No. 8 连续逗号与连续分号的使用 (一个句子中) a. 连续逗号：用于分割一系列超过2个的单词、词组和从句， 最后一项用and或or连接。 常规使用系列逗号有助于避免歧义。 例子： 1. The patient can be given penicillin , ampicillin , or erythromycin. 2. The tumor was bloody , necrotic , and malodorous. 3. The mice ate the food , drank the water , and then slept for an average of three hours. *注意：有的文体指导里介绍在最后一项的 and或者 or之前不使用逗号，但是如果用逗号的话句子含义会更清晰。 b. 连续分号（复杂情况下）：用于分割一系列超过2个的较大、较复杂的词组和从句，最后一项用and或or连接。 常规使用系列分号有助于避免歧义。 例子： 1. In the morning, the animals should be given water, feed, and medication ; in the afternoon, only water and feed ; and in the evening, water, feed, and medication. 2. The rates of specimens with no change in size were 30-35% for Groups 1, 2, and 3 ; 40-45% for Groups 4, 5, and 6 ; and 50-55% for Groups 7, 8, and 9. 3. The findings were: 1) Some patients (42%) had normal sleep patterns ; 2) Some patients (23%) had erratic sleep patterns, but with normal total amounts of sleep ; and 3) Some patients (35%) suffered from sleep apnea. No. 9 连字符 Hyphen ，短破折号 En dash ，长破折号 Em dash a. 连字符Hyphen: Used as a connector 例子： 1. 把前缀或者后缀和词干连接起来： ex-husband, self-inflicted, meta-analysis, etc. 2. 连接复合词： light-year, cure-all 3. 连接第二个元素是过去或现在分词的复合修饰语 ： seizure-inducing drugs, well-known physicist, well-established rules 4. 当不使用连字符时可能不明确时连接复合修饰语： low-frequency amplitudes, a large-bowel obstruction 5. 连接修饰语与数值和单位。年龄术语采用双连字符： a 5-g dose, 50-km radius, a 3-year-old child 6. 连接拼写的分数： one-third of the population, thirty-two hundredths 7. 当拼写出来时，将从 21到99的复合 基数词 和复合序数词连接起来： Eighty-five samples were collected. He pointed to the Sixty-Sixth Congress. 8. 连接需要连字符的才能得到 正确含义的 动词： a) He re-covered the explored well. ...BUT He recovered quickly from the operation. b) Such patients are usually re-treated. ...BUT The water retreated from the structures. 9. 在引用中连接页码范围： 454-455, 35-37. 10. 连接所谓的“电子术语”，其中“e”代表“电子”： e-mail, e-commerce, e-business b. 短破折号En dash： 大写字母N.的长度，主要用于连接，在大多数情况下意味着“through”。 例子： 1. link 2 words representing items of equal rank, including compound modifiers. In this case, the en dash means and or to: north–south avenues, cost–benefit analysis, hexane–benzene solvent, author–editor relationship 2. 以齐名的方式连接2个人的姓名： Mann–Whitney U test, Michaelis–Menten kinetics 3. 连接包含连字符元素的词语： sugarmaple– dominated forest c. 长破折号Em dash： 大写字母M.的长度， 用作分隔符，用于在句子中强烈的中断。 例子： 1. 像逗号和括号一样使用：Cancer—the major cause of death in this population—is often difficult to detect in the early stages. No. 10 动词时态 a. 撰写文章时， 一般* 参照 使用以下动词时态指南： 1. Introduction - Present tense and past tense (e.g. when discussing previous literature) 2. Methods - Past tense 3. Results - Past tense 4. Discussion - Present tense (except when referring back to the results of the present study) * 在这里使用 一般 ，是因为总是有例外。在写论文时，请参考特定期刊的写作指南。 b. As editors, sometimes we find text in which the tense is used incorrectly, or that goes contrary to what we are generally see. 作为编辑，有时候我们会发现论文稿件中的时态不正确，或者与我们“常见”的相反。 在这种情况下，如果稿件的英文看起来不错，而且如果改变时态对论文的影响较大的话，那么有时可以无需修改。记住，比起正确的动词时态，清晰明确的科学写作是最重要的。 * No. 8 – No. 10: Reference: Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. 英文写作小贴士【上】 英文写作小贴士【中】 100 / 200 / 300元优惠券等你拿 脑力劳动节 多劳多得 分享光荣
No.6 词首字母大小写问题 有客户最近向理文编辑咨询关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文词语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语词语的作者而言也不太容 易理顺。大写问题虽然棘手，但是下面的小贴士会对您有所帮助。 一般而言定义明确的地区的首写词要大写，以下是 The Economist Style Guide 的建议： “Use upper case for definite geographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognised political or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south except when part of a name.” （大写用于明确的地理学位置、地区、区域、国家以及模糊但是被认可的行政或地理区域 east, west, north, south 等用小写，但当他们是名称一部分的时候除外。） 这条通用法则也适用于地球表面的地带，如North Temperate Zone, the Equator 等。 以下是更多法则： - 通常而言，指南针上的方位（如north, southeast 等）和形容词（如western, central, upper, lower等）不需要大写 - 专有名词中的一般地理学名词需要首字母大写，如Atlantic Ocean, Mt. Muztagata 等 - 首字母大写的地理学名词之后的一般术语不需要大写，如Yangtze River valley - 名词复数要小写，如Gobi and Taklamakan deserts - “the”只有在其为正式地名一部分的时候才大写，如The Bahamas, the Netherlands 关于某个地名如果你不清楚正确的大写方法，你可以在Google Scholar上搜索一下 (http://scholar.google.com/)。多数人的意见不见得就是正确的，但是可以给你一些关于正确大 写的线索。请记住，你写作的目的是要清楚地表述你的科研成果。注意正确的大写不仅仅是为了 遵守某些专断的规则，你的论文需要正确运用大写的原因是，给读者一个关于你的采集地的更精 确的概念，特别是当他们还不熟悉你的研究领域的时候。 以下是一些地理学术语例子，告诉你哪些需要大写而哪些不需要： Upper case（大写） - East Asia - South-East Asia - Central Asia - Central America - North Korea - South Africa - the North Atlantic - the Middle East - The Arctic - The Hague - The Gambia Lower case （小写） - central Europe - western China - southern Beijing - western Mongolia - eastern Africa - northern North Korea - the central Gobi - the lower Yangtze River - the Philippines 购买 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World ( http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ ，此链 接可免费试用)，或者 Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary 可能会对你有所帮助。 参考书目： The Economist Style Guide, Capitalization - Places (http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805663) Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific Style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers , 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. Section 9.7.3, Pg. 120 No.7 常见易混单词 英语中有许多对单词很容易混淆。此贴士主要讨论拼写相近而意义不同单词，或者充当不同 词性的单词。 在看常用易混单词的释义之前，请先做以下小测试检验一下自己的知识。答案解答在文末。 affect = A, effect = B, capability = C, capacity = D, continually = E, continuous = F, adverse = G, aversion = H 1. The _______ conditions caused by the hurricane prevented the plane from taking off. 2. Despite the skill of its employees, the small factory did not have the ________ to produce large amounts of goods. 3. The _________ noise of the waves crashing on the beach was very relaxing. 4. Luckily, the medicine did not adversely ______ the patient. 5. Because he had not received any training, John did not have the __________ to repair the complicated machinery. 6. Many scientists believe that global warming is the ______ of greenhouse-gas emissions. 7. Because of she is a vegetarian, Susan had an ________ to the idea of going to the Korean Barbeque restaurant. 8. The website is ___________ updated. 常见易混单词列表 1. capability/capacity capability: a certain ability, the quality of being capable, a potential aptitude. capacity: the ability to contain; the volume or amount that fits in a certain container. 2. compliment/complement complement: a worthy addition (n.) (e.g., The girl’s pink cheeks were the perfect complement to her dark eyes.) compliment: to praise (v.); a piece of praise (n.) (e.g., The girl accepted the compliment with a shy blush.) 3. trial/trail This is often the result of a simple typing error. trial: a tryout or experiment to test quality, value, or usefulness of something (e.g., clinical trial). It also refers to the number of repetitions of an experiment. trail: a marked or established path or route, or a course followed or to be followed (e.g., mountain trail). 4. intercellular/intracellular intercellular: located between cells intracellular: occurring or situated within a cell or cells (e.g., intracellular fluid). 5. principal/principle principal (adjective): chief, main, leading, most important. principal (noun): the most important person or group of people (After much debate, the two principals reached an agreement); the head of a school (the principal person in the administration); borrowed money (as distinct from interest). principle (always a noun): a rule, standard, law, guideline, or doctrine. 6. adverse/averse adverse: bad, opposed (e.g., Benjamin ate zongzi every day for lunch and suffered no adverse effects.) averse: feeling unwilling; experiencing distaste (e.g., Benjamin’s mother was averse to the idea of an all-zongzi lunch.) 7. affect/effect affect (verb): “to influence” (e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night affected his performance on the history test.) effect (noun): “result” (e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night had a terrible effect on his performance on the history test.) 8. continually/continuously continual: repeatedly (e.g., For two weeks, the travelers continually went on trips to the Great Wall.) continuous: without interruption (e.g., The flow of water is continuous.) 9. criterion/criteria criterion: singular form (e.g., one criterion) criteria: plural form (e.g., some criteria) 10. ensure/insure ensure: “to make sure or certain” insure: “to guarantee with insurance against risk or loss of life” *However, in American English, “insure” can be used for both of these meanings. References: http://cgi.sparknotes.com/ http://forum.wordreference.com/ http://www.m-w.com/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ 参考答案: 1) G 2) D 3)F 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) H 8) E
好了好了，最终你还是承认了。自你上次进入体育馆，时间已经过去两个月了。生病、家庭危机、加班、要完成的论文，这些通通都是阻拦你进行体育锻炼的理由。但问题是：究竟怎样才能重新开始体育锻炼？ 一旦养成 习惯 ，体育锻炼就成为一件自然而然的事情。自然而然的去往体育馆，没有什么外力能够阻挡。但是，在放弃这习惯一个月，两个月，也许甚至一年以后，再要重新开始就让我们显得力不从心了。这里有一些小贴士，它们能帮助你在跌到的地方爬起，重新养成体育锻炼的习惯。 不要停止已经养成的习惯 让事情继续下去的最简方法就是不要停止。避免长时间的不锻炼，因为重新养成习惯确实更费力些。这条建议对某些朋友来说或许已经有点晚了，但如果你已经养成了体育锻炼的习惯，就千万不要在遇到一点点困难时就放弃。 一旦开始运动就奖励自己 伍迪艾伦（电影导演）曾说：“生命的一半时间在于自我表现。”我要说，在想要养成某个习惯时，90%的精力都是用于如何实现它的。你应该多想想自己的体重，自己能够跑多少圈，自己能够仰卧举重多大的杠铃。 对自己承诺坚持30天 对自己许下这个月天天运动的承诺（哪怕每天只运动20分钟），有了这个承诺，你的习惯就会得到巩固。同时，你也不必在头几个星期天天劳心，犹豫着到底要不要去运动。 找点乐趣 要是在体育锻炼里的得不到乐趣，坚持体育锻炼就会有点困难。这个世上有成千上万种锻炼身体的方式，所以，如果你觉得举重或者如果仰卧起坐并不适合你，那你就试试其他的吧。许多大型健身中心都提供各式各样的运动项目，总有一种是你喜欢的。 把运动安排在自由时间 不要把运动安排在那些可能会因为其他重要事情而被占用的时间里。工作结束后或是早晨一起床都是不错的运动时间。要是安排在午饭休息时间，则很可能因为工作尚未完成而被占用掉。 和朋友一起运动 找几位朋友加入你的运动计划。有了交际因素，你会更愿意遵守自己的体育锻炼承诺。 在日历上打”×” 我认识的一位朋友有在要运动的日子在日历上打”×”的习惯。这么做的好处是对于已经进行多长时间体育锻炼了，你可以一目了然。坚持在日历上打X是个 激励 自己的好方法。 在付出努力之时得到乐趣 进行体育锻炼后，问问自己哪些部分你喜欢，哪些部分你不喜欢。一般来说，你要继续坚持你喜欢的那部分，避免你不喜欢的那部分。若是多想想如何在体育锻炼中得到乐趣，你会更愿意去体育馆的。 把运动当作一种仪式 体育锻炼的 习惯 要根深蒂固到成为一种仪式。也就是说，一到体育锻炼的时间、地点就会让你自觉地抓起背包去健身中心。要是你的运动时间总是不确定，那你就很难从这一点得到益处了。 减轻压力 有压力时你很可能在工作上什么都做不好。不过，体育锻炼可是一种减轻压力的好方法，它会让你心情变好。所以，下次感到充满压力或疲劳的时候，就试试去参与 你喜欢的运动吧。一旦体育锻炼和减轻压力之间建立了联系，你会更容易重新养成体育锻炼的习惯，即使在此之前你是刚刚渡过一段悠长的假期。 测量健康值 我们不应该过度关心体重的数值。即使你的身体发生了变化，体重却不一定会变化，因为增加的肌肉重量会抵消减少的脂肪重量。不过，变化的健康值仍是激励体育锻炼的好依据。记录俯卧撑、仰卧起坐或是跑步速度等简单的数值，都会让你发现体育锻炼是如何使你变得更强、更快的。 先养成习惯，再购买器械 光鲜的运动器械不能促成体育锻炼的习惯培养。尽管如此，还是有很多人相信花几千美元买器械就可以弥补自己不爱运动的毛病。可这不能弥补！所以，还是先养成体育运动的习惯，再来购买体育器械。 清除失误 要是你老是不能坚持体育锻炼，就找找原因。你不喜欢运动？你没时间？呆在体育馆里使你感觉不自在？不懂得健身技巧？只要你能找到自己的失误之处，你就改正，向胜利开始迈进。 从小的目标开始 从一开始就打算跑15英里，可不是养成体育锻炼习惯的好方法。为了养成习惯，头几周里定个在你能力之内的 目标 。否则，你会被残酷的运动量吓跑的。 是为了自己而运动 去体育馆只为了使自己的身体看起来更漂亮，就好像做生意只为了赚钱一样。这样，付出的努力就不足以达到你的目标。但如果去体育馆还为了别的原因，如激励自己、增强身体的力量、享用愉快的时光，那么即使运动成果不怎么显著，你也可能继续坚持体育锻炼的。 15 Tips to Restart the Exercise Habit (and How to Keep It) It’s okay, you can finally admit it. It’s been two months since you’ve seen the inside of the gym. Getting sick, family crisis, overtime at work and school papers that needed to get finished all kept you for exercising. Now, the question is: how do you start again? Once you have an exercise habit, it becomes automatic. You just go to the gym, there is no force involved. But after a month, two months or possibly a year off, it can be hard to get started again. Here are some tips to climb back on that treadmill after you’ve fallen off. Don’t Break the Habit – The easiest way to keep things going is simply not to stop. Avoid long breaks in exercising or rebuilding the habit will take some effort. This may be advice a little too late for some people. But if you have an exercise habit going, don’t drop it at the first sign of trouble. Reward Showing Up – Woody Allen once said that, “Half of life is showing up.” I’d argue that 90% of making a habit is just making the effort to get there. You can worry about your weight, amount of laps you run or the amount you can bench press later. Commit for Thirty Days – Make a commitment to go every day (even just for 20 minutes) for one month. This will solidify the exercise habit. By making a commitment you also take pressure off yourself in the first weeks back of deciding whether to go. Make it Fun – If you don’t enjoy yourself at the gym, it is going to be hard to keep it a habit. There are thousands of ways you can move your body and exercise, so don’t give up if you’ve decided lifting weights or doing crunches isn’t for you. Many large fitness centers will offer a range of programs that can suit your tastes. Schedule During Quiet Hours – Don’t put exercise time in a place where it will easily be pushed aside by something more important. Right after work or first thing in the morning are often good places to put it. Lunch-hour workouts might be too easy to skip if work demands start mounting. Get a Buddy – Grab a friend to join you. Having a social aspect to exercising can boost your commitment to the exercise habit. X Your Calendar – One person I know has the habit of drawing a red “X” through any day on the calendar he goes to the gym. The benefit of this is it quickly shows how long it has been since you’ve gone to the gym. Keeping a steady amount of X’s on your calendar is an easy way to motivate yourself. Enjoyment Before Effort - After you finish any work out, ask yourself what parts you enjoyed and what parts you did not. As a rule, the enjoyable aspects of your workout will get done and the rest will be avoided. By focusing on how you can make workouts more enjoyable, you can make sure you want to keep going to the gym. Create a Ritual - Your workout routine should become so ingrained that it becomes a ritual. This means that the time of day, place or cue automatically starts you towards grabbing your bag and heading out. If your workout times are completely random, it will be harder to benefit from the momentum of a ritual. Stress Relief - What do you do when your stressed? Chances are it isn’t running. But exercise can be a great way to relieve stress, releasing endorphin which will improve your mood. The next time you feel stressed or tired, try doing an exercise you enjoy. When stress relief is linked to exercise, it is easy to regain the habit even after a leave of absence. Measure Fitness - Weight isn’t always the best number to track. Increase in muscle can offset decreases in fat so the scale doesn’t change even if your body is. But fitness improvements are a great way to stay motivated. Recording simple numbers such as the number of push-ups, sit-ups or speed you can run can help you see that the exercise is making you stronger and faster. Habits First, Equipment Later – Fancy equipment doesn’t create a habit for exercise. Despite this, some people still believe that buying a thousand dollar machine will make up for their inactivity. It won’t. Start building the exercise habit first, only afterwards should you worry about having a personal gym. Isolate Your Weakness - If falling off the exercise wagon is a common occurrence for you, find out why. Do you not enjoy exercising? Is it a lack of time? Is it feeling self-conscious at the gym? Is it a lack of fitness know-how? As soon as you can isolate your weakness, you can make steps to improve the situation. Start Small - Trying to run fifteen miles your first workout isn’t a good way to build a habit. Work below your capacity for the first few weeks to build the habit. Otherwise you might scare yourself off after a brutal workout. Go for Yourself, Not to Impress – Going to the gym with the only goal of looking great is like starting a business with only the goal to make money. The effort can’t justify the results. But if you go to the gym to push yourself, gain energy and have a good time, then you can keep going even when results are slow.
How to translate a research paper from Chinese into English? The tips are given below: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=331884
Scientific Writing for Beginners (1)-(8) by Zuojun Yu I put these articles on one page, for my new friends and their students. Just click each link to see its content. (1) Basic Knowledge of English http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=255459 (2) Preparing Your Figures and Captions http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=256165 (3) Putting Together an Outline http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=256680 (4) Title and Abstract http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=256862 (5) Introduction http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=258111 (6) Never Let Go of Your Readers http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=259573 (7) End Your Paper with a Positive Outlook http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=260375 (8) Revise, Revise, Revise http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=260381 p.s. If you find these tips helpful, please share them with your colleagues and students so they may benefit, too.
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