全球变暖，南极冰盖融化可能导致海平面上升 20 m 诸平 据《自然》（ Nature ）杂志 2019 年 10 月 2 日发表的一项最新研究结果显示，如果全球变暖超过 2 ℃，南极洲冰盖融化可能在未来几个世纪里使 海平面上升 20 m ! 这项新研究成果是新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学南极研究中心 (Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand) 、新西兰下赫特地质与核科学研究所 (GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) 、新西兰怀卡托大学（ University of Waikato ）；荷兰乌得勒支大学（ Utrecht University ）、荷兰皇家海洋研究所（ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research ）；美国西密歇根大学（ Western Michigan University ）、 美国纽约州立大学（State University of New York ），美国宾厄姆顿大学（ Binghamton University ）以及智利特木科天主教大学（ Universidad Catolica de Temuco ）的研究人员合作完成。 众所周知，我们的星球在过去经历过温暖期，是大约 300 万年前的上新世地质时期 ( Pliocene geological epoch ) 。 2019 年 10 月 2 日发表于《自然》（ Nature ）杂志的研究表明，在未来几个世纪这一时期，多达 1/3 的南极洲冰盖融化，导致海平面在未来几个世纪里比现在高出 20 m 。详见 GRANT G R ， NAISH T R ， DUNBAR G B, STOCCHI P, KOMINZ M A, KAMP P J J, TAPIA C A, MCKAY R M, LEVY R H, PATTERSON M O. The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch . Nature , 2019, Published:02 October 2019 , https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1619-z 研究人员在新西兰（ New Zealand ）的旺格努伊盆地 (Whanganui Basin) 钻探岩心，测量了过去海平面的变化。这里有世界上分辨率最高的浅海沉积物。 研究者开发了一种新方法，通过海浪移动的沙粒大小来预测水位，他们构建了一份全球海平面变化的记录，比以前可能的精度要高得多。 上新世（ Pliocene ）是大气中 CO 2 浓度最后一次超过 400 ppm ，地球温度比前工业时代高 2 ℃的时期。但是，现在的新研究表明，超过 2 ℃的升温可能会导致南极洲再次大范围的融化，我们的星球可能会迅速回到 300 万年前的气候。 超过了巴黎的气候目标 上周，我们看到了以格蕾塔· 通贝里 (Greta Thunberg) 周五气候罢工为旗号（ the banner of Greta Thunberg's Fridays For Future climate strikes ）的史无前例的全球抗议活动，因为将全球变暖控制在 2 ℃的巴黎协议（ Paris Agreement ）目标之下的紧迫性击中了要害。格蕾塔 · 通贝里是年仅 16 岁（ 2003 年出生）的瑞士少女，她是全球青年气候领军人物。当格蕾塔 · 通贝里谴责联合国没有更早地根据科学证据采取行动时，她捕捉到了集体的沮丧。她的呼吁（ Her plea ）引起了共鸣，并提醒我们 : “以今天的排放水平，剩下的 1.5 ℃的 CO 2 预算将在不到 8 年半的时间里完全超过。” 按照目前的全球排放速度，到 2030 年，我们可能会回到上新世（ may be back in the Pliocene by 2030 ），将超过巴黎 2 ℃的目标。人类面临的一个最关键的问题是全球海平面将上升多少，以及上升的速度有多快。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会 ( IPCC ) 的世界海洋和冰冻圈的最近特别报道（ special report on the world's oceans and cryosphere ），冰川和极地冰盖继续加速融化 , 但极地冰盖的贡献 , 特别是南极冰盖的融化对于海平面上升（ future sea level rise ）的贡献 , 未来仍然难以约束。 如果我们继续按照目前的排放轨迹发展，本世纪末全球海平面上升的中位数 (66% 的概率 ) 将比现在高出 1.2 m ，而海平面上升 2 m 是合理的上限 , 尽管其概率仅有 5% 。当然，气候变化不会在 2100 年后神奇般地停下来。 钻探知晓未来 为了更好地预测未来世界的海岸线，我们需要了解极地冰盖的敏感性。 如果我们想知道在 400 ppmCO 2 的浓度下，海平面会上升多少，上新世是一个很好的比较对象。早在 2015 年，研究人员就在旺格努伊盆地（ Whanganui Basin ）崎岖的山地下钻探了上新世沉积的沉积物岩心。其中一位 ( 蒂莫西·纳伊什， Timothy Naish) 在这个领域工作了近 30 年，在地球历史的最近 350 万年里，他发现了全球海平面的 50 多次波动（ 50 fluctuations in global sea level ）。 全球海平面随着自然气候周期而上下波动，这种周期被称为“米兰科维奇周期（ Milankovitch cycles ）”，是由地球太阳轨道每 2 万年、 4 万年和 10 万年发生的长期变化引起的。这些变化反过来又导致极地冰原扩大或融化。 虽然海平面被认为波动了几十米，但直到现在，由于地球变形过程和许多周期的不完全性，重建精确振幅的努力一直受阻（ reconstruct the precise amplitude had been thwarted ）。 GRANT G R 等人的研究采用了一种行之有效的理论，即在大陆架上由波浪输送的颗粒大小与海床深度之间存在着一种联系。然后，他们将这一方法应用于 800 m 的岩心和露出地面的岩层，代表了 250 万年至 330 万年前的连续沉积物序列。 研究人员发现，上新世期间，全球海平面在 5~25 m 之间有规律地波动。在考虑了当地的大地构造运动和由重力和地壳变化引起的区域海平面变化的基础上，从而确定了海平面估计值，即众所周知的 PlioSeaNZ 海平面记录（ PlioSeaNZ sea-level record ）。这提供了全球平均海平面变化的近似值。 南极洲对海平面上升的贡献 新西兰等国研究人员合作完成的最新研究还表明，上新世 (Pliocene) 海平面上升的大部分来自南极洲的冰原。在温暖的上新世，地球大陆和海洋的地理和极地冰原的大小（ polar ice sheets ）都与今天相似，只有格陵兰岛（ Greenland ）在最温暖的时期有一个小冰原。在旺格努伊盆地 (Whanganui Basin) 记录的全球海平面上升最高 25 m 中，格陵兰冰盖的融化最多贡献了 5 m 。 最令人担忧的是，迄今为止，全球变暖产生的热量中，超过 90% 进入了海洋 ( 90% of the heat from global warming ) 。大部分都流入了南冰洋（ Southern Ocean ），南冰洋覆盖着南极冰盖（ Antarctica's ice sheet ）的边缘。目前，研究人员已经观察到温暖的极地附近的深水上涌，并进入南极洲周围几个地点的冰架洞（ entering ice shelf cavities ）。南极洲西部的阿蒙森海（ Amundsen Sea ）沿岸，那里的海洋温度最高，冰盖变薄的速度最快，退缩的速度也最快（ ice sheet is thinning and retreating the fastest ）。南极洲 1/3 的冰盖 ( 相当于海平面上升 20 m) 被搁置在海平面 ( sea level ) 以下，很容易因海洋升温而大面积崩塌 ( vulnerable to widespread collapse from ocean heating ) 。 新西兰等国的研究对南极冰盖的稳定性和敏感性以及它对未来海平面的潜在影响具有重要意义。它支持这样一种观点，即如果允许全球气温上升 2 ℃以上，南极冰盖的临界点可能会被跨越。这可能会导致未来几个世纪冰盖的大部分融化，重塑世界各地的海岸线。更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 W. Antarctica's crumbling ice sheet to redraw global coastline If warming exceeds 2 ℃ , Antarctica's melting ice sheets could raise seas 20 meters in coming centuries G. R. Grant et al. The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch, Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1619-z Abstract Earth is heading towards a climate that last existed more than threemillion years ago (Ma) during the ‘mid-Pliocene warm period’ 1 , when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were about 400parts per million, global sea level oscillated in response to orbital forcing 2 , 3 and peak global-mean sea level (GMSL) may have reached about 20metres above the present-day value 4 , 5 . For sea-level rise of this magnitude, extensive retreat or collapse of the Greenland, West Antarctic and marine-based sectors of the East Antarctic ice sheets is required. Yet the relative amplitude of sea-level variations within glacial–interglacial cycles remains poorly constrained. To address this, we calibrate a theoretical relationship between modern sediment transport by waves and water depth, and then apply the technique to grain size in a continuous 800-metre-thick Pliocene sequence of shallow-marine sediments from Whanganui Basin, New Zealand. Water-depth variations obtained in this way, after corrections for tectonic subsidence, yield cyclic relative sea-level (RSL) variations. Here we show that sea level varied on average by 13±5metres over glacial–interglacial cycles during the middle-to-late Pliocene (about 3.3–2.5Ma). The resulting record is independent of the global ice volume proxy 3 (as derived from the deep-ocean oxygen isotope record) and sea-level cycles are in phase with 20-thousand-year (kyr) periodic changes in insolation over Antarctica, paced by eccentricity-modulated orbital precession 6 between 3.3 and 2.7Ma. Thereafter, sea-level fluctuations are paced by the 41-kyr period of cycles in Earth’s axial tilt as ice sheets stabilize on Antarctica and intensify in the Northern Hemisphere 3 , 6 . Strictly, we provide the amplitude of RSL change, rather than absolute GMSL change. However, simulations of RSL change based on glacio-isostatic adjustment show that our record approximates eustatic sea level, defined here as GMSL unregistered to the centre of the Earth. Nonetheless, under conservative assumptions, our estimates limit maximum Pliocene sea-level rise to less than 25metres and provide new constraints on polar ice-volume variability under the climate conditions predicted for this century.
http://www.chinare.gov.cn/gwwz/gwwz.htm 1．Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven,Germany 德国阿尔弗雷德极地和海洋研究所 http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/ 2．ACSYS,Arctic Climate System Study,Oslo,Norway 挪威北极气候系统研究 http://www.npolar.no/acsys/ 3．Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation 俄罗斯南北极研究所 http://www.aari.nw.ru/ 4．ARCUS,Arctic Research Consortium of the United States，University of Alaska,Fairbanks 美国北极研究协会 http://www.arcus.org/ 5．University of Innsbruck,Austria,Institute for Meteorology and Geop hysics,Remote Sensing Group 奥地利气象与地球物理研究所遥感组 http://dude.uibk.ac.at 6．Belgian Scientific Research Programme on the Antarctic 比利时南极科学研究项目 http://www.belspo.be/antar/ 7．Brazilian Glaciological Research Program in Antarctica，Universidad e Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 巴西南极冰川学研究项目 http://orion.ufrgs.br/lapag/ 8．British Antarctic Survey,Cambridge,England,U.K. 英国南极局 http://www.nerc?bas.ac.uk/ * the BEDMAP project 南极冰下基岩地形制图计划 http://www.nerc?bas.ac.uk/public/aedc/bedmap/bedmap.html * International Commission on Snow and Ice 国际雪冰委员会 http://www.nerc?bas.ac.uk/public/icd/icsi/ 9．Byrd Polar Research Center,The Ohio State University,Columbus,Oh io,U.S.A. 美国伯德极地研究中心 http://www.bprc.mps.ohio?state.edu 10．California Institute of Technology,Pasadena， California,U.S.A. Glaciology Group 美国加利福尼亚技术研究所 http://skua.gps.caltech.edu/hermann/ 11．Canadian Ice Service， Ottawa,Ontario,Canada 加拿大冰服务 http://www.cis.ec.gc.ca/home.html 12．Canadian Polar Commission 加拿大极地委员会 in English: http://www.polarcom.gc.ca/engopen.htm in French: http://www.polarcom.gc.ca/freopen.htm 13．Cold Regions Bibliography Project，U.S. Library of Congress,NSF, and CRREL 美国冷区书目计划 http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/scitech/coldregions/welcome.html 14．CIRES,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science s,Boulder,Colorado,U.S.A. 美国环境科学研究合作学院 http://cires.colorado.edu/ 15．CRREL,United States Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 美国陆军冷区研究和工程实验室 http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ 16．CRYSYS,Canadian Interdisciplinary Science Investigation using the Cryospheric System to monitor global change in Canada 加拿大利用冷圈系统监测全球变化的跨学科研究 http://www.tor.ec.gc.ca/CRYSYS 17．EISMINT,European Ice Sheet Modelling Initiative 欧洲冰盖模式启动计划 http://www.esf.org/life/lp/Eismint 18．Greenland Ice Core Project publication list 格陵兰冰芯计划出版物清单 http://www.nerc?bas.ac.uk/public/icd/grip/griplist.html 19．Heidelberg Ice Group Institute for Environmental Physics,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg,Germany 德国环境物理学研究所海德堡冰川学组 In German: http://www.uphys.uni?heidelberg.de/glacis/ In English: http://www.uphys.uni?heidelberg.de/glacis/ehomepage.html 20．IGS,International Glaciological Society 国际冰川学会 http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/igs/home.htm 21．International Ice Patrol,United States Coast Guard 美国海岸护卫队国际冰情巡视组 http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/iip/home.html 22．ICAIR,International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research,New Zealand 新西兰国际南极信息与研究中心 http://www.icair.iac.org.nz/ 23．INSTAAR,Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research,Boulder,Colorado,U.S.A. 美国北极和高山研究所 http://instaar.colorado.edu/ 24．ITASE,International Trans?Antarctic Scientific Expedition 国际横穿南极科学探险队 http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/scar/itase/itase.html * US ITASE 联合国国际横穿南极科学探险队 o Science and Implementation Plan 科学执行计划 http://www.usitase.sr.unh.edu/ o Secrets of the Ice,science education 科学教育:冰的奥秘 http://www.secretsoftheice.org 25．IPCC,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme 世界气象组织和联合国环境项目:政府间气候变化委员会 http://www.ipcc.ch/ 26．Jet Propulsion Laboratory,Pasadena,California,U.S.A. 美国喷气推进实验室 Polar Oceanography Group极地海洋组 http://oceans.www.jpl.nasa.gov/mrd/JPL/polargen.html * Polar Remote Sensing Group极地遥感组 http://www.radar.jpl.nasa.gov/rgps/ 27．Juneau Icefield Research Project，University of Idaho and Pacific Science Center, Seattle,Washington,U.S.A. 美国朱诺冰原研究计划 http://www.mines.uidaho.edu/glacier * southeast Alaska mass balance research 东南阿拉斯加物质平衡研究 http://crevassezone.org/ 28．JACARA,The Joint Australian Centre for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica，University of New South Wales,Australia 澳大利亚南极洲天体物理学研究联合中心 http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/~mgb/jacara.html 29．Mullard Space Science Laboratory,University College London,U.K.Climate Physics Group 英国马拉多空间科学实验室气候物理学组 http://msslsp.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/orgs/cp/html/cpweb 30．North Cascade Glacier Climate Project,Nichols College,Dudley,Massachusetts,U.S.A. 美国北方喀斯喀特冰川气候研究计划 http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/ 31．Norwegian Water and Energy Resources (NVE),Glacier and Snow Section 冰川和积雪地域:挪威水和能源 in Norwegian: http://webben.nve.no/hydrologi/bre/ in English: http://webben.nve.no/hydrologi/bre/engelsk/index ? eng.html 32．NICL,National Ice Core Laboratory,Denver,Colorado,USA 美国国家冰芯实验室 http://www.nicl?smo.sr.unh.edu/NICL/nicl/NICLhomet.html 33．NOAA,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,U.S.A. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局 * Climate Diagnostics Center 气候诊断中心 http://www.cdc.noaa.gov * National Ice Center 国家冰中心 http://www.natice.noaa.gov/ * National Centers for Environmental Prediction 国家环境预报中心 http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ * Ocean Modelling Branch,Sea Ice 海洋模式分支:海冰 http://polar.wwb.noaa.gov/seaice/ * National Geophysical Data Center,U.S. 美国国家地球物理学数据中心 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ 34．NSIDC,National Snow and Ice Data Center,Boulder,Colorado,U.S.A. 美国国家雪冰数据中心 http://www.nsidc.colorado.edu 35．Saint Olaf College Center for Geophysical Studies of Ice and Clima te,Northfield Minnesota http://www.stolaf.edu/other/cegsic/ 36．Scott Polar Research Institute,Cambridge,England,U.K. 英国斯科特极地研究所 http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk * Directory of European Glaciology 欧洲冰川学目录 http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/wdcc/uk.htm 37．SCAR,Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 南极研究科学委员会 http://www.scar.org 38．South African National Antarctic Programme 南非国家南极项目 http://www.puk.ac.za/fskdocs/omg/omg?antE.html 39．University of Stockholm,Dept of Physical Geography,Glaciology Group 斯德哥尔摩大学自然地理系冰川组 http://www.geo.su.se/naturgeo/glaciologi 40．Swedish Polar Research Secretariat 瑞典极地研究秘书处 in Swedish: http://www.polar.kva.se/ in English: http://www.polar.kva.se/eng/index.html 41．Swedish University of Technology Libraries, Polar Research and Cold Region Technology 瑞典大学技术图书馆,极地研究和冷区技术 http://www.luth.se/foundations/coldtech/coldeel.html 42．Glaciology Section of VAW,ETH Zurich,Switzerland 瑞士苏黎世VAW冰川学部 http: //www.vaw.ethz.ch/glaciology/ 43．University of Alaska Geophysical Institute,Fairbanks,Alaska,USA,Snow,Ice,and Permafrost Group 美国阿拉斯加大学地球物理学研究所 http://www.gi.alaska.edu/snowice/ 44．University of Alberta,Canada,Earth and Atmospheric Sciences 加拿大艾伯塔大学地球和大气科学 http://www.geog.ualberta.ca/ 45．Univeristy of British Columbia,Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada,Department of Geophysics and Astronomy,glaciology group 加拿大大不列颠哥伦比亚大学地球物理学和天文学系冰川学组 http://www.geop.ubc.ca/Glaciology/glaciol.html 46．University of California,Santa Barbara,USA Snow Hydrology Group 美国加利福尼亚大学雪水文学组 http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/hydro/hydro.html 47．University of Calgary,Calgary,Alberta,Arctic Institute of North America 卡尔加里大学北美北极研究所 http://www.ucalgary.ca/aina 48．University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati OH,USA, Glacial Geology 美国辛辛那提大学冰川地质学 http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/glacier.html 49．Keele University,Staffordshire,UK, Physical Geography 英国基尔大学自然地理 http://www.esci.keele.ac.uk/geography/physicalgeography.html 50．University of Lapland,Roveniemi,Finland, Arctic Center 芬兰拉普兰大学北极中心 In Finnish: http://www.urova.fi/home/arktinen/index.html In English: http://levi.urova.fi/home/arktinen/indexe.html 51．Universidad de Magallanes,Chile Laboratoria de Glaciologia 智利麦哲伦大学冰川实验室 http://www.glaciologia.cl/ 52．University of Manchester,U.K.,Department of Geography 英国曼彻斯特大学地理系 * Alpine Glacier Project 高山冰川计划 http://www.art.man.ac.uk/geog/research/agp.htm * Climate and Sea Level 气候和海平面 http://quercus.art.man.ac.uk/~mfvstyz 53．University of New Hampshire,USA, Climate Change Research Center 美国新汉普夏大学气候变化研究中心 http://www.grg.sr.unh.edu:80/ccrc/ 54．University of Southampton,U.K., Subglacial Processes Group 英国南安普敦大学冰下过程组 http://www.soton.ac.uk/~jhart/index.html 55．University of Tasmania,Hobart,Tasmania,Australia 澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚大学 * Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies 南极和南大洋研究学院 http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/iasos.html * ITASE,International Trans?Antarctic Scientific Expedition 国际横穿南极科学探险队 http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/scar/itase/toc.html 56．University of Wales,Aberystwyth,U.K., Centre for Glaciology 英国威尔士大学冰川学中心 http://www.aber.ac.uk/~glawww.html 57．University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,U.S.A. 美国华盛顿大学 * Applied Physics Laboratory Polar Science Center 应用物理实验室极地科学中心 http://psc.apl.washington.edu/ * Glaciology in the Geophysics Program 地球物理学项目中的冰川学 http://www.geophys.washington.edu/Surface/Glaciology/ 58．University of Wisconsin - Madison,Wisconsin,U.S.A., Department of Geology and Geophysics 美国威斯康星大学地质和地球物理学系 http://www.geology.wisc.edu/ 59．University of Wyoming - Laramie,Wyoming,U.S.A. Worthington Glacier Project 美国怀俄明大学沃辛顿冰川计划 http://www.gg.uwyo.edu:8889/ 60．USGS,United States Geological Survey 美国地质勘探局 http://internet.er.usgs.gov/ * Alaska District Glacier and Snow Program 阿拉斯加地区冰和雪项目 http://orcapaktcm.wr.usgs.gov/ * Global Change Research Program 全球变化研究项目 http://www.cdc.noaa.gov * Global Land Ice Monitoring from Space (GLIMS) 全球陆冰空间监测 http://wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov/GLIMS/glimshome.html 61．West Antarctic Ice Sheet Initiative 西南极冰盖启动计划 http://igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/ 62．WAISCORES 西南极冰盖冰芯研究计划 http://www.maxey.dri.edu/WRC/waiscores 63．Global Change Master Directory 全球变化主目录 http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov 64．On?Line Resources for Geosciences 在线地球科学资源 http://www.englib.cornell.edu/geology_resources/ORES/earthscience.html 65．World Data Center 世界数据中心 WDC System Homepage 主页 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html * WDC?A: North American Site 世界数据中心?A:北美站点 http://info.er.usgs.gov/data/noaa/world-data-center-a/ * European mirror, Data Catalog of WDC?A Glaciology 世界数据中心?A 冰川学数据目录欧洲镜像站 http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/wdcc/wdca.htm * WDC?B: Russia 世界数据中心?B：俄国 http://www.wdcb.rssi.ru/WDCB * WDC?C1:Europe 世界数据中心?C1：欧洲 http://www.wdc.rl.ac.uk/wdcmain/ * WDC?C2:Japan and India 世界数据中心?C2：日本和印度 http://swdcdb.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/wdc_Japan.html * WDC?D:China 世界数据中心?D：中国 66.American Association for the Advancement of Science 美国科学促进会 http://www.aaas.org 67．American Geophysical Union 美国地球物理联盟 http://earth.agu.org/kosmos/homepage.html 68．American Meteorological Society 美国气象协会 http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS/ 69．American Quaternary Association 美国第四纪协会 http://pc53.chm.nau.edu/amqua/ 70．ESF, European Science Foundation 欧洲科学基金会 http://www.esf.org/ * European Polar Board 欧洲极地委员会 http://www.esf.org/life/ac/epb/a.htm 71．Geological Society of America 美国地质协会 http://www.geosociety.org/ 72．NSF, United States National Science Foundation 美国国家科学基金会 http://www.nsf.gov/ * Polar Programs 极地项目 http://www.nsf.gov/home/polar/ * Antarctic Journal of the U. S. 美国南极杂志 http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/journal/start.htm 73．Society of Exploration Geophysicists 探测地球物理学者协会 http://www.seg.org/ 74．EARTHWORKS, an on?line database of job opportunities in the earth sciences 地球工程，一个地球科学工作机会在线数据库 http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/eworks 75．American Meteorological Society Journals Online(?Journal of Climate, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Journal of Physical Oceanography?, and others) 美国气象协会在线杂志 http://ams.allenpress.com/ 76．?Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research?(formerly? Arctic and Alpine Research?) 《北极，南极和高山研究》 (以前的《北极和高山研究》） http://www.Colorado.EDU/INSTAAR/arcticalpine/ 77．Cambridge University Press (The printing and publishing house ofthe University of Cambridge. Books, journals, and electronic publications, including ?Geological Magazine, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Polar and Glaciological Abstracts,? and the? Polar Record?. ) 剑桥大学出版社 http://www.cup.org/ 78．Elsevier Science (Publisher of scholarly works and journals including ?Global and Planetary Change, Marine Geology, Marine Micropaleontology,? and? Quaternary Science Reviews?) 科学出版社 http://www.elsevier.com 79．?Glacial Geology Geomorphology ?(the electronic journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group) 《冰川地质和地形学》 http://boris.qub.ac.uk/ggg/ 80．?Journal of Geology? 《地质学杂志》 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JG/ 81．Munksgaard（Publisher of traditional and electronic scientific j ournals, including ?Tellus?.） http://www.munksgaard.dk/ 82．?National Journal of Young Investigators? 《国家青年调查者杂志》 http://www.jyi.org/information/index.html 83.Oxford University Press(Publisher of scholarly texts) 牛津大学出版社 http://www1.oup.co.uk/ 84.Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) 南极和南大洋联盟 http://www.antarcticconnection.com 85．Arctic Council 北极委员会 http://arct-council.usgs.gov 86．Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) 北极环境监测和评估计划 http://www.grida.no/amap 87．Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB) 北冰洋科学委员会 http://www.aosb.org 88．Barents Secretariat 巴伦支海秘书处 http://www.itek.norut.no/itek/barent/BarentsSek.html 89．Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna(CAFF) 北极动植物资源保护 http://www.grida.no/caff 90.High North Alliance 高北纬联盟 http://www.highnorth.no/ 91．Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) 政府间海洋委员会 http://www.unesco.org/ioc 92．International Antarctic Centre (IAC) 国际南极中心 http://www.icair.iac.org.nz/iac/index.html 93．International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) 国际北极科学委员会秘书处 http://www.iasc.no 94．International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) 国际北极社会科学协会 http://levi.urova.fi/~arktinen/iassa.htm 95．International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) 国际南极旅游工作者协会 http://www.iaato.org 96．International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) 国际北方海通道项目 http://www.npolar.no/insrop/index.html 97．International Permafrost Association (IPA) 国际冻土协会 http://www.geodata.soton.ac.uk/ipa 98．International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) 国际冻土实验 http://www.systbot.gu.se/research/itex.html 99.International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) 国际环极健康联盟 http://www.uaa.alaska.edu/iuch/ 100．International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) 国际第四纪研究联盟 http://geology.wisc.edu/cog 101．Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) 绕极会议 http://www.inusiaat.com/ 102．IUCN-The World Conservation Union 国际自然资源保护协会 http://w3.iprolink.ch/iucnlib/ 103．Polar Libraries Colloquy (PLC) 极地图书馆会谈 http://www.urova.fi/~arktinen/polarweb/polarweb.htm 104.Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) 南极研究科学委员会 http://www.scar.org 105．SCAR Global Change Office SCAR 全球变化办公室 http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/scar/ 106．World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 世界资源保护中心 http://www.wcmc.org.uk/ 107．World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) 世界冰川监测服务 http://www.geo.unizh.ch/phys/WGMS/ 108．World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 世界气象组织 http://www.wmo.ch/
Climate Change Scientists Turn Up the Heat in Alaska ScienceDaily (June 25, 2010) Scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory are planning a large-scale, long-term ecosystem experiment to test the effects of global warming on the icy layers of arctic permafrost. While ORNL researchers have conducted extensive studies on the impact of climate change in temperate regions like East Tennessee, less is known about the impact global warming could have on arctic regions. We're beginning to take these lessons learned and start applying them to sensitive and globally important ecosystems, such as the arctic, said Stan Wullschleger of the Environmental Sciences Division. The arctic regions are important to the topic of global warming because of the large land area they occupy around the world and the layer of permanently frozen soil, known as permafrost. Wullschleger and a team of architects, engineers and biologists from ORNL and other national laboratories design, simulate using computers and then field test large-scale manipulative experiments that purposely warm a test area in order to evaluate ecosystem response to projected climate conditions. Evidence is emerging that the arctic is experiencing a greater degree of warming than the rest of the globe, Wullschleger said. There is growing concern that this warming is already affecting a wide range of physical and ecological processes in the arctic, including permafrost degradation. Manipulative experiments will help us study these processes and their consequences in great detail. In the arctic study for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, researchers seek to develop specially designed above-and below-ground warming technologies to heat multiple plots of land about 20 meters in diameter. ORNL researchers hope to eventually have replicated plots with treatments that include heating in combination with elevated carbon dioxide. The way we design and arrange the above- and below-ground heaters will allow us to warm the air and soil in a manner representing future conditions and then study the consequences of that warming, Wullschleger said. Wullschleger and others working on the project hope to discover whether carbon stored in permafrost will be released as the soil warms. This could have major consequences for climate. Before work can begin, a team of engineers and architects must adapt the heater technology that has been used on the Oak Ridge Reservation to study temperate region plants like maple and oak trees to Alaska's harsh winters and icy soil. We're developing a prototype because we haven't tested the equipment under arctic conditions before. In parts of Alaska, temperatures will drop to minus-40 degrees Fahrenheit, Wullschleger said. Results from the prototype tests, modeling simulations, and other scientific analyses will be used to determine the location of the long-term ecosystem experiment. Wullschleger is collaborating with the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Fairbanks and the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium in Barrow, Alaska. The team plans to hold workshops in collaboration with the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska to get the science community involved in details of the planned experiment. That will be a major undertaking, and it will involve the support of the larger scientific community. We want to ensure, right from the beginning, that others are able to contribute to the development of this grand activity, Wullschleger said.
标签: 极地
