地 震 地 热 说 原 理 20 中地中海地震地幔柱简介 Seisman 地震地幔柱各论 20 中地中海地震地幔柱 中地中海地震地幔柱位于地中海( 20 °~ 50 ° N , 3 °~ 39 ° E )。 中地中海地震地幔柱的基础资料见图 1 ~图 3 、表 1 、表 2. 和表 3. 图 1 是地震地幔柱在地表的投影,包含 1963 年至 2011 年 5 月 14 日 M ≥ 4.0 的地震和大于 7 级的壳内强震(表 1 ),还包括近 50 年来有过喷发、且最大喷发指数 VEI ≥ 2 的 1 座活火山即意大利 埃特纳 火山( Etna ,表 2 ),以及 1 座历史火山即著名的意大利 维苏威 ( Vesuvius ) 火山。图 2 是地震地幔柱内 M ≥ 4.0 地震的三维图像。 由图 1 和图 2 可以看到,中地中海地震地幔柱是单树型构造,只有一个树根和树干,但有多个树枝构成树冠,最大震源深度可达 514km 。 由图 1 和图 2 还可以看到,中地中海地震地幔柱的树冠之下,在深度 50 ~ 250km 的壳幔过渡层,具有中深源地震密集的熔岩囊。 这些熔岩囊呈杆状向下延伸,好像是某种高热物质的管道,或许就是人们通常所称的熔岩通道( http://kbs.cnki.net/forums/78929/showThread.aspx )。 图 1 清楚地表明,壳内 7 级以上的壳内强震活动和现代的活火山喷发多分布在这个熔岩囊的边缘部位。 图 1 中地震空间分布图像与所罗门地震的分布图像十分相似,都有一个大漩涡,什么原因造成的尚值得研究。 图 3 是中地中海地震地幔柱 M ≥ 4.5 地震的震源深度时序图。图上标示了 Etna 火山的历次喷发(表 3 ),还有 7 级以上的壳内强震。这里分布地域较宽,似乎拟将意大利和土耳其分为两部分来分析较为合适。 意大利部分详见博文《地震地热说应用:火山成因之 1 ——意大利的火山研究》。土耳其部分待发。 本文所采用的地震资料取自 http://www.ncedc.org/ 网页的 ANSS 地震目录,火山资料取自 http://www.volcano.si.edu/ 网页的 GVP 火山月报,谨此致谢。 ( 2011.6.6 初稿) 图 1 中地中海地震地幔柱的地表平面投影 图 2 中地中海地震地幔柱的立体三维图像 图 3 中地中海地震地幔柱的时间进程 表 1 中地中海地震地幔柱 M ≥ 7 地震目录( 1963-2011.5.14 ) 地震年月日 纬 度 经 度 震 级 震源深度 19700328 39.18 29.48 7.1 20 19900530 45.84 26.66 7.1 89 19951122 28.82 34.79 7.2 10 19990817 40.74 29.86 7.7 17 19991112 40.75 31.16 7.2 10 表 2 中地中海地震地幔柱 1963 年以来喷发过的火山( VEI ≥ 2 ) Volcano Country Coordinate Last Known Eruption Max VEI Etna Italy 37.734°N, 15.004°E 2011 3 Vesuvius Italy 40.821°N, 14.426°E 1944 5 表 3 意大利 Etna 火山 1963 年以来的喷发记录 Volcano Country Coordinate Etna Italy 37.734°N, 15.004°E More recent eruptive activity has been reported during 2011. Details can be found in the Monthly or Weekly Reports. Start Date:2010Aug25 Stop Date:2011Jan1(continuing) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova, NE and SE Craters Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2010Apr8 Stop Date:2010Apr8 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: SE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2008May13 Stop Date:2009Jul4 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: East base of NE Crater (3000-2650 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:2007Mar19 Stop Date:2008May(?) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova, SE Crater and flank vents Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:2006Jul14 Stop Date:2006Dec15 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 1.8 ± 0.3 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater flank vents; NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Phreatic explosion(s) Lava flow(s) Start Date:2005Dec16 Stop Date:2005Dec22 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2004Sep7 Stop Date:2005Mar8 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 4.0 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE flank (3000-2320 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Debris avalanche(s) Start Date:2004Feb12 Stop Date:2004Feb14 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Area of Activity: Central Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2003Mar8± 3 days Stop Date:2003Nov9 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2002Oct26 Stop Date:2003Jan28 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 3.9 ± 0.7 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 4.5 ± 0.5 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Rift (3100-1900 m), S flank (2850-2600 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Evacuation Start Date:2001Dec(?) Stop Date:2002Oct30(?) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:2001Jul17 Stop Date:2001Aug9 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 2.5 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 7.5 ± 0.3 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: S to NE flanks (3100-2100 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1994Jun17 Stop Date:2001Jul17 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 9.4 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 1 x 10 8 m 3 Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater, SE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Lava dome extrusion Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1993Aug3 Stop Date:1993Oct13 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:1993Feb3 Stop Date:1993Feb3 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Start Date:1991Dec14 Stop Date:1993Mar30 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 2.3 ± 0.3 x 10 8 m 3 Area of Activity: SE flank (3100-2800 m and 2400-2100 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1989Dec16 Stop Date:1992May23 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 2.2 x 10 6 m 3 Tephra Volume: 2 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: SE and NE Craters Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1989Sep11 Stop Date:1989Oct9 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 3.8 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE and NE flanks Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Lava lake eruption Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1988Oct2 Stop Date:1989Jun30 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: SE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1987Mar8± 8 days Stop Date:1987May16 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE and SE Craters Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Fatalities Start Date:1986Oct30 Stop Date:1987Mar1 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 6 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 2.4 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: Valle del Bove (3050-2180 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1986Mar Stop Date:1986Oct31(?) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2? Area of Activity: SE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1985Dec19 Stop Date:1985Dec31 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 8 x 10 5 m 3 Tephra Volume: 9 x 10 4 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater and SE flank (2750-2420 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Fatalities Start Date:1985Mar8 Stop Date:1985Jul13 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 3 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 3 x 10 4 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater, south flank (2620-2480 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Mudflow(s) (lahars) Start Date:1984Jul20 Stop Date:1986Sep24 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 4 x 10 5 m 3 Tephra Volume: 7 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Fatalities Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1984Apr28 Stop Date:1984Oct18 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 1.0 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 2.2 x 10 5 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1983Mar28 Stop Date:1983Aug6 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 7.9 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 1.5 x 10 5 m 3 Area of Activity: South flank (2680-2250 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1981Nov26 Stop Date:1981Nov26 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:1981Mar17 Stop Date:1981Mar23 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 1.8 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 3.3 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: NNW flank (2550-1140 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Evacuation Start Date:1981Jan26± 5 days Stop Date:1981Mar5± 4 days Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 1.7 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1980Jul8 Stop Date:1980Sep26 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 2.6 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1979Jul16 Stop Date:1980Sep1± 5 days Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3? Lava Volume: 7.5 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE, E and NE flanks Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1979Jul3 Stop Date:1992Dec Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Central Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s) Fatalities Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1978Apr29 Stop Date:1978Nov30 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 3.0 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE and ENE flanks (3050-1675 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1975Feb24 Stop Date:1975Aug29 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Lava Volume: 6 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: North flank (2625 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1974Sep29(?) Stop Date:1978Mar29 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 4.9 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1974Jan30 Stop Date:1974Mar29 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 4.5 x 10 6 m 3 Tephra Volume: 3.1 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: West flank (1670 m and 1650 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1971Sep19 Stop Date:1979Mar(?) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 8 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: Central Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Start Date:1971Apr5 Stop Date:1971Jun12 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 4.5 x 10 7 m 3 Tephra Volume: 2 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: SE flank (3050 m), E flank (2880-1800 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Radial fissure eruption Regional fissure eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.) Start Date:1968Jan7 Stop Date:1968May4 Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Lava Volume: 1.0 x 10 6 m 3 Area of Activity: SE flank (2550 m) Eruptive Characteristics: Radial fissure eruption Lava flow(s) Start Date:1966Jan10 Stop Date:1971Mar(?) Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 1.2 x 10 7 m 3 Area of Activity: NE Crater, Central Crater Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s) 表3资料摘自: http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-06=
地 震 地 热 说 应 用 现代火山与地震地幔柱的关系 Seisman 以前的文章中说过,活火山关系到地震地幔柱的命运。 表 1 罗列了 1960 年以来喷发指数 VEI ≥ 2 的火山,共计 195 座。图 1 是全球活火山的空间分布(红色实心三角形),为了便于对比,图 2 展示了全球地震地幔柱的空间分布图像。 对比图 1 和图 2 , 195 座火山中,有 26 座姑且与地震地幔柱无关,尚待进一步研究。受到地震地幔柱严格控制的共计 169 座,占统计活火山的 86.7% 。 这是一个令人兴奋的结果,与朋友们共享。 本文所采用的地震资料取自 http://www.ncedc.org/ 网页的 ANSS 地震目录,火山资料取自 http://www.volcano.si.edu/ 网页的 GVP 火山月报,谨此致谢。 ( 2011.5.31 初稿) 图 1 近 50 年来全球活火山的分布 图 2 全球地震地幔柱图像 表 1 全球 1960 年以来喷发指数 VEI ≥ 2 的火山分布 No. Subregion Name Total Out 1 Mediterranean and W Asia 2 2 Africa and Red Sea 8 8 3 Middle East and Indian Ocean 3 3 4 New Zealand to Fiji 9 5 Melanesia and Australia 20 6 Indonesia 14 7 Philippines and SE Asia 7 8 Japan, Taiwan, Marianas 21 9 Kuril Islands 11 10 Kamchatka and Mainland Asia 9 11 Alaska 25 12 Canada and Western USA 2 13 Hawaii and Pacific Ocean 1 1 14 México and Central America 16 15 South America 34 4 16 West Indies 3 17 Iceland and Arctic Ocean 5 5 18 Atlantic Ocean 4 3 19 Antarctica 2 2 Sum 86.7% 195 26