好标题的重要性 标题可能是整份论文当中最最具有影响力的一个要素:它不仅是期刊编辑和审稿人第一眼看到的,更是研究员在搜索相关文献或数据库时,确认的第一个信息。 因此,标题最好能够涵盖每一个研究的相关方向,且方便读者阅读。跟着以下步骤能够帮助你想好一个恰当的论文标题。 本文章涵盖: ★ 论文标题的重要性 ★ 构思论文标题的步骤解说 ★ 判断论文标题的内容取舍 本文章适合: ★投稿的任何人 ★研究员、教授和硕博士等需要论文标题命名协助的人 如何架构你的标题 Step 1: 问自己几个关于论文的问题 问问自己:我的研究旨在解决哪些问题?我的研究达成了什么目标? 仔细阅读论文的每一个部分,并找出最相关的信息,以此来回答这些问题。例如: “What is my Paper About?” “My paper studies how program volume affects outcomes for liver transplant patients on waiting lists .” “What methods/techniques did I use to perform my study? “I employed a case study .” “What or who was the subject of my study?” “I studied 60 cases of liver transplant patients on a waiting this throughout the US aged 20-50 years .” “What were the results?” “My study revealed a positive correlation between wait list volume and negative prognosis of transplant procedure.” Step 2: 从自己的答复中找出关键字 -program volume -60 cases -outcomes -US / ages 20-50 -liver transplant patients -positive correlation -waiting lists -negative outcome -case study – transplant procedure -60 cases Step 3: 使用关键字造句 “This study employed a case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how the waiting list volume affects the outcome of liver transplantation in patients; results indicate a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a nega tive prognosis after transplant procedure.” 这个句子明显太长了,所以你必须按照接下来的两个步骤来缩减至适当长度。 Step 4: 将句子缩减成标题 想写出一个完整的论文标题,必须移除任何能够让这个句子成为「句子」的东西,同时保留所有跟研究相关的内容。删除掉所有不必要和重复的字或研究员在搜索时最不可能使用的字。 以下是删掉后剩下的内容: “ This study used a case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how the waiting list volume affects the outcome of liver transplantation in patients ; results indicate a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis after transplant procedure .” 删完之后,将剩下的东西转化成教简洁的单字并重新安排顺序,让它更好读。因此就变成以下: “A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcome of transplantation and showing a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis.” (Word Count: 38) 现在已经很接近可以用的标题了,但一般论文的标题在16字以内,所以现在的字数还是太多。因此我们必须取舍一些单字。 Step 5: 删除不必要的所有内容,把关键字移到句首跟句尾 因为实验参与对象的适量和实际结果并非该研究最重要的部分,所以先把该部分移除: “A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcome of transplantation and showing a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis.” (Word Count: 19) 除此之外,在研究方法中的单字通常都不会是其他人搜索时会使用的字眼,并把额外的细节删掉,让标题更加简洁。那剩下的就是: “Assessing the impact of waiting list volume on outcome and prognosis in liver transplantation patients” (Word Count: 15) 删减完的标题让人轻易的了解研究主题与该研究的目的,同时最重要的单字也放在标题的头跟尾。 “Assessing” :该研究的主要动作被放在标题的头, “liver transplantation patients” 研 究的特定主题被放在尾。这能够有效帮助论文在搜索时被看到。 加上副标题 如果你认为有加上副标题的需要,你可以在标题后面加上一个冒号: “ : a case study of US adult patients ages 20-25” 但是也不需要严格遵守以上的建议,如果你有投稿需求,建议详细阅读该期刊的论文标题规定,才不会白忙一场。 标题命名的技巧 除了以上的步骤之外, 以下关于格式、字数和内容的技巧提供参考: Write the title after you’ve written your paper and abstract Include all of the essential terms in your paper Keep it short and to the point (~16 words or fewer) Avoid any jargon or abbreviations Use keywords that closely relate to the content of your paper Never include a period at the end—your title is not a sentence Wordvice霍华斯英文润色机构 希望以上的建议能在各位作者撰写论文标题时有所帮助! | 英语博客 | 论文润色 | 学术论文翻译 | 学科母语编辑 | 关于我们 |
说明:本博客与微信公众号“林墨”同步更新,所有内容均为原创,可授权转载请扫码关注“林墨”公众号 给论文起个好标题,可能能获得更高的被引次数。 王路 / 大连理工大学 注:图片来源于参考文献中的论文 在自媒体时代,要想获得更高的点击率,起一个好的标题甚至比文章内容本身更重要。其实,在学术论文写作中也是一样。给论文起一个好的标题,往往可以获得更高的被引次数。 我们不能仅以封面来评判一本书的好坏,我们也不能仅凭标题去定义一篇论文的价值。但是近期有研究表明,科学论文标题的长度,可能真的对其被引用次数有影响哦! Chawla 调查了发 表于2007-2013年间的140000篇来自各个领域科学论文,结果发现:论文的标题越短,被引次数越高。 来自Science杂志的案例 2010 年, Science 发表的所有论文中,标题最长的两篇论文分别是“ The role ofparticle morphology in interfacial energy transfer in CDSE/CDS heterostructurenanocrystals ”和“ Insects betray themselves in nature to predators byrapid isomerization of green leaf volatiles ”,它们截至到目前的引用量分别是 68 和 67 . 而标题最短的两篇论文“ Quantum walks of correlated photos” 和 “A draft sequence of the neandertal genome ”引用量分别是 253 和 700 。对比很明显,标题短的论文的被引次数更高。 除此之外,研究还发现,相对于新发表的文章,“标题越短,引用越多”的现象在老文章中更常见。 短标题论文为什么会高被引? 科学家们会下意识地认为,标题短的论文,内容本身也更加容易理解。科学家们缺乏耐心去弄清楚那些长且复杂的标题。就像我们在检索文献时,一般都会更倾向于点开那些标题简洁的文章。而较高的打开率,也就意味着更有可能被引用。 当然这里面也可能有别的影响因素,比如,高水平的期刊对于论文的要求更加严格,甚至会限制论文标题的长度。这也就意味着,有一部分高水平论文的作者,可能是被迫选择了短标题。 并不是所有学科都喜欢短标题 在长短标题之争中,虽然短标题以微弱的优势取胜,但是短标题也有它的缺点,标题过短可能会影响读者的理解,导致我们不能准确地通过标题判断这篇文章的主题。 研究的结果也非适用于所有学科,尽管在不分学科时,所有刊物的数据显示:在被引次数方面,短标题更胜一筹。但在医学类刊物中,长标题的文章获得了更多的被引次数。 “长标题”与“短标题”的战争还将继续进行下去,究竟是短标题更吸引眼球,还是长标题更能表达主题?但无论如何,论文的标题就是论文的“脸蛋”,有着漂亮脸蛋的论文,总是能够吸引更多的读者——以及引用。 Chawla, D. (2015). In brief, papers with shorter titles get more citations, study suggests. Science , DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1669. 公式越多,被引越少
What Makes a Good Abstract and More ( https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/11201/154803 ) 在线讲座为文章和图书的作者提供了很多关于标题和摘要结构、风格和引擎优化(SEO)的新见解。作为副主编和营销经理的Jamie Wielgus在视频中回答了大多数关于文章的的问题——从标题中最适单词的数量到谷歌和谷歌学术搜索引擎的不同——现将回答展示如下。 如果您错过了这个研讨会,您可以通过Wiley的 Author Services Channel 观看。 如何在标题中使用外部引用?以一句电影标题为例:The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 一般情况下, 尽量不要在标题中使用引用 。论文的标题需要清楚简洁地涵盖文章的主题。The Good, the Bad and the Ugly虽然引用了著名影片,并且朗朗上口,但是它并没有告诉读者(和引用者)能从您的文章中学到什么。当选择论文题目时,你要确保它是 描述性 的,并能 清楚地传达主题 。请记住,文章标题中一定要出现文章的 关键字 。 我想以“When sizematters:......”作为标题的开头,但在谷歌学术搜索的结果多达661。那么这是一个好的还是坏的标题呢? “When size matters:......” 并不是一个很好的标题开头,它被读者找到的可能性小之又小。人们在寻找文章时,并不会输入这种泛泛的短语,而是会输入非常精确的关键词。同样,读者在迅速浏览文章标题列表时,在看到有用关键字前,“额外”的短语只会占用读者宝贵的时间。标题和摘要的工作是帮助读者找到 合适 的内容,而不是 很多 内容。在谷歌学术搜索此短语的结果如果覆盖了广泛的话题,或者不直接关系到你该篇文章的主题,那就是需要将它删去的指令了。只用核心关键词作为论文题目(登录网络研讨会网站查看更多内容)意味着你的文章标题很可能会比较枯燥,但更有效。 作者信息: Vikki Renwick Assistant Marketing Manager, AuthorMarketing 点击查看英文原文: http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2015/06/11/what-makes-a-good-abstract/
科技英语写作 英文科技论文写作讲座 一、 论文标题 1. 标题不是句子,不要求主、谓、宾齐全,但应注意用词前后次序和用词简练,重点明确。 2. 标题中尽量避免“study on”,“research on”,“investigation of”之类没有多少实际意义的词组,尤其是在题目较长的情况下。 3. 标题中不要用缩略语、化学式和专利商标名(在某技术领域内大家熟知的缩写除外)。 4. 标题不要太长,第一个词和实词的首字母要大写(其他如the、a、an、and和所有介词都小写)。 二、 摘要写作注意事项 1. 摘要基本内容为论文的研究目的(purpose),主要研究过程(procedure),采用的方法(methods)以及主要结论(conclusion)。 2. 摘要应突出文章的创新和独到之处(what is new and original in this paper?)。 3. 摘要要使用正规英语和标准术语,避免使用缩写词(除非是大家熟知的如CAD、CAM、IT等)。 4. 摘要尽可能使用短语,用被动语态,用第三人称。描述作者以往的科研工作可用过去时或现在完成时,但结论用一般现在时。 三、 科技论文、项目文件、协议汉译英常用时态 1. 在论文、项目文件和协议等文件中,提及以前所做的研究工作,而且有具体时间或时间状语时,用过去时或过去完成时。 2. 论文中实验叙述可用一般过去时。 3. 论文中的讨论和结论叙述可用一般现在时。 4. 论文中的讨论和结论叙述可用一般现在时。 5. 一般真理、定理、公式用一般现在时。 6. 计划要做的工作、项目活动及预期要达到的目标用一般将来时。 四、 英文论文写作应注意的事项 1. 不能在毫无把握的情况下想当然造字,专业词汇一定要准确,应以英美学者写的原文为参考标准(中国学者写的不足为据!)。 2. 走出受制于金山词霸。中英文单词的最大区别是具体的中文词(语)只存在一种写法,而译成英文时要根据其确切含义选择最恰当的英文单词(或词组)。比方“潇洒”一词,如果翻英文词典可能又多个词,究竟选哪个呢?(handsome、open-minded、smart、elegant、graceful、natural and unrestrained、noble、cool、in a relaxed state of mind、debonair(轻松愉快)、dashing、vigorous(朝气蓬勃)。 3. 尽量不连用三个以上的of(可用所属格或从句表示)。 4. 不用含糊不清的句子,比方某句中的it看不出代表前面哪个词或句子,这在同学们写的论文中屡见不鲜。 5. 单复数主语应有对应的谓语动词形式,这种类型的错误时常可见,比方data是复数,(单数形式是datum,注意!它又是加工、测量基准的意思。)谓语动词要用复数形式。而games(大型运动会)、proceeding(论文集)、news、United States、United Nations、airlines(航空公司)、headquarters(总部)。看起来是复数,实际上是单数名词。 6. 论文中不能用过分肯定夸张的句子或词汇(如perfect、best、most desirable、most ideal、create…for the first time、lay a foundation for…等)。而应采用would、should、will、surely、certainly、probably、perhaps和provide a technological support for、supply a basis for、conduct a basic research on、carry out a preliminary exploration in、make a preparation work for等婉语。 7. 要用多个同义词(synonym)代替某个词,不要老是重复用一个词,显得文章乏味。 1) 做、开展、进行、从事 do、make、carry out、perform、conduct(research、study、experiment、survey、investigation…) 2) 制造、制作 make、fabricate、build、manufacture、construct… 3) 改变、改换、修改、重建、重组 convert、transform、charge、modify、adapt、alter、reform、correct、reconstruct、rebuild、reconfigure、reorganize… 4) 建议、提出 advise、recommend、suggest、propose、introduce、put forward、present、develop… 5) 建立 establish、set up、form、construct、formulate、build… 6) 给、提供 give、offer、provide、supply、furnish 7) 改善、改进 improve、enhance、raise、better 8) 开发、利用 develop、exploit、take advantage of、make use of、employ、tap、open up… 9) 验证、证明 verify、prove、check、test、identify、justify、affirm、confirm… 10)由…组成:constitute(department A ,department B constitute the School of Mechanical Engineering;the School of Mechanical Engineering(is composed of、consists of、comprises、is comprised of department A ,department B)注意区别:整体(be composed of、consist of、comprise、be comprised of)分部,而分部(constitute)整体。 注意科技文章中一些常用词意上的差别 1)manufacture一般指工业上批量的、成熟的有一定规模的制造,而fabricate一般指具有技巧性的,手工方式制造,而且一般是小批量的甚至是单独制作。make是泛指的做和制造。 2)transform指根本的转换、变换、改造(常跟into)。convert只指物理形式的变换(比方数模转换),transfer和transmit指传递、传送、发射等(比方heat transfer传热学,data transmission数据传输,power transmission功率传递,TV transmission power电视发射塔,hydraulic transmission液压传动),特别要注意:技术改造是technological transformation,但技术转让却是technology transfer,还有transformation matrix转换矩阵等。communication指信息交流、通讯、联络,transport指交通运输。transit是转运、转口、过渡(phase transition相变,during the transition of the centuries世纪之交,trans-century talent跨世纪人才)。 3)Management:企业管理enterprise management、项目管理project management、工商管理business administration、公共管理public administration、数据管理data administration、管理操作员administrative operator 4)tool工具,cutter刀具,tooling(无复数形式)工装、模具,device小装置,equipment(无复数形式)设备,instrument仪器、仪表、乐器,(注意,instrument还有手段、方法、证书等意思)installation成套装置设备,apparatus电器、机电设备,appliance家用(电)器具,utensil器皿、厨具,facility(常用复数facilities)设施、设备、工具、机构(例如:sport facilities体育器材、设施),utility公共事业设备(水、电、煤气等),implement工具、器械(农具)。 5)element、part零件,component组件、元件、组分、分量(imaginary component虚部,pressure component分压力,structural component结构件),subassembly组合件、机组、分组成、分步装配,assembly总装、装配,machine机器,machine tool机床,machinery机械(总称)。 6)trouble麻烦,defect故障缺陷,glitch小毛病,fault人为错误,error计算、测试错误、误差,breakdown故障停机(stoppage diagnosis或fault diagnosis故障诊断),flaw瑕疵、缺陷,mistake理解不当造成的错误,blunder犯大错、失策。(平常只能说:Sorry, it’s my fault or it’s my mistake.) 7)accuracy精度(machining accuracy加工精度,positioning accuracy定位精度,positional accuracy位置精度,measuring accuracy测量精度,precision精密(precision instrument精密仪器,precision machining精密加工,precision mold精密模具)。 8)intensity指强化的程度、力度(比方加大投资力度-to increase the investment intensity,提高训练强度-to strengthen the training intensity),strength指材料受力后能承受而不被破坏的能力,指力学强度(如疲劳强度-fatigue strength,极限强度-ultimate strength等),另外一个特殊用法是strengthen,有时也可做优势、实力用。比方on the strength of…凭借…方面的实力。 9)conference正式的会议、讨论会、学术会议、协商会(CPPCC中国人民政府协商会议);convention全国性大会、公约、协定(the Geneva Convention日内瓦公约);congress全国代表大会、美国国会;council政务会、理事会、委员会。如国务院(中)state council,联合国安理会the U.N. Security Council;assembly集会、议会,如:联合国大会General Assembly;meeting一般会议;session某一届会议,如:全会plenary session;parliament 某些国家的国会或议会的名称,尤指英联邦一些国家的议会;seminar、workshop指规模较小的学术研究会;forum是论坛;conference是正式的大型学术会议,常规表达方式是:International Conference on… 10)verify证明、验证,validate使生效、合法、批准,justify认为…合理、划算、为…辩护,confirm确认。 11)prove证明,approve批准。 12)base基地、机座(experimental base实验基地,incubation base孵化基地),basis(抽象的基础,on the basis of…在…基础上),basic(al)基本的。 13)big、large、great、huge、enormous、giant、titanic、tremendous、vast、massive、substantial、immense、grand的用法区别:big用于形容重量、质量、体积(主要形容外形)。This child is big for his age. Large可用于形容重量、体积、数量、容量(只能描述物理尺寸、体积,不能描述抽象事物,而big有时可以描述抽象事物,有重大、严重之意,如big fire、big difficulty等)。 常见用法举例: 1. 可以说big boy(一个大个子男孩)但不能讲large boy。而small boy和little boy都对(但前者强盗个头,后者既包括个头又包括年纪小)。 2. 可以讲large deformation(大变形),large number(大数字)this city has a large population(这个城市人口众多)。但不能说big number、big deformation和big population。 3. 讲大人物可以用big potato或great man或VIP(very important person)。great用于形容重物理量大或抽象的大(伟大、巨大)。The great western development西部大开发。 4. giant指体积和力量的巨大(比方巨人)。The reactor is contained in a giant pressure vessel. giant panda大熊猫,giant brain大型计算机。 5. titanic力大无比的(从希腊神话中的巨人Tian而来)。 6. tremendous指规模、体积、程度大得惊人。They have made tremendous achievements in their work. 7. vast一般用于形容范围、区域、视野的广阔,a vast expanse of desert。有时也可形容巨额和大量,如a vast sum of money,vast difference。 8. massive用于形容大块、笨重,也可形容大量。massive structure块状结构,massive destructive weapons大规模杀伤性武器,massive dump大量(信息/存储),massive resonance大质量共振。但大量生产、大规模生产、大规模销售只能说mass production、large-scale production、mass marketing等。 9. substantial用于形容抽象的、无法具体描述的多和大量意思。The improvement of the light 10. grand指宏伟庄严The National Grand Theater国家大剧院,grand stand大看台grand champion冠军grand piano大三角钢琴。 下面是常用的与“大”有关的词组: 大量:a lot of,a large quantity of,a large amount(wealth) of;大规模:large scale,mass,massive;大幅度:a large extent,substantial;大批订货:(an) extensive order;大量资料:a wealth of data,a great mass of data;大用户:large user,bulk user;大宗买卖:bulk sale;大数:large number,great number;大小(尺寸):size;大小(幅度):magnitude;大雨:heavy rain;大雪:heavy snowfall;大(厚)截面:heavy section;大火:big fire;大分子:giant molecule;大系统:large system;大型铸(锻)件:heavy casting(forging);大科学:big science;大电流:heavy current;大功率:high power;大容量(信息):mass storage;大容量(物质):high volume;大螺距:high pitch;大量服务:bulk service;大量交货:bulk delivery 几个常用的“最大”的表达方式: 最大诚意:utmost sincerity;最大份额:lion’s share;最大鼓舞:great encouragement;最大速度:top speed;最大牺牲:ultimate sacrifice;最大幸福:supreme happiness;最大障碍:biggest obstacle 14)1.state政府、行政意义上的国家(the state key laboratory国家重点实验室,the State Ministry of Education国家教育部) 2.country地理概念上的国家(the whole country全国) 3.nation民族(improve the bilateral relationship of the two nations改善两国的双边关系)national全国的(the National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会,National Day国庆日,National defence国防,National Laboratory of…国家实验室 15)need(人类)自然需要,急需(注,need除了做实义动词外还可做助动词,you need not to care me any more!demand(for)市场、物质需求(to meet the market demand)。requirement(s)对…提出的要求,request祈求、强烈请求、恳求(make a request for,on request如索求则…),solicit(只有动词)恳求、祈求、要求、征求,后跟for或to+inf例:solicit assistance请求支援,solicit for subscription征求订户。 16)change改变、改动,modify修改(设计),correct改错、改正,revise修订、修改(文件、著作、合同等),adapt改编(将文学作品由一种形式改写或另一种形式)。 17)平衡(balance、equilibrium),转子动平衡rotor’s dynamic balance,某种过程达到动平衡dynamic equilibrium,化学平衡chemical equilibrium,生态平衡ecological balance,双方之间的势力均衡power balance between two sides。 遗产、传统heritage、legacy,historical legacy历史遗产,cultural heritage文化遗产,继承inherit(inheritance),继承人inheritor,遗产税inheritance tax,遗传的(生)genetic,遗传学genetics,遗传工程(密码、基因、算法)genetic engineering(code、genome、algorithmic)。 19)relation指人际、国际、贸易关系,而科学研究、实验中的各影响因素之间的关系都用relationship(between、among)。 20)related to与…有关的,relevant to与…相关的,relative to相对…而言,correlative有相关性的(数据关系),coherent相干的、凝聚的,coherent effect相干效应,coherent light相干光,coherent imaging相干成像。 21)关于不同形式的同一个词(名词、形容词、动名词等)用法区别 1.高等院校higher educational institutions,而高教出版社却是higher education press 2.实验结果experimental results,实验基地experimental base(实验一词做定语时通通用形容词形式) 3.系统工程system engineering,系统管理system management,系统误差 4.技术改造technological transformation,技术转让technology transfer 5.国家技术进步奖State Award for Scientific and Technological Progress,国家自然科学奖State 6.一些用法上很难区分的词:experiment实验,experimental一套实验、实验方法、整个实验安排和布置,document文件,documentation文档、文档生成、处理等,instrument一台仪器设备,instrumentation测试装置、测试技术、整套测试工作的安排布置,circuit电路,circuiting一套装置中全部电路总称(如同poem诗歌和poeting诗歌集的区别),technology泛指的广义的技术、技巧和工艺,technique具体技术手段、工艺,forming:与die有关的锻造成型加工,shaping :与mold有关的铸造、注塑成型加工 22)complete、accomplish和finish的用法区别:complete用于完成某个项目、工程(project、engineering);accomplish用于完成某项目标、指标(goal、index);finish则用来完成作业(homework)、学业(finish with school)、论文(thesis、dissertation)等。另外,complete还是形容词,表示完整、成套的… 23)关于subject的用法: 1.Subject做名词:主语、科目(required subject 必修课)、学科、主题、研究对象。 2.Subject做形容词:从属的、受支配的、以…为条件的、be subject to以…为条件的,受…约束的 3.Subject做动词:使…受…作用或约束,Subject M… to …N迫使M受N作用(影响约束等)故subject又常用be subjected to的形式。 24)关于地域、地区几个同义词的用法区别: 1.自治区autonomous region 2.碑林区 Beilin district 3.华北区North China Area西北区Northwest China Area 4.汉中地区Hanzhong prefecture 5.经济特区SEZ(special economic zone) 6.地方经济regional economy 7.地方政府local government 8.局部战争local war 9.局域网local area network 25)关于首字母缩略词(acronym)使用注意事项: 1.缩略词的首字母如果是:A、E、F、H、I、L、M、N、O、R、S、X则前面的不定冠词用an(因为这12个字母发元音)。 2.缩略词复数在后面加s或es要根据最后一个字母确定,而且字要小一号,例如:ICs、FMSes 26)校园常用词汇: 1.必修课required(compulsory) course 2.选修课elective(optional)course 3.辅修课minor course 4.基础课basic course 5.专业课specialized course 6.成绩单school report、academic record 7.考试成绩exam scores 8.排名次序ranking position 9.学籍卡registration record card 10.硕士学位master’s degree 11.博士学位doctoral degree 12.博士后流动站post -doctoral mobile research station 13.毕业论文thesis(本科和硕士生)、dissertation(博士生) 14.毕业答辩oral defense for one’s thesis(dissertation) 15.毕业实习graduation field work 16.毕业设计graduation project 17.课程设计curricular project 18.应届毕业生this year’s graduates 19.毕业证diploma、graduation certificate 20.授予学位confer a … degree on sb 21.博导doctoral advisor 22.奖学金scholarship、助学金stipend 23.高等院校higher educational institutions、institutions of higher education 24.理工科大学university of science engineering 25.重点高校:key(major、leading、banner) university 26.大专junior college、大专文凭associate degree 27.中专secondary specialized school、polytechnic school 28.职校vocational(training) school 29.技工学校technical school 27)论文中人称问题:科技论文在人称代词的使用上有两种主张,一种是传统式的主张,认为科技论文侧重叙事和推理,读者重视的是论文的内容和观点,感兴趣 28)正式论文不能用省略形式的词,如let’s、haven’t等。 29)书面文章不要用生僻的怪字或俚语。 30)为使文章更流畅、通顺,应注意结构词的使用。在一篇科技论文中,普通词和结构词可占90%以上,而专业词汇不过只占5%左右。现将常用的结构词列举如下: 1.增加、继续扩展:additionally、in addition、as well as、besides、furthermore、moreover、equally important、on the second thought、subs equently 比较:after all、alternately、a similar analysis shows、however、in comparison with、in contrast、 nevertheless、on the contrary、on the other hand、otherwise、whereas、yet… 3.详述:as an example、for instance、such as、in general、objectively speaking、generally speaking、namely、that is to say… 4.概括:in essence、in other words、in short、in summary、to sum up、let us review the steps in the preceding chapter(above-mentioned procedure)、several remarks need to be made at this point、as mentioned above 、all in all… 5.目的:for this purpose、for this reason、in order to、with this goal… 6.结果:as a result、accordingly、consequently、hence、in view of these considerations、so far、the forging discussion illustrates、therefore、in spite of… 7.赞同:certainly、obviously、fortunately、hopefully、in fact、of course、undeniably、without any question… 8.时间:a little later、as will be seen、at present、at this point、finally、immediately、meanwhile、at the same time、presently、recently、ultimately。 第二讲 科技论文中动词的时态和语态特点 英语科技文章中动词常用的时态种类较少,经常使用被动语态,现分别介绍如下: 一、时态 英语动词共16种时态,其中最常用的只有5种,即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、现在进行时。科技文章中一般现在时、一般将来时和现在完成时比另外两种更常用些: 1. 一般现在时 一般现在时是科技文章中最常见的时态,主要有三种用法。 A. 叙述一般过程 A scientist observes carefully applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data. B.叙述客观事实或科学定理 Sound travels through the air in waves. Work is equal to the product of force and the distance through which the force moves. C.通常或习惯发生的行为 Alternating current is usually supplied to people’s house at 50 cycles per second. 2. 一般将来时 表示将来发生的行为或情况。 Electronic products will become more and more miniaturized because of the increase of inter 1. During the part few years,several countries have pooled(开发利用) their resources in order to carry out certain scientific investigation more efficiently. 2. The September 11 terrorist attacks have caused great compact on the global economy. 二、被动语态 在科技文章中被动语态用得十分频繁,这主要有两个原因:第一是谁来执行这些行为和过程并不重要;第二是行为或过程的主体或者没有必要指出,或者根本指不出来。由于摘要语言简明直接,故摘要中大量使用被动语态。 三种句型: 1:主语+修饰语+被修饰语 2:主语+被动语态+修饰语 3:主语(+修饰语)+被动语态+补足成分 例1:A triangulation technique consisting of participant observation 、interviews and questions was used to collect data from 100 engineers and twenty project managers over a two year period. 例2:The technical and economic aspects of the problem involved are examined in detail,emphasizing the comparison among different possible alternative solutions. (各种可供选择的解决方案) 在科技文章中有带by的短语或句子,但数量不是很多,而且这种带by的短语或句子常常不是指行为的主体,而是行为或过程的方式或工具。 1. The insulating substance was severely damaged by the sea water. 2. The phenomenon was recognized many years ago and put into use in various applications although it was then poorly understood. 3. The spectrum of the antibiotic substance could be determined by testing its effectiveness against various types of bacteria. 4. Most of the drags in current use were discovered by accident or trial and error. 使用被动语态的另一个原因是用于向后扩展句子,不至于显得头重脚轻。 例:In the digital computer the number to be manipulated are represented by sequences of digits which are first recorded in suitable code ,then converted into positive and negative electrical impulses. 第三讲 名词化和动词非限定形式 light scans――the scanning of the light to apply force――the application of force to translate Chinese into English――the translation of Chinese into English 例如,名词化既是句子的简化手段,又是句子复杂化的手段。 1. Conversion of the energy of a mountain stream into the powerful torque of an electric motor a hundred miles away. 2. The General Secretary has prepared a five year survey program which is designed contribution to the development of natural resources by indicating economic and technologically advanced approaches to the exploration and assessment of these resources. 动词非限定形式: 1. 动词不定式 动词不定式在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。 1. Although it(形式主语) isdifficult (for scientists to know)(to deal with such a large subject 实际主语),the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties(表语)an underdeveloped on emerging region has to face. 2. The refusal to be disturbed or disorganized(干扰和搅乱)by unexpected or apparently adverse occurrences(意外事件),put on the contrary,to be stimulated (激励)by them(定语),has in fact been a marked characteristic of successful investigators. 3. Industry everywhere forced rising labor costs and more complex processes, both arising from the determination of human being to achieve a better stand and of living. 2. 分词 作定语、状语、补足语。分词短语起定语从句或状语从句作用,并且和它们交替使用。句子不至于显得单调。 1. Thus we may be faced with a society having two basic groups in industrial organization :one consisting of those who carry out the decision of this organizing group. 2. It is not easy ,for example ,to explain the processes involved in a computerized control system if the basic algebraic symbols are without meaning. 3. Confronted with the many problems presented by,let us say,an active volcano, we many ask:How does volcano work and how is the heart generated?When did volcano first begin to erupt and when is if likely to erupt again? 英语科技文章中有时还用独立分词结构,它有两种结构形式: Optimal design 优化设计 Digital manufacturing 数字制造 (a) 分词有自己的逻辑主语,它和句子的主语不一样 The engineering solution is the optimum solution,the most desirable end result taking into account many factors. (b) 介词+宾语+宾补 The volunteers would come into a room where there was a row of five calicles with their doors shut. 动名词: 可作主语、定语、表语、宾语,也可以有自己的宾语和。在科技英语中动名词和动名词短语还可作介词和的宾语。 2.The technique of making the computer carry out a particular task is known as programming ,which involves first breaking the calculation down into a sequence of arithmetic operations and then preparing a series of instructions which cause the discreet computers to carry out the required operations on the stored information in the current order. Operation on+对象/with+手段 多重复合句: This instrument works on the principle that each individual substance emits a characteristic spectrum of light when its molecules are caused to vibrate by the application of the heat ,electricity ,etc. and after studying the spectrum he had obtained on this occasion,Hilebrendreported the gas to be nitrogen. When we look into the matter carefully,we will find that the world we live in presents an endless variety of fascinating problems which excite our wonder and curiosity. 语法分析:找谓语-后找主语;找连接词。 The point I am anxious to make is that the research for models of this kind,the study of their behavior and the relationship of this behavior with the real situations which they seek to represent and the consequential modification of them so as to lead to reliable prediction and then to decision-making would not be possible if there were no assistance afforded to the investigator by the digital computer and by the work of the technologists who it(works) is founded into stable ,reliable and economical pieces of electrical equipment. 该句的主语就是:我很想说明的一点就是…… 部门:sector It also means that governments are increasing compelled to interfere in these sections in order to set up production and ensure that it utilized to the best advantage:for example,They may alter the structure of education ,or interface in order to reduce the consumption of natural resources or tap resources hither to unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international the international Atomic Energy Agency,the European Including…后不加and so on Such as 后加and so on Industry产业,狭义:工业 Interactive交互式(上课) 四、关于科技论文摘要的语言特点 以下几种行文格式可参考: (1)The author(or writer)of this article(paper、dissertation、thesis)reviews(discusses、tries to describe、explores、deal with、summarizes、gives an account of、etc.)something… (2)The aim(purpose、objective)of this article is to determine(explore、review)sth… (3)… problem of…is discussed(researched、investigated、analyzed、evaluated、assessed、reported) (4)The method(theoretical foundation、experimental scheme、modification to、algorithm…)is discussed (suggested、proposed、presented、developed…) 例1:The author presents some new observations both theoretical and experimental concerning the effect of the mutualinteraction between micro-sized particles in a standing waves. 例2:The author describes a configuration 固定搭配: 1.与system连用的词组 build up、develop、improve、set up、work out(通过努力达到、制定出、设计、研究、估计出)、establish、devise、examine、found、formulate(系统阐述、说明、表达)、check 2.与influence have(has、exert、produce、impose、bring about)a great(favorable、beneficial、deep、predominant、considerable、lasting、wide-spread、decisive、permanent、harmful、destructive…)influence on …,under the influence of… 另外说明:effect一般指直接的影响(科学研究、实践中),influence指深远重大影响,impact指重大的冲击般的影响。 3.与develop achieve(affect、attain、hinder、reach、prevent)a(the)great(remarkable、rapid、comprehensive)development of… 关于结论的建议有如下格式: 1. The author suggests(recommends、concludes)that 2. This article shows that 3. The author’s suggestion(conclusion)is that 4. The author finds(considers、seems)if necessary to 例1:The author proposes an approach to the creation of a synthetic(integrated、comprehensive)method of investigating and designing objects. 结论结果比较: 1. These results are(quite) consistent with the original hypothesis. 2. These results provide substantial evidence for 3. These experimental results support the original hypothesis that… 4. Our research results are in substantial agreement with… 5. The experimental and theoretical values agree quite well. 6. These experimental values(data) are higher(lower)than those with traditional(common) methods, 7. The result observed in our study are better than those reported by howell(1996)。