写英文论文要引用中文文献吗? 李晓姣, 2020 年 1 月 20 日 【摘要】由一条审稿意见,我开始思考写英文论文是否要引用中文文献的问题。我认为,在目前多数领域的权威期刊确为英文期刊之现状下,英文期刊要求作者少引用对英文读者来说不易获取、不易阅读的中文文献是合理的。这种要求与中文期刊附英文摘要一样,是学术世界“英语霸权”的另一种表现。对此,我提议中文期刊可在出版中文论文同时,附上英文版本,以利于引用和传播,而不同语言版本均指向同一 DOI ,从而避免一稿多投、重复审稿等问题。 一条审稿意见 前不久,我的一篇论文修回,有一条审稿意见是这样的:“ Example 2 is not appropriate, because the solutions for comparison are not easily available by most of the readers in this journal ”。由于算例 2 采用的参数及供对比的数值结果引用了某中文专著,故审稿人有此评论。该审稿人还在最后加了一条 Optional Comment ,说“ Eight References written in Chinese: They are not easily available and cannot be read by most of the readers in this journal. Therefore, they should be replaced with other related publications or their citations should be avoided as much as possible. ” 这篇文章是基于博士期间的工作增补、修改为期刊论文的。学位论文中确实引用了不少中文论文,因此也就照搬了原来的参考文献。 审稿人语气十分客气,意见也很中肯。如何回复和修改,我一时有些犹豫不决。一方面,如审稿人所说,我引用的中文文献 不易获取,难以阅读 ,不利于在以英文为主流的国际学术场合交流和传播。况且按照审稿人意见来修改显然是最为稳妥的。可另一方面,我的工作本来就参考了这些中文文献,算例也确实采用和比对了中文文献的参数值和结果。当我撰写英文论文时,凭什么就要替换掉那些对我有帮助的文献呢?另外,分析新算例和寻找这些中文文献的合适替代品也是不小的工作量。 我的回复 最终,由于犯懒和心有不甘,我采取了较为折中的回复方式。 对于算例的问题,我将引用的文献由中文专著改为了同一作者发表的内容相似的中文期刊论文,因此无需更改算例。且回复时回避了“不易阅读”,而强调了“可获取”。 对于中文文献引用过多的问题,我采取了包括选取同一作者的相关英文文献、选取同一团队后期出版(比中文版晚七、八年)的英文版专著等不同策略处理。对于难以找到同一作者英文论文的情况,我只好将其替换为同主题其他作者的英文文献。 修改提交后,审稿人对我的回应基本满意,之后这篇文章也被顺利接收。但是对该问题的疑问仍然萦绕在我心头。写英文论文应该少引用 / 不引用中文文献吗?这样的要求合理吗? 存在即“合理” 不得不说,我认为该要求是合理的,因为你选择了英文期刊就应该照顾英文读者(不一定就是英语母语者)的需求。而之所以选择英文期刊,是因为作者想把成果发到一流科技期刊 ,或曰行业内权威期刊上。而客观现实是很多领域的权威期刊确实以英文期刊为主。举例来说,大连理工大学建工学部结构工程专业 TOP10 期刊 就全部都是英文期刊。因此,虽然政策上已经开始了破除唯论文、唯 SCI 的倾向,但是科研工作者想要将成果发表在最合适、最精准、传播效率最高的英文权威期刊上的初衷,仍是不难理解的。 那么,为什么要引用参考文献?参考文献的引用有哪些须遵循的原则?关于这方面的讲解及教程很多。目前比较公认的原则包括“相关性”、“权威性”,还有对“经典”文献和“新”文献的相关要求。诚然,并没有对文献语言的要求。但是,发表在英文期刊上的论文,要求参考文献可获取、易阅读也不可厚非。现状之下,作者应该做的似乎只能是审稿专家建议的“找到替代的英文论文”或者“尽量避免引用中文参考文献”。 反过来呢? 当我们纠结于写英文论文要不要引用 / 多引用中文文献时,反过来也想想。在中文世界中呢?我们能不能报复性地说,你不引用中文文献,那我也不引用英文文献。事实当然不是如此。实际上,我国对于学术写作中的英文文献引用还有一定要求。 比如某高校博士论文要求参考文献“不少于 120 篇,其中英文参考文献不少于 60% ”。 比如有些中文期刊要求英文文献原样引用,中文文献则中文及英文翻译各一份——这样做的期刊绝不在少数。 英文期刊要求少引用或不引用中文文献,中文期刊要求附上英文摘要和中文文献的英文翻译,这其实是同一件事情的一体两面,其本质就是现代学术世界的英语“霸权”。倒是有人建议发小语种,以抵抗英语霸权,有志之士可以试试,我这学了十来年英语还发愁英文写作的人就算了。对于一般科研工作者,需要发表英文论文在一定时间内肯定都是常态,要求少引用和不引用中文文献也将是常态。对于该常态,有没有什么对策? 一点不成熟的思考 如无必要,不增实体;如无必要,不添规定。规定 SCI 评价,规定铲除“ SCI ”毒瘤,规定发中文期刊——兜兜转转,如果没有这么多规定,会不会发展更好呢?不过这里先抛开政策不说,重新思考以下几种情形。 第一,同样内容,投中、英两份期刊,以两种语言发表。以美国土木工程师协会(ASCE)旗下期刊为例,投稿时需回答:“本文是否采用其他语言发表过,我们不会评审已发表的文章或部分内容。”可见,同一内容投一份中文、投一份英文属一稿多投,是学术不端。 第二,同样内容,同一期刊的中、英文双版同时公开出版。国内期刊《应用数学与力学》 曾经就是这种模式,稿约要求“惠稿请提供内容相同的中、英文稿电子文档”。中、英文双版各自有独立的 CN 和 ISSN 号。但在 2013 年,该期刊中、英文版开始独立办刊,分刊原因是“检索指标统计偏差”、“翻译工作负担重”和“投稿过程繁琐”等。可见,“写一篇算两篇”这种模式也难以长久。 第三,同样内容,同一期刊,提供中、英两种语言版本。就像产品的多语言说明书一样,中文期刊发表中文论文的同时,提供英文版本以供引用和传播,甚至还可以出日文版、法文版、意大利文版嘛。不同语言版本,均指向同一个 DOI ,不涉及一稿多投、重复审稿等问题。这是中文期刊提供英文题目和英文摘要的升级版本。至于谁来翻译,是投稿前就翻译成多语种,还是按需追加其他语言版本,还是开源使读者也可上传其他语言版本都不是大问题——反正是指定的网络地址。我早就对期刊针对某文章的讨论、回复、勘误都不与原文放在一起颇有微词了。这样一举多得,不同语言版本、讨论、勘误就像文章的弹幕,这样才更促进交流、更符合科学发展规律,是吧? 科技世界,语言不应该成为问题。当然我也希望中国期刊越办越好。到那时,这种纠结也不再是问题。 任胜利, 2019 ,培育世界一流科技期刊背景下我国学术期刊国际竞争力的提升,科学通报 . 李晓姣,既然要写论文,就写一篇好论文! 科学网博客, 2019.12.24. 黄雅意 , 黄锋 , 辛亮 . 中文科技期刊发展对策——以《应用数学和力学》 ( 中、英文版 ) 分刊后的独立办刊为例 . 中国科技期刊研究 , 2017, 29(5).
Smart Tourism Overcoming the Three Bottlenecks of Language, Knowledge and Software Yonglin Guan1; Qiang Yang1; Jian Li1; Xiaohui Zou2 1 Sichuan Technology Business College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2 Sino-American Searle Research Center, Beijing, China Objectives : This paper aims at solving the three bottlenecks of language, knowledge and software from the perspectives of tourists and tourism services. Methods : The method is: in the process of introducing social media and emerging technologies into destination marketing and management, firstly, the combination of virtual and reality is adopted to give priority to the destination, then the combination of online and offline is used to optimize matching tourists, and finally, the sticking between destination and tourist group is established. Social circle is characterized by the introduction of big data and machine learning accumulated by human-computer interaction systems designed, and the analysis and prediction of relevant information. Each community or circle has its own unique brand leadership, order-driven or combination of the two, which is the focus of our attention and exploration. The GLPS, GKPS and GSPS are used to overcome the three bottlenecks and realize the three basic steps of Smart Tourism Information processing: Steps 1 is natural language understanding; Step 2: is expert knowledge acquisition); Step 3: is software pattern recognition. The characteristics are as follows: To implant the cultural concept, lifestyle and thinking habits of smart tourism into the concept consciousness of Sino-American tourists, ideal human-computer interaction systems are needed. Results : The expected results of this study are as follows: the sustainable development of characteristic tourism market at home and abroad can focus on tourism planning and blueprint description, characteristic tourism and its virtual experience, and in-depth tourism of various Sino-American tourists and their associations. Human-computer interaction system is its link. Conclusions : The significance of this study lies in: firstly, the theory of cultural integration and its corresponding methods, which combine internationalization and localization accumulated by multinational corporations for a long time, are used for reference, optimized and transplanted to the organizations and individuals of smart tourism. This is undoubtedly an important thing. Then, the three bottlenecks of language, knowledge and software that smart tourism will inevitably encounter are put on the agenda as a key issue. This is undoubtedly another important thing. The specific advantages and examples are illustrated in the attached drawings. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by SmartTourismResearchLaboratory in Sichuan Technology Business College. Correspondence Author : : Xiaohui Zou 949309225@qq.com Published in Basic Clinical Pharmacology Toxicology in 2019 https://publons.com/publon/27524386/ 081 Smart tourism overcoming the three bottlenecks of language, knowledge and software Yonglin Guan 1 ; Qiang Yang 1 ; Jian Li 1 ; Xiaohui Zou 2 1 Sichuan Technology Business College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; 2 Sino‐\American Searle Research Center, Beijing, China Objectives: This paper aims at solving the three bottlenecks of language, knowledge and software from the perspectives of tourists and tourism services. Methods: The method is: in the process of introducing social media and emerging technologies into destination marketing and management, firstly, the combination of virtual and reality is adopted to give priority to the destination, and then, the combination of online and offline is used to optimize matching tourists, and finally, the sticking between destination and tourist group is established. Social circle is characterized by the introduction of big data and machine learning accumulated by human‐\computer interaction systems designed, and the analysis and prediction of relevant information. Each community or circle has its own unique brand leadership, order‐\driven or combination of the two, which is the focus of our attention and exploration. The GLPS, GKPS and GSPS are used to overcome the “three bottlenecks” and realize the three basic steps of Smart Tourism Information processing: Steps 1 is natural language understanding; Step 2: is expert knowledge acquisition); Step 3: is software pattern recognition. The characteristics are as follows: To implant the cultural concept, lifestyle and thinking habits of smart tourism into the concept consciousness of Sino‐\American tourists, ideal human‐\computer interaction systems are needed. Results: The expected results of this study are as follows: the sustainable development of characteristic tourism market at home and abroad can focus on tourism planning and blueprint description, characteristic tourism and its virtual experience, and in‐\depth tourism of various Sino‐\American tourists and their associations. Human‐\computer interaction system is its link. Conclusions: The significance of this study lies in: firstly, the theory of cultural integration and its corresponding methods, which combine internationalization and localization accumulated by multinational corporations for a long time, are used for reference, optimized and transplanted to the organizations and individuals of smart tourism. This is undoubtedly an important thing. Then, the three bottlenecks of language, knowledge and software that smart tourism will inevitably encounter are put on the agenda as a key issue. This is undoubtedly another important thing. The specific advantages and examples are illustrated in the attached drawings. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Smart Tourism Research Laboratory in Sichuan Technology Business College. Correspondence Author: Xiaohui Zou, Sino‐\American Searle Research Center. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17427843/125/S1
闭 译案经典:“天生优才”短片文案翻译微解析 译案经典:疯智“天生优才”短片的文案翻译微解析 疯智是一家新媒体公司,总部位于杭州,近年来,风头强劲,业务半径开始覆盖全国。大客户遍布多个领域,连续拿了几项圈内奖项,令人刮目相看。前几天,我正好看到了某国内知名杂志对他的一个作品的点评,觉得特别给力。我想趁热打铁,在这里以其作品 “天生优才”短片的文案翻译做一个微分析,以飨热爱翻译的读者。 天生优才视频宣传片 文案用以支撑一则“天生优才计划”的外宣,文字洗练,用字精妙,结合音画,原文案作者用心至深,诠释了企业文化和创意的主旨和精髓,为翻译这则文案,译者从以下几个方面诠释了入手,开始了语码的处理。 一、语用追求 在准备翻译的时候,译者充分翻阅了天生优才的背景材料,这就支撑了译者和读者对文案的辨识度,拨开云雾见晴天。译者必须走进文案的作者,进而和短片的文化精神契合,这样才能服务于客户,给最佳的翻译文本提供进路支撑。 二、语法考虑 从语法的角度来看,所有的输出文本必须遵循语言的基本规律,符合语法的要求,才具有基本的阅读属性,基于此,才能企及更高的追求。音形义三者的核心追求时意义。没有意义,形势和音响没有依附。因此,无论是哪一句,都要符合基本语法,考虑到画帧,必须注意换行,帮助读者更好地理解每一行文字的深意。 三、语词考量 在措辞选词的过程中,译者易中选难,险中求韵,日常用词中埋伏了几个双音词和多音节词。这些词的意境包蕴更丰富,和原文文本的思想追求走到了同一条道路上。达到了应有的效果。 四、文本后期的语音追求 在语音上,译者考虑了可读性。优秀的文本翻译应该适合阅读。这和翻译歌词翻译应该适合演唱一样。因此,用词和整句的处理必须达到可以朗读适合读者阅读习惯的要求。 综合来看,译文不废一字,用字适切,意思传达准确,句长相当,音韵价值饱满,适合扫屏浏览,整则译案很好地满足了客户需求,不失为文案翻译的经典之作。 译本 精彩 欣赏 她既能霸气掌控全局 Shecan control the whole situation with supremacy; 又能细腻观察服务于人 Shecan serve the public with her keen observation. 重要的是,她能将天赋释放成本能 Moreimportantly, she can transpose gift into instinct, 把优秀融入血液 Andmelt excellence into blood. 无限可能,自此而生 Infinitepossibilities arise there from. 时代已来,英雄渐生 Theage has arrived, emerge heroes! 更多精彩,搜索添加七大果核翻译社公众号或联系韩老师讨论翻译 图片来源,疯智传媒作品 《天生优才计划宣传片》,图片版权归疯智所有。特此声明。
《Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications》(符号逻辑及其应用导论)应当是20世纪出版的最伟大的逻辑教科书之一,也是正在学习逻辑的学生最应当读的名著之一。在本书的德文版序言中作者认为:符号逻辑使用抽象符号当然是现代逻辑最引人瞩目的特征之一也是现代逻辑学与亚氏经典逻辑最大不同之一,但是符号逻辑最本质的特征却在于其它方面:它使得形式化阐述的理论更加精确,研究领域的扩大,在多个新领域的应用。由于符号逻辑的发展,不但吸引了更多的数学家和哲学家对逻辑感兴趣,而且使得过去和逻辑毫不相干的学科也开始利用逻辑分析本专业的基础概念了。 正如上篇笔记所提到的,现代符号逻辑自弗雷格以降的逻辑主义学派(弗雷格-怀特海/罗素-卡尔纳普-塔尔斯基-巴希勒尔-蒙塔古)的一贯主张就是:符号逻辑学的目标不仅仅是研究推理,而是建立一个形式系统、或者称之为语言或语言框架,用来描述、形式化其它学科的概念和概念关系(亦即,该学科中关于概念的定义、定理)。作为研究形式语法理论的我自然被这种理论和观点所折服并深以为然,这也构成了本人深度学习逻辑的基本动机。 这本教科书出版于上世纪50年代,和生成语法理论的诞生几乎同时,但二者当时却没有任何的交集,逻辑学和语言学的研究完全是两条平行线,直到1960年代末1970年代初蒙塔古语义理论的出现。蒙塔古是塔尔斯基的学生,对运用逻辑学方法研究语言学语义持有高度兴趣。他接受了巴希勒尔当时向乔姆斯基的建议但却被后者拒绝的观点:语言学的研究应当引入符号逻辑,并把这个观点发展成为一个新的学派运动:自然语言逻辑研究。因此要研究蒙太古语法,我的观点,必须起于卡尔纳普,尤其是卡尔纳普后期的逻辑语义学研究。在这方面最好的教科书当属这本《Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications》,以及塔尔斯基的《Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Science》。 通过这两本书的学习,我们可以学到逻辑主义学者是如何以逻辑作为通用的方法定义其它理论的基本方法。19世纪末、20世纪初,通过符号逻辑对数学基础的应用,发展出了数理逻辑,而数理逻辑问题的研究又催生了计算机科学的出现。到了20世纪70年代,逻辑主义的后辈学者们又在复制其传统,用同一方法应用于语言学、特别是语义学,发展出自然语言逻辑——一门用符号逻辑研究自然语言语法语义的研究。不得不说,蒙太古理论所使用的方法基本上就是卡尔纳普和塔尔斯基这两本书中所展示的方法。 卡尔纳普在本书第一章开宗明义就指出:本书所介绍的符号逻辑系统应当理解为是一种【语言】而不是理论。我们要建立这样一个语言使得任何学科的理论中的概念、定义、定理都可以翻译成这个语言。如果从符号逻辑系统角度看,则是对这个语言的基本元素进行语义解释使得这个语言真正成为该理论的最精确描述。 卡尔纳普认为,将其他学科的概念符号逻辑化的最大好处在于简洁、明确,同时可以排除悖论。一些用自然语言表述起来非常困难的概念、定义、定理用符号逻辑可以轻松表达。在这方面数学是很好的例子,例如:(x + y)³ = x³+3x²y+3xy²+y³这个等式用自然语言表述就非常困难。 在构建符号逻辑系统的过程中,会引进一些新的、更精确的概念取代已有的概念,这个新概念,卡尔纳普称为【明确项:explicatum】,而后者成【待定义项:explicandum】,而这个重新定义过程称作【明确化:explication】。这个方法的本质首先就是明确区分元语言和对象语言,这样就避免了可能出现的语义悖论。第二使得符号逻辑作为特定学科理论的元语言时保持对该学科的独立性。当然,这种【明确化】过程同时适用于元语言——符号逻辑语言本身和对象语言——所描述的特定理论。 作为逻辑学的基础教科书,作者对材料的处理和现代大部分数理逻辑教科书的处理大不相同,但我个人感觉更自然、更令人容易接受。既然将逻辑系统看做是语言,那么这个系统的基本成分就是单词,而单词可根据是否得到语义解释分为“常项”和“变项”,可根据单词的对应的模型分为“个体词”和“谓词”,而谓词,又可根据单项或多项,分为“性质”和“关系”,最后个体词和谓词可以组成句子。而句子通过连接符又可构成复合句。因此,本书是以逻辑系统的基本组成成分的介绍开始,逐渐构筑起一个逻辑系统语言的全貌。通过这样的处理,我们可以看出整个系统是一个由底层向上一层层经过严格定义的层级系统,更容易理解整个逻辑系统的句法构成。
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2016 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 182 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 137 种、 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊 12 种。 2016 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 182 种目录 SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 182 注: ※ SCI、SSCI、AHCI共同收录期刊3种 ★ SSCI 、AHCI共同收录期刊137种 ▲ SCI 、SSCI共同收录期刊12种 1. ★ ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 Semiannual ISSN: 1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ★ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ★ AFRICANA LINGUISTICA 《非洲语言学》 AnnualISSN: 0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM ,3080 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《美国言语病理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1058-0360 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 5. ★ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 2333-9691 ANNUAL REVIEWS,4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, USA, CA, 94303-0897 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 8. APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-6001 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 9. ★ APPLIED LINGUISTICS REVIEW 《应用语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 1868-6311 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. APPLIED PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 《实用心理语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7164 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 11. ★ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 QuarterlyISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ASSESSING WRITING 《写作评定》 Quarterly ISSN: 1075-2935 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 13. ★ ATLANTIS-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OFANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《英美研究西班牙协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLAESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIA INGLESA I, UNIVCOMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 14. ★ AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 15. ★ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA TRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 16. BILINGUALISM-LANGUAGE AND COGNITION 《双语:语言与认知》 Quarterly ISSN:1366-7289 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 17. ▲ BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 《大脑与语言》 Monthly ISSN: 0093-934X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 18. CANADIAN MODERN LANGUAGEREVIEW-REVUE CANADIENNE DES LANGUES VIVANTES 《加拿大现代语言评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0008-4506 CANADIAN MODERNLANGUAGE REV, UNIV TORONTO PRESS, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST,, N YORK,CANADA, ONTARIO, M3H 5T8 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 19. ★ CHILD LANGUAGE TEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. ★ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIVCOMPLUTENSE MADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPO TREJO 3,MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 21. ▲ CLINICAL LINGUISTICS PHONETICS 《临床语言学与语音学》 MonthlyISSN: 0269-9206 TAYLOR FRANCIS INC, 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, USA , PA, 19106 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 22. ★ COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0936-5907 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS QUARTERLY 《沟通障碍季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1525-7401 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 24. ※ COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0891-2017 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. ★ COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. ★ CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ★ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 28. ★ DIALECTOLOGIA ET GEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 AnnualISSN: 0942-4040 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. ★ DIGITAL SCHOLARSHIP IN THE HUMANITIES 《数字人文学术》 Quarterly ISSN: 2055-7671 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ★ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 《专业英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0889-4906 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 32. ★ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ★ ENGLISH TEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 EMERALD GROUPPUBLISHING LTD, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD161WA 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ★ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ★ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. ★ ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN: 0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE , FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. ★ EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 38. ★ FIRST LANGUAGE 《第一语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7237 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 39. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA HISTORICA 《语言史学报》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. FOLIA PHONIATRICA 《发音障碍》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0015-5705 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 42. FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS 《外国语言纪事》 Quarterly ISSN: 0015-718X WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 43. ★ FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ★ GENDER AND LANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, 415, THE WORKSTATION, 15 PATERNOSTER ROW, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND ,S1 2BX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. ★ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 46. ★ HISPANIA-A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH ANDPORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 Quarterly ISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOCTEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA ,MI, 48390 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ★ HISTORIOGRAPHIA LINGUISTICA Tri-annual ISSN: 0302-5160 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ★ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 Semiannual ISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDISANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. ★ INDOGERMANISCHE FORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. INTERACTION STUDIES 《交互作用研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1572-0373 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 51. ★ INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 52. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION ANDBILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 54. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 55. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 QuarterlyISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIONDISORDERS 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1368-2822 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 57. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND THE LAW 《国际言语、语言和法律杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1748-8885 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, 415, THE WORKSTATION, 15 PATERNOSTER ROW, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND ,S1 2BX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 59. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1754-9507 TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 60. ★ INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1750-399X ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS,TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 61. ★ INTERPRETING 《口译》 SemiannualISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. IRAL-INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS INLANGUAGE TEACHING 《国际应用语言学与语言教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1613-4141 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 63. ★ JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0167-6164 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 《儿童语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0305-0009 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 65. ★ JOURNAL OF CHINESE LINGUISTICS 《中国语言学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESELINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, SHATIN, NEW TERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA , HONG KONG,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 66. ▲ JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 《语言交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0021-9924 ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 67. ★ JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ★ JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0925-8558 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 71. ▲ JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 《口吃病杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0094-730X ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 72. ★ JOURNAL OF FRENCH LANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. ★ JOURNAL OF GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. ★ JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 75. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 《语言与社会心理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-927X SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 77. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ▲ JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 《记忆与语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0749-596X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 81. ★ JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 82. ▲ JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 《神经语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0911-6044 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 83. ★ JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESSLTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 84. ★ JOURNAL OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. ★ JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 86. ★ JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 87. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 《心理语言学研究杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0090-6905 SPRINGER/PLENUMPUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 88. ★ JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0929-6174 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. JOURNAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING 《第二语言写作杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1060-3743 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 90. ★ JOURNAL OF SEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 《社会语言学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1360-6441 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 92. ▲ JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH 《 言语语言与听力研究 杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1092-4388 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 93. ★ JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ★ LABORATORY PHONOLOGY 《实验室语音学》 Semiannual ISSN: 1868-6346 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ★ LANGUAGE 《语言》 QuarterlyISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOCAMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA ,DC, 20036-6501 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《语言与交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-5309 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 97. ★ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 98. ★ LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ★ LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 《语言与教育》 BimonthlyISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. ★ LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 QuarterlyISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. ★ LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1606-822X SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 102. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 103. ▲ LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 《语言与口语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8309 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 104. ★ LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1543-4303 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. ★ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. ▲ LANGUAGE COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE Monthly ISSN: 2327-3798 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 107. ★ LANGUAGE CULTURE AND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY 《社会语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0047-4045 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 109. LANGUAGE LEARNING 《语言学习》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8333 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 110. LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY 《语言学习与技术》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1094-3501 UNIV HAWAII, NATLFOREIGN LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, 1859 EAST WEST RD, 106, HONOLULU, USA, HI,96822 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 111. ★ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. ★ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ★ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annualISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ★ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS 《学校 语言、言语与听力服务》 Quarterly ISSN: 0161-1461 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 116. ★ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. LANGUAGE TEACHING RESEARCH 《语言教学研究》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1362-1688 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 118. ★ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ★ LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. ★ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 AnnualISSN: 1684-4904 BURO VANDIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ★ LINGUA 《语言学》 MonthlyISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. ★ LINGUISTIC APPROACHES TO BILINGUALISM Bimonthly ISSN: 1879-9264 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. ★ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 124. ★ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 125. ★ LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY Tri-annual ISSN: 1430-0532 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. ★ LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES INTRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Annual ISSN: 0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERPDIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. ★ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 BimonthlyISSN: 0024-3949 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. ★ LINGUISTICS AND EDUCATION Quarterly ISSN: 0898-5898 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. ★ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ★ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. ★ METAPHOR AND SYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. MIND LANGUAGE 《思维与语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0268-1064 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 133. MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL 《现代语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-7902 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 134. ★ MULTILINGUA-JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGECOMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. ★ NAMES-A JOURNAL OF ONOMASTICS 《名词》 QuarterlyISSN: 0027-7738 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ★ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ※ NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. ★ NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. ★ ONOMAZEIN SemiannualISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIAUNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860, SANTIAGO, CHILE,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. ※ PHONETICA 《语音学》 QuarterlyISSN: 0031-8388 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 143. ★ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annualISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. ★ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN ,18071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ★ POZNAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN: 1897-7499 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ★ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 QuarterlyISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICSASSOC- IPRA, UNIV ANTWERP, STADSCAMPUS (S D222)PRINSSTRAAT 13, ANTWERP, BELGIUM , B-2000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. ★ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. ★ PRAGMATICS AND SOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Quarterly ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. ★ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. ★ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 151. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 《语言与社会应对研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0835-1813 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 152. ★ REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 153. ★ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙 应用语言学 杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0213-2028 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 154. ★ REVISTA SIGNOS 《 标志 杂志 》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 155. ★ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONSLINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 156. ★ REVUE ROUMAINE DE LINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OFLINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURAACAD ROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA, 050711 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 157. ★ RILCE-REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN:0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIVNAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN , NAVARRA,31007 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 158. ★ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学 理论及应用杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0718-4883 UNIVCONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3, CONCEPCION, CHILE,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 159. SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH 《第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0267-6583 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 160. ★ SINTAGMA 《短语》 Annual ISSN:0214-9141 UNIV LLEIDA, PLACAVICTOR SIURANA 1, LLEIDA, SPAIN , E-25003 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 161. ★ SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 《词与语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0037-7031 CZECH LANG INSTCZECH ACAD SCI, USTAV PRO JAZYK CESKY AV CR, V V I, LETENSKA 4, PRAHA 1, CZECH REPUBLIC ,118 51 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 162. ★ SOCIAL SEMIOTICS 《社会征候学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1035-0330 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 163. ★ SOUTHERN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES 《南非语言学与应用语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1607-3614 NATL INQUIRYSERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD, 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTHAFRICA, 6140 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 164. ★ SPANISH IN CONTEXT 《西班牙语的来龙去脉》 Semiannual ISSN: 1571-0718 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 165. ★ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE 《语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0378-4177 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 166. STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《习得第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0272-2631 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 167. ★ SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 《语法与语义》 Annual ISSN: 0092-4563 BRILL, PO BOX 9000, PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS ,NL-2300 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 168. ★ SYNTAX-A JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL ANDINTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 《造句法》 QuarterlyISSN: 1368-0005 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 169. SYSTEM 《体制》 QuarterlyISSN: 0346-251X ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 170. ★ TARGET-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 《目标;国际翻译研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0924-1884 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 171. ★ TERMINOLOGY 《术语学》 SemiannualISSN: 0929-9971 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 172. TESOL QUARTERLY 《 TESOL 季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 0039-8322 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 173. ★ TEXT TALK 《文字和语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1860-7330 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 174. ★ THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS 《理论语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0301-4428 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 175. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 《语言障碍论题》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-8294 LIPPINCOTTWILLIAMS WILKINS, TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, USA, PA,19103 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 176. ★ TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING STUDIES 《翻译与口译研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1932-2798 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 177. ★ TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1478-1700 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 178. ★ TRANSLATOR 《翻译者》 Tri-annualISSN: 1355-6509 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 179. ★ VIAL-VIGO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《维戈国际应用语言学杂志 》 Annual ISSN: 1697-0381 UNIV VIGO, CAMPUS DE MARCOSENDE, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, VIGO, SPAIN ,36310 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 180. ★ WORLD ENGLISHES 《世界英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0883-2919 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 181. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIALEKTOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK 《方言学与语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0044-1449 FRANZSTEINER VERLAG GMBH, BIRKENWALDSTRABE 44, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70191 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 182. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0721-9067 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2016 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊 198 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种,例如: ComputationalLinguistics 《计算语言学》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 135 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of English Linguistics 《英语语言学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Journal of Germanic Linguistics 《日尔曼语言学杂志》、 Natural Language Semantics 《自然语言语义学》 、 Phonology 《语音学》 、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 2016 年 AHCI 收录语言与语言学学科期刊 198 种目录 ARTS HUMANITIES CITATION INDEX LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 198 注: ★ SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 3 种 ▲ SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 135 种 1. AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK 《美国与英国语言、历史、文化研究论文集》 Semiannual ISSN: 0171-5410 GUNTER NARRVERLAG, DISCHINGERWEG 5, TUBINGEN, GERMANY , D72070 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ▲ ACROSS LANGUAGESAND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 SemiannualISSN: 1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ▲ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 AKADEMIAI KIADO RT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY,H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AFRICANALINGUISTICA 《非洲语言学》 Annual ISSN:0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM ,3080 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 5. ▲ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ANGLIA-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENGLISCHEPHILOLOGIE 《英语语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0340-5222 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. ▲ ANNUAL REVIEW OFAPPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 8. ▲ ANNUAL REVIEW OFLINGUISTICS 《语言学年评》 Annual ISSN:2333-9691 ANNUALREVIEWS, 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, USA, CA, 94303-0897 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 9. ▲ APPLIED LINGUISTICSREVIEW 《应用语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 1868-6311 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. ARCHIV FUR DAS STUDIUM DERNEUEREN SPRACHEN UND LITERATUREN 《语言和文学研究文献》 Semiannual ISSN: 0003-8970 ERICHSCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G,BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 11. ▲ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 Quarterly ISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ▲ ATLANTIS-JOURNALOF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OF ANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《 西班牙英美研究协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLA ESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIAINGLESA I, UNIV COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 13. ▲ AUSTRALIAN JOURNALOF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 QuarterlyISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 14. ▲ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LATRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译 杂志 》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 15. BEITRAGE ZUR GESCHICHTE DERDEUTSCHEN SPRACHE UND LITERATUR 《德国语言文学史论文集》 Quarterly ISSN: 0005-8076 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 16. BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGYACADEMIA SINICA 《 中央研究院历史语言研究所通报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1012-4195 ACAD SINICA-INSTHISTORY PHILOLOGY, EDITORIAL COMMITTEE, TAIPEI, TAIWAN , 11529 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 17. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS-REVUE CANADIENNE DELINGUISTIQUE 《加拿大语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0008-4131 UNIV TORONTO PRESSINC, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, TORONTO, CANADA ,ON, M3H 5T8 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 18. ▲ CHILD LANGUAGETEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 19. ▲ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIV COMPLUTENSEMADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPO TREJO 3, MADRID, SPAIN,28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. ▲ COGNITIVELINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN:0936-5907 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 21. COLLOQUIA GERMANICA 《德国语言文学论坛》 Quarterly ISSN: 0010-1338 FRANCKEVERLAG, DISCHINGERWEG 5, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72070 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 22. ★ COMPUTATIONALLINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN:0891-2017 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. ▲ COMPUTER ASSISTEDLANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 24. ▲ CORPUS LINGUISTICSAND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. CRITICA HISPANICA 《西班牙评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 0278-7261 CRITICA HISPANICA,DUQUESNE UNIV, DEPT MODERN LANGUAGE, 201 DES PLACES, PITTSBURGH, USA ,PA, 15282 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. DEUTSCHE SPRACHE 《德语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0340-9341 ERICHSCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G,BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ▲ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 28. ▲ DIALECTOLOGIA ETGEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 AnnualISSN: 0942-4040 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. EIGSE-A JOURNAL OF IRISH STUDIES 《爱尔兰研究杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0013-2608 NATL UNIV IRELAND , 49 MERRION SQ, DUBLIN, IRELAND ,2 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ▲ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ▲ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 32. ▲ ENGLISHTEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 EMERALD GROUPPUBLISHING LTD, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD161WA 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ▲ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ▲ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ▲ ESTUDIOSFILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN:0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE, FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142 ESTUDIOSFILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. ▲ EUROPEAN JOURNALOF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SCANDINAVIAN STUDIES 《欧洲斯堪的纳维亚研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 2191-9399 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 38. ▲ FIRST LANGUAGE 《第一语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7237 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 39. ▲ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. ▲ FOLIA LINGUISTICAHISTORICA 《语言史》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. FORUM FOR MODERN LANGUAGE STUDIES 《现代语言研究论坛》 Quarterly ISSN: 0015-8518 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 42. FORUM ITALICUM 《意大利研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0014-5858 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 43. FRANCAIS MODERNE 《现代法语》 Semiannual ISSN: 0015-9409 CONSEILINT LANGUE FRANCAISE, 11 RUE NAVARIN, PARIS, FRANCE, 75009 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ▲ FUNCTIONS OFLANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Tri-annual ISSN:0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. ▲ GENDER ANDLANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annual ISSN:1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, 415, THE WORKSTATION, 15 PATERNOSTER ROW, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND ,S1 2BX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 46. GERMAN QUARTERLY 《德语季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 0016-8831 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ▲ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annualISSN: 1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ▲ HISPANIA-A JOURNALDEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 QuarterlyISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOCTEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA ,MI, 48390 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. ▲ HISTORIOGRAPHIALINGUISTICA 《编史语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0302-5160 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. ▲ HUMOR-INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF HUMOR RESEARCH 《幽默:国际幽研究杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0933-1719 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 51. ▲ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 Semiannual ISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDISANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 52. IBEROROMANIA 《伊比利亚罗马语系》 Semiannual ISSN: 0019-0993 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. ▲ INDOGERMANISCHEFORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 54. ▲ INTERCULTURALPRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 55. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ▲ INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 57. ▲ INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. ▲ INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 QuarterlyISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 59. ▲ INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 60. ▲ INTERPRETER ANDTRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1750-399X ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 61. ▲ INTERPRETING 《口译》 Semiannual ISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. ▲ JOURNAL OF AFRICANLANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0167-6164 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 63. ▲ JOURNAL OF CHINESELINGUISTICS 《中国语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESELINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, SHATIN, NEW TERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA , HONG KONG,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. ▲ JOURNAL OFCOMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 65. ▲ JOURNAL OF EASTASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0925-8558 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 66. JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND GERMANIC PHILOLOGY 《英语与德语语文学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0363-6941 UNIV ILLINOIS PRESS, 1325 S OAK ST, CHAMPAIGN, USA , IL,61820-6903 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 67. ▲ JOURNAL OF ENGLISHFOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ▲ JOURNAL OF ENGLISHLINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ▲ JOURNAL OF FRENCHLANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. ▲ JOURNAL OFGERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 71. ▲ JOURNAL OFHISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 72. ▲ JOURNAL OFLANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. ▲ JOURNAL OFLANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE LITERATURE AND CULTURE 《语言文学与文化杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 2051-2856 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 75. ▲ JOURNAL OFLINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. ▲ JOURNAL OFLINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 77. JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS 《文学语义学杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0341-7638 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ▲ JOURNAL OF LOGICLANGUAGE AND INFORMATION 《逻辑、语言和信息杂志》 QuarterlyISSN: 0925-8531 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ▲ JOURNAL OFMULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ▲ JOURNAL OFPHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESSLTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 81. ▲ JOURNAL OF PIDGINAND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 82. ▲ JOURNAL OFPOLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 83. ▲ JOURNAL OFPRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 84. ▲ JOURNAL OFQUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0929-6174 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. ▲ JOURNAL OFSEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 86. ▲ JOURNAL OF THEINTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 87. KRITIKA KULTURA 《文化批评》 Semiannual ISSN:2094-6937 ATENEO DE MANILAUNIV, SCH HUMANITIES, DEPT ENGLISH, LOYOLAHEIGHTS, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES ,1108 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 88. ▲ LABORATORYPHONOLOGY 《实验室语音学》 Semiannual ISSN:1868-6346 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. ▲ LANGUAGE 《语言》 QuarterlyISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOCAMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA ,DC, 20036-6501 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 90. ▲ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. ▲ LANGUAGEACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 92. ▲ LANGUAGE ANDEDUCATION 《语言与教育》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 93. ▲ LANGUAGE ANDINTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 QuarterlyISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ▲ LANGUAGE ANDLINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 QuarterlyISSN: 1606-822X SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ▲ LANGUAGE ANDLITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. ▲ LANGUAGEASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1543-4303 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 97. ▲ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 98. ▲ LANGUAGE CULTUREAND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ▲ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题:非洲语言研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. ▲ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. ▲ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 102. ▲ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN:0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 103. ▲ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 104. ▲ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. ▲ LANGUAGE VARIATIONAND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. LANGUE FRANCAISE 《法语》 QuarterlyISSN: 0023-8368 LAROUSSE,17 RUE DE MONTPARNASSE, PARIS, FRANCE, 75006 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 107. ▲ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 Annual ISSN: 1684-4904 BURO VANDIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. LILI-ZEITSCHRIFT FURLITERATURWISSENSCHAFT UND LINGUISTIK 《文学与语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0049-8653 J BMETZLER, POSTFACH 10 32 41, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70028 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 109. ▲ LINGUA 《语言学》 Monthly ISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 110. LINGUA E STILE 《语言与文体》 Semiannual ISSN: 0024-385X SOC ED ILMULINO, STRADA MAGGIORE 37, BOLOGNA, ITALY, 40125 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 111. LINGUA NOSTRA 《我们的语言》 Semiannual ISSN: 0024-3868 CASAEDITRICE G C SANSONI SPA, LIC SPA, VIA DUCA DI CALABRIA, 1-1, FLORENCE, ITALY,50125 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. ▲ LINGUISTICAPPROACHES TO BILINGUALISM 《双语语言学研究》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1879-9264 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ▲ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ▲ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. ▲ LINGUISTICTYPOLOGY 《语言类型学》 Tri-annual ISSN:1430-0532 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 116. ▲ LINGUISTICAANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES IN TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Annual ISSN:0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERPDIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. ▲ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 BimonthlyISSN: 0024-3949 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 118. ▲ LINGUISTICS AND EDUCATION 《语言学和教育》 Quarterly ISSN: 0898-5898 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ▲ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. LINGUISTIQUE 《语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0075-966X PRESSESUNIV FRANCE, 6 AVENUE REILLE, PARIS CEDEX 14, FRANCE, 75685 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ▲ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. META 《译者杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-0452 PRESSESUNIV MONTREAL, PO BOX 6128, SUCCURSALE A, 3744 RUE JEAN-BRILLANT, MONTREAL,CANADA, QUEBEC, H3T 1P1 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. ▲ METAPHOR ANDSYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 124. MODERN LANGUAGE REVIEW 《现代语言评论》 QuarterlyISSN: 0026-7937 MODERN HUMANITIESRESEARCH ASSOCIATION, 1 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND ,SW1Y 5AF 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 125. MODERN PHILOLOGY 《现代语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-8232 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. MODERNA SPRAK 《现代语言》 Semiannual ISSN: 2000-3560 LMS-MODERN LANG TEACHERS ASSOC, C/O BENGT HENNINGSSON, BOX 41, HISINGSKARA, SWEDEN, SE-425 02 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. ▲ MULTILINGUA-JOURNALOF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. MUTTERSPRACHE 《本国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0027-514X GESELLSCHAFTDEUTSCHE SPRACHE, SPIEGELGASSE 13, WIESBADEN, GERMANY, D-65183 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. ▲ NAMES-A JOURNAL OFONOMASTICS 《名词》 Quarterly ISSN: 0027-7738 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ▲ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. ▲ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGEENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 133. ▲ NATURAL LANGUAGESEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 134. NEOPHILOLOGUS 《新语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0028-2677 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. NEUPHILOLOGISCHE MITTEILUNGEN 《现代语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0028-3754 MODERN LANGUAGESOC, HALLITUSKATU 11, HELSINKI, FINLAND ,SF-00100 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ▲ NORDIC JOURNAL OFLINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. OCEANIC LINGUISTICS 《大洋洲语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0029-8115 UNIV HAWAII PRESS, 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, USA , HI,96822 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ▲ ONOMAZEIN Semiannual ISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIAUNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860, SANTIAGO, CHILE,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. PAPERS ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学文集》 Quarterly ISSN: 0031-1294 SOUTHERN ILLINOISUNIV, BOX 43-A, EDWARDSVILLE, USA , IL,62026-1434 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. PERSPECTIVES-STUDIES IN TRANSLATOLOGY 《展望:翻译学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0907-676X ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. PHILOLOGICAL QUARTERLY 《语文学季刊 》Quarterly ISSN: 0031-7977 UNIV IOWA, ENGLISH PHILOSOPHY BLDG DEPT PUBLICATIONS LOUEICHLER, IOWA CITY, USA , IA,52242 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. ★ PHONETICA 《语音学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0031-8388 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 143. ▲ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. ▲ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN, 18071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ▲ POZNAN STUDIES INCONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN: 1897-7499 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ▲ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICSASSOC- IPRA, UNIV ANTWERP, STADSCAMPUS (S D222)PRINSSTRAAT 13, ANTWERP, BELGIUM , B-2000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. ▲ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. ▲ PRAGMATICS ANDSOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Quarterly ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. ▲ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. ▲ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 151. ▲ REVIEW OFCOGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 152. REVISTA DE FILOLOGIAESPANOLA 《西班牙语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-9174 CONSEJO SUPERIOR INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS-CSIC*, VITRUVIO 8, MADRID,SPAIN, 28006 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 153. ▲ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙应用语言学杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0213-2028 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 154. ▲ REVISTA SIGNOS 《 标志 杂志 》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 155. REVUE BELGE DE PHILOLOGIE ET DHISTOIRE 《比利时哲学与历史杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-0818 REVUEBELGE PHILOLOGIE HISTOIRE, C/O BIBLIOTHEQUE ROYALE DE BELGIQUE, BOULEVARD DE LEMPEREUR 4, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, B-1000 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 156. REVUE DE LINGUISTIQUE ROMANE 《罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-1458 SOCLINGUISTIQUE ROMANE, UNIV SCI HUMAINES 25 RUE DU MARECHAL-JUIN, STRASBOURGCEDEX, FRANCE, F-67084 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 157. REVUE DES LANGUES ROMANES 《罗曼语语言杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0223-3711 REVUE DESLANGUES ROMANES, UNIV PAUL VALERY, BP 5043,, MONTPELLIER-CEDEX, FRANCE, 34052 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 158. ▲ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONSLINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 159. REVUE ROMANE 《罗曼语评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-3906 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 160. ▲ REVUE ROUMAINE DELINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OF LINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURAACAD ROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA, 050711 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 161. RHETORIC REVIEW 《修辞评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0735-0198 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 162. ▲ RILCE-REVISTA DEFILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIVNAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN , NAVARRA,31007 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 163. ▲ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学理论及应用杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0718-4883 UNIV CONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3,CONCEPCION, CHILE, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 164. ROMANCE PHILOLOGY 《罗曼语语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-8002 BREPOLS PUBL,BEGIJNHOF 67, TURNHOUT, BELGIUM , B-2300 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 165. RUSSIAN LINGUISTICS 《俄罗斯语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0304-3487 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 166. ▲ SINTAGMA 《短语》 Annual ISSN: 0214-9141 UNIV LLEIDA, PLACA VICTOR SIURANA 1, LLEIDA, SPAIN, E-25003 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 167. ▲ SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 《词与语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0037-7031 CZECH LANG INSTCZECH ACAD SCI, USTAV PRO JAZYK CESKY AV CR, V V I, LETENSKA 4, PRAHA 1, CZECH REPUBLIC ,118 51 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 168. ▲ SOUTHERN AFRICANLINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES 《南非语言学与应用语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1607-3614 NATL INQUIRYSERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD, 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTHAFRICA, 6140 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 169. ▲ SPANISH IN CONTEXT 《西班牙语的来龙去脉》 Semiannual ISSN: 1571-0718 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 170. SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学》 QuarterlyISSN: 0344-8169 UNIVERSITATSVERLAGC WINTER HEIDELBERG GMBH, POSTFACH 10 61 40, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-69051 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 171. STUDI E PROBLEMI DI CRITICATESTUALE 《原文评论的研究与问题》 Semiannual ISSN: 0049-2361 CASARISPARMIO, VIA CASTIGLIONE 8, BOLOGNA, ITALY, 40124 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 172. STUDIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0039-3193 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 173. STUDIA NEOPHILOLOGICA 《新语文学研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 0039-3274 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS,TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. 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Arts Humanities Citation Index 179. ▲ TARGET-INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 《目标;国际翻译研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0924-1884 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 180. ▲ TERMINOLOGY 《术语学》 SemiannualISSN: 0929-9971 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 181. ▲ TEXT TALK 《文字和语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1860-7330 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 182. ▲ THEORETICALLINGUISTICS 《理论语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0301-4428 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 183. TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 《语义学学会汇刊》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0079-1636 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 184. ▲ TRANSLATION ANDINTERPRETING STUDIES 《翻译与口译研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1932-2798 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 185. TRANSLATION REVIEW 《翻译评论》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0737-4836 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 186. ▲ TRANSLATIONSTUDIES 《翻译研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1478-1700 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS,TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 187. ▲ TRANSLATOR 《翻译者》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1355-6509 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 188. VERBUM 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1585-079X PAZMANY PETERCATHOLIC UNIV, FACULTY HUMANITES, PPKE BTK INST ROMANISTICS, PILISCSABA, HUNGARY ,EGYETEM U 1, 2087 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 189. ▲ VIAL-VIGOINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《维戈国际应用语言学杂志 》 Annual ISSN:1697-0381 UNIV VIGO, CAMPUS DE MARCOSENDE, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, VIGO, SPAIN,36310 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 190. ▲ WORLD ENGLISHES 《世界英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0883-2919 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 191. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ASSYRIOLOGIEUND VORDERASIATISCHE ARCHAOLOGIE 《亚述学和西亚地区考古学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0084-5299 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 192. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DEUTSCHEPHILOLOGIE 《德国语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0044-2496 ERICHSCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G,BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 193. ▲ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIALEKTOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK 《方言学与语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0044-1449 FRANZSTEINER VERLAG GMBH, BIRKENWALDSTRABE 44, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70191 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 194. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GERMANISTISCHELINGUISTIK 《德语语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0301-3294 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 195. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KATALANISTIK 《罗马尼亚语杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0932-2221 ALBERTLUDWIGS UNIV, ROMANISCHES SEMINAR, PLATZ DER UNIVERSITAT 3, FREIBURG IMBREISGAU, GERMANY, D-79085 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 196. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ROMANISCHEPHILOLOGIE 《罗马语系语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0049-8661 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 197. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK 《斯拉夫语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0044-3506 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 198. ▲ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0721-9067 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index
说话经常会带着手势。这手势从哪里来的? 你可能认为,手势当然是学说话的时候,从别人那里学来的。换句话说,看别人怎么比划,我也怎么比划嘛。 这个好像很对。可是,最近一帮老美心理学家的发现却让人大跌眼镜。 他们让说英语的人和说土耳其语的人讲一样的故事。发现他们用的手势不一样。当然,不同文不同种嘛,常言说,非我族类…… 可是,接下来的一个发现就让人震惊了! 他们又看了说这两种话的盲人,是天生就盲的那种。结果你猜怎么着?你猜对了,他们的手势仍然是不一样的。英国人打英国手势,土耳其人打土耳其手势。当然,非我族类…… 慢着!这可是天生的盲人!也就是说,他们从来没见过别人打手势。那么,他们怎么会打和本国人一样的手势的?还是说,只要这么说话就会这么打手势? 至少,这帮老美就是这么认为的,语言决定了手势,和能不能看见无关。 这件事仔细想想挺让人冒汗的。 你看,说话的时候打的手势,绝大部分人都不是故意的。换句话说,几乎都是下意识的。 说英国话还是说土耳其话,能驱动你的下意识做出不同的动作! 这个,嗯…… 你或许觉得也没什么了不起,洋话说多了,自然也带一点洋派头…… 可是,如果中国人的英语水平极大地提高了,将来很多人都能说一口流利的英语……是不是意味着,中国人也会一点点地串种? 到那个时候,这句非我族类……天啊,想想真可怕。 当然,还有一个补救,就是给洋人灌输中文,强迫他们像我们学英文一样地学中文。中国人的英文有多好,就要求洋人的中文有多好。 那时候,反正大家都串种了,也就无所谓了,族类?那是神马东东? 附:原文摘要 Is Seeing Gesture Necessary to Gesture Like a Native Speaker? Şeyda Özçalışkan 1 ⇑ Ché Lucero 2 Susan Goldin-Meadow 2 , 3 1 Department of Psychology, Georgia State University 2 Department of Psychology, University of Chicago 3 Department of Comparative Development, University of Chicago Şeyda Özçalışkan, Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, P. O. Box 5010, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010 E-mail: seyda@gsu.edu Next Section Abstract Speakers of all languages gesture, but there are differences in the gestures that they produce. Do speakers learn language-specific gestures by watching others gesture or by learning to speak a particular language? We examined this question by studying the speech and gestures produced by 40 congenitally blind adult native speakers of English and Turkish ( n = 20/language), and comparing them with the speech and gestures of 40 sighted adult speakers in each language (20 wearing blindfolds, 20 not wearing blindfolds). We focused on speakers’ descriptions of physical motion, which display strong cross-linguistic differences in patterns of speech and gesture use. Congenitally blind speakers of English and Turkish produced speech that resembled the speech produced by sighted speakers of their native language. More important, blind speakers of each language used gestures that resembled the gestures of sighted speakers of that language. Our results suggest that hearing a particular language is sufficient to gesture like a native speaker of that language.
“佛”“菩提”“菩萨”“禅”“阿弥陀佛”“涅槃”“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”……这些都是从小到大被耳濡目染的一些佛教词汇,但是从未深究其词源本意。如今借助互联网,细究追至梵文,汇于此处。方知潜移默化中,早已有一些梵文词汇存于记忆库中。 要点:1. 佛 buddha, बुद्ध ,觉者,awakened one; 2. 菩提 Bodhi , बोधि ,觉悟;豁然开悟,enlightenment 3. 菩萨 bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व 菩提萨埵,an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). 求道求大觉之人 4 禅, Dhyāna ध्यान, meditation,静虑。 5. 涅槃 Nirvāṇa निर्वाण 圆寂、解脱. 6 阿弥陀佛 Amitābha अमिताभ, 无量佛。 南无阿弥陀佛 nā mó - 归命于无量寿觉。Namo-归命。 7. 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 om mani padme hum , ओं मणिपद्मे हूं 如意宝,如意莲花 呦。 jewel- lotus flower. 9. 舍利子, 舍利, शरीर śarīra 遗体 ;佛陀涅盘火化结晶体 ; body, the ashes of a cremated body 佛教 Buddhism is a nontheistic religion or dharma , right way of living, that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama , commonly known as the Buddha (the awakened one) ,as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving by way of understanding and the seeing of Dependent Origination and the Four Noble Truths , with the ultimate goal of attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana.四圣諦:苦集灭道 1 Buddha 佛 音译“佛陀” , 意译为“觉者”、“知者”、“觉”。觉有三义:自觉、觉他(使众生觉悟)、觉行圆满,是佛教修行的最高果位。菩萨缺最后一项,只有佛才三项俱全。小乘讲的“佛”,一般是用作对释迦牟尼的尊称。大乘除指释迦牟尼外,还泛指一切觉行圆满者。 O 网页链接 Buddha means awakened one or the enlightened one. Buddha is also used as a title for the first awakened being in an era . In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha 2 菩提 Bodhi 音译,意思是觉悟、智慧,用以指人豁然开悟,突入彻悟途径,顿悟真理,达到超凡脱俗的境界等。菩提是大彻大悟,明心见性,证得了最后的光明的自性,也就是达到了涅盘的程度。涅盘实际上就是达到了无上菩提。断绝世间烦恼而成就涅盘之智慧 Bodhi (Sanskrit: बोधि ; and Pali ) in Buddhism is the understanding possessed by a Buddha regarding the true nature of things . It is traditionally translated into English with the word enlightenment and literally means awakened. (The verbal root budh means to awaken.) Bodhi is knowledge of the causal mechanism by which beings incarnate into material form and experience suffering . 3 菩萨 “菩提萨埵”之略称。 菩提 萨埵,bodhi-sattva, bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व 巴利语 bodhi-satta。意译:道众生、觉有情、大觉有情、道心众生。意即求道求大觉之人、求道之大心人。 菩提 ,觉、智、道之意; 萨埵 ,众生、有情之意。与 声闻 、 缘觉 合称三乘。bodhisattva,is an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva) is an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. buddhahood बुद्धत्व buddhatva ) is the state of perfect enlightenment ( सम्यक्सम्बोधि samyaksambodhi ) attained by a buddha ( / ˈ b u d ə / ; In Theravada Buddhism (小乘佛教), Buddha refers to one who has become enlightened through his own efforts and insight, without a teacher to point out the Dharma Dharma धर्म 律法;教规;守教规;达摩(古印度圣僧) http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions Hinduism, Buddhism..There is no single word translation for dharma in western languages. In Buddhism dharma means cosmic law and order,but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for phenomena. In Hinduism, dharma signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with rta , ऋतं the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and 'right way of living. Ṛta ऋतं ṛtaṃ that which is properly/excellently joined; order, rule; truth. 4 禅 ,汉传佛教术语,梵文“禅那”略称 ,意译为“静虑”、“思维修”、“弃恶”等。就是在生活中静静过滤碎片,修正错误的思维,抛弃恶念。佛教普遍采用的一种修习方法,源于婆罗门经典《奥义书》所讲的即:静坐调心、制御意志、超越喜忧以达到“梵”的境界。修禅,可以静治烦,实现去恶从善、由痴而智、由染污到清净的转变。使修习者从心绪宁静到心身愉悦,进入心明清空的境界。 Dhyāna Sanskrit; Devanagari: ध्यान) or Jhāna (झान) means meditation in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In Buddhism, it is a series of cultivated states of mind, which lead to state of perfect equanimity and awareness O 网页链接 zen 词源来自日语 禅 (zen ぜん), from 中古汉语 禪 (ɖjen) ,缩写of 禪那 (ɖjen-na), from 梵 ध्यान (dhyāna, “a type of meditation”). (religion) A denomination of Buddhism elaborated in Japan.(informal) A philosophy of calm, reminiscent of that of the Buddhist denomination教派 Devanagari /ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəriː/ देवनागरी devanāgarī ,from Sanskrit 梵语 lit.divine town script 天城体,梵文字母deva God,and nāgarī town, also called Nagari नागरी. O 网页链接 Sanskrit (/ˈsnskrɪt/ संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam , originally संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, refined speech) vac- speak, tell O 网页链接 5. 阿弥陀佛 ē mí tuó fó ( Amitābha अमिताभ ),又名无量佛、无量光佛、无量寿佛等。 大乘经 载,阿弥陀佛在过去久远劫时曾立大愿,建立 西方净土 ,广度无边 众生 ,成就无量庄严功德,为 大乘佛教 所广为崇敬和弘扬。 amita 无极,无尽,无量。弥陀,mita 可量; amita buddha 意为无量佛。弥陀佛 mita buddha,意为可量佛。阿,梵文a ,表否定。 amita-ābha अमिताभ,無量光 Infinite Light ,( ābha 光) Amitābha is translatable as Infinite Light, hence Amitābha is often called The Buddha of Infinite Light.; amitāyus ,अमितायूस्,Infinite Life,无量寿佛(-āyus 寿命) 。In Japanese, also called Amida Nyorai (阿弥陀如来)。 阿弥陀佛 的阿字为译音用字,译自梵语的字根amita,教界一般发音为ā;e音则普遍存在于大陆影视剧中;ō wō存在于方言和地方普通话中。 Amitābha ( Sanskrit : अमिताभ, Amitābha ) is a celestial buddha described in the scriptures of the Mahāyāna school of Buddhism . Amitābha is the principal buddha in the Pure Land sect , a branch of Buddhism practiced mainly in East Asia , while in Vajrayana 密宗 Amitābha is known for his longevity attribute and the aggregate of distinguishing (recognition) and the deep awareness of individualities. According to these scriptures, Amitābha possesses infinite merits resulting from good deeds over countless past lives as a bodhisattva named Dharmakāra . Dharmakāya (Sanskrit: धर्मकाय, lit. truth body or reality body) 南无阿弥陀佛 nā mó ē mí tuó fó ,fromSanskrit: namo-' mitābhāya , 归命于无量寿觉及无量光觉也。归命者,众生一心仰赖阿弥陀佛,即众生之信心也。 namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra ( Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō ), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō : to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to. Derivatives : Namo Amitabha, 南无阿弥陀佛 Jp: Namu Amida butsu Ko: Namu Amita Bul 南无观世音菩萨 Jp: Namu Kanzeon Butsu Ko: Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal 6. 涅槃 निर्वाण Nirvāṇa 意译为圆寂、灭度、寂灭、无为、解脱、自在、安乐、不生不灭等。佛教教义认为涅槃是将世间所有一切法都灭尽而仅有一本住法圆满而寂静的状态,所以涅槃中永远没有生命的中的种种烦恼、痛苦。wiki nirvāṇa root √ vā 'blow' ,past participle vāna 'blown'; prefixed with the preverb nis which means 'out'. Hence the original meaning of the word is 'blown out,extinguished' http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvāṇa 7. 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 om mani padme hum , Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ (Sanskrit: ओं मणिपद्मे हूं, IPA: ) is the six-syllabled Sanskrit mantra particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteshvara 四臂观音 ,the bodhisattva 菩萨 of compassion. Mani means jewel or bead宝珠 and Padma means the lotus flower莲花, the Buddhist sacred flower. 六字大明咒 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 ,是大慈大悲 观世音菩萨 咒,代表一切诸菩萨的慈悲与加持,特别启请大悲观世音菩萨的 加持 。 大明咒 其意为至高无上,包含了宇宙中大能力大智慧大慈悲。有人意译为:啊!愿我功德圆满,与佛融合!或译: 如意宝 啊,莲花呦!郭卓茂解释为:“ 如意莲花 呦,让我带你去 渡众生吧! ”// 唵(ong)嘛(ma)呢(ni)叭(bei)咪(mei)吽(hòng):“唵”,表示“佛部心”;“嘛呢”,梵文意为“ 如意宝 ”,表示“宝部心”;“叭咪”,梵文意为“莲花”,表示“莲花部心”, 喻法 性如莲花一样纯洁无瑕,出淤泥而不染;“吽”,表示“金刚部心”,祈愿成就之意,即必须依赖佛的力量,才能得到“正觉”,成就一切,普渡众生,最后达到成佛的愿望。 8. 观音; 观世音菩萨 ( 梵文 :अवलोकितेश्वर,Avalokiteśvara)观世音是 鸠摩罗什 的旧译, 玄奘 新译为 观自在 ,略称为观音。佛教中慈悲和智慧的象征。以观世音菩萨为主导的大慈悲精神,被视为大乘佛教的根本。观世音与 阿弥陀佛 有着特殊的关系。或说观世音就是阿弥陀佛的 化身 。 Guanyin originated as the Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara (अवलोकितेश्वर). means Observing the Sounds (or Cries) of the World. Commonly known in English as the Mercy Goddess or Goddess of Mercy , Guanyin is also revered by Chinese Taoists as an immortal . Guanyin is an East Asian deity of mercy, and a bodhisattva associated with compassion as venerated by Mahayana Buddhists . Some Buddhists believe that when one of their adherents departs from this world, they are placed by Guanyin in the heart of a lotus, and then sent to the western pure land of Sukhāvatī . Sukhāvatī . सुखावती 音译须摩提,西方极乐世界,西方净土。 Sukha happiness or ease or pleasure or bliss . preya (pleasure), where happiness (sukha) is a deep and authentic positive, fulfilling state of being that is lasting and not merely transient and ultimately unsatisfying, requiring constant modification, like preya. / vati Vati (Rhodes) (Greek: βάτι), a village on the Greek island of Rhodes . Avalokiteśvara (अवलोकितेश्वर lit. Lord who looks down) is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. depicted as either female or male.A- is one of the more widely revered bodhisattvas in mainstream Mahayana Buddhism. The name Avalokiteśvara is made of the following parts: the verbal prefix ava means down; lokita , a past participle of the verb lok (to notice, behold, observe), here used in an active sense; and finally īśvara , lord, ruleror master. a+iśvara becomes eśvara . Combined, the parts mean lord who gazes down (at the world). The word loka (world) is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied. It was initially thought that the Chinese mis-transliterated the word Avalokiteśvara as Avalokitasvara which explained why Xuanzang translated it as Guānzìzài ( 觀自在) instead of Guānyīn ( 觀音). However, the original form was indeed Avalokitasvara with the ending a-svara (sound, noise), which means sound perceiver, literally he who looks down upon sound (i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need his help; a -svara can be glossed as ahr-svara , sound of lamentation). In Sanskrit, Avalokitesvara is also referred to as Padmapāni (Holder of the Lotus) or Lokeśvara (Lord of the World). Mahāyāna Buddhism relates Avalokiteśvara to the six-syllable mantra: oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ ... in Tibetan Buddhism, also called Shadakshari , which means Lord of the Six Syllables. Recitation of this mantra along with prayer beads, is the most popular religious practice 9. 舍利子 (佛陀涅盘火化结晶体)舍利是梵语 शरीर śarīra的音译,是印度人死后身体的总称。在 佛教 中,僧人死后所遗留的头发、骨骼、骨灰等,均称为舍利;在火化后,所产生的结晶体,则称为舍利子 śarīra,body, the ashes of a cremated 火花 body 10. 般若 ,般若波羅蜜多 (Buddhism) prajā pāramitā (Perfection of Wisdom) O 网页链接 prajāpāramitā (Sanskrit: प्रज्ञापारमिता) means the Perfection of (Transcendent) Wisdom in Mahāyāna Buddhism. prajā wisdom + pāramitā perfection. prajna (Buddhism) wisdom; understanding; insight .Etymology. Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajā) :प्र- (pra-, “in front of”) + ज्ञ (√jā, “to know”) O 网页链接 / Mahāyāna महायान Great Vehicle./ bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व is an enlightened (bodhi) being (sattva). O 网页链接 Mahāyāna 大乘佛教 ( Sanskrit: महायान mahāyāna, literally the Great Vehicle) is one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism and a term for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. Two major branches of Buddhism are generally recognized: Theravada 小乘佛教(主要流传于斯里兰卡、缅甸、泰国和柬埔寨) (The School of the Elders) and Mahayana 大乘佛教(The Great Vehicle). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar etc.). Mahayana is found throughout East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Singapore,Taiwan etc.) and includes the traditions of Pure Land 净土宗 , Zen 禅宗,Nichiren Buddhism日莲宗, Tibetan Buddhism藏传佛教,Shingon 真言宗(日本佛教的一派) , and Tiantai (Tendai 天台). 密宗,又名金刚乘(梵文:वज्रयान Vajrayāna,是大乘佛教的一个支派,在修行方式上有很多不许公开的秘密传授,又称密教。目前在日本和西藏最为兴盛。日本密教传承印度的前期、中期密教,有东密(真言宗)和台密(天台密教)两大分支,东密的道场在东寺、高野山,台密在比睿山。 Vajrayana —practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana . Dalai Lama , a combination of the Mongolic word dalai meaning ocean and bla-ma meaning guru , teacher, mentor. 11 妙法莲华经 Lotus Sūtra ( सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra ) 後秦鸠摩罗什译,Saddharma「妙法」。Pundarika 意译为「白莲花」,以莲花(莲华)为喻,比喻佛法之洁白、清净、完美。Sūtra 意为「经」—是 佛陀 释迦牟尼晚年说教,宣讲内容至高无上,明示不分贫富贵贱、人人皆可成佛。 The Lotus Sūtra is one of the most popular and influential Mahāyāna sūtras , and the basis on which the Tiantai , Tendai Cheontae , and Nichiren schools of Buddhism were established. In English, shortened form Lotus Sūtra . Sanskrit: सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र 妙法蓮華經, shortened to 法華經。 The earliest known Sanskrit title for the sūtra is the Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra , which translates to Scripture圣典 of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma . In English, the shortened form Lotus Sūtra is common. The Lotus Sūtra has also been highly regarded in a number of Asian countries where Mahāyāna Buddhism has been traditionally practiced. sutra 佛经,箴言,经典。 सूत्र, is an aphorism 格言 in the form of a manual or a text in Buddhism. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together ,root siv -, meaning to sew. sutra were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. 佛教词典 http://dictionary.buddhistdoor.com/ http://www.wiktionary.org/
《世界文明史 ( 第一卷 ) 》 87-89 页谈了语言和教育。读后想想颇有道理,并有些联想。 书中说到语言的作用: 1 为传达与沟通观念开拓了新的道路,并无限地加速生活的节奏与扩大生活的内容与里程。 2 思想的扩展。 因此,《约翰福音》开篇就说, In thebeginning was the Word, and the Word was with God 。 有意思的是,历史上, 书写的发明曾经遭遇过长期而又神圣的反对,好像是一些有计划的事物逐渐要损毁伦理与种族的基础。 这种境况,可能是一切创新的通例。口头语言,某种程度已经进化为人的本能,因此未必需要专门训练都能学会,虽然表达的清晰准确感染力等方面会有差别。文字和书写的出现应该晚得多,还没有在人类大脑中“内置化”,必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 语言使教育成为可能。就是书中所说, 在语言中视为最伟大的一项赠品,就是教育。 教育的内容与时俱进。 对于原始人类以及动物来说,教育主要的是技艺的传递与性格的磨练,它也是师徒之间在有关生活上的一些友好关系。 也就是说,原始的教育,以“育人”为主。这样当然也很有道理。 原始人类的四周环境比较固定,因而对心智的敏捷感远不如勇气与性格的切要。原始时代的父亲重视性格,有如现代的重视智慧一样。他所要作的并不是成为学者,而是一个大男人。 与古代社会不同,现代社会日趋复杂,社会分工更加专门化。因此,教育,特别是高等教育,其实是以“教书”为主,培养的是学生的智慧,而不是所谓性格。高校教师持证 ( 博士学位证? ) 上岗,按纲 ( 教学大纲 ) 讲授。讲授的内容应该是价值中立的客观事实,而不是某种观点和主张,不论教师本人多么欣赏或支持这些观点和主张。
导演 : 萨沙·本奈特 编剧 : 萨沙·本奈特 / Dougie Brimson / Gary Lawrence 主演 : 艾莉森·杜迪 / 詹姆斯·卡沙莫 / 史蒂文·伯克夫 / 丽赛特·安东尼 / Ian Ogilvy 类型: 犯罪 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014-12-12 片长: 94分钟 IMDb链接: tt3157224 When retired East End villain Charlie Archer is murdered by a feral street gang, his brother Ritchie returns to London from Spain to investigate. With the police investigation drawing blank after blank, Ritchie decides to take the law into his own hands and bring his old school justice back to the streets of East London. Rounding up his old firm, he leads a vigilante crusade against the vicious young criminals, using every grizzly method at his disposal to find and punish his brother s killers. They're outgunned and outnumbered, but this firm has never been outclassed yet. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/82108926
导演: Greg A. Sager 编剧 : Geoff Hart / Greg A. Sager 主演 : Ry Barrett / Camille Hollett-French / Jason Martorino / William Foley / Soroush Saeidi / Jo Jo Karume / Katie Uhlmann / Ellie O'Brien / Stephanie Marie Capeling / Kirsten Comerford / Margarita Giliadov / Chelsey Marie / Colin Paradine / Sima Sepehri / Bruce Turner 类型: 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 加拿大 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014 片长: 97分钟 又名: 前往天国 IMDb链接: tt2701772 A group of strangers wake up in an abandoned hospital to find themselves stalked by a supernatural force with sinister intentions. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/76860803
北京市社会科学界联合会重点学术资助项目 动物伦理学与护生文化系列讲座第28讲 主讲人 :郭鹏 (山东大学哲学与社会发展学院副教授 ) 主题:语言是人类所独有的吗? (Against the Denial of Animal Language) 时 间 : 2014 年 6 月 15 日(周日)下午2:3 0- 5 :0 0 地点 :清华大学明斋241(图书馆北,万人食堂南,请从中门进入) 主持人 :蒋劲松(科学技术与社会研究所副 教授) 主办单位: 清华大学科学技术与社会研究所 北京市哲学会 动保网 中国食文化研究会素食委员会 中国动保记者沙龙 绿野方舟 中国青年动保联盟 欢迎参加! 主讲人及演讲主题简介: 郭鹏,山东大学哲学与社会发展学院副教授,主要研究方向语言哲学与动物伦理学。 摘要: 在当代语言学及语言哲学研究中,“语言是为人类所独有的”这种观点几乎是一个默认的前提,语言学家霍凯特(Charles Francis Hockett)和哲学家乔姆斯基(Avram Noam Chomsky)是明确持这种观点并在学术界产生广泛影响的人。这种观点不仅影响着对人类的语言和认知的研究,也在大大影响对非人类动物的相关研究。在我看来,无论是霍凯特还是乔姆斯基都没有为此观点提出有效的论证,我将对他们的论证进行详细的剖析并提出自己的反驳和观点。 Abstract: Currently, linguistic research is dominated by the view that language is a phenomenon that uniquely belongs to humans。This claim has made a great impact on those experts who study animal language and animal cognition. Linguist Charles Francis Hockett and philosopher Avram Noam Chomsky are two representatives of this view. I intend to show that neither of them offered any valid argument to support this anthropcentric view. I found three problems in Hockett’s argument: 1. Even it is the case that there are certain features uniquely belong to human spoken language, we can use this features to characterize (or define) human spoken language but not language. 2. Our knowledge of the communication systems of other species is too limited to enable us to reach the conclusion that some features are uniquely belong to human, such as Duality of Patterning. It is impossible for us to do so before we know the meaning and the structure of their (vocal) signals. 3. Hockett puts human communication in one category and put machinery communication, non-huuman animal communication in another category. We can see that some non-human animals communication systems share more features with human communication than machinery communication. In his earlier research, Chomsky (1957) insists that human being is the only animal has linguistic ability and he supports this idea by claiming that humans uniquely possess an innate universal grammar that is not possessed by other species. I call this approach ‘The Essentialism Approach’. My argument is that we cannot reach the conclusion that language is uniquely human from the uniqueness of human language. Other species can also possess some uniqueness of their languages and this does not make language a unique phenomenon of any of these species. In his later research, Chomsky(2004) shifted to what I call ‘The Great Leap Forward Approach’--after Alfred Russell Wallace, he believes that there is a great leap forward in evolution that rewired human brain and enable us to perform the linguistic tasks that other species are not capable of doing so. My argument against Chomsky is mainly based on biological individualism, which is inspired by the research of Marc Becoff and other ethologists. 描述:明斋路线图图片:眀斋路线图.jpg 动物研究读书会总汇 动物伦理学与护生文化系列讲座总汇
导演 : Richie Mehta 编剧 : Richie Mehta 主演 : 吉莲·安德森 / 海利·乔·奥斯蒙 / 卢夫斯·塞维尔 / 维克多·加博 / 约翰·保罗·拉坦 / Sarah Manninen / Sherry Miller / Brandon Firla / Susanna Fournier / Kiara Glasco / 西蒙·雷诺兹 / Laura Miyata / 凯萨琳·布吕耶 / Jonah Wineberg / Rupinder Nagra 类型: 剧情 / 科幻 / 悬疑 制片国家/地区: 加拿大 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2013-07-28(加拿大) IMDb链接: tt2048770 After the disappearance of a young scientist on a business trip, his son and wife struggle to cope, only to make a bizarre discovery years later - one that may bring him home. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/66236689
导演 : Olivia M. Lamasan 编剧 : Carmi Raymundo 主演 : 皮奥洛·帕斯奎尔 / Toni Gonzaga / Iza Calzado 类型: 喜剧 / 爱情 官方网站: http://starcinema.abs-cbn.com/movies/starting-over-again 制片国家/地区: 菲律宾 语言: 菲律宾语 / 塔加洛语 / 英语 上映日期: 2014-02-21 片长: 130分钟 IMDb链接: tt3528284 Ten years ago, Ginny (Toni Gonzaga), an Architecture student, and Marco (Piolo Pascual), a History professor, began a one-of-a-kind and unpredictable love story. In the five years that they were together, they brought out the best in each other, which included Marco's unrealized dream of becoming a chef. Together, they worked towards their dream of opening up a restaurant, but when Ginny realized her own pursuits were different from his, she rejected his wedding proposal and left the country for a Masters degree in Architecture. At present, Ginny co-owns a one-stop Architecture and Interior Design firm specializing in Restoration. She receives an email from Marco, which was written and sent after their break-up, meant to be read four years later. It makes her feel even more regretful of leaving the love of her life. When their firm receives an offer to restore an old house into a restaurant, she is ecstatic to learn that Marco will be co-owning the restaurant. She takes this as a sign... 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/64806597
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2014 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 172 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种: Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 129 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologiaet Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 NaturalLanguage Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 NordicJournal of Linguistics 《北欧语言学杂志》、 Syntax andSemantics 《语法与语义》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie undLinguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊9种,例如: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 《美国言语病理学杂志》、 Brain and Language 《大脑与语言》、 International Journal ofSpeech-Language Pathology 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 等。 2014 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 172 种目录 SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 172 注: ※ SCI、SSCI、AHCI共同收录期刊3种 ★ SSCI 、AHCI共同收录期刊129种 ▲ SCI 、SSCI共同收录期刊9种 1. ★ ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 Semiannual ISSN:1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ★ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 AKADEMIAI KIADO RT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY,H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ★ AFRICANA LINGUISTICA Annual ISSN: 0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM ,3080 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《美国言语病理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1058-0360 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 5. ★ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN:0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-6001 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 8. APPLIED PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 《实用心理语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7164 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 9. ★ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 Quarterly ISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. ★ ATLANTIS-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OFANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《英美研究西班牙协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLA ESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIAINGLESA I, UNIV COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 11. ★ AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ★ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA TRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 13. BILINGUALISM-LANGUAGE AND COGNITION 《双语:语言与认知》 Quarterly ISSN: 1366-7289 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 14. ▲ BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 《大脑与语言》 Monthly ISSN: 0093-934X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 15. CANADIAN MODERN LANGUAGEREVIEW-REVUE CANADIENNE DES LANGUES VIVANTES 《加拿大现代语言评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0008-4506 CANADIAN MODERNLANGUAGE REV, UNIV TORONTO PRESS, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST,, N YORK,CANADA, ONTARIO, M3H 5T8 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 16. ★ CHILD LANGUAGE TEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 17. ★ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPOTREJO 3, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 18. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS PHONETICS 《临床语言学与语音学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0269-9206 INFORMAHEALTHCARE, TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC2A 4LQ 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 19. ★ COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0936-5907 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS QUARTERLY 《沟通障碍季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1525-7401 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 21. ※ COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0891-2017 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA ,MA, 02142 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 22. ★ COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. ★ CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 24. ★ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. ★ DIALECTOLOGIA ET GEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 Annual ISSN: 0942-4040 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. ★ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 《专业英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0889-4906 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 28. ★ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. ★ ENGLISH TEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 UNIV WAIKATO, SCHEDUCATION, PRIVATE BAG 3105, HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ★ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ★ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 32. ★ ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN: 0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE, FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142 ESTUDIOSFILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ★ EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ★ FIRST LANGUAGE 《第一语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7237 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA HISTORICA 《语言史学报》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. FOLIA PHONIATRICA Bimonthly ISSN: 0015-5705 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 38. FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS 《外国语言纪事》 Quarterly ISSN: 0015-718X WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 39. ★ FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Semiannual ISSN: 0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. ★ GENDER AND LANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annualISSN: 1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, UNIT S3, KELHAM HOUSE, 3 LANCASTER STREET, SHELFIELD, ENGLAND , S3 8AF 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. ★ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annual ISSN:1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 42. ★ HISPANIA-A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 QuarterlyISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOCTEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA ,MI, 48390 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 43. ★ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 SemiannualISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDISANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ★ INDOGERMANISCHE FORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. INTERACTION STUDIES 《交互作用研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1572-0373 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 46. ★ INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION ANDBILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 51. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIONDISORDERS 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1368-2822 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 52. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND THE LAW 《国际言语、语言和法律杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:1748-8885 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, UNIT S3, KELHAM HOUSE, 3 LANCASTER STREET, SHELFIELD, ENGLAND , S3 8AF 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 54. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1754-9507 INFORMAHEALTHCARE, 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10017 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 55. ★ INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Semiannual ISSN: 1750-399X ST JEROME PUBLISHING, 2 MAPLE ROAD, WEST,BROOKLANDS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND , M23 9HH 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ★ INTERPRETING 《口译》 Semiannual ISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 57. ★ JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0167-6164 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 《儿童语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0305-0009 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 59. ★ JOURNAL OF CHINESE LINGUISTICS 《中国语言学报》 SemiannualISSN: 0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESELINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, CENTRE EAST ASIAN STUDIES, SHATIN, NEWTERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA, HONG KONG, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 60. ▲ JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 《语言交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0021-9924 ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 61. ★ JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. ★ JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-8558 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 63. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 65. ▲ JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 《口吃病杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0094-730X ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 66. ★ JOURNAL OF FRENCH LANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 67. ★ JOURNAL OF GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ★ JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 《语言与社会心理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-927X SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 71. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 72. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. ▲ JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 《记忆与语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0749-596X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 75. ★ JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. ▲ JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 《神经语言学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN:0911-6044 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 77. ★ JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESSLTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ★ JOURNAL OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ★ JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ★ JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 81. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 《心理语言学研究杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN:0090-6905 SPRINGER/PLENUMPUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 82. ★ JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0929-6174 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 83. JOURNAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING 《第二语言写作杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1060-3743 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 84. ★ JOURNAL OF SEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 《社会语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1360-6441 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 86. ▲ JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH 《 言语语言与听力研究 杂志》 BimonthlyISSN: 1092-4388 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 87. ★ JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 88. ★ LANGUAGE 《语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOCAMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA ,DC, 20036-6501 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《语言与交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-5309 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 90. ★ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHSWELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. ★ LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 92. LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES 《语言与认知过程》 MonthlyISSN: 0169-0965 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 93. ★ LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 《语言与教育》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ★ LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ★ LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1606-822X INST LINGUISTICS ACAD SINICA, NO 130, SEC 2, ACADEMIA RD, NANKANG,TAIPEI, TAIWAN, 11529 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. ★ LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 97. ▲ LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 《语言与口语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8309 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 98. ★ LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN:1543-4303 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ★ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. ★ LANGUAGE CULTURE AND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY 《社会语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0047-4045 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 102. LANGUAGE LEARNING 《语言学习》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8333 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 103. LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY 《语言学习与技术》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1094-3501 UNIV HAWAII, NATLFOREIGN LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, 1859 EAST WEST RD, 106, HONOLULU, USA, HI,96822 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 104. ★ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题》 Semiannual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. ★ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. ★ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annualISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 107. ★ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS 《学校 语言、言语与听力服务》 Quarterly ISSN:0161-1461 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 109. ★ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 110. LANGUAGE TEACHING RESEARCH 《语言教学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1362-1688 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 111. ★ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. ★ LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ★ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 Annual ISSN:1684-4904 BURO VAN DIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ★ LINGUA 《语言学》 Monthly ISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. ★ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 QuarterlyISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA ,MA, 02142 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 116. ★ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. ★ LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES INTRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 AnnualISSN: 0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERPDIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 118. ★ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0024-3949 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ★ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. ★ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ★ LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC COMPUTING 《文学与语言计算》 Quarterly ISSN: 0268-1145 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. ★ METAPHOR AND SYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. MIND LANGUAGE 《思维与语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0268-1064 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 124. MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL 《现代语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-7902 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 125. ★ MULTILINGUA-JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. ★ NAMES-A JOURNAL OF ONOMASTICS 《名词》 QuarterlyISSN: 0027-7738 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHSWELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. ★ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. ※ NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 QuarterlyISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. ★ NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. ★ ONOMAZEIN SemiannualISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860,SANTIAGO, CHILE, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 133. ※ PHONETICA 《语音学》 Quarterly ISSN:0031-8388 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 134. ★ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. ★ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN, 18071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ★ POZNAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN:1897-7499 VERSITA, SOLIPSKA 14A-1, WARSAW, POLAND, 02-482 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. ★ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICSASSOC- IPRA, IPRA SECRETARIAT, PO BOX 33, ANTWERP 11, ANTWERP, BELGIUM ,B-2018 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ★ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. ★ PRAGMATICS AND SOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Semiannual ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. ★ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. ★ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 《语言与社会应对研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0835-1813 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 143. ★ REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. ★ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙 应用语言学 杂志》 AnnualISSN: 0213-2028 ASOC ESPANOLA LINGUISTICA APLICADA, UNIV RIOJA, DEPT FILOLOGIASMODERNAS, C-SAN JOSE DE CALASANZ, S-N, LOGRONO, SPAIN, 26004 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ★ REVISTA SIGNOS 《 标志 杂志 》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ★ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONSLINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. ★ REVUE ROUMAINE DE LINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OFLINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志 》 QuarterlyISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURA ACADROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA ,050711 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. ★ RILCE-REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN: 0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIV NAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN, NAVARRA, 31007 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. ★ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学 理论及应用杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0718-4883 UNIV CONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3,CONCEPCION, CHILE, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. 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科学网上讨论过的问题很多,能够得到共识的却不多。为什么呢? 现代语言学之父索绪尔( Saussure1857-1913 )认为:语言是一种抽象的符号系统,一切的符号( sign )有‘能指( Signifier )’和‘所指( Signified )’两部分。能指是符号的语音形象,比如说,语音或文字的“鸡”;所指是符号的意义概念部份,例如词意里的家禽鸡。由兩部份組成的一个整体,称为符号。语言是表达观念的符号系统。能指和所指的关系模式基本是序列性的,它同时在两个序列展开,理解是在这两种序列间的对应关系。能指和所指的结构间对应的总特征是随意性,两者并无必然的符合关系,这种随意性在自组织寻求最小误差下,保证了语言的稳定性和完备性。 我们听到或看到的文章是一个能指的符号串,依靠读者的知识和上下文,把它解释为一个所指的信息流。有头脑的人都能很快地理解文中的意思,了解的含义在上下文中越是流畅,越是自信读懂了文章的内涵。所以网文上一些词改成 XX 或者什么谐音、缩写,大多不会被误读,都是能指“你懂的”所指的意思。为了让大家加深语言能指所指结构对应灵活性的体会,我将转帖《老外翻译的三字经》,加个序言介绍如下。 泰西友人见华人三字相骂,如歌对唱,韵律甚美。问:“What is that?” 答曰:“三字经”。“What is talking about?” 答:“Sex”。老外憬然有悟,心甚向往之。苦学中文三载,查得大英博物馆珍藏原版,研读之下,字字珠玑,豁然开朗。再四求证。曰:“启蒙之书”。曰:“路人能详”,不觉潸然泪下,谓:“得之矣,得之矣!”遂译中华路人相见诵习大爱之经典。 ZT 老外翻译的三字经 ( http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b78703b0100ek2r.html?tj=1 ) 人之初: At the beginning of life. 性本善: Sex is good. 性相近: Basically, all the sex are same. 习相远: But it depends on how you do it. 苟不教: If you do not practice all the time. 性乃迁: Sex will leave you. 教之道: The way of learning it. 贵以专: It is very important to make love with only one person. 昔孟母: Once a great mother, Mrs Meng. 择邻处: Choose her neighbor to avoid bad sex influence. 子不学: If you don't study hard. 断机杼: Your Dick will become useless. 窦燕山: Dou, the Famous. 有义方: Owned a very effective exciting medicine. 教五子: All his five son took it. 名俱扬: And their sexual ability were well-known. 养不教: If your children don't know how to do it. 父之过: It is all your fault. 教不严: If they had lots of problems with it. 师之惰: Their teacher must be too lazy to tell them details on sex. 子不学: You may refuse to study this. 非所宜: But that is a real mistake. 幼不学: If you don't learn it in childhood. 老何为: You will lose your ability when aged. 玉不琢: If you don't exercise your dick. 不成器: It won't become hard and strong. 人不学: If you don't learn sex. 不知义: You can by no means enjoy its sweetness. 也许人们认为这样的解读比较罕见,其实在生活中比比皆是,只是大家不自觉而已。斯洛文尼亚的哲学家齐泽克( Slavoj Zizek 1949- )的演讲中,有个段子是这样的: 丈夫想和老婆做爱,老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,不能做。这对话里“偏头痛”是能指,“老婆不做爱”是所指。丈夫生气了,第二天老婆想做爱,丈夫说:“我现在偏头痛”,不能做。能指不变,所指是“丈夫不做爱”。后来老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,想做爱让痛缓解一下。所指变为“老婆要做爱”。最后,老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,是一起喝杯茶,来败败火。所指成了“老婆要喝茶”。能指转了一圈,所指有了四变。。。 如果你并不只是写文章来发泄,还想和人讨论,你也必须真正用心,才知道对方说的是什么意思。明白了这个道理,你就能理解,网上争论一大堆,其实同一个话题的能指,比如说“转基因”,有人想的是做爱,有人说的是喝茶。
今天早上,孩子随口说了一篇英语作文,甚妙,不是神庙哦: 题目:; My favorite food 正文 This is a 小笼包 . It was made in 城隍庙 . It’s 皮 is 薄 . It’s 馅儿 is 多汁 . I like to eat it. Do you like to eat it too? 我听完哈哈大笑。这个作文不错,也折腾折腾英文。既然中文中可以夹杂英语单词,为啥英文中就不能夹杂中文呢? 时间久了,老外会习惯的,就像功夫、豆腐之类的,他们能直接听懂的。
在微信上流传一篇以一首英语诗歌的中文翻译版本的多样化来赞美中文的文章。 英文原文为: You say that you love rain, but you open your umbrella when it rains. You say that you love the sun, but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines. You say that you love the wind, but you close your windows when wind blows. This is why I am afraid, you say that you love me too. 中文翻译有下列版本 1. (普通版): 你说你爱雨, 但当细雨飘洒时你却撑开了伞; 你说你爱太阳, 但当它当空时你却看见了阳光下的暗影; 你说你爱风, 但当它轻拂时你却紧紧地关上了自己的窗子; 你说你也爱我, 而我却为此烦忧。 2. (文艺版 ) : 你说烟雨微芒,兰亭远望; 后来轻揽婆娑,深遮霓裳。 你说春光烂漫,绿袖红香; 后来内掩西楼,静立卿旁。 你说软风轻拂,醉卧思量; 后来紧掩门窗,漫帐成殇。 你说情丝柔肠,如何相忘; 我却眼波微转,兀自成霜。 3. ( 诗经版 ) : 子言慕雨,启伞避之。 子言好阳,寻荫拒之。 子言喜风,阖户离之。 子言偕老,吾所畏之。 4. ( 离骚版 ) : 君乐雨兮启伞枝, 君乐昼兮林蔽日, 君乐风兮栏帐起, 君乐吾兮吾心噬。 5. ( 七言绝句版 ) : 恋雨却怕绣衣湿, 喜日偏向树下倚。 欲风总把绮窗关, 叫奴如何心付伊。 6. ( 七律压轴版 ) : 江南三月雨微茫, 罗伞叠烟湿幽香。 夏日微醺正可人, 却傍佳木趁荫凉。 霜风清和更初霁, 轻蹙蛾眉锁朱窗。 怜卿一片相思意, 尤恐流年拆鸳鸯。 严格地讲,虽然上述译文都很美,但是没有一个准确翻译了最后一句的英文原意(“这是在你说你爱我时我感到害怕的原因” 或“你言行相反的这些做法是在你说你爱我时我感到害怕的原因”)。上述译文中最接近原文的普通版“ 你说你也爱我,而我却为此烦忧”中,“此”指的是“你说你也爱我”,还是 你言行相反的这些做法?这一版本也未明确表达出“你言行相反的这些做法是在你说你爱我时我感到害怕的原因”。 文艺版和七律压轴版过度发挥,与原诗相差太大。诗经版、离骚版和七言绝句版比文艺版与七律压轴版接近原意,但对最后一句的翻译不如普通版。 文学翻译中多少偏离原文本意一点不是大问题,可能还会让译文比原文更美。对许多中文读者来说,即使他们能读英文,朱生豪译的中文莎士比亚剧作可能比莎士比亚原文更美。对于诗歌,我们可以称赞中文的朦胧美、含蓄美,意在已言未言之间。我们还可以欣赏中文的形式美、韵律美。当我们表达需要严谨的内容时,朦胧美、含蓄美就可能由优点变为缺点。 语言学上有分析语和综合语的分类。分析语靠词汇在句子中的位置表达词汇在句子的作用,从而准确传递句子的信息;综合语靠词汇的变形表达词汇在句子的作用,从而准确传递句子的信息。汉语几乎是完美的分析语,词汇没有变形,完全靠其位置表达词汇在句子的作用。因此,含义明确严谨的完整句子在汉语中很难构成,我们往往需要用几句话才能准确地表达出来欧洲语言的一个含义明确严谨的长句。汉语中写长句子,经常或是可有歧义,或是冗繁不合汉语习惯。我曾经写过一篇短文想谈谈有些相对论拥护者对相对论的错误认识,未仔细考虑便用了题目“ 拥护 相对论观点中的 常见 错 误”。有些读者把题目读作 “ 拥护( 相对论观点中的 常见 错 误)”,而我的本意是 “( 拥护 相对论观点)中的 常见 错 误”。我在这里借用数学中的规则,括号内为优先结合在一起的句子成分。虽然从常识上讲,我不会拥护 错 误,因此 “( 拥护 相对论观点)中的 常见 错 误”应该是正确的读法,但是从结构上看,读作 “ 拥护( 相对论观点中的 常见 错 误)”也是可以的。相对论反对者对相对论也有错误认识,如果写文章谈相对论反对者的错误认识,题目“反对相对论观点中的一些错误认识”也会出现有歧义的两种读法,“((反对相对论)观点)中的一些错误认识”和“ 反对((相对论观点)中的一些错误认识)”。 爱克 曼在 《 歌德谈话录 》中 提到歌德称赞德语的表达能力。虽然语言学家常常认为现代德语应算作分析语,但是其 综合语成分还是很高的,其词汇在句子中的语法作用基本不依赖于词汇在句子中的位置。这样长句子就不容易产生歧义。英语比德语更接近汉语,综合语的成分更少。不过与大多数欧洲语言一样,英语中定语从句和同位语从句为严谨表达提供了极大的便利。汉语要在符合汉语习惯的情况下严谨表达同样含义,则需要用几个句子来完成。不少现代译著常见不符合汉语表达习惯的欧式句型,且未达原意。翻译欧洲语言原著,需要把欧式长句译成几个汉语句子。这里欧洲语言原著应读(欧洲语言)原著,而不是欧洲(语言原著)。汉语中没有定语从句和同位语从句,难以写出严谨、不产生歧义的长句子。而写几个句子来严谨表达又往往显得繁复,并且不少现代译者缺乏重新组织几个汉语句子以准确表达欧洲语言长句的语言造诣,因此,能读外文原著的读者常常发现现代汉语译著比原文更难理解,有些句子不知所云。汉语的优势似在朦胧之美,可豪放,可含蓄,传意传神在已言未言之间,却不是表达严谨概念和思想最有效率的语言。 这首英文短诗虽不押韵,但读起来很流畅。中文网上有人怀疑这诗不是英语作者所为,而是华人所作。我不禁想查一下到底谁是作者。首先查到的是土耳其语与英语的对照版( http://www.turkishclass.com/poem_136 ),列为轶名诗人之作: Yağmuruseviyorum diyorsun, yağmur yağınca şemsiyeni aıyorsun... Güneşi seviyorum diyorsun, güneş aınca glgeye kaıyorsun... Rüzgarı seviyorum diyorsun, rüzgar ıkınca pencereni kapatıyorsun... İşte,bunun iin korkuyorum; Beni de sevdiğini sylüyorsun... 互联网上有人认为这首诗原作为土耳其语,因为土耳其语版本是押韵的。但也有人指出土耳其语版本押韵是由于土耳其语语法把动词放在最后,并且动词有同样后缀。英文网上不少网站认为作者是 Bob Marley ( 鲍勃 · 马利, 1945 年 2 月 6 日 – 1981 年 5 月 11 日 ),牙买加歌手和歌曲作者,他在欧美流行音乐及摇滚乐领域有巨大的影响。对 Bob Marley 音乐特别熟悉的人否认其作品中有这首诗。有网友说 Bob Marley 在电影中说过这些话。 互联网上可查到 Qyazzirah Syeikh Ariffin 在 2011 年 11 月 13 日贴出的 4 首诗中包括这首 “ I am afraid ” ( http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/i-am-afraid-12/ ) 。其他三首为 “ Black locks ”, “ Light after darkness ” 和 “ Roses of Medina ” 。网上也有人认为这首诗源自法国诗人的作品。其中一位是 Jean Cocteau ( 让 · 谷克多, 1889 年 7 月 5 日 - 1963 年 10 月 11 日) ,法国诗人、画家、作家、电影导演,其原诗为 Tu dis que tu aimes les fleurs et tu leur coupes la queue, Tu dis que tu aimes les chiens et tu leur mets une laisse, Tu dis que tu aimes les oiseaux et tu les mets en cage, Alors quand tu dis que tu m’aimes, moi j’ai un peu peur. 你说你爱花,你将花从枝上剪断, 你说你爱狗,你给狗套上锁链, 你说你爱鸟,你把鸟关进笼间, 唉,当你说你爱我,我有点害怕不安。 另一位是 Jacques Prévert ( 1900 年 2 月 4 日 - 1977 年 4 月 11 日) ,法国诗人和电影剧本作家。其原诗为 AIMER Tu dis que tu aimes la pluie, et tu fermes la fenêtre. Tu dis que tu aimes les fleurs, et tu leurs coupes la queue. Tu dis que tu aimes les poissons, et tu les pêches et tu les manges. Alors quand tu dis que tu m'aimes, j'ai un peu peur. 爱 你说你爱雨,你把窗紧关, 你说你爱花,你将花剪断, 你说你爱鱼,你捉鱼做美餐, 唉,当你说你爱我,我害怕不安。 上面的两首中文译文是我随手译的,仅供参考。法文原诗不押韵,我按汉语诗习惯加上韵。虽然英语原诗也不押韵,但是微信所传各翻译版本除普通版外都押韵,说明汉语诗读者认为诗应该押韵。两首法文诗句子或句式完全相同,我有意将第二首的句子译得简短。第一首的句子也可以译得简洁一点 你说你爱花,你将花剪断, 你说你爱狗,你给狗套锁链, 你说你爱鸟,你把鸟关笼间, 唉,当你说你爱我,我害怕不安。 汉语语言在给同一含义句子增加无多少信息的文字等方面上的灵活性是欧洲语言无法比拟的,加几字或减几字对句子意思影响不大。上述译文可以再简化为: 你说你爱花,你将花剪, 你说你爱狗,你拴狗链, 你说你爱鸟,你把鸟关, 唉,你说你爱我,我不安。 用汉语很容易写回文诗,欧洲语言基本上写不出汉语意义上的回文诗。没有中文作者认真去写中文 palindrome ,如果想写应该也不难。英语 palindrome 指的是从前到后读与从后到前读是一样的。例如, A man, a plan, a canal, Panama ,不过 英语 palindrome 中 词汇字母一般必须重新组合才行。英语很难写出四行意义相关的palindrome句子形成一首诗。经济学上讲 trade-off ,没有免费午餐,汉语很难在每个方面都胜过欧洲语言。“失之东隅,收之桑榆”,欧洲语言作为文学语言可能效率输于汉语,在表达严谨概念和思想时欧洲语言效率胜过汉语。 JeanCocteau 和 JacquesPrévert 的这两首诗太相似,不可能都是原创。我对两人的作品都不熟悉,没有时间核对。也有可能两人都没写过此诗,网上有关上述法文诗的作者信息不确切。如果上述法文诗确为 Jean Cocteau 或 Jacques Prévert 所写, Qyazzirah Syeikh Ariffin 很可能参照了 Jean Cocteau 或 Jacques Prévert 的诗。
当年师范学校音乐课上要视唱许多老歌 ,包括国外的一些经典歌曲。有一段时间突发奇想,想搞清楚当年视唱的经典的外语原版歌词是怎样的,把音乐与外语歌词结合起来听一听,欣赏原汁原味的外语经典。得益于今天的互联网,把外语原文歌词收集到一处,并附音频链接。凡拉丁语系歌曲可逐行对照英语注解 听音乐欣赏,韩语对照日语或汉语欣赏,在音乐中认识各种语言符号。 Here are some classic songs in different languages and their links. Their meanings are annotated here, mostly in English or Chinese , while Korean songs are annotated in Japanese or Chinese. Italian Italiano Santa Lucia O Sole Mio Torna a Surriento Non più andrai 费加罗的咏叹调 Brindisi Катюша 山楂树 Ой, Цветёт Калина Жди Меня 等着我吧 По Диким Степям Забайкалья ] Japanese 日本語 浜辺の歌(海滨之歌 ) 北国の春 四季のうた 樱花谣 さくら 荒城の月 蛍の光 里の秋 竹田の子守唄 岛歌 岛呗 English Scarborough fair The sound of music音乐之声 Edelweiss Moon River 月亮河 My way Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长 Paloma Blanca白兰鸽 Beautiful dreamer Red River Valley 红河谷 El Condor Pasa飞驰的鹰 Blowing in the wind Click Go the shears Don't Cry For Me Argentina German Deutsch Auf den Flügeln des Gesanges Es ist ein Schnee Gefallen So leb dein leben French Franc,ais La Marseillaise马赛曲 卡门 L'amour est un oiseau rebelle La derniere valse 国际歌 L'Internationale 斗牛士之歌 Votre toast je peux vous le rendre Comme d'habitude La vie en rose Magic boulevard Spanish Espan'ol la Paloma 鸽子 Siboney Duele el Amor A Mi Manera No llores por mi Argentina Brazil-Portuguese Português 在路旁 Nesta Rua Tem Um Bosque Anthem-Brazil Korean 한국어 아리랑 阿里郎 金达莱花진달래꽃 Doraji 桔梗谣 小白船 반달 Arabian عربي Tel'it Ya Mahla Nourha طلعت يا محلا نورها Bilady, Bilady بلادي khadni bayn aydik خدني بين ايديك Greek- ελληνικά Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν (Hymn to Liberty Μίλησέ μου Mílisé mou Tik Tik Tak Indo-Iranian (Hindi हिन्दी ,Urdu) Sohni Dharti Pāk Sarzamīn Ichak Dana Bichak Dana (猜谜语 ) Hasta Darshan and Dharti Vandana Aankhen Khuli Awara Hoon Hindi- letters Hindi-Eng.Dic Urdu-Hindi Indonesia 梭罗河 Bengawan Solo Sing Sing So 船歌 AYO MAMA 宝贝 Butet Hebrew עִבְרִית HaTikvah(The Hope) National Anthem : USA Russian French Spain Italy Greece Korea Egypt UK Israel Germany Canada Australia Pakistan India Brazil 相关链接 为语言学习寻找一个联结点 lingo- music more Sci-Sina Sina
Подмосковные вечера Муз.: В.Соловьёв, сл.: Матусовский vocal-163 vitas vocal 1 vocal -kuwo vocal3 video 相关链接 Lingo-music Не слышны в саду даже шорохи Всё здесь замерло до утра . Everything has died down /Not heard in the garden, even noises. шорох 沙沙声 Everything has died down until the morning. замертво 失掉知觉 dead,frozen; замер 计量 Если б знали вы, как мне дороги Подмовсковные вечера! If you only knew how dear to me Речка движется и не движется, Вся из лунног серебра. The river is moving and (sometimes) not, All made of the moons silver. Песня слышится и не слышится В эти тихие вечера. The song can be heard and not heard in those quiet evenings Что ж ты, милая, смотришь искоса, Низко голову наклоня? What are you, dear, look askance,斜视 Bending your head so low? Низко-Low; наклоня-bent ; Трудно высказать и не высказать Всё, что на сердце у меня. It is difficult to express, All that are in my heart. А рассвет уже всё заметнее. Так, пожалуйста, будь добра, And dawn is getting more noticeable. So, please be so kind, заметнее-noticeable /уже 已经 Не забудь и ты эти летние Подмовсковные вечера. забудь -forget, летние -summer Not even a whisper is to be heard in the garden,Everything has calmed down until dawn. If you only knew how dear they are to me,The evenings near Moscow! The river is moving and (sometimes) not,All made of the moons silver. A song sounds and is not to be heard In those quiet evenings. Why do you, darling, look at me from the side, Bending your head so low? It is not easy to tell All the things that are in my heart. And dawn is getting more and more visible. So, please, be so kind: You, also, don't forget These summer evenings near Moscow. 第二个版本 Even whispers aren't heard in the garden,Everything has died down till morning. If you only knew how dear to me Are these Moscow nights. The river moves, unmoving, All in silver moonlight. A song is heard, yet unheard, In these silent nights. Why do you, dear, look askance, 斜视 With your head lowered so? It is hard to express, and hard to hold back,Everything that my heart holds. But the dawn's becoming ever brighter.So please, just be good. Don't you, too, forget These summer, Moscow nights. 中文 voices 深夜花园里四处静悄悄 只有风儿在轻轻唱 夜色多么好 心儿多爽朗 在这迷人的晚上 小河静静流微微泛波浪 水面映着银色月光 一阵清风一阵歌声 多么幽静的晚上 我的心上人坐在我身旁 默默看着我不作声 我想对你讲 但又难为情 多少话儿留在心上 长夜快过去天色蒙蒙亮 衷心祝福你好姑娘 但愿从今后 你我永不忘 莫斯科郊外的晚上 Moscow Nights vocal Stillness in the grove Not a rustling sound Softly shines the moon clear and bright Dear, if you could know How I treasure so This most beautiful Moscow Night Lazily the brook like a silvery stream Ripples in the light of the moon And a song afar fades as in a dream In this night that will end too soon Yes a song afar fades as in a dream In this night that will end too soon Dearest, why so sad, why the downcast eyes And your lovely head bent so low Oh, I mustn't speak, though I'd love to say That you've stolen my heart away Promise me my love, as the dawn appears And the darkness turns into light That you'll cherish dear, through the passing years This most beautiful Moscow Night Say you'll cherish dear through the passing years This most beautiful Moscow Night Le Temps du Muguet (Dorothee) vocal more vocal-kuwo more Il est revenu Le Temps Du Muguet Comme un vieil ami retrouvé Il est revenu flaner le long des quais Jusqu'au banc où je t'attendais Et j'ai vu refleurir L'éclat de ton sourire Aujourd'hui plus beau que jamais Le Temps Du Muguet ne dure jamais Plus longtemps que le mois de mai Quand tous ses bouquets déjà seront fanés Pour nous deux rien n'aura changé Aussi belle qu'avant Notre chanson d'amour Chantera comme au premier jour Il s'en est allé Le Temps Du Muguet Comme un vieil ami fatigué Pour toute une année pour se faire oublier En partant il nous a laissé Un peu de son printemps Un peu de ses vingt ans Pour s'aimer pour s'aimer longtemps. other versions 相关博文 语言与音乐lingo-music
无歧义严谨定义的形式语言,现在已经广泛应用在计算机程序语言和数学公理表达中。塔斯基是先驱之一。他严格定义的 T 模式,让我们可以用数理逻辑的理论,来研究与真理有关的问题。在数理逻辑中,有个著名的“对角线引理”,或称为“不动点定理”,【 1 】如下: 设S是包含着一阶算术的理论,对任给公式φ(x)存在一个句子ψ,有 S ⊢ ψ ↔ φ ψ . 这里“包含着一阶算术的理论”指包含着算术公理用一阶逻辑推出的命题集合,现在整个公理化数学系统已建立在这上面。凡能描述算术的形式语言也必须包含它。 S ⊢ 的意思是:理论 S 中,能够证明右边的式子成立。这里φ ψ 是φ (ψ) 的简写,是评判句子 ψ 具有φ性质的谓词表达式。这个引理的大意是:对于能够谈算术讲逻辑的语言,任给一个用来判定句子的属性φ,总能写出自我指涉的一句话ψ,说自己具有这个属性φ。用自然语言表达ψ就是:“这句子具有属性φ”。不过这里的ψ是用形式语言表达出来,在理论 S 里证明它逻辑上是这个意思。用它构造个谎言悖论可以证明一个重要的定理。【 2 】 塔斯基定理:任何包含着一阶算术的理论,也包含了T模式,则是不相容的。 ( Any theory extending first-order arithmetic and containing schema T is inconsistent. ) 有了这个对角线引理,它的证明很简单。如果这个理论也包含 T 模式,谓词 T 在这里是个公式,它的否定 T 也是个公式,根据对角线引理,存在着一个句子ψ,在这个理论里有:ψ ↔ T ψ 。但按 T 模式,则有ψ ↔ T ψ ,得出 T ψ ↔ T ψ ,说明这理论里有矛盾,不是自洽的。 这个定理也称为“ Tarski's undefinability theorem ”,它指出了语言定义能力的局限性,任何足够丰富包含算术的语言,都不足以无矛盾地解释它所能表达句子的语义,句子的语义必须在更丰富的高阶语言来表达,否则就可能引起悖论。 塔斯基定理几乎与哥德尔定理在同一时间被证明,包含着许多共同的内容。近些年人们认为塔斯基定理值得更多的关注,因为哥德尔定理只是揭露数学系统里的局限性,在哲学层次不清晰,而塔斯基定理则找出问题出在语言固有的局限性,这不仅适用于数学,而且适用于由对角线引理导致自我指涉的任何系统。 为什么要花费时间研究语言的问题呢?因为哲学、科学、包括数学理论的表达和推导都是通过语言来进行的,语言出现的悖论也会在它们的理论中出现,语义悖论的解决方案同样有助于它们问题的解决。 由于这个定理,塔斯基提出要避免语义的悖论,必须把语言的表述功能和对语言的评判功能分开,任何语言都不应该说道自己写的句子,只能用高一级的语言来进行。这时被评判的称为“对象语言( object language )”,评判者称为“元语言 (meta language) ”,元语言具有对象语言的语法、逻辑关系等表达能力,再加上对对象语言的评判能力。例如,在对象语言可以说“雪是白的”,但不能说“‘雪是白的’是真的”,只能在元语言说这样的话,而(“‘雪是白的’是真的”是真的)只能在更高一级语言中说。这样我们就把语言分了层次,每一个层次的语言都不是语义上封闭的,不能说道自己。不谈自身就什么麻烦都没有了。 在这个规定下,所有的语句都不能指向自己,也不可能通过自我指涉链的传递,指向高阶的评判语句,这就解开了自我指涉,也就没有了这类的悖论。 那么如何定义真理呢?从塔斯基定理知道,在对象语言里不能包含 T 模式,说句子为真必须在元语言中。指称对象语言中一个句子为真的谓词(式子 T )在元语言中表述,在元语言里定义了这个为真的谓词,它必须能够满足 T 模式所产生的例子,并且被元语言系统逻辑地证明 。这可以通过满足所有 T 模式简单句,和定义它们逻辑连接词形成的复合句来实现。这样形式语言公理化的定义,可以通过一系列繁杂机械性的工作来完成了。这样子, L 0 语言里的句子,由元语言 L 1 定义的 T 1 谓词来评判它的真假, L 1 语言由高一级元语言 L 2 里来描述并定义 T 2 谓词,用 L 0 , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 ,。。。,来表示层次结构里的语言,每个 L n 里定义下面层次语句为真的谓词 T n ,和其他层次的不是同一个词,每一个层次的语言都不是语义封闭的,以此来避免悖论。【 3 】【 4 】 在 1985 年 Yablo 发现类似于谎言悖论,但不是自我指涉的语义悖论。他构造了一个无穷系列的句子链,每个句子都说后面的句子不对。即对于每个自然数 i ,定义 S i = “ for all ji, S j is not true ”。我们先用反证法证明没有一个句子是对的。如若不然,则有个 i , S i 是对的。这句子说 ji 之后的 S j 都不对。特别有 S i+1 不对。否定了这句,那么 至少有个 k,ki+1 ,句子 S k 是对的了,但这与 S i 的断言相矛盾。这证明了每个句子都不对,包括 S 0 。但如果是这样,则对所有 i0 , S i 都不对, S 0 说的便是事实,这又成了矛盾。 这个悖论没有通过一个闭合的链条指向自己,所以不是个自我指涉的悖论,发生悖论的原因是非 well-founded 的,即它具有无穷的包含关系。要阻止这类悖论,要求某些下降型的层次结构语言是 well-founded 的。 有了明确的语言层次结构,能够避免自我指涉等悖论的困境,大家高兴了几十年 , 但新的问题又来了。 (待续) 【参考资料】 【1】 Wikipedia , Diagonal lemma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_lemma 【2】 Wikipedia , Tarski's undefinability theorem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s_undefinability_theorem 【3】 SEP , Tarski's Truth Definitions http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski-truth/ 【4】塔斯基的真理論 http://callmecallme.blogspot.com/2007/02/blog-post.html
stinging gold swarms upon the spires silver chants the litanies the great bells are ringing with rose the lewd fat bells and a tall wind is dragging the sea with dream -S 金光 炫目 教堂顶 银辉 伴随 喃喃祈祷声 洪钟殷殷向晚鸣 显出臃肿污秽影 只有微风 袅袅 浩海泛波纹, 曳碧波 千万- 顷 【上文出处】 《语言与翻译经纬》(Linguistics and Translation) 萧立明 国防工业出版社 2013
找到R程序的etc文件夹中 Rconsole,以管理员身份打开记事本,用记事本开 Rconsole。 找到“ language = ”一行,将其改为 language = en 。保存即可。 方法参考以下博文: http://mito.air-nifty.com/mitoakiyoshiblog/2011/01/how-to-change-l.html How to change language setting of R on Windows I read FAQ on CRAN, but it was a bit confusing to a novice like me. So here is the screenshot. First, go to the etc folder under R program files folder. Then locate Rconsole file. Find the line language = , change it to language = en if you want to run R in English. Save the file. Windows (I am using Windows 7.) told me that I have no permission to change the Rconsole file and that I should contact the administrator. Thank you. ! I am the administrator/user. I had to right click on the Rconsole file icon, select Property and grant a permission to modify the file to myself, the user.
what are your views on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)? LSA is a cool machine learning technique based on lexical evidence of co-occurrence in order to decode the underlying semantic categories (clustering or classification) of the given text (Deerwester et al. 1990). Typically, the first step of LSA is to construct word-vs.-document co-occurrence matrix. Then singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed on this co-occurring matrix. The key idea of LSA is to reduce noise or insignificant association patterns by filtering the insignificant components uncovered by SVD. Given that there is no parsing, no structures, hence no understanding involved in LSA, it is amazingly successful in some areas which are supposed to require Natural Language Understanding (NLU) or Artificial Intelligence (AI). For example, it is a dominant approach in the area of automatic grading of high school reading comprehension tests, at least it was dominant 8 years ago when I was collaborating with education researchers in proposing a new parsing based approach to this task to compete with the popular LSA approach. The reason for its (partial) success in uncovering some natural language semantics lies in the fact that sentences have two sides: structures (trees) and words (nodes). Putting structures aside, the words used in a natural language document (discourse) are not random collection, they have inherent lexical coherence holding them together to make sense. In addition. the lexical coherence evidence and the structural evidence are often overlapping in terms of reflecting underlying semantics to certain extent. Therefore, for some coarse-grained semantic tasks, there is a possibility of maximizing the use of the lexical side of evidence to do the job, ignoring the structure part of language. But there is a fundamental defect in LSA that limits how far it can go in decoding semantics, due to the lack of structures. In my past research, we have used LSA in our Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) research project, as an auxiliary method to help perform synonym expansion in order to generalize our parsing evidence from literal node to cluster node. It seems to be effective to certain extent, but cannot be claimed better than using synonym lexicon encoded by linguists if we had human resources. It does have the benefit of automatically clustering synonyms based on the data, hence automatically adapting to the domain we are interested in. The weakness of LSA is the same as most other so-called bag of words (BOW) learning approaches based on keyword density or co-occurrence. Since LSA does not involve structures or understanding, it is at best an approximation to the effect of parsing-based (or understanding-based) approaches for almost all the tasks involving natural language text. In other words, the quality in theory (and in practice as well, as long as the parser is not built by inexperienced linguists) can hardly beat a parsing-based rule system. Another weakness of LSA is that it is much more difficult to debug a learned system for a given error or error type in results. Either you tolerate it all or you re-train LSA with new or expanded data, in which case there is no guarantee that the bulk results will get that error corrected. In a rule based system of multiple levels, it is much easier to localize the error source and fix it. My own experience with using LSA for synonyms clustering is that when I examine the results, I sort of feel that it seems to make sense, but there are numerous cases which are beyond comprehension: it was difficult to determine whether that incomprehensible part of the results is due to the noise of imperfect data and/or bugs in the algorithm, hence difficult in coming up with effective corrective methods. When we talk about rule-based semantic approach, we do not mean that the approach only relies on parsing structure in decoding semantics. When we do semantics, whether extracting sentiments, or factual events, we always bring lexical evidence and structural evidence together in accomplishing the task. For example, in order to extract the emotional sentiment of an agent expressed towards an object or brand, our sentiment rule will involve trigger words like love/like/favor/prefer and then check its logical/grammatical subject and object of certain lexical type (e.g. human type versus non-human type) to ensure we decode the semantics of the underlying text precisely. As you see, the rule approach thus used has the advantage of having two types of evidence support than LSA that has only one type of evidence. This is a fundamental difference when we compare rules with BOW class of techniques, no matter what new approaches or techniques are hot in the community. Admittedly, BOW learning in general and LSA in particular do have the benefit of being robust in handling noisy data and it can also be quickly built up once data are available. The automatic adaptation to a domain based on the training data is also a strength as it narrows down the semantic space to start with. The approximation in treating language as a black box rather than analyzing language as a de-composable hierarchy of structures is sometimes good enough in certain use cases of semantics. LSA is often cited as an alternative to grammar approach partially because it got a good, eye-catching name, I guess. It suddenly shortens the distance between sentence meaning and the building blocks words, without the trouble of having to use structures as a bridge. (But language is structured! As true as the earth is revolving.) 【相关篇什】 【科普笔记:没有语言结构可以解析语义么?(之二)】 泥沙龙笔记:儿童语言没有文法的问题 2015-07-01 【置顶:立委科学网博客NLP博文一览(定期更新版)】
http://personality-project.org/r/r.anova.html Mixed (between and Within) designs Now it's time to get serious. Appendix V contains the data of an experiment with 18 subjects, 9 males and 9 females. Each subject is given one of three possible dosages of a drug. All subjects are then tested on recall of three types of words (positive, negative and neutral) using two types of memory tasks (cued and free recall). There are thus 2 between-subjects variables: Gender (2 levels) and Dosage (3 levels); and 2 within-subjects variables: Task (2 levels) and Valence (3 levels). Get the data from the file and run the following analysis: aov.ex5 _ aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),ex5) Notice that you must segregate between- and within-subjects variables in your command. In the above example, I have put the within-subjects factors first with the within-subjects error term, followed by the between-subjects factors. datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix5.data data.ex5=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex5 #show the data aov.ex5 = aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),data.ex5 ) summary(aov.ex5) print(model.tables(aov.ex5,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Recall~Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage,data=data.ex5) #graphical summary of means of the 36 cells boxplot(Recall~Task*Valence*Dosage,data=data.ex5) #graphical summary of means of 18 cells Should result in the following (extensive) output: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix5.data data.example5=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.example5 #show the data Obs Subject Gender Dosage Task Valence Recall 1 1 A M A F Neg 8 2 2 A M A F Neu 9 3 3 A M A F Pos 5 4 4 A M A C Neg 7 5 5 A M A C Neu 9 6 6 A M A C Pos 10 7 7 B M A F Neg 12 8 8 B M A F Neu 13 9 9 B M A F Pos 14 10 10 B M A C Neg 16 ... SNIP .... 100 100 Q F C C Neg 17 101 101 Q F C C Neu 19 102 102 Q F C C Pos 19 103 103 R F C F Neg 19 104 104 R F C F Neu 17 105 105 R F C F Pos 19 106 106 R F C C Neg 22 107 107 R F C C Neu 21 108 108 R F C C Pos 20 aov.ex5=aov.ex5 = aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),data.example5 ) summary(aov.ex5) Error: Subject Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Gender 1 542.26 542.26 5.6853 0.03449 * Dosage 2 694.91 347.45 3.6429 0.05803 . Gender:Dosage 2 70.80 35.40 0.3711 0.69760 Residuals 12 1144.56 95.38 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Task Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task 1 96.333 96.333 39.8621 3.868e-05 *** Task:Gender 1 1.333 1.333 0.5517 0.4719 Task:Dosage 2 8.167 4.083 1.6897 0.2257 Task:Gender:Dosage 2 3.167 1.583 0.6552 0.5370 Residuals 12 29.000 2.417 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Valence 2 14.685 7.343 2.9981 0.06882 . Valence:Gender 2 3.907 1.954 0.7977 0.46193 Valence:Dosage 4 20.259 5.065 2.0681 0.11663 Valence:Gender:Dosage 4 1.037 0.259 0.1059 0.97935 Residuals 24 58.778 2.449 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Task:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task:Valence 2 5.389 2.694 1.3197 0.2859 Task:Valence:Gender 2 2.167 1.083 0.5306 0.5950 Task:Valence:Dosage 4 2.778 0.694 0.3401 0.8482 Task:Valence:Gender:Dosage 4 2.667 0.667 0.3265 0.8574 Residuals 24 49.000 2.042 print(model.tables(aov.ex5,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 15.62963 Task C F 16.6 14.7 rep 54.0 54.0 Valence Neg Neu Pos 15.3 15.5 16.1 rep 36.0 36.0 36.0 Gender F M 17.9 13.4 rep 54.0 54.0 Dosage A B C 14.2 13.5 19.2 rep 36.0 36.0 36.0 Task:Valence Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 16.00 16.72 17.00 rep 18.00 18.00 18.00 F 14.56 14.22 15.28 rep 18.00 18.00 18.00 Task:Gender Gender Task F M C 18.93 14.22 rep 27.00 27.00 F 16.81 12.56 rep 27.00 27.00 Valence:Gender Gender Valence F M Neg 17.67 12.89 rep 18.00 18.00 Neu 17.44 13.50 rep 18.00 18.00 Pos 18.50 13.78 rep 18.00 18.00 ... snip .... , , Gender = M, Dosage = B Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 10.00 11.67 12.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 8.33 8.67 11.00 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 , , Gender = F, Dosage = C Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 20.67 21.67 21.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 19.67 18.67 20.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 , , Gender = M, Dosage = C Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 18.00 19.00 19.00 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 17.33 17.33 17.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00
http://personality-project.org/r/r.anova.html (Repeated measures ANOVA) One way ANOVA - within subjects Example 3. One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA Five subjects are asked to memorize a list of words. The words on this list are of three types: positive words, negative words and neutral words. Their recall data by word type is displayed in Appendix III. Note that there is a single factor (Valence ) with three levels (negative, neutral and positive). In addition, there is also a random factor Subject . Create a data file ex3 that contains this data. Again it is important that each observation appears on an individual line! Note that this is not the standard way of thinking about data. Example 6 will show how to transform data from the standard data table into this form. #Run the analysis: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix3.data data.ex3=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex3 #show the data aov.ex3 = aov(Recall~Valence+Error(Subject/Valence),data.ex3) summary(aov.ex3) print(model.tables(aov.ex3,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Recall~Valence,data=data.ex3) #graphical output Because Valence is crossed with the random factor Subject (i.e., every subject sees all three types of words), you must specify the error term for Valence , which in this case is Subject by Valence . Do this by adding the termError(Subject/Valence) to the factor Valence , as shown above. The output will look like: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix3.data data.ex3=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex3 #show the data Observation Subject Valence Recall 1 1 Jim Neg 32 2 2 Jim Neu 15 3 3 Jim Pos 45 4 4 Victor Neg 30 5 5 Victor Neu 13 6 6 Victor Pos 40 7 7 Faye Neg 26 8 8 Faye Neu 12 9 9 Faye Pos 42 10 10 Ron Neg 22 11 11 Ron Neu 10 12 12 Ron Pos 38 13 13 Jason Neg 29 14 14 Jason Neu 8 15 15 Jason Pos 35 aov.ex3 = aov(Recall~Valence+Error(Subject/Valence),data.ex3) summary(aov.ex3) Error: Subject Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Residuals 4 105.067 26.267 Error: Subject:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Valence 2 2029.73 1014.87 189.11 1.841e-07 *** Residuals 8 42.93 5.37 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 print(model.tables(aov.ex3,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 26.46667 Valence Valence Neg Neu Pos 27.8 11.6 40.0 The analysis of between-subjects factors will appear first (there are none in this case), followed by the within-subjects factors. Note that the p value for Valence is displayed in exponential notation; this occurs when the p value is extremely low, as it is in this case (approximately .00000018). Two-way Within Subjects ANOVA Example 4. Two-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA Appendix IV contains the data from an experiment where five subjects were tested on their recall of words of differing valences. There were two different memory tasks: free or cued recall. Thus, there were 2 independent factors: Valence (3 levels) and Task (2 levels). Again, Subject serves as a random factor. Enter the data into a file entitled ex4 and run the following analysis: In this example, Subject is crossed with both Task and Valence , so you must specify three different error terms: one forTask , one for Valence and one for the interaction between the two. Fortunately, R is smart enough to divide up the within-subjects error term properly as long as you specify it in your command. The commands are: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix4.data data.ex4=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex4 #show the data aov.ex4=aov(Recall~(Task*Valence)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence)),data.ex4 ) summary(aov.ex4) print(model.tables(aov.ex4,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Recall~Task*Valence,data=data.ex4) #graphical summary of means of the 6 cells results in the following output datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix4.data data.example4=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.example4 #show the data Observation Subject Task Valence Recall 1 1 Jim Free Neg 8 2 2 Jim Free Neu 9 3 3 Jim Free Pos 5 4 4 Jim Cued Neg 7 5 5 Jim Cued Neu 9 6 6 Jim Cued Pos 10 7 7 Victor Free Neg 12 8 8 Victor Free Neu 13 9 9 Victor Free Pos 14 10 10 Victor Cued Neg 16 11 11 Victor Cued Neu 13 12 12 Victor Cued Pos 14 13 13 Faye Free Neg 13 14 14 Faye Free Neu 13 15 15 Faye Free Pos 12 16 16 Faye Cued Neg 15 17 17 Faye Cued Neu 16 18 18 Faye Cued Pos 14 19 19 Ron Free Neg 12 20 20 Ron Free Neu 14 21 21 Ron Free Pos 15 22 22 Ron Cued Neg 17 23 23 Ron Cued Neu 18 24 24 Ron Cued Pos 20 25 25 Jason Free Neg 6 26 26 Jason Free Neu 7 27 27 Jason Free Pos 9 28 28 Jason Cued Neg 4 29 29 Jason Cued Neu 9 30 30 Jason Cued Pos 10 aov.ex4=aov(Recall~(Task*Valence)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence)),data.example4 ) summary(aov.ex4) Error: Subject Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Residuals 4 349.13 87.28 Error: Subject:Task Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task 1 30.0000 30.0000 7.3469 0.05351 . Residuals 4 16.3333 4.0833 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Valence 2 9.8000 4.9000 1.4591 0.2883 Residuals 8 26.8667 3.3583 Error: Subject:Task:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task:Valence 2 1.4000 0.7000 0.2907 0.7553 Residuals 8 19.2667 2.4083 print(model.tables(aov.ex4,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 11.8 Task Cued Free 12.8 10.8 rep 15.0 15.0 Valence Neg Neu Pos 11 12.1 12.3 rep 10 10.0 10.0 Task:Valence Valence Task Neg Neu Pos Cued 11.8 13.0 13.6 rep 5.0 5.0 5.0 Free 10.2 11.2 11.0 rep 5.0 5.0 5.0 ------------------------------------------------------------- # Note 这里用的模型是: aov.ex4=aov(Recall~(Task*Valence)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence)),data.example4 ) 而上篇博文中用的是: aov.out = aov(SSS ~ diet * test + Error(subject/test), data=hill) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=285393do=blogid=672361 区别在与第一个模型中,两个变量都基于重复测量。即每个个体都经历过各种组合的处理。 而第二个模型中,一部分个体经过diet中的 chicken ,而另一部分个体经过diet中的 chicken 的 pasta , 所以diet不是within变量。
R and Analysis of Variance A special case of the linear model is the situation where the predictor variables are categorical. In psychological research this usually reflects experimental design where the independent variables are multiple levels of some experimental manipulation (e.g., drug administration, recall instructions, etc.) The first 5 examples are adapted from the guide to S+ developed by TAs for Roger Ratcliff. For more detail on data entry consult that guide. The last three examples discuss how to reorganize the data from a standard data frame into one appropriate for within subject analyses. For this discussion, I assume that appropriate data files have been created in a text editor and saved in a subjects x variables table. One Way Analysis of Variance Example 1: Three levels of drug were administered to 18 subjects. Do descriptive statistics on the groups, and then do a one way analysis of variance. The ANOVA command is aov: aov.ex1= aov(Alertness~Dosage,data=ex1) It is important to note the order of the arguments. The first argument is always the dependent variable (Alertness ). It is followed by the tilde symbol (~) and the independent variable(s). The final argument for aov is the name of the data structure that is being analyzed. aov.ex1 is the name of the structure you want the analysis to store. This general format will hold true for all ANOVAs you will conduct. The results of the ANOVA can be seen with the summary command: #tell where the data come from datafilename=http://personality-project.org/R/datasets/R.appendix1.data data.ex1=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table aov.ex1 = aov(Alertness~Dosage,data=data.ex1) #do the analysis of variance summary(aov.ex1) #show the summary table print(model.tables(aov.ex1,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Alertness~Dosage,data=data.ex1) #graphical summary produces this output datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix1.data data.ex1=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table aov.ex1 = aov(Alertness~Dosage,data=data.ex1) #do the analysis of variance summary(aov.ex1) #show the summary table Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Dosage 2 426.25 213.12 8.7887 0.002977 ** Residuals 15 363.75 24.25 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 print(model.tables(aov.ex1,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 27.66667 Dosage a b c 32.5 28.2 19.2 rep 6.0 8.0 4.0 Two way - between subject analysis of variance Data are from an experiment in which alertness level of male and female subjects was measured after they had been given one of two possible dosages of a drug. Thus, this is a 2X2 design with the factors being Gender and Dosage. Read the data file containing this data. Notice that there are two independent variables in this example, separated by an asterisk *. The asterisk indicates to R that the interaction between the two factors is interesting and should be analyzed. If interactions are not important, replace the asterisk with a plus sign (+). Run the analysis: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix2.data data.ex2=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex2 #show the data aov.ex2 = aov(Alertness~Gender*Dosage,data=data.ex2) #do the analysis of variance summary(aov.ex2) #show the summary table print(model.tables(aov.ex2,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Alertness~Dosage*Gender,data=data.ex2) #graphical summary of means of the 4 cells The output should look like the following: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix2.data data.example2=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.example2 #show the data Observation Gender Dosage Alertness 1 1 m a 8 2 2 m a 12 3 3 m a 13 4 4 m a 12 5 5 m b 6 6 6 m b 7 7 7 m b 23 8 8 m b 14 9 9 f a 15 10 10 f a 12 11 11 f a 22 12 12 f a 14 13 13 f b 15 14 14 f b 12 15 15 f b 18 16 16 f b 22 aov.ex2 = aov(Alertness~Gender*Dosage,data=data.example2) #do the analysis of variance summary(aov.ex2) #show the summary table Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Gender 1 76.562 76.562 2.9518 0.1115 Dosage 1 5.062 5.062 0.1952 0.6665 Gender:Dosage 1 0.063 0.063 0.0024 0.9617 Residuals 12 311.250 25.938 print(model.tables(aov.ex2,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 14.0625 Gender f m 16.2 11.9 rep 8.0 8.0 Dosage a b 13.5 14.6 rep 8.0 8.0 Gender:Dosage Dosage Gender a b f 15.75 16.75 rep 4.00 4.00 m 11.25 12.50 rep 4.00 4.00 The generalization to n way ANOVA is straightforward.
'Languagegene'speedslearning ‘ 语言基因 ’ 让你学的更快 Mouse study suggests that mutation to FOXP2 gene may have helped humans learn the muscle movements for speech. 对老鼠的研究表明: FOXP2 基因变异可能会对人们掌握说话时的肌肉运动有帮助。 A mutation t hat appeared more than half a million years ago may have helped humans learn the complex muscle movements that are critical to speech and language. 50 万年前出现的变异可能一直在帮助人们掌握复杂的肌肉运动,这种肌肉运动对说话和语言至关重要。 The claim stems from the finding that mice genetically engineered to produce the human form of the gene, called FOXP2 , learn more quickly than their normal counterparts. 这一说法源自这样的发现:通过基因改良的老鼠产生了人类具有的基因,这种基因叫 FOXP2 ,这些老鼠比他们的同伙(没有基因改良的老鼠)学的更快。 The work was presented by Christiane Schreiweis, a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, at the Society for Neuroscience meeting this week in Washington DC this week. 德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进化研究院 (MPI) 的一位神经学家,叫做克里斯汀 - 施瑞斯,在本周出席在华盛顿召开的神经科学协会会议上提交了上述发现。 Scientists discovered FOXP2 in the 1990s by studying a British family known as 'KE' in which three generations suffered from severe speech and language problems 1 . Those with language problems were found to share an inherited mutation that inactivates one copy of FOXP2 . 科学家发现 FOXP2 基因是上世纪 90 年代的事,当时科学家对英国一家代号为 ‘KE’ 的家庭进行研究,这家三代人都有严重的说话和语言障碍。这三代人都遗传了一个变异,这个变异阻止了 FOXP2 基因的复制。 Most vertebrates have nearly identical versions of the gene, which is involved in the development of brain circuits important for the learning of movement. The human version of FOXP2, the protein encoded by the gene, differs from that of chimpanzees at two amino acids, hinting that changes to the human form may have had a hand in the evolution of language. 多数脊椎动物都有几乎一样的 FOXP2 基因形式,这种基因涉及到对掌握运动至关重要的脑部的发育。人类的 FOXP2 基因(该基因编码的蛋白质)与黑猩猩的相比有两个氨基酸不同,这表明人类的这种基因变化可能对语言的进化发挥了作用。 A team led by Schreiweis’ colleague Svante Pääbo discovered that the gene is identical in modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) and Neanderthals ( Homo neanderthalensis ), suggesting that the mutation appeared before these two human lineages diverged around 500,000 years ago. 施瑞斯的一个同事叫做塞万提 - 帕博,他领导的一个小组发现了现代人(智人)和穴居人(尼安德特人)的 FOXP2 基因是一样的。这表明在 50 万年前这两支人类先祖分道扬镳之前变异就出现了。 Altered squeaks 变了的叫声 A few years ago, researchers at the MPI Leipzig engineered mice to make the human FOXP2 protein. The ‘humanized’ mice were less intrepid explorers and, when separated from their mothers, pups produced altered ultrasonic squeaks compared to pups with the mouse version of FOXP2. 几年前,德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进化研究院 (MPI) 的研究人员对老鼠进行了基因改造,让老鼠具有人类的 FOXP2 基因蛋白。这种 ‘ 人类化的 ’ 老鼠变成了胆小的探险者,并且当把它们和它们的妈妈分开时,与带有老鼠原版 FOXP2 基因的小老鼠相比,这些基因改良后的小老鼠会发出变化了的超声波叫声。 Their brains, compared with those of normal mice, contained neurons with more and longer dendrites — the tendrils that help neurons communicate with each other. Another difference was that cells in a brain region called the basal ganglia were quicker to become unresponsive after repeated electrical stimulation, a trait called ‘long-term depression’ that is implicated in learning and memory. 改造后老鼠的大脑与正常老鼠的大脑相比较,含有更多的神经元而且神经元的树突更长。神经元树突是一种须状物,可以帮助神经元相互之间进行通讯交流。另外一个不同是,改造后的老鼠大脑底部神经中枢的脑细胞经过反复的电刺激后,更快进入冷漠状态,这一特征叫 ‘ 长期压抑 ’ ,这种 ‘ 长期压抑 ’ 涉及到学习和记忆。 At the neuroscience meeting, Schreiweis reported that mice with the human form of FOXP2 learn more quickly than ordinary mice. She challenged mice to solve a maze that involved turning either left or right to find a water reward. A visual clue, such as a star, along with the texture of the maze's surface, showed the correct direction to turn. 在神经科学大会上,施瑞斯报告说:具有人类 FOXP2 基因的老鼠比普通老鼠学习的更快。他让老鼠走迷宫,左转或者右转,走对了就奖给老鼠水喝。在迷宫里有诸如星状的可视标记,加上通道的表面的质感,可以指明正确的方向。 After eight days of practice, mice with the human form of FOXP2 learnt to follow the clues to the water 70% of the time. Normal mice took an additional four days to reach this level. Schreiweis says that the human form of the gene allowed mice to more quickly integrate the visual and tactile clues when learning to solve the maze. 经过 8 天练习后,带有人类 FOXP2 基因的老鼠在 70% 的情况下可以根据线索找到水喝。普通老鼠需要另外化四天时间练习才能达到这样的水平。施瑞斯说:在老鼠走迷宫时,人类的 FOXP2 基因让老鼠更快的把可视线索和触觉线索联系在一起。 In humans, she says, the mutation to FOXP2 might have helped our species learn the complex muscle movements needed to form basic sounds and then combine these sounds into words and sentences. 对人类而言,他说,向 FOXP2 基因的变异可能帮助了我们这一物种掌握复杂的肌肉运动,要形成基本声音然后把基本声音合成为字然后再合成为句子,复杂的肌肉运动是必须的。 Another MPI team member, Ulrich Bornschein, presented work at the neuroscience meeting showing that the changes to brain circuitry that lead to quicker learning come about with just one of the two amino-acid changes in the human form of FOXP2 . The second mutation may do nothing. 另一个 MPI 小组成员,叫做乌里奇 - 本斯新,在神经科学大会上提出了他的研究结果,他的结果表明:导致学习更快的脑部变化的只是人类 FOXP2 基因里两个变化了氨基酸中的一个,另一个变化了的氨基酸毫无作用。 “That makes sense,” says Genevieve Konopka, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, who also studies FOXP2 . Carnivores, including dogs and wolves, independently evolved the other human FOXP2 mutation, with no obvious effect on their brains. 位于达拉斯的得克萨斯大学西南医学中心的一位神经学家,叫做吉纳维夫 - 科诺普柯,也在研究 FOXP2 基因。他说: ‘ 是那样 ’ 。食肉动物,包括狗和狼,独立的进化成了其他的人类 FOXP2 基因变种,对它们的大脑没有明显影响。 Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, a neuroscientist at University College London who has studied the KE family in which FOXP2 is mutated, thinks that the new findings could help explain the gene's role in perfecting the facial movements involved in speech. 法拉尼 - 乌迦 - 科登是伦敦大学分院的神经学家,她研究了 KE 家族 FOXP2 基因变异,她认为新的发现可以帮助我们解释在说话时形成的脸部运动中 FOXP2 基因所起的作用。 But she does not see how changes in basic learning circuitry could explain how FOXP2 helps humans to automatically and effortlessly translate their thoughts into spoken language. “You are not deciding how you are going to move your muscles to form these sounds,” she says. 但是她没有找到如何用(负责学习的)脑部变化来解释 FOXP2 基因是如何帮助人类自觉地而且毫不费力地把想法转换成口头语言的。她说: “ 人们不用刻意去想如何使用你的肌肉来发出声音 ” 。 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_70f7edbc0100ydq3.html Scientists Identify a Language Gene Bijal P. Trivedi for National Geographic Today October 4, 2001 Researchers in England have identified the first gene to be linked to language and speech, suggesting that our human urge to babble and chat is innate, and that our linguistic abilities are at least partially hardwired. "It is important to realize that this is a gene associated with language, not the gene," said Anthony Monaco of the University of Oxford, England, who led the genetic aspects of the study. The gene is required during early embryonic development for formation of brain regions associated with speech and language. The gene, called FOXP2, was identified through studies of a severe speech and language disorder that affects almost half the members of a large family, identified only as "KE." Individuals with the disorder are unable to select and produce the fine movements with the tongue and lips that are necessary to speak clearly. "The most obvious feature is that they are unintelligible both to naive listeners and to other KE family members without the disorder," said neurologist Faraneh Vargha-Khadem of London's Institute for Child Health, who studied the family. The members of the family also have dyslexic tendencies, difficulty processing sentences, and poor spelling and grammar. FOXP2 is responsible for the rare disorder seen in the KE family that is a unique mixture of motor and language impediments, said Monaco. But, Monaco cautioned, "FOXP2 is unlikely to be the cause of less severe language deficits that affect approximately 4 percent of schoolchildren. FOXP2 will not be the major gene involved in most of these cases." Their findings are published in the October 4 issue of the journal Nature. Using data from the KE family, researchers narrowed the location of the FOXP2 gene to a region of chromosome 7 that contained about 70 genes. Analyzing these genes one by one is a task that could easily have taken more than a year. But Monaco's team made a breakthrough when researcher Jane Hurst of Oxford Radcliffe Hospital identified a British boy, unrelated to the KE family, who had an almost identical language deficit. The boy, known as "CS," had a visible defect in chromosome 7 that specifically affected the FOXP2 gene. "The defect was like a signpost, precisely highlighting the gene responsible for the speech disorder," said Monaco. The FOXP2 gene produces a protein called a transcription factor, which attaches itself to other regions of DNA and switches genes on and off. In the KE family, one of 2,500 units of DNA that make up the FOXP2 gene is mutated. Monaco suggested that this mutation prevents FOXP2 from activating the normal sequence of genes required for early brain development. "It is extraordinary that such a minute change in the gene is sufficient to disrupt a faculty as vital as language," he said. Although humans have two copies of every gene, just one mutated copy of FOXP2—as in the case of both CS and the KE family—can have devastating effects on brain development, said Vargha-Khadem. Brain imaging studies of the KE family revealed that affected members have abnormal basal ganglia—a region in the brain involved with movement—which could explain difficulty in moving the lips and tongue. Regions of the cortex involved in speech and language also appear aberrant. The discovery of FOXP2 offers Monaco and other geneticists a probe to fish for other genes involved in development—specifically those directly controlled by FOXP2. Also in progress is a collaborative project to study the evolution of the human FOXP2 gene by comparing it with versions in chimps and other primates. Monaco speculates that differences between the FOXP2 gene in humans and chimps may reveal a genetic basis for differing abilities to communicate. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/10/1004_TVlanguagegene_2.html
Here enclosed a piece of news (old news) about language gene: Scientists Identify a Language Gene Bijal P. Trivedi for National Geographic Today October 4, 2001 Researchers in England have identified the first gene to be linked to language and speech, suggesting that our human urge to babble and chat is innate, and that our linguistic abilities are at least partially hardwired. "It is important to realize that this is a gene associated with language, not the gene," said Anthony Monaco of the University of Oxford, England, who led the genetic aspects of the study. The gene is required during early embryonic development for formation of brain regions associated with speech and language. The gene, called FOXP2, was identified through studies of a severe speech and language disorder that affects almost half the members of a large family, identified only as "KE." Individuals with the disorder are unable to select and produce the fine movements with the tongue and lips that are necessary to speak clearly. "The most obvious feature is that they are unintelligible both to naive listeners and to other KE family members without the disorder," said neurologist Faraneh Vargha-Khadem of London's Institute for Child Health, who studied the family. The members of the family also have dyslexic tendencies, difficulty processing sentences, and poor spelling and grammar. FOXP2 is responsible for the rare disorder seen in the KE family that is a unique mixture of motor and language impediments, said Monaco. But, Monaco cautioned, "FOXP2 is unlikely to be the cause of less severe language deficits that affect approximately 4 percent of schoolchildren. FOXP2 will not be the major gene involved in most of these cases." Their findings are published in the October 4 issue of the journal Nature. Using data from the KE family, researchers narrowed the location of the FOXP2 gene to a region of chromosome 7 that contained about 70 genes. Analyzing these genes one by one is a task that could easily have taken more than a year. But Monaco's team made a breakthrough when researcher Jane Hurst of Oxford Radcliffe Hospital identified a British boy, unrelated to the KE family, who had an almost identical language deficit. The boy, known as "CS," had a visible defect in chromosome 7 that specifically affected the FOXP2 gene. "The defect was like a signpost, precisely highlighting the gene responsible for the speech disorder," said Monaco. The FOXP2 gene produces a protein called a transcription factor, which attaches itself to other regions of DNA and switches genes on and off. In the KE family, one of 2,500 units of DNA that make up the FOXP2 gene is mutated. Monaco suggested that this mutation prevents FOXP2 from activating the normal sequence of genes required for early brain development. "It is extraordinary that such a minute change in the gene is sufficient to disrupt a faculty as vital as language," he said. Although humans have two copies of every gene, just one mutated copy of FOXP2—as in the case of both CS and the KE family—can have devastating effects on brain development, said Vargha-Khadem. Brain imaging studies of the KE family revealed that affected members have abnormal basal ganglia—a region in the brain involved with movement—which could explain difficulty in moving the lips and tongue. Regions of the cortex involved in speech and language also appear aberrant. The discovery of FOXP2 offers Monaco and other geneticists a probe to fish for other genes involved in development—specifically those directly controlled by FOXP2. Also in progress is a collaborative project to study the evolution of the human FOXP2 gene by comparing it with versions in chimps and other primates. Monaco speculates that differences between the FOXP2 gene in humans and chimps may reveal a genetic basis for differing abilities to communicate. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/10/1004_TVlanguagegene_2.html A related passage about language gene: 'Languagegene'speedslearning ‘ 语言基因 ’ 让你学的更快 Mouse study suggests that mutation to FOXP2 gene may have helped humans learn the muscle movements for speech. 对老鼠的研究表明: FOXP2 基因变异可能会对人们掌握说话时的肌肉运动有帮助。 A mutation t hat appeared more than half a million years ago may have helped humans learn the complex muscle movements that are critical to speech and language. 50 万年前出现的变异可能一直在帮助人们掌握复杂的肌肉运动,这种肌肉运动对说话和语言至关重要。 The claim stems from the finding that mice genetically engineered to produce the human form of the gene, called FOXP2 , learn more quickly than their normal counterparts. 这一说法源自这样的发现:通过基因改良的老鼠产生了人类具有的基因,这种基因叫 FOXP2 ,这些老鼠比他们的同伙(没有基因改良的老鼠)学的更快。 The work was presented by Christiane Schreiweis, a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, at the Society for Neuroscience meeting this week in Washington DC this week. 德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进化研究院 (MPI) 的一位神经学家,叫做克里斯汀 - 施瑞斯,在本周出席在华盛顿召开的神经科学协会会议上提交了上述发现。 Scientists discovered FOXP2 in the 1990s by studying a British family known as 'KE' in which three generations suffered from severe speech and language problems 1 . Those with language problems were found to share an inherited mutation that inactivates one copy of FOXP2 . 科学家发现 FOXP2 基因是上世纪 90 年代的事,当时科学家对英国一家代号为 ‘KE’ 的家庭进行研究,这家三代人都有严重的说话和语言障碍。这三代人都遗传了一个变异,这个变异阻止了 FOXP2 基因的复制。 Most vertebrates have nearly identical versions of the gene, which is involved in the development of brain circuits important for the learning of movement. The human version of FOXP2, the protein encoded by the gene, differs from that of chimpanzees at two amino acids, hinting that changes to the human form may have had a hand in the evolution of language. 多数脊椎动物都有几乎一样的 FOXP2 基因形式,这种基因涉及到对掌握运动至关重要的脑部的发育。人类的 FOXP2 基因(该基因编码的蛋白质)与黑猩猩的相比有两个氨基酸不同,这表明人类的这种基因变化可能对语言的进化发挥了作用。 A team led by Schreiweis’ colleague Svante Pbo discovered that the gene is identical in modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) and Neanderthals ( Homo neanderthalensis ), suggesting that the mutation appeared before these two human lineages diverged around 500,000 years ago. 施瑞斯的一个同事叫做塞万提 - 帕博,他领导的一个小组发现了现代人(智人)和穴居人(尼安德特人)的 FOXP2 基因是一样的。这表明在 50 万年前这两支人类先祖分道扬镳之前变异就出现了。 Altered squeaks 变了的叫声 A few years ago, researchers at the MPI Leipzig engineered mice to make the human FOXP2 protein. The ‘humanized’ mice were less intrepid explorers and, when separated from their mothers, pups produced altered ultrasonic squeaks compared to pups with the mouse version of FOXP2. 几年前,德国莱比锡的马科斯普朗克人类进化研究院 (MPI) 的研究人员对老鼠进行了基因改造,让老鼠具有人类的 FOXP2 基因蛋白。这种 ‘ 人类化的 ’ 老鼠变成了胆小的探险者,并且当把它们和它们的妈妈分开时,与带有老鼠原版 FOXP2 基因的小老鼠相比,这些基因改良后的小老鼠会发出变化了的超声波叫声。 Their brains, compared with those of normal mice, contained neurons with more and longer dendrites — the tendrils that help neurons communicate with each other. Another difference was that cells in a brain region called the basal ganglia were quicker to become unresponsive after repeated electrical stimulation, a trait called ‘long-term depression’ that is implicated in learning and memory. 改造后老鼠的大脑与正常老鼠的大脑相比较,含有更多的神经元而且神经元的树突更长。神经元树突是一种须状物,可以帮助神经元相互之间进行通讯交流。另外一个不同是,改造后的老鼠大脑底部神经中枢的脑细胞经过反复的电刺激后,更快进入冷漠状态,这一特征叫 ‘ 长期压抑 ’ ,这种 ‘ 长期压抑 ’ 涉及到学习和记忆。 At the neuroscience meeting, Schreiweis reported that mice with the human form of FOXP2 learn more quickly than ordinary mice. She challenged mice to solve a maze that involved turning either left or right to find a water reward. A visual clue, such as a star, along with the texture of the maze's surface, showed the correct direction to turn. 在神经科学大会上,施瑞斯报告说:具有人类 FOXP2 基因的老鼠比普通老鼠学习的更快。他让老鼠走迷宫,左转或者右转,走对了就奖给老鼠水喝。在迷宫里有诸如星状的可视标记,加上通道的表面的质感,可以指明正确的方向。 After eight days of practice, mice with the human form of FOXP2 learnt to follow the clues to the water 70% of the time. Normal mice took an additional four days to reach this level. Schreiweis says that the human form of the gene allowed mice to more quickly integrate the visual and tactile clues when learning to solve the maze. 经过 8 天练习后,带有人类 FOXP2 基因的老鼠在 70% 的情况下可以根据线索找到水喝。普通老鼠需要另外化四天时间练习才能达到这样的水平。施瑞斯说:在老鼠走迷宫时,人类的 FOXP2 基因让老鼠更快的把可视线索和触觉线索联系在一起。 In humans, she says, the mutation to FOXP2 might have helped our species learn the complex muscle movements needed to form basic sounds and then combine these sounds into words and sentences. 对人类而言,他说,向 FOXP2 基因的变异可能帮助了我们这一物种掌握复杂的肌肉运动,要形成基本声音然后把基本声音合成为字然后再合成为句子,复杂的肌肉运动是必须的。 Another MPI team member, Ulrich Bornschein, presented work at the neuroscience meeting showing that the changes to brain circuitry that lead to quicker learning come about with just one of the two amino-acid changes in the human form of FOXP2 . The second mutation may do nothing. 另一个 MPI 小组成员,叫做乌里奇 - 本斯新,在神经科学大会上提出了他的研究结果,他的结果表明:导致学习更快的脑部变化的只是人类 FOXP2 基因里两个变化了氨基酸中的一个,另一个变化了的氨基酸毫无作用。 “That makes sense,” says Genevieve Konopka, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, who also studies FOXP2 . Carnivores, including dogs and wolves, independently evolved the other human FOXP2 mutation, with no obvious effect on their brains. 位于达拉斯的得克萨斯大学西南医学中心的一位神经学家,叫做吉纳维夫 - 科诺普柯,也在研究 FOXP2 基因。他说: ‘ 是那样 ’ 。食肉动物,包括狗和狼,独立的进化成了其他的人类 FOXP2 基因变种,对它们的大脑没有明显影响。 Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, a neuroscientist at University College London who has studied the KE family in which FOXP2 is mutated, thinks that the new findings could help explain the gene's role in perfecting the facial movements involved in speech. 法拉尼 - 乌迦 - 科登是伦敦大学分院的神经学家,她研究了 KE 家族 FOXP2 基因变异,她认为新的发现可以帮助我们解释在说话时形成的脸部运动中 FOXP2 基因所起的作用。 But she does not see how changes in basic learning circuitry could explain how FOXP2 helps humans to automatically and effortlessly translate their thoughts into spoken language. “You are not deciding how you are going to move your muscles to form these sounds,” she says. 但是她没有找到如何用(负责学习的)脑部变化来解释 FOXP2 基因是如何帮助人类自觉地而且毫不费力地把想法转换成口头语言的。她说: “ 人们不用刻意去想如何使用你的肌肉来发出声音 ” 。 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_70f7edbc0100ydq3.html
做的方向是依存句法分析(dependency parsing) 捋捋最近读的论文: 首先是在读机器学习(具体点说,是深度学习)相关的论文,读到几篇关于神经概率语言模型(neural probabilistic language model)的文章; 语言模型与依存句法分析(dependency parsing)有很紧密的关系,希望可以把这两者结合起来! 下面是一个关于神经概率语言模型的reading list: 【1】 a neural probabilistic language model 这是神经概率语言模型的第一篇论文; 【2】 hierarchical probabilistic neural network language model 在【1】的基础上将词汇分层得到的,优化了算法的时间复杂度; 【3】 three new graphical models for statistical language modeling 作者是Geoffrey Hinton;就是他最早提出了深度学习,深度学习现在在机器学习领域特别火!从2006年开始,它标志着神经网络在机器学习界的复苏!本篇论文是作者将深度学习的部分思想应用在语言模型上的结果。 【4】 a scalable hierarchical distributed language model 作者仍是Geoffrey Hinton;在【3】的基础上将词汇分层得到,与【2】在【1】的基础上的改进工作很类似,不过【2】在【1】上的改进工作主要集中在使用了WordNet作为先验知识;而【4】在【3】上的改进工作是使用了自动的方法。 下面找出来其中最核心的一篇详细分析一下:【1】 a neural probabilistic language model 1.背景知识: 1.1 语言模型 语言模型就是根据一定的训练集按照某个算法训练出来的模型,这个模型可以(1)计算出来某个句子在该模型下出现的概率;(2)在前面若干个词给定的情况下判断下一个词出现的概率; 下边是一个例子: P("I love you") = 0.003, 但是P("I you love")=0.00000003;说明即使在统计的意义下,符合语法规定的句子出现的概率要远远大于不符合语法规定的句子出现的概率; P("you" | "I love") = 0.1,表示在前两个词是"I love"的前提下,下一个词是"you"的可能性是0.1 P("reading" | "I love") = 0.001,表示在前两个词是"I love"的前提下,下一个词是"reading"的可能性是0.001 这个概率表示语言模型体现了统计学的特征,而不单纯是语法学的特征! 1.2 N-gram语言模型 传统的语言模型是N-gram语言模型,即一个很重要的假设: 每一个词出现的概率仅与它前边的N个词有关。 用公示表示如下: N-gram在实际中应用很广泛,但是它有很明显的缺点: 1)参数空间不光滑,经常需要一些平滑算法来弥补 2)对于词典中没出现的词没有办法处理 3.神经语言模型(neural language model)
咱们也看看国际上如何认识中医学概念及其与信息和知识的关系。 阴虚 Yin Deficiency (Disease) 同义词 Hide synonyms (9) Yin Deficiencies Yinxu YIN DEFIC Deficiency, Yin Hsu, Yin Xu, Yin DEFIC YIN Yin Hsu Yin Xu 概念定义 In the YIN-YANG system of philosophy and medicine, an insufficiency of body fluid (called yinxu), manifesting often as irritability, thirst, constipation, etc. (The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary, 1979). (MeSH) 阳虚 Yang Deficiency (Disease) 同义词 Hide synonyms (8) DEFIC YANG Yangxu Yang Xu YANG DEFIC Yang Hsu Deficiency, Yang Hsu, Yang Xu, Yang 概念定义 In the YIN-YANG system of philosophy and medicine, a lack of vital energy (called yangxu in Chinese). It manifests itself in various systemic and organic diseases. (The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary, 1979) (MeSH) 本体语义网络与相关信息和知识: http://www.coremine.com/medical/#search?ids=521582,521583,826846tt=8191org=hst=TERMi=521582kb=summary
讲英语 贾伟 前阵子写过一篇博文《 学英语 》,我掐指一算,已经五个多月过去了。一般而言,五个多月的外语学下来,可以凑合着讲讲了。所以,咱们今天来讲英语。 有个段子,说去年圣诞节前上海的一名巡警拦下一个骑电动车闯红灯的男子,上去盘问: “ 叫什么名字? ” 男子答: “ 讲英语。 ” 。 民警感觉奇怪:“什么名字?” 那个男子提高了声音: “ 讲英语啊! ” 民警没辙,迟疑了一下,重新问道: “Ok, what's your name ? ” 男子掏出身份证,民警拿来一看: “ 蒋英宇“! 我看到这个段子,第一反应是,咱们上海这种国际大都市,警察的文化素质就是高啊! 有一次我在交大徐汇校区碰上一个女子操着法国腔的英语问去国际教育学院怎么走,我跟她讲了方向,怕她依然不懂,就带着她走了一段路,最后分手时她千恩万谢,我不咸不淡地说了句: ”you're quite welcome. In fact, 我希望我在巴黎街头问路,能有人同样用英文回答我。 ” 后面这句话纯粹是有感而发,因为我在巴黎问路就吃过苦头,每一次用英语问上去,对方都用我一字不懂的法语叽里哇啦的给我一通回答,让我郁闷不已。你伟大的法兰西民族瞧不上英语咱没法干涉,有本事你在上海也用法语(或者用中文)问路啊? 因为语言上的唯我独尊,法国佬给人的感觉是有些可爱的自大和固执。但同样在这个方面,香港人给我的印象要差一些。在这个中国的特别行政区, 有很多次我热情洋溢地用普通话跟店员交流,她们都(用粤语)说听不懂;然后我用一连串英语跟她们表述时,她们一面似懂非懂地频频点头,一面赶紧去叫经理来救场。时间久了,我还是能够品出些“端倪”来。香港其实并非是一个对中文全然不懂以至在沟通上一窍不通的地方,就有些港人而言,脑子里懂中文并不代表内心接受中文;当然内心崇拜英文也并不代表脑子里都能听得懂。有一次我乘出租车去浸会大学, 上车后用国语告诉司机地址,结果他用粤语告诉我他听不懂。我一字一顿地重说了一遍,他依然坚定地摇头说听不懂!看着车在飞奔,我又用英文重复了一遍,他还是摇头。我暗骂了一句,便闭口不再跟他啰嗦了,当时心里的直觉告诉我这个家伙是听得懂中文的,否则他的车怎么没有减速而是一个劲地往前开呢?果然不一会儿车到浸会大学的门口便停了下来,下车时我破例没给小费,反正跟他说什么都听不懂嘛。 一些美国同事曾问我在间隔十年后回到美国生活,能感受到什么差异?我说,今天的英文跟十年前相比有了很大的不同,当然这些差异都发生在细微的地方。譬如我刚到北卡, 适逢我们研究校区大楼 grand opening ,一位西装革履的议员上台发言,他庄严地说了一句(我们以前会认为非常口语化的)开场白: I am blown away by this building (这大楼把俺给震了) …… 我们平时开会时,主持会议的会先给大家一个 heads up – 它的意思稍稍发生了些变化,其含义已接近 updates 。而很多人在正式场合喜欢用 24/7 来简化 "24 hours, 7 days a week" 这样的表述。这些日常表述方法在以前也不能说没有,但它们似乎已经从家里或者餐厅里走进了办公室和会议室。在九十年代,你只能从小孩嘴里听到这样一个感叹词: cool, 现在我可以在学术大会上对前面演讲者的方法进行评论: This is a really cool method 而不必担心用词太随意了 。当然,英语中新词汇的最大来源还是网络。几年前如果有人要让你 to "friend" them, 你大概不知道是神马意思,今天很多人都明白它是指在 Facebook 或博客上把对方“加为朋友”的意思。现在老外会很自然地把事物的两方面用 Yin and yang (阴阳)来表示,而 networking 已经正式当作人际交往的词汇来使用了。另外,很多老外们喜欢“拽”两句来自中文的词汇,如 guanxi (关系), jiayou (加油), ma-ma-hu-hu (马马虎虎),以显示他们在语言上涉略广泛。我一个月前跟一位美国商人吃早餐,他在跟我说中国维持经济稳定的必要性时,用了一个词 – “ Baoba,” 我硬是想了几秒钟,才猜出他说的是我们 2012 年 GDP 增长要达到“保八”的目标,当然这个词从他嘴里说出来着实让我吃了一惊。 语言是文化的一部分,学习一门语言其实是在涉入一种文化。一方面,要准确地听懂一门语言,我们需要透彻地理解它所负载的文化信息;另一方面,随着文化的发展, 不仅是英文,每一种语言都处于一种动态的变化之中,讲一口好的英语要做到与时俱进。当然, 从英语的变化中,我们也可以管中窥豹,体会西方人的思维模式、社会行为和生活方式的变化。 记得 90 年代我很喜欢去密苏里的一些乡村餐馆吃饭,那儿有些招待年纪很大,见了我一口一个“ honey” ,就像是我外婆那样的慈祥和温馨。现在的情况有些变化,我前不久在夏洛特机场的一家寿司店吃午餐,店里清一色的都是身材高挑、面目清秀的年轻女子当招待,见了我齐声亲热地叫 ”Sweetie”, 我老人家一下子有点 hold 不住,有点诗人描写的那种“心花怒放”的感觉( by the way, 英语大概叫: heart flower angry open )。这种亲昵的称呼一直幸福地伴随着我吃完午餐,尤其在拿到账单时,一声 sweetie 格外音质柔美,在我耳际一直萦绕着,而且有力地主导我把小费数额往高处写 …… 直到后来我听到她们的另一声 sweetie 叫向一个拖着行李步履蹒跚走来的老先生,才如梦方醒,原来这跟当年密苏里外婆叫我 honey 的意思是一样一样滴。 我想在语言和文化上再啰嗦两句。在美国的华人教授很少进入管理层当官的,比较主流的看法是两个障碍:语言问题 – 英文讲得不如老美好;另一个问题是体系内有歧视因素。近几年我跟在美国高校的一些当上了系主任或院长的华人教授们探讨,说到这个“天花板”效应,大家比较一致的看法是:这个“天花板”是存在的,但似乎不是人家加在我们头上的,而是我们自己在心里给安放上去的。简单地说,在我看来,我的这些当了一官半职的华人朋友们英文水平也好不到哪里去,有的甚至很糟糕(土得掉渣的乡音都很明显),工作单位也有清一色白人(比较保守)的地方,但这些在高校当官的华人们带有共性的人文素养是:理解美国高校的管理理念,善于表达自己的观点,尤其重要的是最后一点 – 不卑不亢、用(跟美国同事)平等的心态去交流。 有时候语言的“简“和“繁“常在生活中碰撞出有意思的火花来。我有个博文说到跟诺贝尔奖获得者 Oliver Smithies 夫妇吃饭,那天晚上有个小插曲,晚饭后我们要了甜点 - 法式烤布蕾 Cr è me Br l é e 。桌上少了把吃甜食的小勺子, Oliver 扬手跟招待说: Will you produce me a spoon ?我当时听到他这句话心里也有些诧异,但一想到 Oliver 自小在英国长大,用 produce 大概是“拿来”的一种旧式表达。但,我们面前的这个二十多岁的招待可是像发现新大陆一样地抓住把柄,开始调侃上 Oliver 了。他严肃地说: Sir, I can’t produce the spoon for you! 这个 spoon 是不能够 produce 出来的,你知道,如果我能够现在给你 produce一把汤勺 出来,我就不会在这儿工作了,我理想的单位将是拉斯维加斯的赌场。" 他把八十几岁的老头挖苦了一通后,话锋一转,学着英国腔说道: However, I can fetch you a spoon – if that’s what you want! 我们一起大笑, Oliver 在一个抢白他的小孩子面前露出稀疏的牙齿,全然不以为忤地憨憨地笑个不停。
There are exactly ten ways of selecting three from five, 12345: 123, 124, 125, 134, 135, 145, 234, 235, 245, and 345 In combinatorics, we use the notation, 5 C 3 = 10. In general, n C r = n! r!(n r)! ,where r n, n! = n (n 1) ... 3 2 1, and 0! = 1. It is not until n = 23, that a value exceeds one-million: 23 C 10 = 1144066. How many, not necessarily distinct, values of n C r , for 1 n 100, are greater than one-million? a = outer(1:100,1:100,choose) length(a ) 4075
引理 1:学习和研究现代数学和科学需要基于事物本质基础之上的分类分层抽象思维。 数学的本质是什么?对于这个问题,每个人当然可以有自己的看法。不过,伟大的数学家庞加莱是这样说的:“它能够达到的并不是像朴素的教条主义者所设想的事物本身,而只是事物之间的关系。在这些关系之外,不存在实在” 。换句话说:数学和科学是关于事物之间关系的学问,离开了事物之间的关系,就不存在现代数学和科学。数学中的事物(对象)是可以“无中生有”的,例如对数的发明就是典型的案例。从这个意义上说,数学也是人类心智的产物,但这个产物要受形式逻辑来约束。科学中的事物(对象)必须是客观物体或蕴藏在客观物体自身的本质特性,因此,科学不仅仅要受形式逻辑约束,更重要的,或者具有终极意义上的,科学必须被实证。例如,太阳、地球、月亮以及它们之间的引力,这些都是科学中的事物(对象),它们之间的运动规律,不仅仅要符合形式逻辑要求,而且要被科学观测(实验)所佐证。 数学和科学领域中,事物(对象)之间的关系,不是我们五官所能直接感受的,而是要在五官对这些事物(对象)“接触”之后,在大脑里面通过在概念层面思考、加工、抽象而获得。我们从数学和科学学科分类来看看人类是怎么来认识现代数学和科学的。 数学从数域来分类,可以分整数、分数、有理数、无理数、实数和复数;从研究的范畴来分,可以分为算术、代数、分析、几何、随机过程等。科学可以分物理学、化学、生物学、医学等。物理学又可以分经典物理学与非经典物理学。经典物理学就是牛顿力学,非经典物理学包括原子(核)物理学、量子力学、相对论力学。相对论力学又分狭义相对论和广义相对论。就原子这个客观对象来说,原子包括原子核与绕原子核运动的电子,原子核又包括中子和质子。生物学中的林奈(Carolus Linnaeus, 1707–1778)分类法,“是林奈在其巨著《自然系统》(拉丁文Systema Naturae)中,将自然界被划分为三个界:矿物、植物和动物。对于动植物分类,林奈用了四个分类等级:纲、目、属和种。林奈建立的分类法是基于物种共有的生理特征分类,而不是仅仅在感官所感知的信息基础上来分类的。林奈能够建立以他命名的生物分类法,就是运用了超越感官层次在概念层次中的抽象思维。在中国,明代李时珍(约1518–1593)在药典《本草纲目》中,将生物药材分为草部、谷部、菜部、果部、木部、虫部、鳞部、介部、禽部、兽部和人部” 。李时珍这种分类就是基于感官(眼睛)所获取的信息为基础建立的分类学说。 无论是数学领域里面的分类分层,还是科学领域里面的分类分层,都不是仅仅从感官感知这个意义上来分类分层的,而是基于事物(对象)本质意义上的联系来分类分层的。 既然现代数学和科学体系结构是这样的,那么,学习和研究现代数学和科学需要基于事物本质基础之上的分类分层抽象思维,就是理所当然。引理1 得证。 引理 2:人类的分类分层抽象思维是建立在丰富的情感(心灵)基础之上,而不是建立在五官的感受之上。 在引理 1中,中国李时珍的分类法就是基于感官所感知的信息建立的分类学说,这不需要基于抽象概念基础之上的分类分层抽象思维。像林奈那样的分类法,就超越了感官所能感受到的信息,而是在感官感受到的信息基础之上,通过丰富的情感(心灵)活动,才获得基于事物(对象)本质联系基础之上的科学分类分层抽象思维。引理2 得证。 公设:如果自然语言能够体现基于事物本质基础之上的情感活动,而不是基于五官感受基础之上的情感活动,那么,根据引理1、2,学习和掌握这种自然语言,对于学习和研究现代数学和科学具有非常大的益处。 这个公设,可以从引理1 和引理 2合乎逻辑和良知,推论而来。既然是公设,也就不需要证明。 小前提:英语具有基于事物本质基础之上联系的情感活动(分类特征),汉语具有基于五官感受基础之上的情感活动(分类特征) 这个小前提可以从英语和汉语的构词(字)特点来加以佐证。任何民族语言发展到了高级阶段,在构词方面都会考虑事物(对象)之间的联系的。这样做,一方面是思维活动的需要,另外一方面也是为了便于传播和记忆新知所必须。拿汉语构字来说,就是用偏旁部首来关联不同事物(对象)。三点水偏旁就是与水有关的事物(对象),如:“河”、“海”、“汤”、“沉”、“沟”、“汗”、“汽”等;目偏旁就是与眼睛有关的事物(对象),如:“目”、“盲”、“眉”、“眈”、“看”、“盼”等;提手偏旁就是与手有关的事物(对象),如:“打”、“扎”、“仍”、“杠”、“扫”等。正是汉语这个构字法特点,汉语构词就有自己鲜明的特色“一打到底”和“一看到底”。“一打到底”是指“打人”、“打架”、“打球”、“打电话”、“打仗”等等。“一看到底”是指“看书”、“看电影”、“看病”、“看风景”、“看风水”、“看天气”等等 我们不难看出,汉语这种构字(词)法,是基于五官感受基础之上的构字(词)法。不能体现事物(对象)本质上的联系,没有能在更高的心理水平上对感官接受的信息进行加工,从而没有进化出关于事物(对象)本质上的抽象思维及其活动。 就汉语的“看”而言,英语就分了如下几种情况 1、look; (1) perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards 例句:She looked over the expanse of land (2) give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect 例句:This project looks fishy (3) search or seek 例句:We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest 2、see; (1) perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight 例句:Can you see the bird in that tree? (2) perceive (an idea or situation) mentally 例句:Now I see! I just can't see your point (3) imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind 例句 I can see a risk in this strategy 3、watch; (1) look attentively 例句:I watched a basketball game (2) follow with the eyes or the mind 例句:The world is watching Sarajevo (3)serve with attention 例句:They watched as the murderer was executed 4、observe; (1) discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (2) make mention of 例句:She observed that his presentation took up too much time (3) observe with care or pay close attention to 5、view;6、survey等 从英语“看”这一点上,只要我们不愿意被情感左右,就不得不承认英语形式上体现出了人类丰富的情感,并且细腻地刻画了这种情感和思维活动,这种刻画不是基于五官感受到的信息,而是在此信息上的抽象。反过来,这样的语言又反哺人脑的思维活动,从而导致思维活动进一步“精细化”,这一点恰恰是现代数学和科学需要的分类分层抽象思维所必须的养料。能否有这么多丰富的联想和感情活动才是语言的本质。其实,语言背后是思维和情感活动,思维和感情活动,本质上是无法用语言或者图形符合来表述的,因为这是心灵活动。但是,为了交流,为了获得更多的知识,又不得不用语言来表达,因此,任何一种语言来表达心灵的活动的时候,都会失真。选择了不同的语言和文字,就造就了不同的心灵,也就造就了民族文化之间的最本质的区别。伟大的德国语言学家,同是也是伟大的教育家威廉.冯.洪堡特曾说过:“民族的语言即民族的精神,民族的精神即民族的语言。二者同一程度超过人们的想象” 。 在情感的丰富程度面前,语言是苍白的。因此,任何神化和神话语言是不可取的。因为,这种观念没有意识到语言本身也是对人类情感和思维活动的一种约束或者一种阻碍。一方面人类情感和理性要冲破语言(文字)带来的阻碍;另外一方面在冲破的这个过程中,也极大地丰富了语言(文字)自身。每一种民族语言的进化历史,无不昭示这一点。但是,不同的语言(文字)对于思维的促进和阻碍作用不一样,其原因就是每个民族语言演化的路径不同导致的。人类文明史上,只有古希腊能够产生形式逻辑,这个历史事件不是随机的,而是有其历史必然性。这个历史必然性就是古希腊语言的形式极其丰富,蕴藏着形式逻辑的萌芽,只要条件成熟,形式逻辑破壳而出就是自然的。这一结论可以从威廉.冯.洪堡特名著《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》合乎逻辑地得出。对于各个民族对于语言自主创建和演化导致的结果,可以用“作茧自缚”一言以蔽之来概括,或者换一句话说“成亦萧何,败亦萧何”来形容。 对于“看”这个问题,有人会拿“窥、视、望、觑、瞭、瞥、睨”来反驳,说汉语里面也有这样精细的思维活动。是的,对于这一点,我痛痛快快地承认。但是,也请不要忘记了,这类汉语字词的用法,仅仅只出现在书面语之中,不会出现在日常口语之中。换句话说“雅”和“俗”是分离的,这一直是汉语(文字)的最大弊端之一。当初,古汉语被改革为白话文,这是其主因之一。古汉语(文字)进化到白话文,虽然“雅”和“俗”分离,也就是书面语和口语的分离程度好了很多,但是,仍然没有彻底解决,或者说解决的程度远远不够,从而仍然极大地影响我们中华民族的精神和思维的发展。 综上所述,笔者的理性和良知,不得不得出也让笔者痛苦的结论: 在学习和研究现代数学和科学方面,英语比汉语有优势。 后记:本人就语言对现代数学和科学的影响,分别与同事和朋友之间展开了激烈的讨论,也被同事加好友“痛斥”为:无知者无畏。对于这一点,我也愿意痛痛快快地承认,因为,笔者因自身原因,英文水平很低。不过,笔者认为“无知者无畏”比“无知者有畏”在追求真知和真理的道路上更有价值,因为通向真知真理的大道是用“无知者无畏”这样的沙子铺成的,而“无知者有畏”连成为这样沙子的机会都没有!最后,诚恳期待各界人士批评指正! 参考文献: 1、庞加莱,《科学与假设》,商务印书馆,2008,北京,p2~3 2、生物分类法 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95 3、有道字典 4、《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》,威廉.冯.洪堡特著,姚小平译,商务出版社,北京 2008
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言学期刊, 2012 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 167 种( 2008 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 71 种),其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 3 种如 Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊 9 种如: American Journal of Speech - Language Pathology 《美国言语病理学杂志:临床实践》、 Brain Language 《大脑与语言》 、 Clinical Linguistics Phonetics 《临床语言学与语音学》、 International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》、 Journal of Communication Disorders 《语言交流障碍杂志》、 Journal of Fluency Disorders 《口吃病杂志》、 Journal of Neurolinguistics 《神经语言学杂志》、 Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 《言语、语言与听觉研究杂志》、 Language and Speech 《语言与口语》 。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 127 种如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of English Linguistics 《英语语言学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Journal of Germanic Linguistics 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Language Problems and Language Planning 《语言问题与语言计划》 、 Language Sciences 《语言科学》、 Language Variation and Change 《语言的演变》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 Natural Language Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 Natural Language Semantics 《自然语言语义学》 、 Phonology 《语音学》 、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。详细 2012 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 请见附件。 附件: 2012年SSCI收录语言学学科期刊167种目录.doc 相关阅读: 2012年AHCI收录语言与语言学学科期刊186种目录
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2011 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊 188 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种: Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 126 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Language Variation and Change 《语言的演变》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 AHCI 收录语言与语言学期刊 51 种:例如: AAA- Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 《美国与英国语言、历史、文化研究论文集》、 Anglia; Zeitschrift fuer englische Philologie 《英语语言学》、 Beitraege zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 《德国语言文学史论文集》、 German Quarterly 《德语季刊》、 Historiographia Linguistica 《编史语言学》、 Journal of English and Germanic Philology 《英语与德语语文学杂志》、 Lingua e Stile 《语言与文体》、 Modern Language Review 《现代语言评论》、 Philological Quarterly 《语文学季刊》、 Revue de Linguistique Romane 《罗曼语语言学杂志》、 Russian Linguistics 《俄罗斯语言学》、 Studia Neophilologica 《新语文学研究》、 Transactions of the Philological Society 《语义学学会汇刊》、 Zeitschrift fuer Romanische Philologie 《罗马语系语言学杂志》等。 详细 AHCI 收录语言与语言学学科期刊 180 种目录请看附件。 附件: 2011年AHCI收录语言与语言学学科期刊180种.doc 相关阅读: 2011年SSCI收录语言学学科期刊155种目录
语料库进入认知语言学、隐喻研究领域,这是人类研究语言发展的一种大势所趋。 近段时间在读一些有关语料库与系统功能语言学的书籍,一些文章很有趣。比如,Stubbs在其文章 “Corpus analysis: the state of the art and three types of unanswered questions” 中提出: 在由 Firth , Halliday 和 Sinclair 为代表的传统英国语言学领域中,文本与语料库分析是中心。在这一传统中,非常重视常规短语学这一概念,在语言使用的创造性与常规性之间达成一种平衡。如, Firth (1953)谈到词与短语的习惯性、约定俗成性与典型性; Halliday(1978) 指出:大部分语篇或多或少是常规性的,我们“总是一而再再而三地表达同一种观点”; Sinclair (1991) 提出“两种解释原则”,一种是习语原则,一种是开放性选择原则,认为半固定的短语是“非常普遍的”。 Stubbs 尝试运用语料库来研究英语短语学的范围与优势,并将探讨语料库方法可以为语义的认知模型研究提供大量语料 , 有助于解决认知和社会理论中长期以来悬而未决的问题 , 即语言如何与认知和社会系统相联系。他提出 他的中心议题:语料库方法能有助于解决认知和社会理论中长期以来悬而未决的问题(大致分成三类:比较简单的,比较困难的,不可能的),即: Easier descriptive questions concern how we can make generalizations about phraseology across the lexicon. More difficult questions concern whether different models of phrasal units can be related to each other. The deepest—maybe impossible—questions concern whether linguistic, cognitive and social patterns can be related. 简单的描述性问题:主要探讨我们是如何将短语学从词汇层面加以一般化(泛化); 稍难的问题:不同的短语单位模式能否彼此相关联; 最深层次问题(有可能是无能为力的问题):语言学、认知与社会模式能否彼此相关联。 从第二个层面的问题来看,语料库数据能为语义关系提供经验性证据( empirical evidence ),因此也就能够为心理词汇是如何组织的提供证据; 从第三个层面的问题来看,语料库数据能为说话者经常谈论的事物提供证据,因此也就能为社会性意义突出的词汇范围提供证据,如“金钱” (money) 和“人群” (group of people) 。 从第一个层面,即浅层次的描写型层面来看,通过那些文化关键词汇的经验性描述,给生活一种全新的阐释。 Popper(1963:125) 指出,社会理论的任务就是解释我们的目的与行为是如何引出那些无意识的后果 / 结果 。 我们试图通过抱怨门不能推移,或表达对某人延年益寿的羡慕,用语言来传达自己的意义。但是,我们并没有有意识去复制那些典型的英语短语。很明显,人们对语言的使用都是重复性的,但要解释跨社区之间的语言重复或要解释在功能系统中,什么层次的重复是最优化的,要做到这一点,可不是容易的事情。 也只有通过这些问题,语料库研究才能从描述性发展到解释性。 Stubbs通过大量例证,来说明语料库在研究人类认知活动中的功用,如: A second example of such an area is the ways in which people are classified and talked about. Two concepts which are encoded in a large number of the words and phrases we use to talk about social life are ‘groups of people’ and ‘the passing of time’ : The large number of approximate synonyms for ‘groups of people’ is not surprising, since the different ways in which people can be grouped is of inherent social interest. Here are just a few examples: - band, bunch, crew; family, flock, gang, group, jury, rabble, team - crowd, horde, mob; angry mob, lynch mob, barbarian horde - relative, friends, acquaintances, neighbours, strangers - cults, extremists, fanatics, fundamentalists, militants - anarchy, riot; concert, demonstration, applause, cheer, fame, scandal - infant, baby, child, adolescent, teenager, youth, adult - chilhood, schooldays, youthful, middle-aged, elderly, old, senile - age group, age bracket, age of consent, come of age - in my younger days, in his/her day, in his/her heyday, {cut down in} in his/her prime, thirty something; over the hill, burnt out, past it, twilight years, ripe old age 【备注】 这只是本人读书的点滴收获。还有很多话题等待挖掘。让我感兴趣的是,既然人类通过语言来表达自己的观点、感受,生活中的喜怒哀乐,政治上的价值取向,那么,同一社区的人,是否有共同的认知模式或隐喻方式?如有,这种模式是如何构成的?不同社区的人,又是什么样的情况呢? 语料库、语言、文本、语篇、认知、隐喻、社会生活......
在媒体上,不时可以看(听)到类似这样的表达:“ A 是 B 的 1 倍”。 是“ A = B ”的意思吗?非也!您只有联系上下文,才能弄明白,原来这位作者的真实意思是:“ A 比 B 多 1 倍”,或“ A 是 B 的 2 倍”。 “ 1 = 2 ” 就 这么 被推导出来了 。 说实话,在下颇不习惯 “ A 是 B 的 1 倍”这样的表达,但也无可奈何,因为词典里所给的答案就不专一。 翻开《现代汉语词典》,关于“倍”的解释有二: ①跟原数相等的数,某数的几倍就是用几乘某数; ②加倍:事半功倍、勇气倍增。 既然词典也会如此模棱两可,难怪前几年某地真有人为合同里“倍”的准确含义对簿公堂,令法院大伤脑筋。 看来,迫切需要国家语言委和教育部出面规范一下“倍”的用法。 (请参见一个真实判例: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-23/013710087006s.shtml )
幼鼠 Foxp2 敲出影响其发出正常超声 熊荣川 译 摘要: 言语和语言的神经生物学研究早先在 KE 家系中展开,该家系一半的成员患有严重的言语和语言障碍。和该表型相关的基因被定位到 7 号染色体上( 7q31 ),鉴定为 FOXP2 基因,一种包含一个多谷氨酸通道和一个 DNA 叉头结合域的转录因子。因为连锁研究表明染色体区域 7q31 和自闭症有关联,该症状中语言障碍也是症状之一。而且,在具体的语言障碍研究中,认为 FOXP2 是一个潜在的与自闭症并发语言缺陷以及(或者)单纯语言障碍相关的基因位点。本文描述了鼠 Foxp2 基因缺陷小鼠的特征。双拷贝 Foxp2 缺陷基因导致严重的运动障碍、过早死亡以及在与母亲隔离时不能像正常小鼠一样发出超声。单拷贝的基因干扰导致中度发育延迟但对隔离时发出的超声影响明显。在杂合子动物模型中,学习和记忆都表现正常。在 Foxp2 干扰小鼠中还观察到了小脑畸形,尤其是对纤维细胞的影响最为突出。我们的研究结果支持 Foxp2 在小脑发育及与不同动物社交相关的发育过程中发挥有重要作用的观点。 关键词: 自闭症 小脑 交流 语言 言语 Altered ultrasonic vocalization in mice with a disruption in the Foxp2 gene Neurobiology of speech and language has previously been studied in the KE family, in which half of the members have severe impairment in both speech and language. The gene responsible for the phenotype was mapped to chromosome 7q31 and identified as the FOXP2 gene, coding for a transcription factor containing a polyglutamine tract and a forkhead DNA-binding domain. Because of linkage studies implicating 7q31 in autism, where language impairment is a component of the disorder, and in specific language impairment, FOXP2 has also been considered as a potential susceptibility locus for the language deficits in autism andor specific language impairment. In this study, we characterized mice with a disruption in the murine Foxp2 gene. Disruption of both copies of the Foxp2 gene caused severe motor impairment, premature death, and an absence of ultrasonic vocalizations that are elicited when pups are removed from their mothers. Disruption of a single copy of the gene led to modest developmental delay but a significant alteration in ultrasonic vocalization in response to such separation. Learning and memory appear normal in the heterozygous animals. Cerebellar abnormalities were observed in mice with disruptions in Foxp2, with Purkinje cells particularly affected. Our findings support a role for Foxp2 in cerebellar development and in a developmental process that subsumes social communication functions in diverse organisms. 文献来源: Shu W. G., Cho J. Y., Jiang Y. H., Zhang M. H., Weisz D., Elder G. A., Schmeidler J., De Gasperi R., Sosa M. A. G., Rabidou D., Santucci A. C., Perl D., Morrisey E.,Buxbaum J. D. (2005). Altered ultrasonic vocalization in mice with a disruption in the Foxp2 gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (27): 9643-9648.
第十一篇 语言交流 到美国首先遇到的问题是语言问题,尽管学习英文已经 20 多年,而且在出国前还去了北京新东方学校学习口语,但仍然是交流困难,第一天到实验室见老板和其它教授,英语基本没有听懂,随着时间推移,平常的交流勉强对付,可以听懂和会话,学术交流连听带猜也能了解一些,在自己实验室与 Ming 的交流中文英文一起来,与 kazi 的交流只能用英文,时间久了,我想说个什么事,英文表达不出来,我做一些手势, kazi 也能明白我的意思,与系里其它教授学者的交流还是用英文,与来自中国的博士后多用中文交流,当然大众场合也用英文,以免冷落别人和让其它人误解可能谈及旁人的私事,其它学者也常用几句简单的中文打招呼的,如说你好再见,也有实验室老板和技术员博士后都是来自中国的,在实验室都说中文的,语言交流没有障碍,但觉得无法提高英文水平,如果实验室没有人会说中文的,就会逼得你不断说英文,反而英文水平提高快,如果老板是美国人,手下技术员博士后有多人是中国人的,老板都可能建议在实验室尽量说英文而不说中文,但中国人之间常常不由自主的说中文,其他人不太高兴,认为有隔阂,中国人自己交流而缺乏全体的交流,他们可能认为话题涉及其他人而改说中文引起误解,为了提高英文水平,常常要看英文电视,但由于工作紧张,专门抽时间学习英文是不可能的,如果在美国读过大学拿过学位,英文水平自然是高的多,交流也是会更方便,与其它部门如保险公司 、 网络公司 、 电话公司 、 交通管理部门等的交流只能用英文了,没有人为你翻译的,如果办事英文交流实在是说不好,我就叫 Ming 帮助我解决,对方常常是先确定我的身份而且是同意委托旁人来为我解决问题的, Ming 一边与对方联系,一边跟我解释,再把我的意见传达给对方。在公共场合如电梯 、 餐厅 、 电梯外的休息厅 、学术厅、图书馆等 常常会听到有人在说中文,尽管不认识但会觉得非常亲切,也说明中国人在美国学习工作还是很多的,去中国人开的餐馆或食品店去说中文更是不绝于耳,到纽约唐人街简直就是中文的天下,好像就在中国一样,而且还有说广东话 、 闽南话方言的。在实验室附近的 Bank of America 银行大厅值班经理曾有中国人工作,这样交流起来更便利,也说明银行很重视与中国人有关的业务的服务。在夫人上班的地方常常可以碰到热情学习中文的美国人,要你教他们说你好再见中国等等词语,听到他们说出稚嫩的中文时常常引起大家开怀大笑,也有中学生来说他们的外语就是学习中文的,还有美国人直接过来用一口流利的中文通话,使我大吃一惊,一问原来他们曾经到中国北京 、 昆明 、 成都等地交流访问学习比较长的时间,中文还真是说的很好的,也碰到过华裔后代但不会说中文的人,现在的中文学校有很多的华裔子弟学习中文的。在美国看到不少纹身的,身上常有龙勇敢忍爱等中文。
导读: 一般地人们认为,是命题(即词语的组合)体现了人类认识的成果,实际上是词语本身是最大的体现。 一个民族在文明上的缺陷,就是他的语言缺陷。不仅是他的文明缺失了什么,而且是他的语言缺失了什么。 理性的基础是语言,然而语言的水平又如何呢? 语言的边界,就是思维的边界。语言不能局限我们向别的民族学习什么,但是完全局限一个民族能够创造出什么新的思想。 下面这篇文章以语言中的性别问题和定位问题为例,说明语言和思维方式的密切联系。 语言反映了人的思维习惯,而人是习惯的奴隶。 案例有世界上比较重要的语言如英语、德语、法语,也有一些稀奇的语言。 Does Your Language Shape How You Think? 语言对思维的约束 By GUY DEUTSCHER Published: August 26, 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?src=meref=general (学术上前人的贡献) in 1940, a popular science magazine published a short article that set in motion one of the trendiest intellectual fads(fashion) of the 20th century. the title, Science and Linguistics ,the magazine, M.I.T. s Technology Review . the author, a chemical engineer who worked for an insurance company and moonlighted as an anthropology人类学 lecturer at Yale University , was an unlikely candidate for international superstardom. And yet Benjamin Lee Whorf let loose释放 an alluring吸引 idea about languages power over the mind, and his stirring搅动 prose seduced a whole generation into believing that our mother tongue restricts what we are able to think . In particular, Whorf announced , Native American美洲土著 languages impose on their speakers a picture of reality that is totally different from ours, so their speakers would simply not be able to understand some of our most basic concepts, like the flow of time or the distinction between objects (like stone) and actions (like fall). For decades, Whorfs theory dazzled迷惑 both academics and the general public alike. In his shadow, others made a whole range of imaginative claims about the supposed power of language, from the assertion that Native American languages instill灌输 in their speakers an intuitive understanding of Einsteins concept of time as a fourth dimension to the theory that the nature of the Jewish religion was determined by the tense system of ancient Hebrew . Eventually, Whorfs theory crash-landed急转到 on hard facts and solid common sense, when it transpired泄露 that there had never actually been any evidence to support his fantastic claims . The reaction was so severe that for decades, any attempts to explore the influence of the mother tongue on our thoughts were relegated降级,被轻视 to the loony 怪诞的 fringes of disrepute. But 70 years on, it is surely time to put the trauma挫折、失误 of Whorf behind us. And in the last few years, new research has revealed that when we learn our mother tongue, we do after all acquire certain habits of thought that shape our experience in significant and often surprising ways. Whorf, we now know, made many mistakes . The most serious one was to assume that our mother tongue constrains our minds and prevents us from being able to think certain thoughts. The general structure of his arguments was to claim that if a language has no word for a certain concept, then its speakers would not be able to understand this concept. If a language has no future tense, for instance, its speakers would simply not be able to grasp our notion of future time. It seems barely comprehensible that this line of argument could ever have achieved such success, given that so much contrary evidence confronts you wherever you look. When you ask, in perfectly normal English, and in the present tense, Are you coming tomorrow ? do you feel your grip on the notion of futurity slipping away? Do English speakers who have never heard the German word Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing欣赏 someone elses misfortune? Or think about it this way: If the inventory of ready-made words in your language determined which concepts you were able to understand, how would you ever learn anything new? SINCE THERE IS NO EVIDENCE that any language forbids its speakers to think anything, we must look in an entirely different direction to discover how our mother tongue really does shape our experience of the world . Some 50 years ago, the renowned linguist Roman Jakobson pointed out a crucial fact about differences between languages in a pithy精炼 maxim: Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey .(翻译:不同语言的本质区别,在于它基本意思,不在于它的扩展意思。) This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about . (每个词语在功能上应该有他的极限。) (on GENDER in French and Germany) Consider this example. Suppose I say to you in English that I spent yesterday evening with a neighbor . You may well wonder whether my companion was male or female, but I have the right to tell you politely that its none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldnt have the privilege to equivocate含糊 in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine ; Nachbar or Nachbarin . These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbors, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbors, friends, teachers and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so. On the other hand, English does oblige you to specify certain types of information that can be left to the context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbor, I may not have to mention the neighbors sex, but I do have to tell you something about the timing of the event: I have to decide whether we dined , have been dining , are dining , will be dining and so on. Chinese, on the other hand , (应该错误,汉语是有时态的。)does not oblige its speakers to specify the exact time of the action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present or future actions. Again, this does not mean that the Chinese are unable to understand the concept of time. But it does mean they are not obliged to think about timing whenever they describe an action. When your language routinely obliges you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive注意 to certain details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not be required to think about all the time. And since such habits of speech are cultivated from the earliest age, it is only natural that they can settle into habits of mind that go beyond language itself, affecting your experiences, perceptions, associations, feelings, memories and orientation in the world. BUT IS THERE any evidence for this happening in practice? Lets take genders again. Languages like Spanish, French, German and Russian not only oblige you to think about the sex of friends and neighbors, but they also assign a male or female gender to a whole range of inanimate无生命 object s quite at whim古怪. What, for instance, is particularly feminine about a Frenchmans beard ( la barbe )? Why is Russian water a she, and why does she become a he once you have dipped a tea bag into her? Mark Twain famously lamented such erratic飘忽 genders as female turnips蔓菁 and neuter maidens in his rant叫嚷 The Awful German Language. But whereas he claimed that there was something particularly perverse about the German gender system, it is in fact English that is unusual, at least among European languages, in not treating turnips and tea cups as masculine or feminine. Languages that treat an inanimate object as a he or a she force their speakers to talk about such an object as if it were a man or a woman . And as anyone whose mother tongue has a gender system will tell you, once the habit has taken hold, it is all but impossible to shake off. When I speak English, I may say about a bed that it is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel she is too soft. She stays feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis声门 and is neutered only when she reaches the tip of the tongue. In recent years, various experiments have shown that grammatical genders can shape the feelings and associations of speakers toward objects around them. In the 1990s, for example, psychologists compared associations between speakers of German and Spanish. There are many inanimate nouns whose genders in the two languages are reversed . A German bridge is feminine ( die Brcke ), for instance, but el puente is masculine in Spanish; and the same goes for clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world and love. On the other hand, an apple is masculine for Germans but feminine in Spanish, and so are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain and garbage. When speakers were asked to grade various objects on a range of characteristics, Spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks and violins to have more manly properties like strength, but Germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. With objects like mountains or chairs, which are he in German but she in Spanish, the effect was reversed. In a different experiment, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork ( la fourchette ), most of them wanted it to speak in a womans voice, but Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it. More recently, psychologists have even shown that gendered languages imprint gender traits for objects so strongly in the mind that these associations obstruct speakers ability to commit information to memory. Of course, all this does not mean that speakers of Spanish or French or German fail to understand that inanimate objects do not really have biological sex a German woman rarely mistakes her husband for a hat, and Spanish men are not known to confuse a bed with what might be lying in it. Nonetheless, once gender connotations have been imposed on impressionable young minds, they lead those with a gendered mother tongue to see the inanimate world through lenses tinted渲染 with associations and emotional responses that English speakers stuck in their monochrome单色 desert of its are entirely oblivious to. Did the opposite genders of bridge in German and Spanish, for example, have an effect on the design of bridges in Spain and Germany? Do the emotional maps imposed by a gender system have higher-level behavioral consequences for our everyday life? Do they shape tastes, fashions, habits and preferences in the societies concerned? At the current state of our knowledge about the brain, this is not something that can be easily measured in a psychology lab. But it would be surprising if they didnt. (空间,参照系,COORDINATES) The area where the most striking evidence for the influence of language on thought has come to light is the language of space how we describe the orientation of the world around us. Suppose you want to give someone directions for getting to your house. You might say: After the traffic lights, take the first left, then the second right, and then youll see a white house in front of you. Our door is on the right. But in theory, you could also say: After the traffic lights, drive north, and then on the second crossing drive east, and youll see a white house directly to the east. Ours is the southern door. These two sets of directions may describe the same route, but they rely on different systems of coordinates. The first uses egocentric自我中心 coordinates , which depend on our own bodies: a left-right axis and a front-back axis orthogonal矩形 to it. The second system uses fixed geographic directions , which do not rotate with us wherever we turn. We find it useful to use geographic directions when hiking in the open countryside, for example, but the egocentric coordinates completely dominate our speech when we describe small-scale spaces . We dont say: When you get out of the elevator, walk south, and then take the second door to the east. The reason the egocentric system is so dominant in our language is that it feels so much easier and more natural. After all, we always know where behind or in front of us is. We dont need a map or a compass to work it out, we just feel it, because the egocentric coordinates are based directly on our own bodies and our immediate visual fields. But then a remote Australian aboriginal 土著 tongue, Guugu Yimithirr , from north Queensland, turned up, and with it came the astounding吃惊 realization that not all languages conform to what we have always taken as simply natural. In fact, Guugu Yimithirr doesnt make any use of egocentric coordinates坐标 at all. The anthropologist John Haviland and later the linguist Stephen Levinson have shown that Guugu Yimithirr does not use words like left or right, in front of or behind, to describe the position of objects. Whenever we would use the egocentric system, the Guugu Yimithirr rely on cardinal directions. If they want you to move over on the car seat to make room, theyll say move a bit to the east. To tell you where exactly they left something in your house, theyll say, I left it on the southern edge of the western table. Or they would warn you to look out for that big ant just north of your foot. Even when shown a film on television, they gave descriptions of it based on the orientation of the screen. If the television was facing north, and a man on the screen was approaching, they said that he was coming northward. When these peculiarities of Guugu Yimithirr were uncovered, they inspired a large-scale research project into the language of space. And as it happens, Guugu Yimithirr is not a freak怪物 occurrence; languages that rely primarily on geographical coordinates are scattered around the world , from Polynesia to Mexico, from Namibia to Bali. For us, it might seem the height of absurdity for a dance teacher to say, Now raise your north hand and move your south leg eastward. But the joke would be lost on some: the Canadian-American musicologist Colin McPhee, who spent several years on Bali in the 1930s, recalls a young boy who showed great talent for dancing. As there was no instructor in the childs village, McPhee arranged for him to stay with a teacher in a different village. But when he came to check on the boys progress after a few days, he found the boy dejected沮丧 and the teacher exasperated激怒. It was impossible to teach the boy anything, because he simply did not understand any of the instructions. When told to take three steps east or bend southwest, he didnt know what to do. The boy would not have had the least trouble with these directions in his own village, but because the landscape in the new village was entirely unfamiliar, he became disoriented and confused. Why didnt the teacher use different instructions? He would probably have replied that saying take three steps forward or bend backward would be the height of absurdity. So different languages certainly make us speak about space in very different ways . But does this necessarily mean that we have to think about space differently? By now red lights should be flashing, because even if a language doesnt have a word for behind, this doesnt necessarily mean that its speakers wouldnt be able to understand this concept. Instead, we should look for the possible consequences of what geographic languages oblige their speakers to convey. In particular, we should be on the lookout for what habits of mind might develop because of the necessity of specifying geographic directions all the time. In order to speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at each and every moment of your waking life. You need to have a compass in your mind that operates all the time, day and night, without lunch breaks or weekends off, since otherwise you would not be able to impart the most basic information or understand what people around you are saying. Indeed, speakers of geographic languages seem to have an almost-superhuman sense of orientation. Regardless of visibility conditions, regardless of whether they are in thick forest or on an open plain, whether outside or indoors or even in caves, whether stationary or moving, they have a spot-on现场 sense of direction. They dont look at the sun and pause for a moment of calculation before they say, Theres an ant just north of your foot. They simply feel where north, south, west and east are, just as people with perfect pitch feel what each note is without having to calculate intervals. There is a wealth of stories about what to us may seem like incredible feats of orientation but for speakers of geographic languages are just a matter of course. One report relates how a speaker of Tzeltal from southern Mexico was blindfolded and spun around more than 20 times in a darkened house. Still blindfolded and dizzy, he pointed without hesitation at the geographic directions. (少年若天成,习惯成自然) How does this work? The convention of communicating with geographic coordinates compels speakers from the youngest age to pay attention to the clues from the physical environment (the position of the sun, wind and so on) every second of their lives, and to develop an accurate memory of their own changing orientations at any given moment. So everyday communication in a geographic language provides the most intense imaginable drilling in geographic orientation (it has been estimated that as much as 1 word in 10 in a normal Guugu Yimithirr conversation is north, south, west or east, often accompanied by precise hand gestures). This habit of constant awareness to the geographic direction is inculcated教诲 almost from infancy: studies have shown that children in such societies start using geographic directions as early as age 2 and fully master the system by 7 or 8. With such an early and intense drilling, the habit soon becomes second nature, effortless and unconscious. When Guugu Yimithirr speakers were asked how they knew where north is, they couldnt explain it any more than you can explain how you know where behind is. But there is more to the effects of a geographic language, for the sense of orientation has to extend further in time than the immediate present. If you speak a Guugu Yimithirr-style language, your memories of anything that you might ever want to report will have to be stored with cardinal directions基本方向 as part of the picture. One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of how in his youth, he capsized迷糊 in shark-infested出没 waters. He and an older person were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to the shore, only to discover that the missionary for whom they worked was far more concerned at the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it was remembered throughout in cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east of the boat, they saw a giant shark swimming north and so on. Perhaps the cardinal directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story. For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the speaker was facing in the two films. Psychological experiments have also shown that under certain circumstances, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr-style languages even remember the same reality differently from us . There has been heated debate about the interpretation of some of these experiments, but one conclusion that seems compelling is that while we are trained to ignore directional rotations when we commit information to memory, speakers of geographic languages are trained not to do so. (A CASE, A SAME OR NOT SAME HOUSE) One way of understanding this is to imagine that you are traveling with a speaker of such a language and staying in a large chain-style hotel, with corridor upon corridor of identical-looking doors. Your friend is staying in the room opposite yours, and when you go into his room, youll see an exact replica of yours: the same bathroom door on the left, the same mirrored wardrobe on the right, the same main room with the same bed on the left, the same curtains drawn behind it, the same desk next to the wall on the right, the same television set on the left corner of the desk and the same telephone on the right. In short, you have seen the same room twice. But when your friend comes into your room, he will see something quite different from this, because everything is reversed north-side-south. In his room the bed was in the north, while in yours it is in the south; the telephone that in his room was in the west is now in the east, and so on. So while you will see and remember the same room twice, a speaker of a geographic language will see and remember two different rooms. It is not easy for us to conceive how Guugu Yimithirr speakers experience the world, with a crisscrossing十字交叉 of cardinal directions imposed on any mental picture and any piece of graphic memory. Nor is it easy to speculate about how geographic languages affect areas of experience other than spatial orientation whether they influence the speakers sense of identity, for instance, or bring about a less-egocentric outlook on life. But one piece of evidence is telling: if you saw a Guugu Yimithirr speaker pointing at himself, you would naturally assume he meant to draw attention to himself. In fact, he is pointing at a cardinal direction that happens to be behind his back. While we are always at the center of the world, and it would never occur to us that pointing in the direction of our chest could mean anything other than to draw attention to ourselves, a Guugu Yimithirr speaker points through himself, as if he were thin air and his own existence were irrelevant. (about color) IN WHAT OTHER WAYS 还有哪些方面,might the language we speak influence our experience of the world? Recently, it has been demonstrated in a series of ingenious巧妙 experiments that we even perceive colors through the lens of our mother tongue. There are radical variations in the way languages carve up the spectrum of visible light; for example, green and blue are distinct colors in English but are considered shades of the same color in many languages . And it turns out that the colors that our language routinely obliges us to treat as distinct can refine our purely visual sensitivity to certain color differences in reality, so that our brains are trained to exaggerate the distance between shades of color if these have different names in our language. As strange as it may sound, our experience of a Chagall painting actually depends to some extent on whether our language has a word for blue. (一切都是说不清的,不可言说) In coming years, researchers may also be able to shed light on the impact of language on more subtle areas of perception. For instance, some languages, like Matses in Peru, oblige their speakers, like the finickiest 讲究of lawyers, to specify exactly how they came to know about the facts they are reporting. You cannot simply say, as in English, An animal passed here. You have to specify, using a different verbal form, whether this was directly experienced (you saw the animal passing), inferred (you saw footprints), conjectured推测 (animals generally pass there that time of day), hearsay or such. If a statement is reported with the incorrect evidentiality, it is considered a lie. So if, for instance, you ask a Matses man how many wives he has, unless he can actually see his wives at that very moment, he would have to answer in the past tense and would say something like There were two last time I checked . After all, given that the wives are not present, he cannot be absolutely certain that one of them hasnt died or run off with another man since he last saw them, even if this was only five minutes ago. So he cannot report it as a certain fact in the present tense. Does the need to think constantly about epistemology in such a careful and sophisticated manner inform the speakers outlook on life or their sense of truth and causation ? When our experimental tools are less blunt, such questions will be amenable to empirical study. (mother tongue as prison house) For many years, our mother tongue was claimed to be a prison house that constrained our capacity to reason. Once it turned out that there was no evidence for such claims, this was taken as proof that people of all cultures think in fundamentally the same way . But surely it is a mistake to overestimate the importance of abstract reasoning in our lives. After all, how many daily decisions do we make on the basis of deductive logic compared with those guided by gut肚肠 feeling, intuition, emotions, impulse or practical skills? The habits of mind that our culture has instilled in us from infancy shape our orientation to the world and our emotional responses to the objects we encounter, and their consequences probably go far beyond what has been experimentally demonstrated so far; they may also have a marked impact on our beliefs, values and ideologies. We may not know as yet how to measure these consequences directly or how to assess their contribution to cultural or political misunderstandings . But as a first step toward understanding one another, we can do better than pretending we all think the same. (about the author) Guy Deutscher is an honorary research fellow at the School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures at the University of Manchester. His new book, from which this article is adapted, is Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages , to be published this month by Metropolitan Books. var articleToolsShareData = {"url":"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/08\/29\/magazine\/29language-t.html","headline":"Does Your Language Shape How You Think?","description":"The idea that your mother tongue shapes your experience of the world may be true after all.","keywords":"Language and Languages,Research,Psychology and Psychologists,Memory,Spanish Language,German Language,French Language,Geography,Guugu Yimithirr","section":"magazine","sub_section":null,"section_display":"Magazine","sub_section_display":null,"byline":"By GUY DEUTSCHER","pubdate":"August 26, 2010","passkey":null}; function getShareURL() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.url); } function getShareHeadline() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.headline); } function getShareDescription() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.description); } function getShareKeywords() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.keywords); } function getShareSection() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.section); } function getShareSubSection() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.sub_section); } function getShareSectionDisplay() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.section_display); } function getShareSubSectionDisplay() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.sub_section_display); } function getShareByline() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.byline); } function getSharePubdate() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.pubdate); } function getSharePasskey() { return encodeURIComponent(articleToolsShareData.passkey); }
最近我脸红了许多次,主要是发现网络评论标题动辄用让谁脸红,看到这个题目我就脸红。让谁脸红成为网络流行用语,显露评论语言词汇贫乏、单调,使得评论成了快餐式的东西。让谁脸红竟然成了八股标题,一旦某名人说了一句话或做了一件事,就立即套用标题, **** 让谁脸红? 看看下面我列举的标题,你会发现单是温总理就让我们红了许多次脸。总理的言行的确值得我们仿效和学习,评论作者也想让那些没脸的人士面对此情此景脸红一次,殊不知某些人的脸皮是久经考验(或酒精考验)的老脸皮,再说老是让某些人脸红,这些人的脸皮就会越来越厚,不再脸红了。红脸的只有那些关心国计民生的网评作者了。 看来让谁脸红只能让网评作者脸红了。 以下是在 google 中输入让我脸红时搜到的部分标题: l 温总理强调要做事不要做官让谁脸红 l 总理外访不过夜 让谁脸红 ?_ l 温总理的回忆 让谁脸红 ?_ l 温总理25 年没有节假日 让谁脸红 l 温家宝总理的亲笔致歉信 让谁脸红 ? l 温总理在老师面前永远是学生 让谁脸红 l 温总理 满手泥水清理废墟 让谁脸红 ? l 温总理 指出教材错误 让谁脸红 l 温家宝 总理 的更正信 让谁脸红 ? l 温家宝 总理 的教师节 让谁脸红 ? l 温总理 的直言 让谁脸红 ? l 温总理 的内疚说 让谁脸红 ?-- l 胡锦涛主席简朴出访 让谁脸红 ?-- l 小偷求你别偷了的告示 让谁脸红 ? l 宋祖英靠啥成名的?说了 让谁脸红 ? l 千所学校缺水停课 让谁脸红 _ 光明观察
http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB01rxhsmh3ufe2qI2I1I00f01000j10040001rl 检索策略 FOXP2 and speech and language =foxp2 66 of 80 documents semantically analyzed Top Years Publications 2008 11 2009 10 2007 9 2003 9 2006 7 2002 7 2005 6 2004 6 2001 1 Top Countries Publications USA 22 United Kingdom 17 Germany 9 Japan 7 Canada 2 New Zealand 2 Italy 1 China 1 Finland 1 1 2 Top Cities Publications Oxford 12 London 5 Los Angeles 4 Berlin 4 Iowa City 3 Leipzig 3 Kodaira 2 Ann Arbor 2 Auckland 2 Providence 1 Fukuoka 1 Gainesville 1 Tübingen 1 New Haven 1 Stanford 1 Hamamatsu 1 Matsumoto 1 St. Louis 1 Houston 1 Madison 1 1 2 1 2 3 Top Journals Publications Am J Hum Genet 5 Am J Med Genet A 4 Curr Biol 3 J Speech Lang Hear Res 2 Mol Biol Evol 2 Cell 2 J Commun Disord 2 Nature 2 Brain Res 1 J Forensic Sci 1 Eur J Hum Genet 1 Eur J Med Genet 1 Trends Genet 1 M S-med Sci 1 N Engl J Med 1 J Comp Neurol 1 J Neurophysiol 1 Trends Neurosci 1 Gene 1 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 19 Top Authors Publications Fisher S 11 Lai C 6 Monaco A 6 Enard W 5 Scharff C 5 Vargha-Khadem F 5 Vernes S 4 Rochefort C 3 Geschwind D 3 Coupe A 3 Gadian D 3 Krause J 2 MacDermot K 2 Fujita E 2 Häsler S 2 Nicod J 2 Groszer M 2 Davies K 2 Pääbo S 2 Momoi M 2 1 2 3 ... 19 1 2 3 ... 30 Top Terms Publications foxp2 66 Language 63 Genes 60 Forkhead Transcription Factors 57 Humans 56 Mutation 41 Transcription Factors 38 Language Disorders 34 Animals 33 Repressor Proteins 21 Proteins 19 Mice 18 Evolution 16 Speech 16 Speech Disorders 15 learning 14 Vocalization, Animal 14 Phenotype 14 chromosome 13 Point Mutation 13 1 2 3 ... 30 http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/umls.cgi?task=filterID=30626 Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature Semantic Filters This filter can be used to focus your search on B-terms that belong to certain semantic categories by selecting them below. You may also expand categories by clicking on the corresponding + button, and select from the subcategories. Activities Behaviors Anatomy Chemicals Drugs Concepts Ideas Devices Disorders Genes Molecular Sequences, and Gene Protein Names Geographic Areas Living Beings Objects Occupations Organizations Phenomena Physiology Procedures Keep B-terms that do not exist in the medical thesaurus Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature A-query: FOXP2 C-query: speech and language The B-list contains title words and phrases (terms) that appeared in both the A and the C literature. 80 articles appeared in both literatures and were not included in the process of computing the B-list but can be viewed here . The results of this search are saved under id # 30626 and can be accessed from the start page after you leave this session. There are 54 terms on the current B-list ( 26 are predicted to be relevant), which is shown ranked according to predicted relevance. The list can be further trimmed down using the filters listed in the left margin. To assess whether there appears to be a biologically significant relationship between the AB and BC literatures for specific B-terms, please select one or more B-terms and then click the button to view the corresponding AB and BC literatures. Use Ctrl to select multiple B-terms. Rank Prob B-term 1 0.98 language impairment2 0.98 developmental verbal dyspraxia3 0.98 verbal dyspraxia4 0.98 auditory hallucination5 0.97 neurodevelopmental6 0.97 schizophrenia auditory7 0.97 developmental dyslexia8 0.97 dyslexia9 0.96 language disorder10 0.95 speech delay autism11 0.94 autism spectrum12 0.94 |--autism spectrum disorder13 0.94 patient schizophrenia14 0.94 hallucination15 0.92 epilepsy16 0.91 spectrum disorder17 0.91 dyspraxia18 0.88 speech disorder19 0.88 huntington disease20 0.87 neurodevelopmental disorder21 0.84 schizophrenia auditory hallucination22 0.83 psychosis23 0.82 schizophrenia24 0.78 posttraumatic stress disorder25 0.68 huntington26 0.67 memory27 0.64 autism28 0.63 delay autism spectrum29 0.25 deficit30 0.20 psychiatric disorder31 0.17 ataxia32 0.15 talk33 0.07 impairment34 0.06 spinocerebellar35 0.05 |--spinocerebellar ataxia36 0.04 stress37 0.01 parallel38 0.00 disorder39 0.00 loss40 0.00 mutation41 0.00 atrophy42 0.00 related43 0.00 genomic44 0.00 history45 0.00 symptom46 0.00 view47 0.00 fair48 0.00 infection49 0.00 additional50 0.00 disease51 0.00 clinical symptom52 0.00 red53 0.00 absence54 0.00 activity Restrict by semantic categories? job id # 30626 started Thu Nov 12 06:48:37 2009 Max_citations: 50000 Stoplist: /var/www/html/arrowsmith_uic/data/stopwords_pubmed Ngram_max: 3 30626 Search ARROWSMITH A A_query_raw: FOXP2 Thu Nov 12 06:48:49 2009 A query = FOXP2 started Thu Nov 12 06:48:49 2009 A query resulted in 154 titles 30626 Search ARROWSMITH C C_query_raw: speech and language Thu Nov 12 06:49:11 2009 C: speech and language 33512 A: pubmed_query_A 154 AC: ( FOXP2 ) AND ( speech and language ) 80 C query = speech and language started Thu Nov 12 06:49:12 2009 C query resulted in 33512 titles A AND C query resulted in 80 titles 355 B-terms ready on Thu Nov 12 06:51:51 2009 Sem_filter: Disorders 54 B-terms left after filter executed Thu Nov 12 07:27:49 2009 Viewed B-terms Thu Nov 12 07:29:25 2009 dyslexia Viewed B-terms Thu Nov 12 07:30:49 2009 language impairment Viewed B-terms Thu Nov 12 07:31:18 2009 developmental verbal dyspraxia Viewed B-terms Thu Nov 12 07:31:36 2009 language disorder Viewed B-terms Thu Nov 12 07:31:53 2009 language disorder B-list on Thu Nov 12 07:32:17 2009 1 language impairment 2 developmental verbal dyspraxia 3 verbal dyspraxia 4 auditory hallucination 5 neurodevelopmental 6 schizophrenia auditory 7 developmental dyslexia 8 dyslexia 9 language disorder 10 speech delay autism 11 autism spectrum 12 autism spectrum disorder 13 patient schizophrenia 14 hallucination 15 epilepsy 16 spectrum disorder 17 dyspraxia 18 speech disorder 19 huntington disease 20 neurodevelopmental disorder 21 schizophrenia auditory hallucination 22 psychosis 23 schizophrenia 24 posttraumatic stress disorder 25 huntington 26 memory http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/11/225047.shtm 《自然》:研究发现决定人类语言功能关键基因 为什么人能说话而黑猩猩不能?答案可能就在基因FOXP2 为什么人能说话而其生物学近亲黑猩猩却不能?英国《自然》杂志11月12日刊登研究报告说,答案可能就在基因FOXP2上,这个基因的人类版本与黑猩猩版本仅有两点小小的不同,但却因此赋予人类独特的语言能力。 美国加利福尼亚大学等机构的研究人员报告说,他们发现FOXP2基因在人类语言功能形成过程中发挥着核心作用。这个基因会指导合成一种特殊蛋白质,这种蛋白质又会与DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)结合,对其他基因的功能造成影响。因此,虽然实验显示这个基因的人类版本与黑猩猩版本只有两处氨基酸不同,但在同样的培养环境下,该基因的人类版本会增强61个基因的作用,同时抑制另外51个基因的作用。 在这些受影响的基因中,一些与大脑发育有关,FOXP2基因可以通过它们影响大脑中的语言功能区域和神经网络。另一些受影响的基因与咽喉部位的软组织发育有关,FOXP2基因可以通过它们来影响与语言功能有关的器官结构。 研究人员说,这表明在人类获得语言交流能力的进化历程中,FOXP2基因发挥了重要作用。研究人员将进行深入研究,进一步揭示人类掌握语言的机制。 更多阅读 《自然》发表论文摘要(英文) 《科学》相关报道(英文) http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1111/1 Next Article Enlarge Image Tangled web. The network of genes that work in concert with both the chimp and human FOXP2 is complex. Large green hubs are the most important genes; lines that connect two genes indicate whether their expression goes up (red) or down (blue) together. Credit: G. Konopka et al., Nature 462 (12 November 2009); (Inset) Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte What's Behind Our Gift of Gab? By Jon Cohen Science NOW Daily News 11 November 2009 For the first time, scientists have compared a vast network of human genes responsible for speech and language with an analogous network in chimpanzees. The findings help shed light on how we moved beyond hoots and grunts to develop vast vocabularies, syntax, and grammar. The centerpiece of the study is FOXP2 , a so-called transcription factor that turns other genes on and off. The gene rose to fame in 2001 when researchers showed that a mutant form of it caused an inherited speech and language problem in three generations of the KE family in England. The following year, researchers showed that normal FOXP2 differed by only two amino acids--the building blocks of proteins--between humans and chimpanzees . Analyzing more ancestral species, they further showed that the gene was highly conserved all the way up to chimps, suggesting that it played a prominent role in our unique ability to communicate complex thoughts . Genes rarely act alone, however, so a team led by neurogeneticist Daniel Geschwind of the University of California, Los Angeles, decided to suss out FOXP2 's partners. Geschwind, Genevieve Konopka, who is one of his postdocs, and colleagues first inserted the human and chimp versions of FOXP2 into cells derived from human neurons. In all, they identified 116 genes that were turned on or off differently by human FOXP2 versus chimp FOXP2 . The researchers found similar results in brain tissue from both species. The data allowed the team to make complex maps of FOXP2 's vast genetic network that revealed other critical interactions (see diagram). These genes become outstanding candidates for being part of the language circuit, says Geschwind. Among the interesting genes that stood out were ones linked to craniofacial formation and development of the central nervous system. Mutant forms of some of these genes are also known to cause motor-related speech defects and mental retardation. Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Institute of Child Health in London who has studied the KE family for more than 20 years, says the new genetic data nicely fit with her own observations about the mutant FOXP2 disorder. It's very consistent with what we proposed, and it's exciting to have this evidence, she says. As her work has shown, orofacial problems in the KE family members are strongly related to their cognitive difficulties with speech and language. So the mind and the mechanics are intimately linked. It makes sense these two things have to work together, she says. The findings, however, do not mesh well with work from some other leaders in the field. Simon Fisher, a geneticist at Oxford University's Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics whose lab discovered the KE family's FOXP2 mutation, reported last year that FOXP2 turned down CNTNAP2 , which in turn had a significant link to a language impairment that compromises a person's ability to use and understand words. But CNTNAP2 did not appear to be regulated by FOXP2 in the Geschwind lab's new analysis. Both Fisher and Geschwind say the discrepancy may have to do with the different cell lines and assays used in the two studies. In another cautionary note, geneticist Wolfgang Enard of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, who helped discover the difference between human and chimp FOXP2 and has developed a related mouse model , says he so far has failed to find similar chimp-human differences in gene regulation in his own lab. He says it is now critical to repeat the study with more neuronal cell lines. If the findings are right, he says, the impact would be enormous. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7270/abs/nature08549.html Nature 462 , 213-217 (12 November 2009) | :10.1038/nature08549:10.1038/nature08549 ; Received 26 August 2009; Accepted 1 October 2009 Human-specific transcriptional regulation of CNS development genes by FOXP2 Genevieve Konopka 1 , 3 , Jamee M. Bomar 1 , 3 , Kellen Winden 1 , 3 , Giovanni Coppola 3 , Zophonias O. Jonsson 5 , Fuying Gao 3 , Sophia Peng 3 , Todd M. Preuss 6 , James A. Wohlschlegel 5 Daniel H. Geschwind 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Program in Neurogenetics, Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and, Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Division of Neuroscience and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA Correspondence to: Genevieve Konopka 1 , 3 Daniel H. Geschwind 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to G.K. (Email: gena@alum.mit.edu ) or D.H.G. (Email: dhg@ucla.edu ). Top of page The signalling pathways controlling both the evolution and development of language in the human brain remain unknown. So far, the transcription factor FOXP2 (forkhead box P2) is the only gene implicated in Mendelian forms of human speech and language dysfunction 1, 2, 3 . It has been proposed that the amino acid composition in the human variant of FOXP2 has undergone accelerated evolution, and this two-amino-acid change occurred around the time of language emergence in humans 4, 5 . However, this remains controversial, and whether the acquisition of these amino acids in human FOXP2 has any functional consequence in human neurons remains untested. Here we demonstrate that these two human-specific amino acids alter FOXP2 function by conferring differential transcriptional regulation in vitro . We extend these observations in vivo to human and chimpanzee brain, and use network analysis to identify novel relationships among the differentially expressed genes. These data provide experimental support for the functional relevance of changes in FOXP2 that occur on the human lineage, highlighting specific pathways with direct consequences for human brain development and disease in the central nervous system (CNS). Because FOXP2 has an important role in speech and language in humans, the identified targets may have a critical function in the development and evolution of language circuitry in humans.
Overcoming the language barrier: writing in English for non-native authors 在本帖中, 理文编辑 学术总监Dr. Daniel McGowan将向大家展示克服语言障碍,非英语母语科研人员如何写作? Journal editors, overloaded with quality manuscripts, may make decisions on manuscripts based on formal criteria, like grammar or spelling. Don't get rejected for avoidable mistakes; make sure your manuscript looks perfect (quote from a senior executive at a large international publishing house). Scientific writing is difficult enough for many authors who have English as their first language; for non-native English-speaking authors, writing a paper in English represents a massive challenge that can make or break their papers chances of publication. With increased pressure on publication space and increased demands on editors time many journals are introducing language screening protocols to check submissions before they reach the editors desk; some editors simply choose to overlook papers that are too poorly written to consider or send for review in the knowledge that, among the submissions they receive, will be well written studies containing interesting and robust science. However, all is not lost for non-native English-speaking authors: by being aware of some of the most common scientific writing language errors and how to avoid them, you can improve the quality of your paper and increase its chances of being accepted. It is helpful to think of the writing process in the same way that you think about performing experiments; that is, the language needs to be easily and accurately understood by the reader, without multiple possible interpretations arising. In experiments, we use controls to rule out alternative hypotheses. In language, we must avoid ambiguities and unnecessary text (such as repetition and redundancies) to get our message across clearly. Scientific writing should possess what I call the three Cs: clarity, conciseness and correctness (accuracy). The key to achieving this is to be as brief and specific as possible without omitting any details that might be essential for the reader to fully understand your meaning. In other words, say no more than you need to accurately convey your message. Although writing that fails to meet this standard is sometimes described as sloppy or lazy writing, authors are frequently unaware that what they have written is unclear and ambiguous. Thus, attention to detail and an appreciation of how your writing could be misinterpreted are essential. What follows is just a small selection of error types that, when present in large numbers, could result in your paper going straight to the rejected pile. Articles/Plural vs singular Articles (a/the) are adjectives that modify nouns. Where they are used incorrectly the reader can be left wondering if you are referring to a specific thing or to a non-specific item or category. Worse, they could interpret the text incorrectly and make a wrong assumption. Incorrect use of articles can also lead to confusion relating to singular vs plural senses. The word the should be used in conjunction with a noun referring to a particular item or group of items (it can be used with both plural and singular nouns); for example, the sections were/the section was then stained with HE implies that the sections you had referred to in recent sentences were stained. By contrast, a should be used in conjunction with non-specific nouns; for example, a section was then stained infers that a single section, any section, was stained. A should only be used to refer to a single item or category, and should not be used in conjunction with plural nouns; that is, a sections would be incorrect. Asian authors frequently leave articles out of sentences making them sound awkward and unnatural, which would be the case when omitting the the in adenovirus was injected into the fourth ventricle. The antibody was injected into the hippocampus (articles required to specify a particular antibody, presumably already referred to in the text, and a specific hippocampus, belonging to a subject already described). A new method of extraction was devised (a used rather than the because this statement introduces this method to the reader; therefore it is non-specific at that time. Once introduced to the reader, the new method of extraction should be used to refer to that method in the specific sense). Nouns are used in the plural sense by adding an s to the end (in most cases). In the absence of an article, it can sometimes be unclear if the wrong sense (plural vs singular) has been used. For example, in the sentence Acetyl group was added, the reader is not clear whether the author means An acetyl group was added or perhaps Acetyl groups were added. Thus, when referring to multiple items, the plural sense should be used to avoid potential confusion. This is commonly forgotten when describing figures (use arrowheads rather than arrowhead where there is more than one in the figure; likewise, use solid bars rather than solid bar when referring to a bar chart with multiple bars). A biopsy wa s obtained (describing a single biopsy). Biopsies were obtained from eight patients (no article necessary unless these biopsies had already been introduced to the reader, in which case they would need to be referred to in the specific sense The biopsies were obtained). Commas, hyphens and which Used incorrectly these three elements of writing can introduce ambiguities, and the potential for subsequent misunderstanding, into your writing. For example, in the sentence Because A42 levels were elevated in 75% of AD patients in studies using our method , it is critical to obtain fresh samples, moving the comma after method to follow the word patients (or addition of a new comma there) would completely change the meaning. Similarly, in the phrase calcium-induced calcium release, omission of the hyphen completely changes the meaning of the sentence. When the hyphen is present calcium-induced is a compound adjective modifying the noun calcium release; when the hyphen is absent, induced is a verb describing the effect of calcium on calcium release. Thus, it is critically important to use hyphens with such compound adjectives to avoid misunderstandings. However, no hyphen is required to combine an adverb and an adjective; for example highly intense staining and high-intensity staining are both correct, but highly-intense staining is not. Glutamate receptors mediated synaptic plasticity (tells the reader that Glu receptors are involved in the development of synaptic plasticity). Glutamate receptor -mediated synaptic plasticity (identifies synaptic plasticity involving Glu receptors as the subject of the sentence; note the change from plural to singular because receptor is being used in a general sense and not to refer to a single receptor). The word which, when used incorrectly, can also induce considerable confusion. It is often used incorrectly instead of that. Both introduce clauses that modify nouns, but that should be used to introduce defining or restrictive clauses and which should be used to introduce non-defining or non-restrictive clauses. For example, in the sections that were positive for GFP were subjected to cell counting procedures, the that introduces a defining clause that defines exactly which sections were subjected to cell counting. By contrast, in the sections, which were positive for GFP, were subjected to cell counting procedures, the sections that were subjected to cell counting are rather loosely defined, possibly referring to sections that have been described in the previous or recent sentences. The clause about GFP positivity provides the reader with additional information, but is not essential to understand the meaning of the sentence; that is, it is disposable. Because which is used in this way, writers need to ensure that it is absolutely clear what the which is actually referring to, possibly whatever immediately precedes it (most commonly) or possibly the main subject of the sentence. For example, the sentence microglia migrated to the site of the lesion, which was associated with increased levels of ED-1 is somewhat vague, because it is unclear if the which is referring to the lesion or to the migration of microglia. If there is ever any doubt about such a sentence, it is best to rephrase it completely; for example migration of microglia to the site of the lesion was associated with increased levels of ED-1 or microglia migrated to the site of the lesion, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased levels of ED-1 at this site, both of which are unambiguous. Data were normalised to the housekeeping gene actin, which was used as an internal reference (here, the which refers to actin, which is therefore the subject of the following clause). Data were normalised to the internal reference housekeeping gene actin, revealing increases in the levels of (to refer to the analyzed data in a subsequent clause, which would be inappropriate and introduce an ambiguity). Respectively The word respectively is frequently misused by native and non-native English-speaking authors alike, and, as with the other elements described above, its misuse can lead to confusion and ambiguities. It is often clearer not to use this term at all, but it can be useful to economise on words where there are two corresponding lists. For example, it is quite useful in the sentence The latencies to withdrawal from a painful stimulus in control and transgenic mice were 3 s and 2 s, respectively, meaning that control mice withdrew after 3 s and transgenic mice withdrew after 2 s. If describing something much shorter than The latencies to withdrawal from a painful stimulus, for example average weights, respectively is not necessary; Control mice weighed 203 g and transgenic mice weighed 172 g is better than Control mice and transgenic mice weighed 203 g and 172 g, respectively, which contains one additional word. Note that respectively can only be used to refer to two corresponding lists at one time, and cannot be used to refer to more. Thus, the sentence The latencies to withdrawal from 5 g and 10 g painful stimuli in control and transgenic mice were 3 s and 2 s, respectively is incorrect and impossible to understand. The proportions of monocytes positive for CD163, CD7 and CD11a were 45%, 63% and 70%, respectively (the respectively makes clear that the three percentages refer to each of the three markers in the same order). Comparisons Comparisons are frequently made in the results sections of papers, and it is especially important to compare like with like. One common error made by non-native authors is overlooking this simple rule and leaving the reader to make an assumption about what is being compared. At best, the language will appear unnatural but the meaning clear; at worst, the wrong meaning can be imparted. As an example, the sentence Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers should actually be Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers. Another frequent error with comparisons is the use of relative terms (for example, higher, greater, more) without a reference. In the sentence transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol it is unclear what these levels were higher than; thus, a than clause, such as than control mice, is required. The reader might make this assumption automatically, but in some cases alternative inferences will be possible; the goal of accurate scientific writing has to be the removal of all assumption. Because comparisons of results are critical to their interpretation and, ultimately, their significance, it is critical that you convey to the reader exactly what is being compared. Finally, the word between should be used for comparisons of two findings, but among should be used for comparisons of three or more. The levels of ubiquitinated proteins were higher in patients than in control subjects (the than clause provides a reference for the term higher). The levels of ubiquitinated proteins in patients were higher than those in control subjects (unlike the first example, where patients and controls are both on the same side of the comparing term, that is, they are both mentioned after higher, here, patients and controls appear either side of the comparing term; therefore, it is necessary to add than those to compare like with like). There was no significant difference in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins between patients and controls (between is appropriate here for a comparison of two groups). There were no significant differences in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins among AD patients, PD patients and controls (among is appropriate for comparisons of more than two groups; note the change to the plural differences because more than one type of difference is possible with more than two groups). Protein and gene nomenclature One very common cause of confusion is use of the incorrect nomenclature to describe changes in the levels of genes, their mRNAs or the proteins that they encode. Constant changing from describing gene expression levels to protein levels and back again can also add to the confusion, especially because the names are often the same. Therefore, it needs to be completely clear to the reader exactly what level you are talking about. Nomenclature differs among species, but generally gene names should be described in italics and protein names in normal font. Case (upper vs lower) is often used to distinguish between species: generally, for mouse, rat and chicken, gene names are spelt with an upper case first letter and the rest in lower case; for humans, primates and some domestic species, gene names are spelt with all capital letters. Descriptions of mRNAs generally use the gene name (for example, levels of p53 mRNA) or you can refer to the mRNA for a given protein (for example levels of the mRNA for p53). The word expression is usually used to describe gene expression and can induce confusion when used to describe protein and mRNA levels; in most cases referring to proteins the word expression can simply be replaced with the word level (or levels). Be aware of the correct nomenclature for your species of subject and ensure that everywhere you refer to a protein, gene or mRNA by name in the text it is completely clear which of those you are referring to. Expression of the Igf1 gene was increased in our transgenic mice (use if italics and the word gene ensure that no confusion is possible here). The levels of IGF1 mRNA were elevated in our patient group (correct nomenclature for human genes). The serum IGF1 levels were elevated in the transgenic mice (here, it is clear that the protein is being referred to; capitals are appropriate in this case, even though the species is mouse, because it is the correct nomenclature for the mouse protein). Summary These are just a few of the most common errors made by non-native English-speaking authors in their scientific writing. There are of course many more that cant be dealt with here, but they all have the same result: a loss of clarity and/or introduction of ambiguity. If you apply the three Cs when writing your next paper, with an awareness of some of the traps that can lead to ambiguities or a loss of clarity, you will automatically improve your chances of getting your study published. If you also focus on removing any repetition and redundancy, and apply attention to detail to ensure that your meaning is clearly conveyed in each sentence, you will increase them further. As a general rule, it is a good idea to keep sentences simple, using shorter expressions wherever possible, rather than long, complicated and confusing. The slogan for the Beijing Olympics was One world, One dream; when it comes to scientific writing you should think One sentence, One idea. The simplest solution is always the best. Exercise Look at your most recent paper written in English and try to identify some of the errors described above. Post these examples on the forum as well as your suggested solutions to them. I look forward to seeing your efforts to correct these problems by applying the three Cs, and will offer comments on your solutions as well as offering a few of my own. Good luck! 练习 请各位检查一下近期自己写过的英语论文,回顾文中是否存在上述列举的错误。欢迎各位积极贴出典型的错误例句以及建议的修改方法,也期待大家应用上面说到的三C标准来纠正这些错误。我将逐一对大家修改好的例句进行回复,并列举出我自己遇到的此类问题。祝各位好运! 在这里还需提请各位注意,Dr. McGowan 的母语是英语,无法阅读中文,因此请大家尽量使用英文回帖,如有任何需要与他沟通的学术和语言问题也请使用英语,Dr. McGowan 会及时回复大家的。 Dr. Daniel McGowan 曾任 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 副编辑,负责约稿,管理和撰写期刊内容。于2006年加入理文编辑(Edanz Group) 并从2008年起担任学术总监。Dr. Daniel McGowan 有超过十年的博士后和研究生阶段实验室研究经验,主要致力于神经退化疾病、分子及细胞生物学、蛋白质生物化学、蛋白质组学和基因组学。
维特根斯坦是二十世纪最著名的哲学家,有人为他写了一篇牛比的介绍。我不会在这里讨论,但会在下一篇里转贴出来。维特根斯坦牛比在什么地方?他的厉害在于语言的研究。 我们学理工科的,很少会讨论语言这个问题。不过我们可以把数学当成语言来看待,想象一下数学的特征即是语言的特征。语言有四个基本内容:概念、关系、约束条件和程序。在学微积分时,我们对开集有一个定义从 U 中任何一点 x 开始你可以在任何方向上稍微移动一下而仍处在集合 U 中。我当时想有限集合首先会有个边,那我就取最边上的一点。从道理上讲,我说得似乎也挺对,但问题是你把那个边表达出来。我没有能力用现有的任何概念、关系和程序表达出这条边,那么这条边即是不存在。这即是语言的限制。 语言中有一个程序的概念。何为程序?在现实生活中,我们为了说明一个问题,会写一篇文章,这即是程序的原始意思。在做数学证明时,也是一步步向下走,这完全是一个程序。当讨论程序时,我们马上会想到另外一个事情:所有程序的集合,我后面称他为程序集合好了。人们发现程序集合其实挺小的。所有命题的集合,其元素个数远远大于程序集合。那么,不好意思,大多数命题是无法证明的。 把数学中的语言应用到现实中,我们也马上明白了:思维过程是一个程序推理,我们的概念和关系来自生活。我们对现实的认识也只能是一个局部的认识。 维特根斯坦对语言在社会中的应用做了更广泛的认识。他认为语言作为一种思维工具,已经沦为人们思维的桎梏。我们用现成的语言思考,就象玻璃瓶里的苍蝇,四处碰撞,却没有想到应该往上飞。 如果这样的话,我们也就能够理解为什么许多学术恐龙都是从年轻人开始成功的。因为他们的思维还没有被固定住。不过也有一些老人心挺好的,他们知道自己不行,把路让出来,提供环境。 维特根斯坦在《逻辑哲学论》中的第一个论题即是世界就是所发生的一切。这是什么意思,这让我想起另外一句语人的本质是一切社会关系的总和,进一步推理即是人的本质就是他的经历,再进一步人即是与他有关的,所发生的一切。当我们把人这个词抛弃,就可以想象成世界就是所发生的一切。 当想到这里,我们就明白了许多东西,人生是什么?人生就是一种经历和历史。时间是什么?时间就是一个事件接着另一个事件,在我脑子里留下的一个顺序。