we have reached a high level of coordination in order to make an effective contribution to settling international crises and problems. The partnership between Russia and China will continue to actively develop for the benefit of our nations, and today is a good example of building truly friendly and good neighbourly relations. Thank you for your attention. 原文见 http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/3964
Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use a diffusion te.pdf Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use a diffusion tensor imaging study 我们的前期工作中， 发现慢性吸食K粉者存在明显的脑结构损害（包括脑白质和脑灰质的损害），损害部位主要集中在前额叶，而且氯胺酮依赖者的脑白质和脑灰质损害与氯胺酮使用总量有个关，即氯胺酮依赖者使用氯胺酮越多、脑白质和脑灰质损害越严重。
Recently I have read the book that was written by Gerd Baumann.The following blog articles will be the Readnots for Mathmatica for theoretical physics. Introduction Mathematica is a computer algebra system which allows the following calculations: symbolic numeric graphical acoustic.Mathematica was developed by Stephen Wolfram in the 1980s and is nowavailable for more than 15 years on a large number of computers for different operating systems (PC, HP, SGI, SUN, NeXT, VAX, etc.).Before discussing the solution steps for several problems of theoretical physics, we will present a short overview of the organization of Mathematica. If we wish to terminate our calculations and exit the Mathematica environment,we type the termination function Quit := and the related output label is Out =. an exponent is generated by CTRL+6 on your keyboard.Multiplication of two numbers can be done in two ways. In this book, the multiplication sign is replaced by a blank: 2 5=2*5 For each Mathematica function, you will find a short description of its functionality and its purpose if you type the name of the function preceded by a question mark. For example, the description of Solve .Integration of a function is executed byIntegrate . The expansion of a function f(t) in a Taylor series around t = 0 up to third order is given by Series , {t, 0, 3}].The calculation of a finite sum follows from. The Laplace transform of the function Sin is calculated using the standard function LaplaceTransform ,t,s] Classical Mechanics Classical mechanics denotes the theory of motion of particles and particle systems under conditions in which Heisenberg's uncertainty principle has essentially no effect on the motion and,therefore, may be neglected. It is the mechanics of Galilei, Newton, Lagrange, and Hamilton and it is now extended to include the mechanics of Einstein. Atpresent, the most refined form of theoretical physics is called quantum field theory, and the theory most accurately confirmed by experiment is a special case of quantum field theory called quantum electrodynamics. According to this discipline, the interactions among electrons, positrons, and electromagnetic radiation have been computed and shown to agree with the results of experiment with an over all accuracy of 1 part in 10 9 . Unfortunately, analogous attempts to describe the interactions among mesons, hyperons, and nucleons are at present unsuccessful. This section introduces some of the mathematical tools necessary to efficiently describe mechanical systems. The basic tools discussed are coordinates, transformations, scalars, vectors, tensors, vector products, derivatives, and integral relations for scalars and vector fields. We must now establish rules whereby it is possible to multiply two matrices. Let us take a column matrix for the coordinates. The multiplication of a matrix A and a matrix B is defined only if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. For such a case, the product A.B is given by It is evident that matrix multiplication is not commutative.(A.B is not equal to B.A) An important operation on a matrix is the transposition.The transposition of a matrix A is denoted by A T Another property of matrices is that any matrix multiplied by the identity matrix is unaffected.The problem is to find the inverse matrix such that In Mathematica, the inverse of a matrix is calculated by the function Inverse[].For orthogonal matrices, there exist a connection between the inverse matrix and the transposed matrix. This connection is This symbol was introduced by Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891). the combination of two or more numbers in an array are called vectors.Vectors consist of components specifying a direction in space. The term vector is used to indicate a quantity that has both magnitude (a scalar) and direction. A vector is often represented by an arrow or a directed line segment. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector and the arrow points in the direction of the vector. Physical quantities can be of still higher complexity than scalars and vectors. For example, the inertia of a rigid body is described by a tensor. Tensors are distinguished by their rank. The combination of n vectors in an array generates, in general, an n-rank tensor. In this scheme, scalars are tensors of rank zero and vectors are first-rank tensors. We next consider another method for the combination of two vectors, the so-called vector product or cross-product. For example, the angular momentum of a body is defined as Angular momentum = Radius arm ä Linear momentum= Distance * Linear momentum* sin( ).First, we assert that this operation ä does, in fact, produce a vector. The product considered here actually produces an axial vector, but the term vector product will be used in order to be consistent with popular usage The gradient of a scalar function is of extreme importance in physics expressing the relation between a force field and a potential field. The successive operation of the gradient operator produces This important product operator is called the Laplacian and is also written The vector which results from the volume integration of a vector function throughout a volume V is given by The integral over the surface S of the projection of a vector function onto that surface is defined to be where da is an infinitesimal element of area of the surface.we calculate the work done with a force exerted on a particle that varies along the path, . where we used the Einstein summation convention to sum over the m components. Moving Particle Motion on a Helix As a first example of kinematics, let us consider the motion of a bead with constant orbital velocity confined to a helix. This motion can be divided into two parts. Motion of a Projectile we neglect the air resistance. Furthermore, we consider only kinematics; we also demand that the projectile follows a parabolic orbit with a vertical symmetry axis and with constant horizontal velocity. The motion of the ball takes place in a three-dimensional space; thus, the velocity and the location of the ball is a certain vector with three components, respectively. The general equation of the path yHxL can be obtained be eliminating the variable t in the track representation:
Lutz Bornmann在Scientometrics (2011) 86:173–177发表了一篇题为“Mimicry in science?”的文章。这篇文章涉及了一些科研评价、科研人员的行为等有关话题。正好这几天在与几位前辈探讨中涉及到了这方面的内容。下面对这篇文章的主要内容做了一些翻译，与大家分享，从中也许可以获得一些感兴趣的研究主题。 Abstract： Since bibliometric indicators have obtained a general acceptance in science policy and attained applied relevance in research evaluation, feedback effects on scientists’ behaviour resulting from the use of these indicators for science funding decisions have been reported. These adaptation strategies could be called mimicry in science. Scientists apply strategies that should enable them to comply to bibliometric accountability and to secure funds to their own research. Keywords： Research evaluation Mimicry Scientific progress Bibliometric data are being used by leading and fast-growing countries in science for research evaluation purposes. In UK the allocation of public funds to the universities will be mainly carried out according to these data. “The Government has a firm presumption that after the 2008 RAE the system for assessing research quality and allocating “quality-related” (QR) research funding to universities from the Department for Education and Skills will be mainly metrics-based (UK Office of Science and Technology 2006)“. Due to this development “the death of peer review” in the allocation of research funds is being discussed (Gilbert 2006). The reason for the popularity of bibliometrics compared to peer review is seen in lower costs and criticism of the peer review system (Weingart 2005). In an ever more complex science system, bibliometric analysis should allow for evaluation of mass-data no longer understandable to the single reviewer (Butler 2004). 科研人员行为的耦合 Back coupling on scientists’behaviour Since science funding has become more and more determined by principles of ‘publish or perish,’ the following changes of publication behaviour have been reported in the literature (see here Lawrence 2003; Research Evaluation and Policy Project 2005): (1) To increase probability of acceptance of their papers by a journal, scientists tend to do research in accordance with the mainstream in their fields and avoid unusual research (e.g. risky, interdisciplinary or long-term); (2) To be able to come to publishable results more quickly, scientists pursue short-term rather than longterm research; (3) Scientists attempt to provide their paper to low-quality journals as long as these journals are indexed by literature data bases used for bibliometric analyses in research evaluation; (4) To boost the number of publications, scientists slice their findings as thin as salami and submit these to different journals even though findings could be presented in a single paper. 当科学基金越来越被"出版或出局"这个规则所决定时，科研人员的发文行为就会出现下面一些特点： （1）为了增加自己论文被一个期刊录用，科研人员的研究会更加遵循所在领域的主流研究，而放弃一些冒险、跨学科、长期研究等“不太规矩”的研究。 （2）为了能够尽快发表其研究成果，科研人员更趋向于一些短期研究。 （3）科学家会尝试在一些质量相对较低，但是又科研评价中被确定的期刊上发表论文。 （4）有的时候，一篇文章本来就可以把一项研究成果一次性发表，但科研人员会象切香肠一样，把一项研究内容有意识地拆开，然后在不同期刊上发表。 这种现象在生物学上叫“仿生”（mimicry，Patent 1978） Fraser and Martin (2009)研究发现，在科学论文中经常会出现关键的、决定性的、重要的（e.g. pivotal, crucial, and essential）等词汇。这个发现是科研人员想通过这些词汇的运用来增加其论文被录用的可能性。Merton (1938)认为，在这种极端的“仿生”会导致一个混乱的状态。Merton (1938)研究了社会结构如何影响对特定的人群，这种影响是鼓励这些人群去遵守规则，还是不守规范。如果“赢得比赛”超过了“在一定规则下赢得比赛”，那么破坏规则的现象就会发生(Martinson et al. 2006)。如果科研人员去迎合基于评价指标的目标，科学不端行为的现象就会出现。很多情况下，发文的压力会导致学术不端行为的出现。中国一些大学的高质量成果与奖金、房子、津贴等挂钩的同时，也在面临着不少学术失范行为（Qiu 2010）。 Increase in productivity as an effect of national research evaluation systems 发文量增加对国家科研评价系统的影响 在过去一些年，除英国外，象澳大利亚、芬兰等国家利用评价系统来分配科研资金的做法被不断完善 (see an overview in Macilwain 2010; Schneider 2009)。一些调杳表明，这些评价系统对科研人员的行为产生了一定的影响。在澳大利亚(Butler 2003, 2004)，自从“发文等于基金”（formula based funding）的制度实施之后，科研人员每年的发文量有了很大的提升 (如发文的与基金分配的关系），虽然这些文章被发表在WOS收录的期刊上，但多数是在低影响因子的期刊上。 Glaser and Laudel (2007)的5位访谈者表示，他们改变了他们的发文策略：发更多的论文、独立发表论文、在高影响力的期刊上发文。而且被采访对象更倾向于一些应用性和热点研究主题的论文。在西班牙，科研人员根据the National Commission for the Evaluation of Research Activity (CNEAI, Madrid)的规定在高水平的期刊发表其成果。一项对科研政策影响的测度表明：首先，这种政策导致了西班牙科研人员发文习惯的变化，其次，科研人员在ISI收录的西班牙期刊上发文的数据在增加；第三，西班牙文献计量数据库的source items趋于稳定(Jimenez-Contreras et al. 2002)。同样的影响也其它的研究中被发现（Rey et al. 1998）。UK RAE Moed (2008) 发现，三种明显的文献计量模式可以来解释科研人员对RAE标准的适应。RAE1992强调发文总数时，英国科研人员的发文量就出现一个确定的增长。当RAE1996注重由数量向质量转变时，英国科研人员的发文和被引次数都有了提高。在1997–2000年之间，机构增加了其科研人员的数量，并鼓励研究人员之间紧密合作，即使论文并不是真正合作的产物。 Possibilities of increasing citation impact 提高引用影响的可能性 与发文量相比，被引次数对科研人员似乎是不敏感的。但是Bornmann and Daniel (2007)研究结论正好相反。......只有少数研究人员能够看较多的所在领域的文献，因此，写越多的论文，其被引用的可能性越大。 Do behavioural changes contribute to scientific advancements in science? 科研人员的行为变化对科学发展是否有益？ 世界各中政府要求科研人员有更多的产出才能获得持续的支持 (Mervis 2007)。评价体系的引入希望能够提升科研人员产出的数量与质量。这种系统导致科研人员行为的变化正是政府想要的结果。数量是指在同行评审期刊上发表的论文数量，研究的影响和重要性是通过被引次数来衡量的(National Science Board 2010)。一些研究表明，这种适应过程在实际中被观察到。不管这种科学中的“仿生现象”如何解释，没有对科研起步产生正面影响而被科研人员人为操纵是错误的。Evidence Ltd（2007）：一个与基金分配相关的指标，它一开始就失去了最初扮演某个角色的信息内容。有了一所可操纵的房子，就可能会导致在些意外行为只是去获得部分研究过程和它的利益。 这种行为的适应性也可以对科技进行有正面的影响。一方面，科研人员在SCI收录的低影响因子上发文是负面的，另一方面，这些期刊能够作为来源刊，它们也是要达到一定标准的。低影响因子期刊比高影响因子期刊的质量相对较差，但还是要好于那些没有被作为来源刊的期刊。一方面，好多研究人员都倾向于主流的研究是有问题的，但这些主流是一个领域最重要的研究内容。追求短期影响就真的比长期的研究会影响科学的进步吗（(Laloe¨ and Mosseri 2009)?）在大科学时代，短期影响会不会影响规则？要回答这些类似的“科学仿生问题“，要深入研究评价系统、发文行为和引用行为的适应性和科学知识生产需要之间的联系是非常必要的。 （In times of big science (de Solla Price 1965), isn’t short-term impact the rule? To be able to answer these and similar questions concerning mimicry in science satisfyingly, the results of in-depth analysis on the relationship between an evaluation-based research system, adaptation of the publication and citation behaviour and scientific knowledge production are needed.） 原文可以从： http://www.lutz-bornmann.de/icons/Mimicry.pdf 下载 一点感受：一个评价系统，一个评价指标，总有其局限。系统、指标并无严格的好坏之分，更多的应该是如何合理去应用。应用得当，扬长避短，就有可能事半功倍。
Here is the link: http://flowingdata.com/2012/04/27/data-and-visualization-blogs-worth-following/ Here are the contents: Today, I went through my feed reader again, and here's what came up. Coincidentally, 37 blogs came up again. (Update: added two I forgot, so 39 now.) I'm subscribed to a lot more than this since I don't unsubscribe to dried up feeds. But this list is restricted to blogs that have updated in the past two months and are at least four months old. Design and Aesthetics information aesthetics — By Andrew Vande Moere, the first blog I found on visualization five something years ago. Well-formed data — Another one of the oldies but goodies. The blog of Moritz Stefaner, known for lots of projects around these parts blprnt.blg — Blog of Jer Thorp, who has recently been on a github binge. See also blprnt.tmblr Fathom — Ben Fry-run studio talks about interesting things feltron — Nicholas Felton's tumblr with quick bits of delight Tulp Inspiration — Another tumblr, this one run by Jan Willem Tulp Statistical and Analytical Visualization Eager Eyes — I think the second blog I found on visualization. Written by Robert Kosara, research-focused Junk Charts — Kaiser Fung finds the not-so-good and explains how to improve them. See also sister blog Numbers Rule Your World Visual Business Inteliigence — Stephen Few's business-centric musings Visualising Data — Relatively newer Data Pointed — Weird and cooky, in a good way Effective Graphs — Fundamentals of graph-making Jim Vallandingham — Releases good code sometimes Excel Charts — Despite the name, provides some useful information for beginners Statistical Graphics and more — Through the eyes of a statistician Journalism The Daily Viz — By Matt Stiles, data journalist at NPR chartsnthings — Kevin Quealy of The New York Times talks process Infographics news — Highlights news graphics Matthew Ericson — Deputy graphics director at The New York Times General Visualization Neoformix — Features a variety of his projects Datavisualization.ch — Different visualization work, but lately on process of client work Periscopic — Information visualization firm, do good with data vis4 — Gregor Aisch produces a mix of work Chart Porn — Mix of charts and graphs Communicating with data — Jerome Cukier from the OECD Maps Stamen — Map-focused design and technology studio, sometimes open source releases Cartastrophe — Daniel Huffman talks good maps Floatingsheep — Geography hodge podge indiemaps — Usually on the how of maps Kelso's Corner — Nathaniel Kelso, cartographer at Stamen tecznotes — Michal Migurski of Stamen gets into the nitty gritty of online map making The Marauding Carto-nerd — Kenneth Field, research cartographer Data and Statistics Datablog — On The Guardian , poster of datasets and graphics Juice Analytics — Putting business data to action The Numbers Guy — Examines the way numbers are used Infochimps — Data supplier and hackers unite Civil Statistician — By Census Bureau statistician Jerzy Wieczorek Revolutions — Frequent statistics goodies Simply Statistics — The title says it all
PhD and Yong faculty need the following helps in academic research: 1. style grammar and Language; 2 writing for publication; 3 publishing ethics; 4 research assessment; 5 international digital publishing landscape
Abstract New molecular entities (NMEs), as defined by the FDA, are new drug products containing as their active ingredient a chemical substance marketed for the first time in the United States. The following descriptions of NMEs approved in 2010–2011 ( Table 1 ) detail the basic clinical and pharmacologic profile of each new drug, as well as key precautions and warnings. Also included for each drug is a brief summary of selected pharmacokinetic, adverse-reaction, drug-interaction, and dosing data submitted to the FDA in support of the manufacturer's New Drug Application. This review is intended to be objective rather than evaluative in content. The information for each NME was obtained primarily from sources published prior to FDA approval. Experience clearly shows that many aspects of a new drug's therapeutic profile are not detected in premarketing studies and emerge after the drug is used in large numbers of patients. Studies have clearly demonstrated the appearance of "new" adverse reactions for many NMEs within 2 to 3 years of first becoming available. Some of these drugs may eventually acquire at least one black box warning for serious adverse reactions or are withdrawn from the market for safety reasons not recognized at the time of approval. Hence, while this review offers a starting point for learning about new drugs, it is essential that practitioners be aware of changes in a drug's therapeutic profile as reported by their own patients and in the pharmaceutical literature. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/752616
To demonstrate, using a window size of three with one entry immediately preceding and following each entry, a median filter will be applied to the following simple 1D signal: x = So, the median filtered output signal y will be: y = Median = 2 y = Median = Median = 6 y = Median = Median = 6 y = Median = Median = 3 i.e. y = .
Current guidelines to diagnose miscarriage are insufficient and unreliable, and following them may result in the inadvertent termination of wanted pregnancies, according to the results of a systematic review and 3 studies published online October 13 in Ultrasound Obstetrics and Gynecology . "This research shows that the current guidance on how to use ultrasound scans to detect a miscarriage may lead to a wrong diagnosis in some cases," Professor Basky Thilaganathan, MD, editor-in-chief of Ultrasound Obstetrics and Gynecology , said in a news release. "Health professionals need clearer evidence-based guidance to prevent this happening." Nearly 2 decades ago, a landmark study from Cardiff, United Kingdom, first showed that early pregnancies may be erroneously diagnosed as a miscarriage. Investigators of the present studies suggest that their findings will facilitate a more precise definition of miscarriage, and they stress the importance of intervening only when the diagnosis of miscarriage is unequivocal. Systematic Review of Accuracy of First-Trimester Ultrasound Findings of the systematic review , which looked at the accuracy of first-trimester ultrasound in diagnosing early embryonic death, indicated that the evidence base for the current guidelines is old and unreliable. "The majority of ultrasound standards used for diagnosis of miscarriage are based on limited evidence," senior review author Shakila Thangaratinam, MD, from the Women's Health Research Unit at Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom, said in a news release. The reviewers searched MEDLINE from 1951 to 2011, Embase from 1980 to 2011, and the Cochrane Library in 2010, and found 8 relevant studies with 4 test categories, enrolling a total of 872 women. These studies assessed the accuracy of first-trimester ultrasonography in pregnant women for the diagnosis of early embryonic demise. The reviewers calculated accuracy measures including sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for abnormal and normal test results for each study, and for each test threshold. Only 2 tests had a lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for specificity greater than 0.95: an empty gestational sac with mean diameter of 25 mm or more, and absent yolk sac with a mean gestational sac diameter of 20 mm or more (specificity, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96 - 1.00 for both). However, even a 95% CI of 0.96 to 1.00 indicates that up to 4 of every 100 diagnoses may be a false-positive. On the basis of their findings, the reviewers concluded that few high-quality prospective data exist on which to base guidelines for the accurate diagnosis of early pregnancy demise. Their findings were limited by the small number and poor quality of the published studies, small sample sizes, the age of the studies (most were performed 20 years ago), the enrollment of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic women, and heterogeneity in tests and outcome assessment. None of the studies evaluated the reproducibility and repeatability of early pregnancy measurements, and only half had access to an endovaginal probe. "Before guidelines for the safe management of threatened miscarriage can be formulated, there is an urgent need for an appropriately powered, prospective study using current ultrasound technology and an agreed reference standard for pregnancy success or loss," the review authors write. They note that most pregnancy screening tests, such as those for Down syndrome or gestational diabetes, require optimal sensitivity but can tolerate a low false-positive rate (FPR). However, it is essential to have a highly specific test with a zero FPR for threatened early pregnancy loss, for once early embryonic demise is diagnosed, the uterus is evacuated. The only conclusive criterion to diagnose miscarriage is documented spontaneous expulsion of histologically confirmed pregnancy tissue or retained products in the uterus in a woman with previous ultrasound findings of intrauterine gestational sac. Most of the studies identified in this review did not use rigorous standards to diagnose early pregnancy demise. Research Studies "Many of us in clinical practice have been concerned for some time about possible errors relating to the diagnosis of miscarriage," Professor Dirk Timmerman, MD, PhD, from Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, who coauthored the research studies, said in a news release. "We are pleased that our data have identified where these errors might occur, so that we can prevent mistakes happening in the future." Current practice to confirm clinical suspicions of miscarriage is to measure gestational sac and embryo size using ultrasound, but cutoff values to define miscarriage are not always reliable. If repeat measurement 7 to 10 days later shows no growth, clinicians often assume there has been a miscarriage. However, a multicenter observational study by Yazan Abdallah, MD, from Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, United Kingdom, and colleagues of 1060 women showed that even normal, viable pregnancies may not measurably grow in size during this time. There was an overlap in mean gestational sac diameter (MSD) growth rates between viable and nonviable pregnancies, and there was no cutoff for MSD growth below which a viable pregnancy could be safely excluded, suggesting that criteria to diagnose miscarriage based on growth in MSD and crown–rump length (CRL) are potentially unsafe. In this study, a cutoff value for CRL growth of 0.2 mm/day was always associated with miscarriage, and finding an empty gestational sac on 2 scans more than 7 days apart was highly likely to indicate miscarriage, regardless of growth. "By identifying this problem, we hope that guidelines will be reviewed so that inadvertent termination of wanted pregnancies cannot happen," senior author Tom Bourne, PhD, from University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, said in the news release. "We also hope backing will be given to even larger studies to test new guidelines prospectively. Currently there is a risk that some women seeking reassurance with pain or bleeding in early pregnancy may be told they have had a miscarriage, and choose to undergo surgical or medical treatment when the pregnancy is in fact healthy." A second multicenter, observational cross-sectional study of 1060 women, also performed by Dr. Abdallah and colleagues, investigated the limitations of current definitions of miscarriage using MSD and CRL measurements. When embryo and yolk sac were both absent, the FPR for miscarriage was 4.4% using an MSD cutoff of 16 mm, 0.5% using a cutoff of 20 mm, and 0% using a cutoff of MSD 21 mm or greater. If a yolk sac was present, but not an embryo, the FPR for miscarriage was 2.6% using an MSD cutoff of 16 mm, 0.4% using a cutoff of 20 mm, and 0% using a cutoff of MSD 21 mm or greater. For a visible embryo with no detectable heartbeat, using a CRL cutoff of either 4 or 5 mm yielded an FPR for miscarriage of 8.3%, and there were no FPRs using a CRL cutoff of 5.3 mm or greater. On the basis of their findings, the investigators concluded that some current definitions used to diagnose miscarriage are potentially unsafe, and that current national guidelines should be reviewed to avoid inadvertent termination of wanted pregnancies. They also suggested that using an MSD cutoff of more than 25 mm and a CRL cutoff of more than 7 mm could minimize the risk for a false-positive diagnosis of miscarriage. The last study was a small cross-sectional study that showed that when different clinicians measure the same pregnancy in the first trimester using transvaginal sonography, variation in CRL or MSD may be up to 20%. If the first measurement is an overestimate and the second measurement, taken a few days later, is an underestimate, the false conclusion could be reached that there had been no growth. The higher interobserver variability for MSD would caution against diagnosing miscarriage from this measurement in the absence of a visible embryo or yolk sac. "These errors could lead to a false diagnosis of miscarriage being made in some women," lead study author Anne Pexsters, MD, also from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, said in a news release. "For most women, sadly there is nothing we can do to prevent a miscarriage, but we do need to make sure we don't make things worse by intervening unnecessarily in ongoing pregnancies," Dr. Bourne concluded. "We hope our work means that the guidelines to define miscarriage are made as watertight as we would expect for defining death at any other stage of life." Some of the study authors report various financial relationships and/or support with/from the Research Foundation–Flanders, the Imperial Healthcare National Health Service Trust National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Research Council, Ambiorics, MaNet, Optimization in Engineering, and/or Belgian Federal Science Policy Office. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . Published online October 13, 2011. Review full text , Abdallah study 1 , Abdallah study 2 , Pexsters study 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/751613
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