Contents of IDL Astronomy User's Library November 2012 (also see http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/contents.html ) Astronomical Utilities in pro/astro ________ -------- ADSTRING() - Format RA and DEC as a character string AIRTOVAC - Convert air wavelengths to vacuum wavelengths AITOFF - Convert longitude,latitude to X,Y using Aitoff equal-area projection AITOFF_GRID - Create an overlay grid using the AITOFF projection ALTAZ2HADEC - Convert Horizon (Alt-Az) coordinates to Hour Angle and Declination ARCBAR - Draw an arcbar over an image showing the astronomical plate scale ARROWS - Given a FITS header, display a "weathervane" showing N-E orientation ASTDISP - Display formatter for pixel + astronomical coordinates ASTRO - Interactive driver to compute astronomical precession, or coordinate conversions (calls EULER and PRECESS). BARYVEL - Compute components of barycentric Earth velocity, given Julian date BPRECESS - Precess coordinates, proper motion from J2000 to B1950 CALZ_UNRED - Deredden a galaxy spectrum using the Calzetti et al. (2000) formula CCM_UNRED - Deredden a spectrum using the Cardelli, Clayton and Mathis (1989) parameterization. CO_ABERRATION - Calculate changes to Ra and Dec due to aberration effects CO_NUTATE - Calculate changes in RA and Dec due to nutation of the Earth's rotation CO_REFRACT() - Calculate correction to altitude due to atmospheric refraction COSMO_PARAM - Derive a full set of cosmological parameters given a subset CT2LST- Convert from civil time to local sidereal time DATE() - Convert day of year to a DY-MON-CCYY string (FITS standard) DATE_CONV() - Function to perform various date format conversions DAYCNV- Convert from Julian Date to calendar date. DEREDD- Deredden Stromgren indices (called by UVBYBETA) ECI2GEO() - Convert Earth-centered inertial coordinates to geographic coords EQ2HOR - Convert celestial (ra-dec) coords to local horizon coords (alt-az). EQPOLE - Convert longitude,latitude to X,Y using polar equal-area projection EQPOLE_GRID - Create overlay grid using polar equal-area projection EULER - Astronomical coordinate system conversions FLUX2MAG() - Convert from flux units to magnitudes FM_UNRED - Deredden a spectrum using the Fitzpatrick Massa (1998) parameterization. GAL_UVW - Calculate the Galactic space velocity (U,V,W) of a star GAL_FLAT() - Correct a galaxy image for inclination effects. GALAGE - Derive a galaxy age as a function of redshift for a cosmological model GCIRC - Compute rigorous great circle distance GEO2ECI() - Convert geographic coordinates to Earth-centered inertial coords GEO2GEODETIC() - Convert from geographic to geodetic coordinates GEO2MAG() - Convert from geographic to geomagnetic coordinates GEODETIC2GEO() - Convert from geodetic to geographic coordinates GET_COORDS - Read in angular input in decimal or sexigesimal format GET_DATE - Get the current date in CCYY-MM-DD format (FITS standard) GET_JULDATE - Get the current Julian date as a double precision scalar GLACTC- Convert between Galactic (or SuperGalactic) and equatorial coordinates GLACTC_PM - Convert between celestial and Galactic (or Supergalactic) proper motion HADEC2ALTAZ - Converts Hour Angle and Declination to Horizon (alt-az) coordinates HELIO - Compute (low-precision) heliocentric coordinates of the planets HELIO_JD() - Convert geocentric (reduced) Julian date to heliocentric Julian date HELIO_RV() - Compute radial velocity given binary star orbit parameters HOR2EQ - Convert local horizon coords (alt-az) to equatorial (ra-dec). IMCONTOUR - Contour plots with astronomical labeling (either RA,Dec or arc distance from the image center IMF() - Return values for a multi-component power law initial mass function ISMEUV() - Compute EUV optical depth due to photoionization of HI, HeI and HeII JDCNV - Convert from calendar date to Julian date. JPLEPHINTERP - Interpolate position and motion of planetary bodies (JPL Ephemeris) JPLEPHREAD - Open and read JPL DE200 or DE405 Ephemeride FITS File JPRECESS - Precess positions proper motions from B1950 to J2000 JULDATE-Convert from calendar date to reduced Julian date. LSF_ROTATE - Create a 1-d convolution kernel to broaden a spectrum from a rotating star LUMDIST - Return luminosity distance for a given redshift cosmological model MAG2GEO() - Convert from geomagnetic to geographic coordinates MAG2FLUX() - Convert from magnitudes to flux units MONTH_CNV() Convert a month name to the equivalent number or vice-versa MOONPOS- Compute the RA and Dec (and distance) of the Moon at a given date MPHASE - Compute illuminated fraction of the Moon's disk for given Julian dates NUTATE - Compute the nutation in longitude and latitude for given Julian date(s) OBSERVATORY - Return coordinates, altitude time zones of an observatory PLANCK() - Returns a blackbody flux for a given effective temperature PLANET_COORDS - Return low-precision RA and Dec of planets give a date(s) POSANG - Compute the position angle between sources of specified RA and Dec PRECESS - Precess RA and Dec to a new equinox PRECESS_CD - Precess the PC (or CD) matrix in a FITS header to a new equinox PRECESS_XYZ - Precess equatorial geocentric rectangular coordinates PREMAT() - Returns precession matrix from equinox 1 to equinox 2 QDCB_GRID - Create overlay grid using COBE quad cube database coordinates RADEC - Format RA, Dec as Hours,Min,Sec,Deg,Min,Sec SIXTY - Convert decimal number to sexigesimal SPHDIST() - Find angular distance on a sphere (in /jhuapl) SUNPOS - Compute the RA and Dec of the Sun at a given date TDB2TDT() - Relativistic clock corrections due to Earth motion in solar system TEN() - Convert sexigesimal number to decimal TENV() - Like TEN but will work on a vector of sexigesimal numbers. TICPOS - Specify distance between tic marks for astronomical coordinates TICLABELS - Create labels for astronomical coordinate tick marks TICS - Compute the optimum distance between tic marks for astronomical labeling TIC_ONE - Determine optimum position of the first tic in astronomical labeling UVBYBETA - Use Stromgren indices to derive dereddened colors, metallicity, and effective Temperature. VACTOAIR - Convert vacuum wavelengths to air wavelengths. XYZ - Compute heliocentric rectangular coordinates at given Julian date. YMD2DN() - Convert year,month,day to day number of the year (in /jhuapl) YDN2MD - Convert day number of the year to year, month,day ZANG() - Compute angular size as a function of redshift in a Friedman cosmology ZENPOS - Compute the RA and Dec of the local zenith at a given date ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- DAOPHOT-Type Photometry Procedures in pro/idlphot (see text/daophot.tex) ________ -------- APER - Circular APERture photometry CNTRD - Obtain the centroid of a star by locating where derivatives go to zero DAOERF - Calculate the intensity, (and optionally, the derivatives) of a bivariate Gaussian, integrated over pixels. Called by DAO_VALUE DAO_VALUE - Obtain the value of a DAOPHOT PSF function at a given set of points FIND - FIND point sources within an image GCNTRD - Determine centroid by Gaussian fits to the marginal X,Y distributions GETPSF - Obtain a PSF (Gaussian + residuals) from isolated stars. GROUP - Place stars with non-overlapping PSF's in distinct groups MMM - (Mean, Median, Mode) sophisticated sky background computation NSTAR - Simultaneous PSF fitting of a group of stars PIXWT - Compute the area of the intersection of a circle on a rectangle PKFIT - Fit a Gaussian + residuals to a isolated star (called by GETPSF) RDPSF - Read a PSF file that was created by GETPSF into an IDL array. RINTER - Cubic Interpolation at a set of reference points, optionally obtain derivatives. (in /image) SKY - Compute image sky level using MMM SRCOR - Correlate the source positions in two different lists SUBSTAR- Subtract a scaled PSF at specified star positions T_APER - Driver procedure for APER with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table T_FIND - Driver procedure for FIND with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table T_GROUP- Driver procedure for GROUP with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table T_GETPSF - Driver procedure for GETPSF with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table T_NSTAR - Driver procedure for NSTAR with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table T_SUBSTAR - Driver procedure for SUBSTAR with I/O to a disk FITS ASCII table ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Database Procedures in pro/database (see text/database.tex) ____________ ------------ DBBUILD - Load or append a database with new entry values. DBCIRCLE() - Find entries within a specified circular area. DBCLOSE - Close a database DBCOMPARE - Display the values of two database entries side by side DDBCREATE - Create a new database data, index and/or format file. DBDELETE - Delete an entry from a database DBEDIT - Interactively edit the entries in a database DBEXT - Extract items from a database into IDL variables DBFIND() - Find entries meeting specified criteria in an IDL database DBGET() - Use instead of DBFIND when search values are in an IDL vector DBHELP - List names of databases, or entries within a database DB_INFO() - Lower level routine to obtain information on an opened database DBINDEX - Update the IDL database index file. DB_ITEM_INFO() - Lower level routine to obtain information on specified item(s) DB_ITEM - Lower level routine to return item number and other information DBMATCH() - Match database entries one-to-one to specified item values DBOPEN - Open a IDL database DBPRINT - Print specified fields about specified entries in an IDL database DBPUT - Lower level routine to place new value for specified item into an entry DBRD - Lower level routine to read an entry from a database DBSORT() - Sort entries in an IDL database DBTARGET() - Find entries within specified distance of an astronomical target DBUPDATE - Update an IDL database with new item values. DB_OR() - Combine two catalog entry lists, removing duplicate values DBVAL - Lower level routine to extract value of specified item from an entry DBXVAL - Lower level routine to extract values of specified item from an entry DBWRT - Lower level routine to update or add a new entry to a database IMDBASE - Find all catalog sources within the field of an astronomical image DB_ENT2EXT,DB_ENT2HOST,DBEXT_DBF,DBEXT_IND,DBXPUT,DBFPARSE,DBFIND_ENTRY, DBFIND_SORT,DBSEARCH,DBTITLE,DB_TITLE() - Lower level database procedures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disk I/O (e.g. IRAF files) in pro/disk_io _________ --------- IRAFDIR - Describe IRAF images on specified directory IRAFRD - Read a disk IRAF image file into IDL variables. IRAFWRT - Write IDL image and header to an IRAF (.pix .imh) file READ_FMR() - Read a journal (ApJ, AJ) machine-readable table into IDL WFPC2_READ - Read a Wide Field/Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) image ----------------------------------------------------------------------- FITS Astrometry and Calibration in pro/astrom (see text/astrom.tex) ________ -------- ADD_DISTORT - Add SIP distortion parameters into a FITS header AD2XY - Use astrometry structure to convert celestial to pixel coordinates ADXY - Use FITS header to convert celestial (RA,Dec) to pixel coordinates CONS_DEC() - Obtain the X and Y coordinates of a line of constant declination CONS_RA() - Obtain the X and Y coordinates of a line of constant right ascension EXTAST- EXTract ASTrometry parameters from a FITS header into an IDL structure FITS_CD_FIX - Update obsolete representations of the CD matrix in a FITS header GET_EQUINOX() - Return a numeric equinox value from a FITS header GETROT - GET ROTation and plate scale from a FITS header GSSS_STDAST - Insert the closest tangent projection astrometry into an STScI Guidestar Survey Image GSSSADXY - Convert RA, Dec to pixel coordinates for an STScI survey image GSSSEXTAST - Extract astrometry parameters from an STScI Survey Image GSSSXYAD - Convert pixel coordinates to RA, Dec for an STScI survey image HASTROM - Rotate, Congrid, and/or shift an image until astrometry matches that in a reference FITS header. Used to align images. HBOXAVE - Boxaverage an image and update astrometry in a FITS header HCONGRID - CONGRID an image and update astrometry in a FITS header HEULER - Convert between Galactic, celestial and ecliptic coordinates in FITS a header HEXTRACT - Extract a subimage and update astrometry in a FITS header HPRECESS - Precess the astrometry in a FITS header to a new equinox. HREBIN - REBIN an image and update the astrometry in a FITS header HREVERSE - Reverse an image about either dimension and update astrometry in a FITS header HROT - Rotate an image and update astrometry in a FITS header. HROTATE - Apply IDL ROTATE function and update astrometry in a FITS header MAKE_ASTR - Build an astrometry structure from input parameter values PRECESS_CD - Precess coordinate description (CD) matrix in a FITS header to a new equinox. Called by HPRECESS PUTAST - Put astrometry parameters (e.g. rotation, plate scale) into a FITS header. STARAST - Obtain an exact astrometry solution given the coordinates and plate position of 2 or 3 stars. UPDATE_DISTORT - Update SIP astrometry coefficients for a linear transformation WCS_GETPOLE - Compute the coordinates of the native pole for non-polar projection WCSSPH2XY - Convert between longitude,latitude to X,Y angular coordinates for 25 different map projection types WCSXY2SPH - Inverse of WCSSPH2XY WCS_DEMO - Demo program for WCSSPH2XY and WCSXY2SPH WCS_ROTATE - Rotate between standard (e.g. celestial) and native coordinates XYAD - Use FITS header to convert pixel (X,Y) to celestial(RA, Dec) coordinates XY2AD - Use astrometry structure to convert pixel to celestial coordinates XYXY - Convert X,Y values on one image to X,Y values in another image using astrometry in the FITS headers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- STSDAS Image manipulation in pro/sdas ________ -------- EXTGRP - Extract group parameter information out of SXREAD output ST_DISKREAD - Read an HST FITS file and reconstruct a GEIS (STSDAS) file SXGINFO - Return info on all group parameters in a FITS header SXGPAR() - Obtain group parameter values from a FITS header and parameter block SXGREAD() - Read group parameters from an STSDAS file SXHCOPY - Copy a selected portion of one header into another SXHMAKE - Create a basic STSDAS header file from an IDL data array SXHREAD - Read a STSDAS header from disk SXHWRITE - Write a STSDAS header to disk SXMAKE - Make a basic STSDAS header from an IDL array SXOPEN - Open an STSDAS disk file for subsequent I/O SXREAD() - Read an STSDAS image from disk SXWRITE - Write an image to STSDAS format ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- FITS ASCII Binary Table I/O in pro/fits_table ( see text/ft.tex ) ________ -------- FTAB_DELROW - Delete specified rows in a FITS table extension FTAB_EXT - Extract specified columns of a FITS table extension into IDL vectors FTAB_HELP - Print info about the fields in a FITS table extension FTAB_PRINT - Print specified columns and rows of a FITS table extension FTADDCOL - Add a new column to a FITS ASCII table FTCREATE - Create an empty FITS ASCII table header and data array FTDELCOL - Delete specified column from a FITS ASCII table data array FTDELROW - Delete specified row(s) from a FITS ASCII table data array FTGET() - Extract a specified field from a column in a FITS ASCII table array FTHELP - Display the fields in a FITS ASCII table header FTHMOD - Modify the attributes of a field in a FITS ASCII table FTINFO - Return an informational structure from a FITS ASCII table header FTKEEPROW - Subscript (and reorder) a FITS ASCII table array FTPRINT - Print specified columns and rows in a FITS ASCII table array FTPUT - Update or add data to a field in a FITS ASCII table array FTSIZE - Return the size and number of fields in a FITS ASCII table array FTSORT - Sort a FITS ASCII table according to the values in a specified field. TBDELCOL - Delete specified column from a FITS Binary table array TBDELROW - Delete specified row(s) from a FITS Binary table array TBGET() - Extract a specified field from a column in a FITS Binary table TBHELP - Display the fields in a FITS Binary table header TBINFO - Return an informational structure from a FITS Binary table header TBPRINT - Print specified columns and rows in a FITS Binary table array TBSIZE - Return the size and number of fields in a FITS Binary table array ------------------------------------------------------------------------- FITS Binary Table Extensions I/O in pro/fits_bintable _________ --------- FXADDPAR - Add or modify a parameter in a FITS header array. FXBADDCOL - Adds a column to a binary table extension. FXBCLOSE - Close a FITS binary table extension opened for read. FXBCOLNUM() - Returns a binary table column number. FXBCREATE - Open a new binary table at the end of a FITS file. FXBDIMEN() - Returns the dimensions for a column in a FITS binary table. FXBFIND - Find column keywords in a FITS binary table header. FXBFINDLUN() - Find logical unit number UNIT in FXBINTABLE common block. FXBFINISH - Close a FITS binary table extension file opened for write. FXBGROW - Increase the number of rows in a binary table FXBHEADER() - Returns the header of an open FITS binary table. FXBHELP - Prints short description of columns in a FITS binary table. FXBHMAKE - Create basic FITS binary table extension (BINTABLE) header. FXBINTABLE - Common block FXBINTABLE used by "FXB" routines. FXBISOPEN() - Returns true if UNIT points to an open FITS binary table. FXBOPEN - Open FITS binary table extension for read or update FXBPARSE - Parse the binary table extension header. FXBREAD - Read a data array from a disk FITS binary table file. FXBREADM - Read multiple columns/rows from a FITS binary table file. FXBSTATE() - Returns the state of a FITS binary table. FXBTDIM() - Parse TDIM-like keywords. FXBTFORM - Returns information about FITS binary table columns. FXBWRITE - Write a binary data array to a disk FITS binary table file. FXBWRITM - Write multiple columns/rows to a FITS binary table file FXFINDEND - Find the end of a FITS file. FXHCLEAN - Removes required keywords from FITS header. FXHMAKE - Create a basic FITS header array. FXHMODIFY - Modify a FITS header in a file on disk. FXHREAD - Reads a FITS header from an opened disk file. FXPAR() - Obtain the value of a parameter in a FITS header. FXPARPOS() - Finds position to insert record into FITS header. FXREAD - Read basic FITS files. FXWRITE - Write a disk FITS file. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- FITS I/O in pro/fits _________ --------- CHECK_FITS - Check that array agrees with NAXISi, BITPIX keywords of FITS header FITSDIR - Display info about primary FITS header(s) on disk FITSRGB_to_TIFF - Combine separate red, green, blue FITS files into TIFF format FITS_ADD_CHECKSUM - Add/update the CHECKSUM/DATASUM keywords in a FITS header FITS_ASCII_ENCODE() - Encode an unsigned longword as an ASCII string FITS_CLOSE - Close a FITS file defined by a FITS Control Block (see FITS_OPEN) FITS_HELP - Summarize the primary data units and extensions in a FITS file FITS_OPEN - Open a FITS file and define a FITS Control Block (FCB) FITS_READ - Read a FITS file specified by name or FITS Control Block (FCB) FITS_TEST_CHECKSUM() - Verify the values of the CHECKSUM/DATASUM FITS keywords FITS_WRITE - Write a FITS primary data unit or extension FITS_INFO - Display info about disk FITS file(s) at a terminal or in Common FXMOVE() - Skip a specified number of extensions in a FITS file FXPOSIT() - Open a FITS file positioned to beginning of a specified extension HEADFITS() - Read a FITS header from a disk FITS file. MKHDR - Make a minimal FITS header for an image array. MODFITS - Modify the header or data in a FITS array (without changing the size) MRDFITS() - Read FITS file mapping table columns into IDL structure tags MRD_HREAD - Like FXHREAD but can also read a FITS header from a Unix pipe MWRFITS - Write a FITS file from a IDL array or structure RDFITS_STRUCT - Read an entire disk FITS file into an IDL structure READFITS() - Read a disk FITS file into an IDL data and header array. SXADDHIST - Add a history record to a FITS header SXADDPAR - Add or modify a parameter in a FITS header SXDELPAR - Delete a keyword from a FITS header SXPAR() - Obtain the value of a keyword in a FITS header WRITEFITS - Write IDL data and header array to a disk FITS file. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Image Manipulation in pro/image _______ ------- BOXAVE() - Boxave an image, always using at least REAL*4 arithmetic CONVOLVE() - Convolve an image with a PSF using the product of Fourier Transforms CORREL_IMAGES() - Correlation of two images. Called by CORREL_OPTIMIZE CORREL_OPTIMIZE - Compute the optimal pixel offset of one image relative to another by maximizing the correlation function. CORRMAT_ANALYZE - Analyze the correlation function made by CORREL_IMAGE CR_REJECT - General iterative cosmic ray rejection for 2 or more images DIST_CIRCLE - Create a mask array useful for circular aperture photometry. DIST_ELLIPSE - Create a mask array useful for elliptical aperture photometry. FILTER_IMAGE() - Like MEDIAN or SMOOTH but handles edges allows iteration FREBIN - Expand or contract an image while conserving flux IMLIST - Display image pixel values around a specified center MAX_ENTROPY - Deconvolution by Maximum Entropy, given a PSF MAX_LIKELIHOOD - Deconvolution by maximum likelihood, given a PSF MEDARR - Median filter across a set of images (e.g. for cosmic ray removal) POSITIVITY() - Map an image uniquely and smoothly into all positive values PSF_GAUSSIAN() - Create a 1-d, 2-d, or 3-d Gaussian with specified FWHM, center SIGMA_FILTER() - Replaces pixels deviant by more than a specified sigma from its neighbors. Useful for cosmic ray removal. SKYADJ_CUBE - Remove the sky level from individual images of a data cube XMEDSKY - Compute the median sky as a 1-d function of X (for slitless spectra) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Math and Statistics in pro/math _________ --------- ASINH() - Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of its argument AVG() - Return the average value of an array or 1 dimension of an array. CIC - Cloud In Cell interpolation of irregularly gridded data CSPLINE() - Interpolate using the Numerical Recipes natural cubic spline FACTOR - Find the prime factors of a given number (in /jhuapl) FITEXY - Best straight-line fit to data with errors in both coordinates FLEGENDRE() - Compute the first M terms in a Legendre polynomial expansion GAUSSIAN() - Evaluate a 1-d Gaussian and optionally its derivative HERMITE() - Interpolate a tabulated function using a Hermite spline KSONE - Compute the one-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic KSTWO - Compute the two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic KUIPERONE - Compute the one-sided Kuiper statistic (NR) KUIPERTWO - Compute the two-sided Kuiper statistic (NR) LINMIX_ERR - Bayesian approach to linear regression with errors in both X and Y LINTERP - Linearly interpolate X,Y vectors onto a new X grid MEANCLIP - Compute an iteratively sigma-clipped mean on a data set MLINMIX_ERR : Bayesian approach to linear regression with errors in both X and Y and multiple independent variables. MINF_BRACKET - Find 3 points which bracket the minimum of a function MINF_CONJ_GRAD - Find local minimum of a scalar valued function of several variables using conjugate gradient method MINF_PARABOLIC - Minimize a function using Brent's method with parabolic interpolation MINF_PARABOL_D - Minimize a function using Brent's method with derivatives MLINMIX_ERR : Bayesian approach to linear regression with errors in both X and Y and multiple independent variables. MRANDOMN : Generate random vectors from a multivariate normal density. MULTINOM - Simulate multinomial random variables NGP - Nearest Grid Point interpolation of irregularly gridded data PCA - Perform a principal component analysis (Karhunen-Loeve expansion) PENT() - Return the information entropy S of time-series data for a set of trial periods PERMUTE() - Rearrange the elements of an array in random order POIDEV() - Generate a Poisson random deviate POLINT - Polynomial interpolation of an (X,Y) pair POLYLEG() - Evaluate a Legendre polynomial with specified coefficients POLY_SMOOTH() - Apply a least-squares (Savitzky-Golay) polynomial smoothing filter PRIME - Return the first N primes (in /jhuapl) PROB_KS - Return the significance of a Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic PROB_KUIPER - Return the significance of the Kuiper statistic QSIMP - Integrate using Simpson's rule to specified accuracy QTRAP - Integrate using trapezoidal rule to specified accuracy. QUADTERP - Quadratic interpolation of X,Y vectors onto a new X grid RANDOMCHI - Generate chi-square distributed random variables RANDOMDIR - Generate Dirichlet-distributed random variables RANDOMGAM - Generate random numbers from a gamma distribution. RANDOMP - Create a vector of random numbers distributed as a power-law RANDOMWISH - Draw random matrices from a Wishart distribution SIXLIN - Compute linear regression by 6 different methods. SPLINE_SMOOTH - Compute cubic smoothing spline to (weighted) data TABINV - Find the effective index of a function value. TRANSFORM_COEFF - Compute new polynomial coefficients under a linear transformation TRAPZD - Compute Nth iteration of trapezoidal rule. Called by QSIMP, QTRAP TSC - Triangular Shaped Cloud interpolation of irregularly gridded data onto a regular grid TSUM() - Trapezoidal integration of the area under a curve ZBRENT() - Find the root of a function known to lie between specified limits ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plotting Procedures in pro/plot ------------ ------------ CLEANPLOT - Reset all plotting system variables to their default (X) values AL_LEGEND - Create an annotation legend for a plot AL_LEGENDTEST - Demo program demonstrating the capabilities of AL_LEGEND LINEID_PLOT - Annotate the identified lines in a spectrum MULTIPLOT - Create multiple plots with shared axes OPLOTERROR - Overplot Y vs. X with optional X and Y error bars PARTVELVEC - Plot the velocity vectors of a set of particles PLOTERROR - Plot Y vs. X with optional X and Y error bars PLOTHIST - Plot the histogram of an array PLOTSYM - Define useful plotting symbols not in the standard PSYM definition RDPLOT - Like intrinsic CURSOR procedure but with a full-screen cursor SUNSYMBOL() - Return the character string to plot a subscripted Sun symbol VSYM - Create "Mongo"-like plotting symbols, rotationally symmetric polygons ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Robust Statistics procedures in pro/robust ___________ ----------- AUTOHIST - Draw a histogram using automatic bin-sizing. BIWEIGHT_MEAN() - Iterative biweighted determination of mean and standard deviation HISTOGAUSS - Outlier-resistant autoscaled histogram drawing MEDSMOOTH() - Median smoothing including the points at the ends RESISTANT_MEAN - Outlier-resistant determination of mean and std. deviation. ROB_CHECKFIT() - Utility to determine quality of a fit and return biweights ROBUST_LINEFIT() - Robust fit of Y vs X (or bisector of Y vs X and X vs Y) ROBUST_POLY_FIT() - Robust polynomial fit ROBUST_SIGMA() - Robust analog of the standard deviation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- IDL Structure procedures in pro/structure ___________ ----------- COMPARE_STRUCT() - Compare all matching Tag names and return differences COPY_STRUCT - Copy Fields with matching Tag names from one structure to another CREATE_STRUCT - Create an IDL structure from a list of tag types and dimensions MRD_STRUCT() - Like CREATE_STRUCT but tag values can be specified in a string PRINT_STRUCT - Print specified tags from structure (to LUN if given) TAG_EXIST() - Determine if a tag exists in a given structure WHERE_TAG() - Like WHERE but works on a structure tag names ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Web Socket Procedures in pro/sockets ___________ ----------- WEBGET() - Use the IDL SOCKET procedure to get data from http servers QUERYGSC() - Query the Guide Star Catalog (GSC V2.3.2) at STScI by position QUERYDSS - Query the digital sky survey (DSS) online at the ESO or STSCI servers QUERYSIMBAD - Query the SIMBAD or NED name resolver to obtain J2000 coordinates QUERYVIZIER() - Positional query of any catalog in the VIZIER database. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- TV Display Procedures in pro/tv ___________ ----------- BLINK - Blink two or more windows in an image display CURS - Change the shape of the (X windows only) cursor CURVAL - Interactive display of image intensities and astronomical coordinates PIXCOLOR - Set specified pixel values to a specified color SIGRANGE() - Find range of pixel values which contain 90% of the image values TVBOX - Draw a box of specified size on the image display TVCIRCLE - Draw a circle of specified radius on the image display TVELLIPSE - Draw an ellipse of specified axes on the image display TVLASER - Write an image to postscript file with annotation from a FITS header TVLIST - Display intensity values surrounding the cursor position UNZOOM_XY - Convert from window coordinates to image coordinates ZOOM_XY - Convert from image coordinates to window coordinates ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Miscellaneous (Non-Astronomy) Procedures in pro/misc ________ -------- ASTROLIB - Add the non-standard system variables used in the IDL Astronomy User's Library BLKSHIFT - Shift a block of data to a new (possibly overlapping) position in a file BOOST_ARRAY - Append one array onto another, adjusting dimensions if necessary BREAK_PATH() - break up a !PATH-like string into individual directories BSORT() - Like the IDL SORT function but subscript order is maintained when value are equal -- like a bubble sort. CHECKSUM32 - Compute the 32bit checksum of an array (ones-complement arithmetic) CIRRANGE - Force an angle to be in the range 0 to 360 (or 0 to 2*!PI). CONCAT_DIR - concatenate directory and file name for current OS DELVARX - Delete an IDL variable; like DELVAR but works at any calling level DETABIFY() - Replace tabs in a character string by equivalent number of spaces EXPAND_TILDE() - Expand tilde in UNIX directory names F_FORMAT() - Find the "best" F format to display an array of REAL*4 numbers. FDECOMP - Decompose a file name (Disk + Directory + Name + Extension + Version) FINDPRO - Find all occurrences of a procedure in one's !PATH FIND_ALL_DIR - Find all directories under a specified directory FIND_WITH_DEF - Search for files with default path and extension FORPRINT -Print a set of vectors by looping over each index value GET_PIPE_FILESIZE - Determine the number of bytes in a unit opened as a pipe with SPAWN GETOPT() - Parse a user supplied string into numeric value(s). GETPRO - Search !PATH directory for a procedure and copy into user's directory GETTOK() - Extract a string up to a specified character. GETWRD() - Get specified item (word) from a string (in /jhuapl) HGREP - Find a substring in a FITS header or other string array HOST_TO_IEEE - Convert IDL variable from host machine bit order to IEEE HPRINT - Pretty terminal display of a FITS header (or other string array) IEEE_TO_HOST - Convert IDL variable from IEEE bit order to host machine ISARRAY() - Determine if an IDL variable is an array (in /jhuapl) IS_IEEE_BIG() - Determine if the host machine is IEEE big endian LIST_WITH_PATH() - Search for files within specified directory path MAKE_2D - Change from 1-D indexing to 2-D indexing MATCH - Find the subscripts where the values of two vectors match. MATCH2 - Find the matches for each element of two arrays. MRD_SKIP - Skip a number of bytes from current location in a file or a Unix pipe MINMAX() - Return the min and max of an array in an 2 element vector N_BYTES() - Return the number of bytes in an IDL variable NINT() - Like intrinsic ROUND() function but returns integer instead of long NULLTRIM() -Delete all characters after, and including, the the first null byte(0). Called by TAB_PUT. ONE_ARROW - Draw an arrow labeled with a single character ONE_RAY - Draw a ray by specifying starting point, angle, and length ORDINAL() - Return the English equivalent of ordinal numbers, i.e. '1st','2nd' POLREC - Convert from polar to rectangular coordinates (in /jhuapl) QGET_STRING() - Read a string (eg. password) from the keyboard without echoing it RDFLOAT - Quickly read an ASCII file with columns of data into IDL vectors READCOL - Read a file of free-format ASCII columns into IDL vectors READFMT - Quickly read a file of fixed-format ASCII columns into IDL vectors READ_KEY() - Like GET_KBRD but returns a code for escape sequences. RECPOL - Convert from rectangular to polar coordinates (in /jhuapl) REMCHAR - Remove all appearances of a character from a string. REM_DUP() - Remove duplicate values from a vector. REMOVE - Contract a vector or up to 8 vectors by removing specified elements REPCHR() - Replace all occurrences of one character by another (in /jhuapl) REPSTR() - Replace all occurrences of one substring in a string by another. SELECT_W - Allow user to interactively select from a list of strings SPEC_DIR() - Complete specification of a file name using default disk directory STORE_ARRAY - Insert one array into another, adjusting dimensions if necessary STRCOMPRESS2() - Remove blanks around specified spaces in a string STRN() - Convert a number to a string and remove padded blanks. STRNUMBER()- Determine whether a string is a valid numeric value. TEXTOPEN - Open a file for text output as specified by TEXTOUT keyword TEXTCLOSE - Close a file that had been opened by TEXTOPEN. TO_HEX() - Translate a decimal integer to a hex string. VALID_NUM() - Determine if a string is a valid number (cf. STRNUMBER) VECT() - Display a set of numbers to a string with delimiters WHERENAN() - Find points equal to big-endian IEEE NaN (not a number) values XDISPSTR - Widget display of a string array with a simple search facility ZPARCHECK - Check the type and size of a parameter
Here Irecommenda free file sync tool:DirSync Pro which works under Linux, Windows and macOS. Although it based on JAVA, it is stillamazingfast when sync files between local disk and USB hard disk. Download link: http://www.dirsyncpro.org/download.html DirSync Pro is designed and developed by O. Givi. DirSync Pro is based on DirSync (Directory Synchronize) by E. Gerber and F. Gerbig. (C) 2008-2012 O. Givi (C) 2002-2008 by E. Gerber, F. Gerbig and T. Groetzner. Thanks to M. Lux, G. Noorlander, T. Brixel, D. Caravana, R. Williams, and D. Petre. This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; It is licensed according to GPL v3. Features Synchronization Powerful synchronization algorithm. Bi-directional (Two way) and mono-directional (One way) synchronization mode. Predefined synchronzation modes for mostly used synchronizations Mirror A - B (incremental): Mirrors new and modified files from A to B. Mirror B - A (incremental): Mirrors new and modified files from B to A. Synchronize A - B (incremental): Mirrors new and modified files in directories A and B to each other. Backup A - B (full): Makes a full copy of directory A into directory B. Restore B - A (full): Makes a full copy of directory B into directory A. Contribute A - B (incremental): Mirrors only new files from directory A into directory B. Contribute B - A (incremental): Mirrors only the new files from directory B into directory A. Synchronize A - B (custom): Custom mode to synchronize directory A into directory B with all advanced options. Synchronize B - A (custom): Custom mode to synchronize directory B into directory A with all advanced options. Highly customizable custom synchronization modes. Option for various behavior of conflict resolution for Bidirectional Synchronization. Synchronizes unlimited number of files and folders. Large number of options to change the synchronization behavior. Option to synchonise subdirectories recursively. Synchronizes files/folders any file system (FAT, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, WinFS, UDF, Ext2, Ext3, ...). Synchronizes files from/to network drives Synchronizes files from/to any mounted devices (Harddisks, USB-Sticks, Memory cards, External drives, CD/DVD's, ...). Synchronization could be used for making incremental backups. Option to create up to 50 backups from the modified/changed files before synchronization. Option to define a backup folder where DirSync Pro keeps tracks of files which are being overwritten. Option for handling symbolic links. Advanced options for handling time-stamps. Option to define timestamp granularity. Option to handle 'daylight saving' related timestamp granularity (useful when syncing with FAT file systems). Option to preserve DOS attributes when synchoronizing (DOS/Windows only). Option to preserve file ownerships (user and group, POSIX only). Option to preserve file permissions (POSIX systems only). Schedule Engine DirSync Pro has a powerful Schedule Engine with lots of features to run automated scheduled synchronzation tasks. Once: Run sync tasks at a certain time in the future. Minutely: Run sync tasks recurrently every X minutes. Hourly: Run sync tasks recurrently every X hours. Daily: Run sync tasks recurrently on a certain time daily. Weekly: Run sync tasks recurrently on a certain time and in specific months every X weeks. Monthly: Run sync tasks recurrently every month on day number X, on a certain time and in specific months. Filters DirSync Pro has comprehensive filters to include or exclude files and directories. The user can set up a combination of unlimited number of filters of the following types: Filter based on string patterns in file/directory names. Filter based on file sizes. (smaller than, equal, larger than). Filter based on modification dates (earlier than, on a date, later than). Filter based on an absoulte path. Filter based on DOS attibutes (DOS/MS Windows only). Filter based on file ownerships (user and group, POSIX only). Filter based on file permissions (POSIX systems only). General Easy, clear and user-friendly graphical user interface, no unnecessary gadget you never use. Runs on every modern operating system including Windows™, Linux™ and Macintosh™ It is Portable! It does not need any installation. Just run the application! Open source, it is 100% free of charge, 100% free of commercial text, 100% free of advertisements and 100% free of spyware. No time/function limitations Uses no local database, so no overhead Does not need any installation. Just download and run it. You can put it on you USB-stick en you can run it on any computer/any platform. Does not copy your files to a server on internet to synchronize your data. In this way you are totally in charge of your data. Lets your create a command line and save it to a batch file to run a synchronization with one mouse click or in a batch. Logging Advanced logging/reporting facilities. Just select a log level and define where to write the log. Option to log on application level (default log) Option to log on each directory level (dir log) Option to define the log leven (how much to log)
Take the number 192 and multiply it by each of 1, 2, and 3: 192 1 = 192 192 2 = 384 192 3 = 576 By concatenating each product we get the 1 to 9 pandigital, 192384576. We will call 192384576 the concatenated product of 192 and (1,2,3) The same can be achieved by starting with 9 and multiplying by 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, giving the pandigital, 918273645, which is the concatenated product of 9 and (1,2,3,4,5). What is the largest 1 to 9 pandigital 9-digit number that can be formed as the concatenated product of an integer with (1,2, ... , n) where n 1? is.pandigital = function(x){ g = 1:9 d = as.integer(unlist(strsplit(as.character(x),NULL))) setequal(d,g) } result = 0 for (i in 9387:9234) { result = paste(i, 2*i,sep='') if(is.pandigital(result)) break } "932718654"
I only started to use a laptop five years ago. (And I still use Unix and clusters for my research, numerical modeling.) All I do is to write/edit Word files, to read/make/mark pdf files, and to make some ppt presentations. I also do simple accounting using excel. (Oh, I do upload photos.) Does it matter for a basic user like me to get involved in Mac vs. PC war? What do you think? By the way, there is one advantage for getting a Mac because the Apple store is 5 mins of walking from where I live.