刘冰老师反馈，他看了我的NLP频道的笔记（ 【语义计算：议一议“微软机器翻译提前七年达到专业翻译水平”】 ）说，就我随机测试的汉译英两篇，显然是谷歌翻译质量高出微软、有道和百度。刘老师是业界牛人，大牌教授。我倾向于同意他。因为我自己并没有认真比照，只是一时兴起做个测试。粗粗一个印象，觉得几家大都在一个水平级，但由于种种原因而来的偏好，我更喜欢有道。 其实不妨给这几家，加上搜狗，做一个英汉的随机测试，这样更容易评判。大家可以就两点做个各自的评价：（i）是不是可以说，整体水平都上来了，都已经超过业余水平，接近或达到专业翻译的质量。（ii）学学纽约时报給美国大学排名，咱们也給这几家非正式排个座次：这种随机测试免不了有波动，不能算正式的排座次结论。 今天的 USA Today 的新闻，谈普金连任，吸引了我的眼球，不妨试试。 P utin heads for big win — and 6 more years — as Russia's president： （original from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/03/18/putin-headed-easy- re-election-russias-presidential-race-6-more-years/436129002/） Russian President Vladimir Putin — the country's longest-serving leader since former Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin — was headed to an overwhelming victory in Sunday's election for another six-year term, according to incomplete returns. Putin's re-election was widely expected, and elections officials had pushed hard for a strong turnout to claim an indisputable mandate. Putin has been president or prime minister since December 1999, making him the only leader that a generation of Russians have ever known. With ballots counted from 60% of the precincts, Putin won more than 75% of the vote, according to the Central Elections Commission. By 7 p.m. Moscow time, authorities said turnout had hit nearly 60%. Putin thanked thousands of people who rallied near Red Square after the vote. He hailed those who voted for him as a “big national team,” adding that “we are bound for success.” He said the nation needs unity to move forward and urged the crowd to “think about the future of our great motherland.” He then led the enthusiastic crowd to chant “Russia!” the Associated Press reported. 微软翻译 ( https://www.bing.com/translator )： 根据不完全的回报, 俄罗斯总统普京--自前苏联独裁者约瑟夫-斯大林--在星期日的选举中取得了压倒性的胜利, 这是该国有史以来任期最长的领导人约瑟夫·斯大林。 普京的连任得到了广泛的预期, 选举官员极力要求有一个不争的任务。普京自1999年12月以来一直担任总统或总理, 这使他成为俄罗斯一代人所知道的唯一领导人。 根据中央选举委员会的统计, 在60% 的选区选票中, 普京赢得了超过75% 的选票。 到莫斯科时间下午7点, 官方表示投票率已经达到了近60%。 普京感谢在投票后聚集在红场附近的数以千计的人。他称赞那些为他投票的人是 大国家队, 并补充说 我们一定会成功。 他说, 国家需要团结才能向前迈进, 并敦促民众 思考我们伟大祖国的未来。然后, 他率领热情的人群高呼 俄罗斯! 美联社报道。 谷歌翻译 ( https://translate.google.com )： 据不完全回报，俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔普京 - 自前苏联独裁者约瑟夫斯大林以来服务时间最长的领导人 - 在周日的选举中再次获得压倒性胜利，任期六年。 普京的连任是普遍预期的，选举官员已经努力争取强大的投票率，宣称无可争议的任务。普京自1999年12月以来一直担任总统或总理，使他成为俄罗斯一代人所知的唯一领导人。 根据中央选举委员会的统计，从60％的选区算起的选票中，普京赢得了超过75％的选票。 下午7点莫斯科时间，当局表示，投票率已达到近60％。 普京感谢数千人在投票后在红场附近集会。他赞扬那些投他为“大国家队”的人，并补充说：“我们必须取得成功。” 他表示，国家需要团结向前，敦促人们“思考我们伟大的祖国的未来”。然后，他带领热情的群众高唱“俄罗斯！”美联社报道。 百度翻译 ( https://fanyi.baidu.com/ )： 俄罗斯总统Vladimir Putin是自前苏联独裁者Joseph Stalin以来任职时间最长的领导人，根据不完全的回报，他将在星期日的选举中获得压倒性的胜利，任期六年。 人们普遍预期普京连任，选举官员极力要求强有力的投票，以宣布一项无可争辩的任务。自1999年12月以来，普京一直是总统或总理，使他成为俄罗斯一代人所认识的唯一领导人。 用选票从60%的选区，普京赢得超过75%的选票，根据中央选举委员会。 到了莫斯科时间下午7点，当局称投票人数已接近60%人。 普京感谢在投票后聚集在红场附近的数千人。他称赞那些投票支持他为“大国家队”的人，并补充说：“我们一定会成功。” 他说，国家需要团结向前迈进，并敦促群众“思考我们伟大祖国的未来”，然后他带领热情的人群高呼“俄罗斯”！美联社报道。 有道翻译 ( http://fanyi.youdao.com/ )： 俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京(Vladimir Putin)是自前苏联独裁者斯大林(Joseph Stalin)以来在位时间最长的领导人。根据不完全的回报，他在周日的选举中取得压倒性胜利。 人们普遍预计普京会再次当选，而选举官员一直在努力争取更大的投票率，以获得无可争议的授权。自1999年12月以来，普京一直担任俄罗斯总统或总理，这使他成为俄罗斯历史上唯一的领导人。 根据中央选举委员会的统计，在60%的选区选票中，普京赢得了超过75%的选票。 莫斯科时间下午7点，当局称投票率已经达到近60%。 普京感谢了在投票后聚集在红场附近的数千人。他称赞那些为他投票的人是一个“伟大的国家队”，并补充说:“我们一定会成功。” 他说，国家需要团结一致向前推进，并敦促民众“思考伟大祖国的未来”。然后他带领热情的人群高喊“俄罗斯!”美联社报道。 搜狗翻译 （ https://fanyi.sogou.com/ ）: 俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔普京( Vladimir Putin )——该国自前苏联独裁者约瑟夫斯大林( Joseph Stalin )以来任职时间最长的领导人——在周日的总统选举中以压倒性优势获得连任，根据不完全的数据显示。 人们普遍预期普京会再次当选，选举官员们一直在努力争取选民踊跃投票，以获得无可争议的授权。普京自1999年12月以来一直担任总统或总理，这使他成为一代俄罗斯人所认识的唯一领导人。 根据中央选举委员会的统计，普京在60 %的选区赢得了75 %以上的选票。 莫斯科时间下午7点，官方称投票率已达到近60 %。 普京感谢成千上万投票后在红场附近集会的人们。他称赞那些投他票的人是“大国家队”，并补充说，“我们一定会成功。 他说，国家需要团结起来向前发展，并敦促群众“考虑我们伟大祖国的未来”。”他接着领着热情的人群高喊“俄罗斯！”美联社报道。 老友说，不怕不识货，就怕货比货。显然微软最烂。 还是仔细比较分析一下吧。 第一条，“是不是可以说，整体水平都上来了，都已经超过业余水平，接近或达到专业翻译的质量”？ 我个人认为，这个结论是成立的。不仅仅是基于这一篇对五家的测试，以上测试应该算是再次证实了这个判断。作为MT关注者和业内人士对于整体形势的了解，加上平时做过的多次测试的印象，形成这一判断快一年了，从来没有觉得遇到过严重挑战。 第二条真要排座次呢，估计会有更多不同的意见和视角。我谈谈我的看法。翻译讲的主要是两条，准确和通顺。我们就以这两条作为标准谈谈。 微软的问题： 1. 普金和斯大林错译成了同位语：“俄罗斯总统普京--自前苏联独裁者约瑟夫-斯大林--；” 2. 漏译了关键的限定语“自斯大林以来”，结果是让人莫名其妙：“这是该国有史以来任期最长的领导人约瑟夫·斯大林。” 3. 不合适的选词：（不完全的）“回报”（returns），（不争的）“任务”（mandate），这算小错。 谷歌的问题： 1. 不合适的选词：（不完全）“回报”（returns），（无可争议的）“任务”（mandate），这算小错。 2. as-短语挂错了地方：他赞扬那些投他为“大国家队”的人 （ He hailed those who voted for him as a “big national team”， 不大不小的错） 3. “we are bound for success.” （“我们一定会成功”）只有谷歌没翻对，它翻成了“我们必须取得成功”。有相当偏差。 百度的问题： 1. 选词不当：（不完全的）“回报”（returns），（无可争辩的）“任务”（mandate），这算小错。 2. 生硬，两个状语的安排不妥：“【用选票从60%的选区】，普京赢得超过75%的选票，【根据中央选举委员会】”。 3. as-短语挂错了地方：他称赞那些投票支持他为“大国家队”的人（ He hailed those who voted for him as a “big national team”， 不大不小的错） 有道的问题： 1. 一个小瑕疵是“根据不完全的回报”，最好翻译成“根据不完全的收回选票” 或 “根据不完全统计”。 “回报”在中文有强烈的报偿的意味。当然，因为有上下文，这个译法虽然不妥，还是可以理解。 2. 漏译了一个重要的限定语“自斯大林以来”：“这使他成为俄罗斯历史上唯一的领导人”。“神经”太过，有些胆大妄为，化有为无。 但通篇译文读起来非常顺溜。 搜狗的问题： 漏译“for another six-year term“（是个不大不小的错）。其他没看到错，读起来也蛮顺。 这样看来，搜狗和有道可以并列第一。谷歌第三。百度第四。微软，对不起，你还欠了火候：不仅是比不了谷歌，其他小兄弟也比你更准更顺。（也有人说，线上的不是他们的新版，最新的技术还没进去，我们拭目以待吧）。 马少平老师告诉我，“搜狗由于做的晚，全部用的是神经翻译，有道以前是统计翻译，后来加上神经翻译，再后来彻底抛弃以前的，全部用神经翻译。百度是在以前基础上（统计翻译）加上神经翻译。可见神经翻译胜出。” 而我呢，第一次体验到神经翻译不俗表现，是一年多前谷歌发布新版的时候。我用它尝试给我的NLP演讲笔记做翻译，语音合成自动读出来给我的感觉不亚于一个专业的口译员，是我大喜过望，赶紧“录得”现场音频分享给朋友。 【谷歌NMT，见证奇迹的时刻】2016-10-2 ） 后来，百度出来说它们比谷歌更早就“神经”了，不过我并没觉得百度比谷歌质量高，所以仍然坚持用谷歌。搜狗刚开始上线，界面和用户友好（长文的翻译拷贝等）不给力，用了一下就没再看了。一两个月前开始注意的有道，发现比谷歌磨得更圆，也颇用户友好和贴心，就开始用有道（问题是有时候过分神经，为了通顺敢于牺牲忠实，这个毛病看上去是目前神经翻译的通病。）。 A couple of months ago one of my old buddies recommended Youdao to me and for some reason, I fell in love with its service and app. So I shifted to Youdao. I downloaded Youdao to my iPhone and use it from time to time for fun, and for real, almost every day. It is very user-friendly and they carefully designed the interface, and most of the time I am very happy with its performance. Despite the name of the app as Youdao Dictionary, we can use the app as an instant speech translator, as if we were accompanied by a personal interpreter all the time. The instant translation is many times just amazing though it makes me laugh from time to time in some crazy translations. From MT as a businessperspective, Youdao seems to be gaining momentum. Xunfei is also a big player, especially in speech translation. 说曹操曹操到，微信刚好在传这个视屏： \0 \0 第一次听讯飞刘总做 marketing 哇塞！比微软还厉害。一口气下来 促销人工智能 方方面面 顺顺溜溜 底气十足。他用代表能听懂的语言娓娓道来，能给人想象的空间，果然高手，谁说中国没有乔布斯这样的营销大师。这番宏论无疑在国家领导和人大代表中留下了深刻印象，给又时髦又高深的AI又扇了一把烈火。 讯飞固然技术不错 可别忘了别家也已经追赶上来了，整个行业提升的结果是，老大会不断受到新锐的挑战。刘总现场表演的口语即时翻译，我用我夹有皖南地方口音的普通话，重复给“有道词典的app”里面的口译界面，翻译结果一点不比讯飞逊色，属于同一量级吧，截屏如下： 【相关】 【语义计算：议一议“微软机器翻译提前七年达到专业翻译水平”】 【谷歌NMT，见证奇迹的时刻】 【校长对话录：向有道机器翻译同仁致敬】 【语义计算：李白对话录系列】 【置顶：立委NLP博文一览】 《朝华午拾》总目录
李： 最近微信群疯传一条新智元的人工智能新闻专访，【 机器翻译提前7年达到人类专业翻译水平，微软再现里程碑突破 】。不少老友也特地转发给我这个“老机译”。微软这几天的营销好生了得。到处都是这个第一家超越人类的MT新闻 而且提前了七年！ 这个微软 MT 是在哪里？ 比较过百度，谷歌，有道。有道似乎最好，所以现在就用有道。不妨也试试微软。 事到如今，这几家都可以 claim 新闻翻译超过业余翻译的水平，进入专业翻译的段位了。跟语音类似，这是整个行业的突破，神经翻译大幅度超越上一代统计翻译，尤其是顺畅度。眼见为实,这一点我们都是见证人。已经 n 多次测试过这些系统了。( 【谷歌NMT，见证奇迹的时刻】 ; 【校长对话录：向有道机器翻译同仁致敬】). 如果是新闻文体，很少让人失望的。 说是第一个正式超越的系统云云，基本上是 marketing。 MT 的下一个突破点应该是：（i）对于缺乏直接对比语料的语言对的 MT（据说进展神速）；（ii）对于缺乏翻译语料的领域化 MT，譬如翻译电商领域，目前可用度差得一塌糊涂（20%左右），可有需求，无数据; (iii) 在保持目前NMT 目标语顺畅度的优势情况下，杜绝乱译，确保忠实可信。 这次他们严格测试的是汉译英，拿出数据来证明达到或超越了一般人的翻译水平。然后说，英译汉是类似的方法和原理，所以结论应该相同。这个我信。 有意思的是，在规则MT时代，绝不敢说这个话。汉译英比英译汉困难多了，因为汉语的解析比英语解析难，基于结构解析和转换的翻译自然效果很不相同。但目前的NMT 不需要依赖解析，所以语言的方向性对质量的影响很小。以前最头疼的汉译外，反而容易成为亮点。 当年入行的时候，有两个兴趣点：一是做外汉MT（主要是英汉），一是探索中文解析。前者有底气，知道这条路是通的，就是力气活，假以时间和资源，质量会逐渐越来越好。后者其实没有底气，感觉慢慢长路，“红旗不知道要打多久”（ 【从产业角度说说NLP这个行当】 ），但是实在太有趣了。当年的梦想是，什么时候中文解析做好了，用它来做汉外MT，能与外汉MT一样，那该多解气啊。 中文解析经过n多年的思索和实践，终于有底气了（ 【美梦成真】 ）。可是原先要落地MT的设想，却突然失去了这个需求和动力。好在 NLU 不仅仅在 MT 落地，还有许多可以落地的地方。 真所谓人算不如天算，看潮起潮落。老友谈养生之道，各种禁忌，颇不以为然，老了就老了，要那么长寿干嘛？最近找到一条长寿的理由，就是，可以看看这个世界怎么加速度变化的。今天见到的发生的许多事情，在 30 年前都是不可想象的：NMT，voice, image, parsing，iPhone，GPS, Tesla, you name it. 王: 中文解析，当然不一定中文，其他语言解析也一样，前景十分广阔，市场巨大。因现阶段还不能达到如人般的理解程度，所以还属于只能踩着有限小石子过河（落地）阶段，以后才能上大路，开高速。我也期望能有一个万能智能秘书，能准确理解且快速帮我办事，达到期望的结果。但能力都还有限，自然还是解析很力不足。 李: parsing 的应用潜力很大，道理上没人说不对，毕竟这是AI在认知道路上可以预见的一个关键的支持。但实际上有两个坎儿：一是不好做，二是不好用。不好做是，想用的人往往不大会做，不能要求每个人都成为parsing专家。不好用是，独立的 offshelf 的，迄今没有见到大规模使用的成功案例。相对成功使用的，大多是内部消化，自己做自己用。这就局限了它的应用范围和潜力发挥。内部使用的成功经验，最多算是一种可行性论证，证明结构解析对于应用是的确可以赋能的。但平台化领域化的道路还很长。 核武器之所以在吆喝，是因为它还没爆炸，也似乎短期内不会爆炸。真爆炸了，听响声就够了，不需要吆喝了。 嘿，找到 MS Translator URL 了： https://www.bing.com/translator 做个现场测试和比较，用今天城里的新闻： 白宫发言人桑德斯14日表示，电视评论员柯德洛（Larry Kudlow）将出任国家经济会议主席。 桑德斯透过声明指出，川普向柯德洛提出担任总统经济政策助理，以及国家经济会议主席一事，柯德洛也接受了；白宫之后会宣布，柯德洛上任的时间。 川普月初宣布将对进口钢铁和铝材分别课征关税，其国家经济会议主席柯恩（Gary Cohn）因不认同川普此举，在6日请辞。 柯恩请辞后，柯德洛是接任的人选之一；在过去一年，柯德洛是川普的非正式顾问，也是川普2016年总统大选竞选期间的顾问。 川普13日向媒体表示，他有很高机率将任命柯德洛递补首席经济顾问柯恩辞职遗缺。川普说，“柯德洛成为我的好友一段时间了，他在我竞选早期就力挺我，是我最初的支持者之一。他是名非常有才华的人。” 70岁的柯德洛在前总统雷根任内监督白宫管理及预算局5年。柯德洛2001年加入财经媒体CNBC，之后成为知名评论家与主持人。 微软的自动翻译 是： White House spokesman Sanders said 14th that TV commentator Codro Larry Kudlow will serve as president of the National Economic Council. Sanders said in a statement that Trump to Codro as president of the economic policy assistant, as well as the President of the National Economic Council, Codro also accepted, the White House will announce later, Codro time. Cohn, the president of the National Economic Council, resigned on 6th for not agreeing to Trump’s move, announced earlier this month that it would impose tariffs on imported steel and aluminium . After Cohen resigned, Codro was one of the successors, and in the past year Codro was Trump’s unofficial advisor and advisor to Trump during the 2016 presidential election campaign. Trump 13th to the media that he had a high chance of appointing Codro chief economic advisor Cohen to resign casual vacancies. Trump said, “Codro has been my best friend for a while, and he’s been my first supporter of my early campaign.” He is a very talented person. ” The 70-year-old Codro oversaw the White House administration and Budget Office for 5 years in former President Ronald Reagan. Codro joined the financial media CNBC in 2001 and became a well-known critic and moderator. 有道的译文 是： Larry Kudlow, a television commentator, will become President of the national economic council, White House spokesman jay sanders said Sunday. In a statement, Mr. Sanders said he had accepted Mr. Cordelo as an assistant to the President’s economic policy and the President of the national economic council. The White House would then announce that Mr. Cordelo took office. The chairman of the national economic council, Gary Cohn, said he would resign on June 6 after he announced that he would impose tariffs on imported steel and aluminum. When cohn resigned, he was one of his successors. Over the past year, he has been an informal adviser to trump and an adviser to trump during the 2016 presidential campaign. Trump told the media on Wednesday that he had a high chance of appointing the resignation of coderot’s chief economic adviser, korn /ferry. “He was a good friend for a while,” trump said. “he supported me early in my campaign and was one of my first supporters. He is a very talented person. The 70-year-old has overseen the White House administration and budget office for five years under former President Reagan. Cordelo joined CNBC in 2001 and became a well-known critic and host. 谷歌的译文 是： White House spokesman Saunders said on the 14th that television commentator Larry Kudlow will serve as chairman of the National Economic Council. Saunders pointed out through the statement that Trump had proposed to Cadero as the president’s economic policy assistant and the chairman of the national economic conference. Caldero also accepted it; the White House will later announce the time when Calderon took office. Trump announced at the beginning of the month that it would impose tariffs on imported steel and aluminum products. Gary Cohn, chairman of the National Economic Council, resigned on the 6th because he did not agree with Trump. After Keen resigned, Kedlow was one of the candidates for the replacement. In the past year, Kedro was an informal advisor to Trump and a consultant during Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign. Trump stated to the media on the 13th that he has a high chance of appointing Kodlow to replace his chief economic advisor. Trump said, “ Kadelo has been a friend of mine for some time. He supported me early in my campaign and was one of my initial supporters. He is a very talented person.” Kodlow , 70, oversees the White House’s Office of Management and Budget for 5 years under former President Reagan. He joined the financial media CNBC in 2001 and later became a famous critic and host. 粗粗读一遍，都不错。可能是偏爱，还是更喜欢有道。 再来一片，其实不是新闻： 列宁的导师普列汉诺夫的遗言： 一、随着生产力的发展，知识份子的队伍比无产阶级增加得更快，在生产力中的作用跃居首位，在电气时代马克思主义的无产阶级专政理论将会过时。 二、布尔什维克的无产阶级专政将迅速演变成一党专政，再变为领袖专政。而建立在欺骗和暴力基础上的社会，本身就包含着自我毁灭的炸药，一旦真相大白，便会立刻土崩瓦解。 三、“布”党将依次遇到四大危机：饥荒危机、意识形态危机、社会经济危机和崩溃危机，最后政权土崩瓦解，这一过程可能持续数十年，但这个结局谁也无法改变。 四、国家的伟大并不在于它的领土甚至它的历史，而是民主传统和公民的生活水平。只要公民还在受穷，只要没有民主，国家就难保不发生动荡，直至崩溃。 微软： Plekhanov’s last words: With the development of productive forces, the team of intellectuals has increased faster than the proletariat, the role of the productive forces leaped to the top, and the Marxist proletarian dictatorship theory in the era of electricity will be outdated. Second, the Bolshevik dictatorship of the proletariat will rapidly evolve into a one-party dictatorship, then become a leader dictatorship. A society based on deception and violence, in itself, contains self-destructive explosives that, once the truth is revealed, Fall apart immediately. Third, the “cloth” party will encounter four major crises: Famine crisis, ideological crisis, social economic crisis and collapse crisis, the final regime fell apart, this process may last for decades, but this end can not change. The greatness of the state is not in its territory or even its history, but in its democratic traditions and the living standards of its citizens. As long as citizens are still poor, as long as there is no democracy, the state will not be in turmoil until it collapses. 谷歌： The words of Plekhanov: First, with the development of productive forces, the ranks of intellectuals have grown faster than the proletariat, and they have taken the lead in productivity. In the age of electricity, the Marxist theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat will become obsolete. 2. The dictatorship of the proletariat of the Bolsheviks will rapidly evolve into a one-party dictatorship and will become a dictatorship of leaders. The society based on deception and violence itself contains self-destructive explosives. Once the truth is revealed, it will soon fall apart. Third, the “cloth” party will encounter four major crises in sequence: the famine crisis, the ideological crisis, the socio-economic crisis, and the collapse crisis. The final regime collapsed. This process may last for decades, but no one can change this outcome. Fourth, the greatness of the country does not lie in its territory or even its history. It is the democratic tradition and the standard of living of its citizens. As long as citizens are still living in poverty, as long as there is no democracy, the country cannot guarantee that there will be no turmoil until collapse. 有道： His last words: One, with the development of productive forces, intellectual team increase faster than that of the proletariat, in the role as the first productivity, at the age of electricity of marxism’s theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat will be out of date. The dictatorship of the proletariat of the bolsheviks will quickly turn into a one-party state and become a leadership dictatorship. Society, based on deception and violence, contains self-destructive explosives, and when the truth comes out, it will fall apart. Three, “cloth” party will, in turn, have four big crisis: hunger crisis, the collapse of the ideology, social and economic crisis and crisis, the regime collapse, this process may last for decades, but the end no one can change. The greatness of a nation lies not in its territory or even its history, but in its democratic traditions and the living standards of its citizens. As long as the citizens are still poor, as long as there is no democracy, there will be no unrest until the country collapses. 梁： 这岂不让专业翻译人士好紧张吗？ 李： 没办法，准备改行做编辑吧。作为职业，译员的市场的确在急剧萎缩中，大势所趋。 昨天跟老友说 还是要抬头讲故事 不能只是低头做实事。还要看故事的风口和时机。微软这一宣传 家喻户晓 老妪能解 普罗惊叹。一叹人工智能已经步步紧逼 看得见摸得着了。二叹微软太牛 给人印象是把对手远远抛在后面 在这个一日千里的AI时代 居然提前七年实现赶超人类语言认知的里程碑。 梁： 对，讲个好故事，比什么都重要！ 李： 其实这几家品质都差不多 还有搜狗 还有一些初创 自从大约两三年前深度神经以后 都陆续达到了新闻翻译超越业余人工翻译的水平。换句话说 整个行业提升了。任何一家都可以心不跳脸不红做此宣称。可是老百姓和投资人不知道。这就看谁会讲故事了。 马： 大公司自己宣传，一帮不懂的媒体也愿意跟着捧，甚至捧得更卖力气。现在机器翻译拼的就是语料和平台，以前搜狗没有机器翻译，和我们实验室的刘洋合作后，不到一年就出了一个很不错的系统。 李： AI 越来越像当年美苏的军备竞赛了，size matters. @马少平 搜狗要营销的话 可以与电视台合作 搞个新闻现场大奖赛 请翻译界名人做评委 找n个专业翻译 m 个业余翻译 现场出题 限时翻译（要限制到熟练专业来不及查工具书 全凭大脑 勉强可以应付 为最佳） 马： @wei 比起其他公司来，搜狗不是太会营销。 李： 这种比赛 没有悬念 最终一定是机器赢。好好设计一下，双盲比赛，让专家评审，也不能说它不公平。万一机器没得冠军 而是亚军或季军 宣传效果更佳 为下一轮比赛的高潮做了铺垫。那位人类选手神译 要好好保护 大力宣传 大书特书他过目不忘 博闻强记 知识渊博的种种事迹。当年花生智力竞赛大胜人类 本质上就是玩的这个套路。一直玩到进入了计算机历史博物馆的里程碑专区去了。MT 现在要玩的话，类似的效果，更容易设计，要想拉巨头参与也容易：几家巨头的MT网站都是公开的，随叫随到。 Ben: @wei youTube上 《成都》 有高圆圆的音乐 ，立委应该会喜欢！ 李: 歌是好歌，早听过n多遍了，温暖慰藉。赵雷嗓子很有味道，可这小子镜头太多；圆圆友情出境，镜头太少，前面的剪影还是替身。 成都是个养人的好地方，出国前呆过大半年，乐不思非蜀（见【 立委外传 】）： 1990 ： 尝尽成都美食。 茶馆 火锅 夫妻肺片。 赵雷草根天才啊，独领城市歌谣，能写出这样的绝妙好词： 【画】 为寂寞的夜空画上一个月亮 把我画在那月亮的下面歌唱 为冷清的房子画上一扇大窗 再画上一张床 画一个姑娘陪着我 再画个花边的被窝 画上灶炉与柴火 我们一起生来一起活 画一群鸟儿围着我 再画上绿岭和青坡 画上宁静与祥和 雨点儿在稻田上飘落 画上有你能用手触到的彩虹 画中有我决定不灭的星空 画上弯曲无尽平坦的小路 尽头的人家梦已入 画上母亲安详的姿势 还有橡皮能擦去的争执 画上四季都不愁的粮食 悠闲地人从没心事 我没有擦去争吵的橡皮 只有一只画着孤独的笔 那夜空的月也不再亮 只有个忧郁的孩子在唱 为寂寞的夜空画上一个月亮 我不知道如何翻译，劳 有道机器翻译 一下： “Draw a moon for the lonely night sky. Draw me under the moon and sing. Draw a large window for the cold house. Draw another bed. Draw a girl with me. Draw another lace bed. Draw a stove and firewood. We were born to live together. Draw a flock of birds around me. Let me draw green ridge and green slope. Picture peace and serenity. The rain fell on the rice fields. There’s a rainbow you can touch with your hands. There are stars in the picture that I have decided not to destroy. There are endless smooth paths. The end of the family dream has entered. Picture mother’s peaceful pose. There’s also an eraser argument. Paint food that is not sad in four seasons. A leisurely person never worries. I didn’t wipe out the quarrel eraser. There was only one painting of a lonely pen. The night sky was no longer bright. Only a sad child was singing. Draw a moon for the lonely night sky.” 自然有错译的地方（如 there’s also an eraser argument. I didn’t wipe out the quarrel eraser），可是总体而言，专业出身的我也不敢说一定能译得更好，除非有旬月踟蹰。机器翻译超越业余翻译，已经是不争的事实。 【相关】 【谷歌NMT，见证奇迹的时刻】 【校长对话录：向有道机器翻译同仁致敬】 【语义计算：李白对话录系列】 【置顶：立委NLP博文一览】 《朝华午拾》总目录
新！ 介 绍 CNS 和 NMT 博客系列 New! Introducing CNS and NMTBlog series 201711EJS01-005 声明： 当今每天甚至每一分 钟，新的研究成果会在数以千计的期刊上发表。在这里，我将从 CNS 杂志（《细胞》，《自然》和《科学》）中挑选一些 ‘ 精品 ’ ，在进行简述之后，会尽力 揭示非损伤微测技术（ NMT ）与 这些优秀科研成果之间的潜在联系，同时与大家分享 NMT 在该科学 领域未来研究中的可能应用 。 ***精力所限，恕不能奉献正文中文翻译版本。 《科学》：背叛！我们自身神经系统竟会助癌生长。 Science: Betrayal! Our own nervous system helps cancer grow. Of all new cancer cases in the US, the third most common is prostate cancer. New research in Science this week revealed a deeper understanding of how our own nerves aid the progression of prostate cancer. Now we need a drug or therapy to inhibit this pathway; this could be developed with the help of a technology that can measure Ca2+ and O2 fluxes in both nerves and tumor cells. The Paper Tumors often initiate angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels, to help them grow and spread. A paper was just published in Science, titled “ Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer ” by Ali H. Zahalka and Paul S. Frenette of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, who studied the mechanism of how angiogenesis is aided by our own nerves. These researchers used a mouse model of prostate cancer to investigate angiogenesis. They found that nerves release norepinephrine which binds to receptors on endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels. This triggers a metabolic switch; the endothelial cells increase their use of glycolysis and begin to divide and form new blood vessels around the tumor. To confirm this mechanism, they studied a new line of mice and turned off the gene that codes for the norepinephrine receptor in the endothelial cells. They saw that the cells in these new mice maintained a normal metabolism, and showed a decrease in angiogenesis, supporting their theory that norepinephrine was responsible. NMT Connection Now that this pathway is better understood, a treatment can be developed that inhibits the nervous pathway to tumors and halts the growth of new blood vessels. NMT would be useful in many ways for continuing this research because it has been used to study both nerves and tumors before.For example in 2009, Marc Gleichmann et al. used NMT to measure Ca2+ and O2 flux simultaneously in cortical neurons, to assess their response to glutamate stress. Since NMT is non-invasive, one of its key strengths is the ability to accurately assess the physiological responses of cells in response to changes such as drugs or stressors. This is what makes it an excellent choice for testing the efficacy of a drug targeting the tumor and/or nerve cells involved in the progression of angiogenesis. Thanks to the research of Frenette’s team, we have a new understanding of how nerves interact with tumors to grow new blood vessels. For the next step, will someone identify a drug that can safely inhibit this pathway? What will the drug do to the tumor and nerve cells, what will their fluxes look like? Imagine the possibilities! For more NMT connections, see NMT Publications: http://youngerusa.com/index.php/publications References Ali H. Zahalka, Paul S. Frenette, et al. Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer. Science, 2017. 358(6361):321-326 Marc Gleichmann, et al. Simultaneous single neuron recording of O2 consumption, i, and mitochondrial membrane potential in glutamate toxicity. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2009. 109: 644–655
Live Samples: Raising Standards for Accuracy in Research 活体实验：精准科研的最新标志！ In vivo sample testing is one of the most important aspects of research in life sciences. The importance of observing the functions and behaviors of a sample as they occur in real life is irrefutable. Obviously, a living organism is very different physiologically than when it is deceased. So how do we assemble information from studying a non-living sample in a way that accurately depicts how it behaves while alive? Well the good news is, now you don’t have to. Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) allows live samples to be tested without the system making physical contact with them. NMT measures the concentration gradient of a specific molecule and/or ion by means of selective/specific micro-electrodes 'vibrated' (repeatedly moved between measurement points) at a selected distance in the media. This means that the data accurately represents the functions and ionic/molecular flux activity of the sample in its natural physiological state. The flux of ions and molecules is comparable to a language; this data can show cellular stress and reveal important information such as connections between physiological functions and genes. W ould you be able to effectively study photosynthesis in a dead plant? Well of course not! It is easily agreed upon that one will obtain the most accurate understanding of something by studying it while it is alive. However, until now there have been limited tools to study live samples with, as most current technologies rely on invasive procedures (such as labeling, dyeing, etc.) while conducting experiments. Imagine how much differently animal cells behave once they are deceased? If you looked at live tumor cells under a microscope, would they behave differently than dead tumor cells? Could you accurately predict the result of introducing stressors to living neuron cells by observing what occurs when they are introduced to non-living neuron cells? A great deal of previous research might not accurately depict how living things actually function right down to the cellular level. In 2012-2013, scientists used NMT at YoungerUSA’s NMT Research Facility in Beijing to study the ionic activity of tumor cells. The sample used in this research was a live rat with tumors growing on its back (see Figure 1). Flux data for Cl-, Na+, K+, H+, and Ca2+ were successfully obtained with the tumor completely intact, and the rat still alive. If the tumor had been removed or biopsied and tested, the same results would not have been achieved. Learning more about how tumors interact with their host will help pave the way towards developing new, more effective methods of cancer treatment, and eventually even prevention. More Information NMT ON the For, from Visit: http://youngerusa.com/ .
新！ 介 绍 CNS 和 NMT 博客系列 New! Introducing CNS and NMTBlog series 201710EJS01-004 声明： 当今每天甚至每一分 钟，新的研究成果会在数以千计的期刊上发表。在这里，我将从 CNS 杂志（《细胞》，《自然》和《科学》）中挑选一些 ‘ 精品 ’ ，在进行简述之后，会尽力 揭示非损伤微测技术（ NMT ）与 这些优秀科研成果之间的潜在联系，同时与大家分享 NMT 在该科学 领域未来研究中的可能应用 。 ***精力所限，恕不能奉献正文中文翻译版本。 《自然》：氨化作用的全新竞争者 Nature: Ammonia Oxidizers have New Competition The nitrogen cycle is incredibly important in many industries, such as agriculture and waste water treatment. The microbes involved in this cycle are the stars of the show; one bacteria in particular was highlighted in Nature this past week. In addition, NMT could further this research by measuring nitrogen-based molecules in this bacteria. The Paper One main step of the nitrogen cycle is when certain microbes take and oxidize ammonia (NH3) to use for energy. This step is interesting, because there are tons of bacteria and archaea eager for ammonia, but very little is actually available in their environment. They have to make do with the tiniest scraps they can find, and beat the competing microbes for food. Usually, the archaea prevail. Nature just published “ Kinetic analysis of a complete nitrifier reveals an oligotrophic lifestyle ,” by K. Dimitri Kits and Michael Wagner et al. of the University of Vienna. They cultured one particularly interesting bacteria, Nitrospira inopinata , that not only oxidizes ammonia, but nitrite (NO2-) as well, which is not common. They wondered, does this bacteria have an advantage over other ammonia-oxidizers? Who would win in a fight? In this experiment, researchers compared three oxidizers on their affinity for ammonia: Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and Nitrospira inopinata . Out of the three, they found that N. inopinata had the best affinity. Even though it could fall back to another source of energy, this champion bacteria still made the most efficient use of ammonia, beating out it’s closest competitors. NMT Connection It seems that NMT would be a perfect tool to further this research on the intriguing N. inopinata. Not only can NMT measure ammonium (NH4+) flux, but it also has sensors available for nitrate (NO3-), which is one of the products from this bacteria’s reactions. NH4+ and NO3- have both been measured by NMT numerous times, such as in a Nitrosomonas europaea biofilm, in a study by Eric McLamore et al. in 2009. They measured a large biofilm measuring more than 5 cm both wide and long, but NMT can measure a wide variety of sample sizes, so smaller colonies could easily be tested as well. Now, this new Nature study discovered that N. inopinata has an impressive ammonia affinity compared to other microbes. But when measured with NMT, what will its ammonium flux profile actually look like, and what will this indicate about it’s use of ammonia? What will the nitrate efflux look like? How will these data look compared to the other microbes? Only NMT can answer these questions with real time flux measurement in live colonies of N. inopinata . As this research moves forward, it will surely lead to new techniques for agricultural practices and wastewater protocols. One must wonder, what will be the next discovery about this amazing bacteria? For more NMT connections, see NMT Publications: http://youngerusa.com/index.php/publications References K Dimitri Kits, et al. Kinetic analysis of a complete nitrifier reveals an oligotrophic lifestyle. Nature, 2017. 269–272. Eric S. McLamore, et al. Non-invasive self-referencing electrochemical sensors for quantifying real-time biofilm analyte flux. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2009.102:791–799.
新！ 介 绍 CNS 和 NMT 博客系列 New! Introducing CNS and NMTBlog series 201708EJS01-003 声明： 当今每天甚至每一分 钟，新的研究成果会在数以千计的期刊上发表。在这里，我将从 CNS 杂志（《细胞》，《自然》和《科学》）中挑选一些 ‘ 精品 ’ ，在进行简述之后，会尽力 揭示非损伤微测技术（ NMT ）与 这些优秀科研成果之间的潜在联系，同时与大家分享 NMT 在该科学 领域未来研究中的可能应用 。 ***精力所限，恕不能奉献正文中文翻译版本。 《自然》：免疫系统战胜乳腺癌的新疗法 Nature: New treatment guides immune system to fight breast cancer Research on the immune system for cancer treatments is always growing, as evidenced by a new study in Nature, in which an inhibitor treatment increased anti-tumor immunity. This area of research could be furthered by investigation of H2O2 flux in the anti-tumor immune response. The Paper This week, Nature published “ CDK4/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity ” by Shom Goel Molly J. DeCristo, of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. They investigated cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) in breast cancer and tested their effect on cell growth and immune responses. These scientists used CDK4/6 inhibitors in tests of cell lines, animal models, and human patients (from a clinical trial), and discovered that inhibiting CDK4/6 expression enhanced immune response to tumors by two mechanisms. One; it increased the ability of tumors to present antigens, making them easier to target. Two; it restricted growth of T (reg) cell population, which are immunosuppressive. This study is very promising for the study of immunotherapy for breast cancer treatment, but there is still more to discover about this mechanism. NMT Connection The role of H2O2 in immunity has been widely studied in plants, such as in “ The microbe-secreted isopeptide poly-γ-glutamic acid… ” (Scientific Reports, 2017). But its role in the human immune system has not been fully explored. To our knowledge, few have used NMT to measure H2O2 flux in animal cells. H2O2 plays an important role in the immune system in many ways. It has been found at sites of inflammation and injury, and has been theorized to cause immune responses (Nat Immunol. 2002). Though this role in the immune system has been known for a long time, there is still much that could be learned from measuring the flux of H2O2, which has not been explored in depth in cancer cells. Could H2O2 flux be used as an indicator of the effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors? Could it be used as a messenger to tell us about the correlation between CDK4/6 and the immune system? Furthermore, maybe researchers can also use NMT to measure the flux of O2 and make the link between metabolism and the immune system. For more NMT connections, see NMT Publications: http://youngerusa.com/index.php/publications References: Goel S, DeCristo MJ. CDK4/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity. Nature, 2017. 548(7668):471-475 Peng Lei, Xiao Pang et al. The microbe-secreted isopeptide poly-γ-glutamic acid induces stress tolerance in Brassica napus L. seedlings by activating crosstalk between H2O2 and Ca2+ . Scientific Reports 2017. 7, Article number: 41618 Reth M. Hydrogen peroxide as second messenger in lymphocyte activation. Nat Immunol. 2002. 3(12):1129–34
新！ 介 绍 CNS 和 NMT 博客系列 New! Introducing CNS and NMT Blog series 201708EJS01-002 声明： 当今每天甚至每一分 钟，新的研究成果会在数以千计的期刊上发表。在这里，我将从 CNS 杂志（《细胞》，《自然》和《科学》）中挑选一些 ‘ 精品 ’ ，在进行简述之后，会尽力 揭示非损伤微测技术（ NMT ）与 这些优秀科研成果之间的潜在联系，同时与大家分享 NMT 在该科学 领域未来研究中的可能应用 。 ***精力所限，恕不能奉献正文中文翻译版本。 《科学》：不能搔的痒 Science: The itch that can not be scratched Feeling an itch on your skin is usually nothing to worry about, but some conditions like shingles/chicken pox cause constant itching that cannot be satisfied, causing people to scratch themselves to a point of injury. This week, scientists explored the neural pathways that cause this chronic itch, and in this post, I will explore the many different indicators NMT could measure to further this research. The Paper A study published in Science this week by Di Mu and Yan-Gang Sun’s laboratory at the Chinese Academy of Sciences explored the neural network of itching and scratching. They wanted to know what neurons were responsible for processing itching, from the spinal cord to the brain. Using mouse subjects, the scientists found that the spinoparabrachial pathway was activated during itch processing. In this pathway, spinal neurons are connected to the parabrachial nucleus in the brain via glutamate-producing neurons. They found that blocking the synaptic output of glutamate in these neurons suppressed scratching behavior in the mice. Discovering which neurons are involved in the itch pathway is a big step towards understanding why people get chronic itch. More research on this subject could lead to a real treatment for people who suffer from this condition. NMT Connection It is known that ions such as Na + , K + , Cl - , and Ca 2+ , are necessary for neurons to fire. NMT has been used to study all of these ions, such as in “ Measuring Ca2+ influxes of TRPC1-dependent Ca2+ channels... ” (World J Gastroentero, 2009) in which researchers used NMT to measure calcium flux in liver cells. Perhaps a future study could use NMT to measure the flux of any of these ions in the parabrachial nucleus, and the change in flux could reveal information about reactions to itch stimuli. In addition, creative researchers may be interested to know that NMT has also successfully measured glutamate, which we now know is a crucial neurotransmitter in the itch signaling pathway. In “ A self-referencing glutamate biosensor… ” (J Neurosci Methods, 2010), researchers used NMT to measure glutamate flux in neurons. While glutamate sensors are not yet fully commercialized, YoungerUSA would be happy to work with the most ambitious scientists to measure glutamate flux for researching this exciting new itch processing pathway. It seems we are always discovering new things about the human body and how it works, and new technology helps to keep up with our interests. Learning more about the spinoparabrachial pathway and the ions and molecules involved will lead us to new and better understanding of itch processing, and will hopefully lead to treatments. For more NMT connections, see NMT Publications: http://youngerusa.com/index.php/publications References: D Mu, J Deng, et al. A central neural circuit for itch sensation. Science 2017 Vol. 357, I. 6352, 695-699 Zhang Z. Y., Wang W. J., Pan L. J., Xu Y. Zhang Z. M. Measuring Ca2+ influxes of TRPC1-dependent Ca2+ channels in HL-7702 cells with Non-invasive Micro-test Technique. World J. Gastroentero. 2009. 15, 4150–4155 McLamore ES, et al. A self-referencing glutamate biosensor for measuring real time neuronal glutamate flux. Journal of Neuroscience Methods . 2010;189:14–22.
新！ 介 绍 CNS 和 NMT 博客系列 New! Introducing CNS and NMTBlog series 201708EJS01-001 声明： 当今每天甚至每一分 钟，新的研究成果会在数以千计的期刊上发表。在这里，我将从 CNS 杂志（《细胞》，《自然》和《科学》）中挑选一些 ‘ 精品 ’ ，在进行简述之后，会尽力 揭示非损伤微测技术（ NMT ）与 这些优秀科研成果之间的潜在联系，同时与 大家 分享 NMT 在该科学 领域未来研究中的可能应用 。 ***精力所限，恕不能奉献正文中文翻译版本。 《自然》： 人 类皮肤可以拒绝肿瘤并自 愈 Nature: Our skin's ability to reject tumors and heal itself One in every 3 cancers diagnosed worldwide is a skin cancer. Yale researchers revealed in Nature this week their new discoveries about how our skin naturally resists tumor formation. But how will this lead to a treatment? Perhaps the calcium flux of skin cells is the next step for this research. The Paper Nature published this week; “ Correction of aberrant growth preserves tissue homeostasis,” by Samara Brown and Cristiana M. Pinedain Dr. Valentina Greco’s lab at Yale University. They explored the skin’s mechanisms of recognizing and defeating mutated cells, by looking at the behavior of the surrounding healthy cells. These scientists engineered some hair-follicle stem cells to overexpress βcatenin, a cell proliferation protein, in a mouse model. They used fluorescence microscopy to view the hair follicle cells over several weeks. They found that the mutant cells grew into small cysts as expected, but the healthy neighboring skin cells responded by increasing their own rate of growth, defeating the mutant cells and leading to complete regression of the cysts. Their initial introduction of mutated cells was just enough to mimic common mutations that arise in skin, but after seeing the quick regression, they decided to challenge the tissue. They introduced larger numbers of mutated cells, and within three weeks, saw several moderate sized, but benign tumors. Amazingly, by 4 months after induction, those tumors were gone; the healthy skin tissue successfully eliminated full tumors. This research points to exciting possibilities of finding possible cancer treatments within our own cells. However, this phenomenon needs to be better understood, so more research is needed. What else could be studied in skin cells to further this research? NMT Connection Calcium is an important signaling molecule in many forms of life, but in skin cells, it has been long known to have an effect on cell proliferation. According to a paper published in Cell in 1980 by Henry Hennings and Stuart Yuspa from the US National Cancer Institute, change in concentration of Ca2+ ions can strongly alter the patterns of growth and differentiation of cultured mouse epidermal cells. They found that decreasing Ca2+ concentration greatly increased proliferation, and bringing Ca2+ levels back up slowed growth. This mechanism of calcium signaling in skin cells has long been known, and new technology will allow us to take advantage of this knowledge and apply it to new discoveries. Using the non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), researchers could measure the calcium flux in the rapidly growing healthy cells that push out cancer, and see if the change in calcium flux and cell growth are linked. These flux data could also be compared to the calcium flux in the mutated cells, to reveal if their proliferation is affected by calcium as well. Dr. Greco’s team at Yale have made exciting insights about the amazing power of human skin to eliminate tumors and mutations. More research on this phenomenon and its accompanying factors like calcium signaling may be right around the corner. References: S. Brown, C. M. Pineda, et al. Correction of aberrant growth preserves tissue homeostasis. Nature 2017. 548:334–337 doi:10.1038/nature23304 H. Hennings, D Michael, et al. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cell 1980. 19:245–254.
标签: NMT
