叶梓很多人把题目翻译成“当你老了”， 当然更贴切。 但是我为了押韵， 变成你不再年轻。 应该意思差不多吧。 你不再年轻 头发已花白 睡眼半朦胧 火旁打盹， 你拿出情书 慢读 梦见自己的青春 那时满眼快乐 情意深深 多少人爱过你 你的快乐轻盈 你的貌美如此惊人 吸引到的爱半假半真 只有一个人儿 他爱你自由的灵魂 爱你， 也爱你脸上的愁云 火旁你弯腰 哀愁 自语道 爱就这样离开我 在头顶的高山上飞奔 它掩面不再看我 把自己藏在群星之中 我为蜂狂， 2017.2.19 翻在蓝星到底特律飞机上（20分钟飞行时间）。 When you are old --- William Butler Yeats When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
美国泥盆纪植物研究专家 William E. Stein于 20世纪70年代 从 美国南加州坡摩那大学（ Pomona College， Claremont, California）本科毕业。这是一所著名的私立文理学院(private liberal arts college)，成立于1887年。 William E . Stein在密歇根大学（University of Michigan ，Ann Arbor, MI）跟随著名古植物学家Charles B. Beck教授念研究生，获得硕士和博士学位。1980年William E . Stein获得博士学位后在密歇根大学生物科学研究部和古生物学博物馆工作了若干年（ Division of Biological Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI）。 目前， William E . Stein 供职于纽约州立大学 Binghamton分校生物科学系（Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Binghamton, N.Y. U.S.A ） 。 我注意到，在 20世纪60—80年代，有一位泥盆纪植物专家叫James D. Grierson (1931--)，曾在这里工作。James D. Grierson应该是Charles B. Beck的师弟，他们都是康奈尔大学著名古植物学家、美国科学院院士Harlan P. Banks (1913—1998)的学生。 古植物学家在 英国《自然》杂志和美国《科学》杂志发表研究并不容易。 2007 年和 2012 年 ， William E. Stein 在英国《自然》杂志发表有关泥盆纪植物的研究论文。 Giant cladoxylopsid treesresolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa WE Stein , F Mannolini, LVA Hernick,E Landing… - Nature, 2007 - nature.com Surprisingly complex communitydiscovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa WE Stein , CM Berry , LVAHernick, F Mannolini - Nature, 2012 - nature.com ∮1 教育背景 （ Education） BA, Pomona College, Claremont, California ； MS, PhD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. William E. Stein的博士论文基本信息如下(附录1为摘要)： Title: REINVESTIGATION OF THE IRIDOPTERIDINAE OF ARNOLD FROM THEMIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK AND VIRGINIA. Author: STEIN,WILLIAM EARL, JR. Language: English Published: 1980 Uniform Title: Dissertations theses @ University of Michigan References: Dissertation Abstracts International, 41-06B, p. 2099, AAF8025776 Note: DISSERTATION(PH.D.)--THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Physical Description: 247p. http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/002156663/Description#summary ∮2 研究兴趣 (Research interests) Paleobotany and plant evolution ∮3 部分论著 (Publications) ----------------- 孙启高 2015年10月11日 ==================== 参见： 关于 Pomona College（坡摩那大学）： https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College Binghamton State university of New York (Binghamton University) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton_University The State University of NewYork at Binghamton is a public research university in the U.S. state of New York . Itis commonly referred to as Binghamton University (abbreviated BU )or SUNY Binghamton . Since its establishment as Triple Cities College in1946, the school has evolved from a small liberalarts college to a large doctoral-granting institution. Presently consisting of six colleges and schools, it is now home to more than 16,000 undergraduate and graduate students. Binghamton is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York (SUNY)system. -------------------- 古植物学的故事 372期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.372) 尊重自然历史尊重学术历史 铁打的营盘 VS 流水的兵 : Paleobotany vs Paleobotanist http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-903352.html 2015-7-6 22:06 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-1005:45 古植物学的故事 370期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.370) Umbrella of American paleobotany-129- Open the Umbrella of American paleobotany -- 撑开美国古植物学之伞 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-901814.html 2015-7-1 00:02 古植物学的故事 368期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.368) Umbrella of American paleobotany-127- 密歇根大学（ Ann Arbor ） 古植物学在淡定中不断前行 Historical perspective on the paleobotany of the University of Michigan http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-901043.html 2015-6-28 00:17 古植物学的故事 264 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.264) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—70: 美国密歇根大学植物学退休教授 Charles B. Beck Charles B. Beck--Professor Emeritus of Botany and Palaeobotany,University of Michigan http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-857108.html 2015-1-7 古植物学的故事 381期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.381) Umbrella of American paleobotany-138 -James D. Grierson（1931--） James D. Grierson (1931--), Ph.D.,Cornell University,1962 美国泥盆纪植物化石专家 James D. Grierson (1931--), Cornellian http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-908990.html 2015-7-28 23:43 古植物学的故事（ 92） Harlan P. Banks：《比较形态学与古植物学的崛起》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (92): Umbrella of American paleobotany-124 American palaeobotanist--Harlan P. Banks(1913—1998)：Comparative morphology and the rise of paleobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-399509.html http://www.sciencetimes.com.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=399509 发表于 2010-12-31 13:57:23 海归博士萧光琰 (1920--1968)之死轻于鸿毛？！ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-926005.html 2015-10-7 01:56 ================================== 附录 -1： Dr. William Stein 的博士论文摘要 Title: REINVESTIGATION OF THEIRIDOPTERIDINAE OF ARNOLD FROM THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK AND VIRGINIA. Author: STEIN,WILLIAM EARL, JR. Language: English Published: 1980 Abstract: The discovery of new specimens from the Middle Devonian of western New York and southwestern Virginia has prompted a reinvestigation of all available type and prominently figured material of three genera: Arachnoxylon , Iridopteris , and Reimannia , originally placed in the Iridopteridinae (Coenopteridales) by Arnold(1940). For Arachnoxylon , significant new information includes the presence of:(1) typical protoxylem strands as opposed to the peripheral loops originally ascribed to the genus, (2) a small type of vascular trace which is circular in transverse section and centrarch, borne from the tips of primary xylem ribs, (3) a large type of trace which is elliptical intransverse section proximally becoming four-ribbed distally and producing pairs of small, subsidiary traces, (4) a whorled order of trace departure with, in one case, both large and small traces comprising parts of a single whorl, (5) metaxylem elements with scalariform to circular bordered pit pairs,and (6) primary phloem containing cells with dark materials in their lumina. For Iridopteris , a new information includes the presence of: (1) normal protoxylem strands instead of peripheral loops, (2) small traces, similar tothose in Arachnoxylon , which are produced radially but asymmetrically from the tips of primary xylem ribs in a regularly alternate manner at each node, (3) a larger type of trace which is elliptical in transverse section and contains twoprotoxylem strands, one near each end, (4) a whorled order of trace departure with both large and small traces comprising some of the whorls, (5) metaxylem tracheids with circular to elongate elliptical bordered pit pairs with elliptical apertures on all walls of the elements, and (6) features of primary phloem and inner cortex similar to that seen in Arachnoxylon . In Reimannia , axes of three orders are observed to be in organic connection. The first order axis has a three-ribbed primary xylem column containing several protoxylem strands along the median plane of each xylem rib. Traces are apparently produced in a helical manner. The primary xylem of a second order axis is proximally elliptical or diamond shaped in transverse section and gives off asub-opposite pair of ultimate appendage traces which may divide once through the course of their departure. Distally,the primary xylem of the second order axis assumes an increasingly three-ribbed configuration and probably produces a single abaxial trace. The new information presented here suggests that Reimannia has little in common with the other members of Arnold's Iridopteridinae. Instead, I suggest that this genus should be considered a permineralized axis fragment form-genus within the Aneurophytales (Progymnospermopsida) perhaps related most closely to Triloboxylon or Cairoa . Accumulating evidence presented in this work and elsewhere suggests that there existed inthe Middle Devonian a taxonomically distinct group of plants currently placed within the genera Arachnoxylon , Iridopteris , Asteropteris , and Ibyka . For this group, I propose the elevation of Arnold's original suborder, Iridopteridinae,to ordinal rank. The Iridopteridales, as defined in this work, is designed to include the central concept of Arnold's original group, except for Reimannia ,combined with the more readily identifiable aspects of the order Ibykales established by Skog and Banks (1973). Uniform Title: Dissertations theses @ University of Michigan References: Dissertation Abstracts International, 41-06B, p. 2099, AAF8025776 Note: DISSERTATION(PH.D.)--THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Physical Description: 247p. http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/002156663/Description#summary ========================= 附录 -2： Dr. William Stein 的部分论文目录 Surprisingly complex communitydiscovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa WE Stein , CM Berry , LVAHernick, F Mannolini - Nature, 2012 - nature.com Giant cladoxylopsid treesresolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa WE Stein , F Mannolini, LVA Hernick,E Landing… - Nature, 2007 - nature.com The primary body of Rellimia thomsonii: integratedperspective based on organically connected specimens JM Dannenhoffer, W Stein , PM Bonamo- International journal of plant …, 2007 - JSTOR Evolution of land plantarchitecture: beyond the telome theory WE Stein , JS Boyer - JournalInformation, 2006 - psjournals.org Phytogeography of LateSilurian macrofloras A Raymond, P Gensel, WE Stein -Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2006 - Elsevier The anatomy of Rotoxylon dawsonii comb. nov.(Cladoxylondawsonii) from the Upper Devonian of New York State J Cordi, WE Stein - InternationalJournal of Plant Sciences, 2005 - JSTOR Ecological sorting of vascularplant classes during the Paleozoic evolutionary radiation WA DiMichele ,WE Stein … - … Columbia University Press …, 2001 - books.google.com A new iridopteridalean from the Devonian of Venezuela CM Berry , WE Stein - International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2000 - JSTOR Developmental logic:establishing a relationship between developmental process and phylogeneticpattern in primitive vascular plants WE Stein - Review of Palaeobotanyand Palynology, 1998 - Elsevier Early evolution of landplants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation …, PR Kenrick, NP Rowe, T Speck , WE Stein - Annual Review of …, 1998 – JSTOR An ontogenetic model for theMississippian seed plant family Calamopityaceae CL Hotton , WE Stein - International journal of plant sciences, 1994 - JSTOR Modeling the evolution ofstelar architecture in vascular plants W Stein - International Journal ofPlant Sciences, 1993 - JSTOR A reinvestigation of DiichniaRead from the New Albany shale of Kentucky CB Beck, J Galtier, WE Stein -Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 1992 - Elsevier New information on Bostoniaperplexa—an unusual member of the Calamopityaceae from North America WE Stein , CB Beck - Review ofpalaeobotany and palynology, 1992 - Elsevier The anatomy ofPseudosporochnus: P. hueberi from the Devonian of New York WE Stein , FM Hueber -Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 1989 - Elsevier Paraphyletic groups inphylogenetic analysis: Progymnospermopsida and Prephanerogames in alternativeviews of seed plant relationships WE Stein Jr, CB Beck - Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. …, 1987 - Taylor Francis Galtiera bostonensis, gen. etsp. nov., a protostelic calamopityacean from the New Albany shale of Kentucky CB Beck, WE Stein Jr - Canadianjournal of botany, 1987 - NRC Research Press Phylogenetic analysis and fossil plants WE Stein - Review of palaeobotanyand palynology, 1987 - Elsevier Possible alternatives for theorigin of Sphenopsida WE Stein Jr, DC Wight, CB Beck -Systematic Botany, 1984 - JSTOR Arachnoxylon from the MiddleDevonian of southwestern Virginia WE Stein Jr, DC Wight, CB Beck -Canadian Journal of …, 1983 - NRC Research Press Triloboxylon arnoldii from theMiddle Devonian of western New York WE Stein Jr, CB Beck - 1983 -deepblue.lib.umich.edu Techniques for preparation ofpyrite and limonite permineralizations WE Stein , DC Wight, CB Beck - Reviewof Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1982 - Elsevier Bostonia perplexa gen. et. sp.nov., a calamopityan axis from the New Albany Shale of Kentucky WE Stein Jr, CB Beck - AmericanJournal of Botany, 1978 - JSTOR =============================================================
已故加拿大皇家学会院士、古植物学家和孢粉学家 Norman William Radforth (1912--1999) 出生于英国， 8 岁时移居加拿大。他于 1946 年担任 美国植物学学会古植物学分会 长（ Chairperson ）； 1947--1950 年连续 4 年担任《美国植物学报》编辑代表（ Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. ）。 参见： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html#Former Former Section Officers, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America Years from 1946 to 1950 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1946 St. Louis 12/45 N.W. Radforth T. Just C.A. Arnold 1947 Chicago 3/46 H.N. Andrews T. Just E. Dorf N.W. Radforth 1948 Washington 12/47 T. Just A.T. Cross N.W. Radforth 1949 New York 9/48 E.S. Barghoorn A.T. Cross N.W. Radforth 1950 Columbus 12/49 H.N. Andrews A.T. Cross T. Just N.W. Radforth ∮1 教育背景 1936 ： B.A. ， Universityof Toronto ； 1937 ： M.A., University of Toronto ； 1939 ： Ph.D., University of Glasgow ； 1939 年， Norman William Radforth 在 University of Glasgow 获得博士学位 ，论文基本信息如下： Title: The structural features of the fructifications of some carboniferous fern-like plant by Radforth, Norman William. Thesis: 1939 Physical Description: 1 v. Thesis: Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1939. Local Note: 7.39 U of G Library Class: Thesis 535 ∮ 2 研究领域 古植物学、孢粉学等。 ∮3 部分论著 Norman William Radforth 主要供职于加拿大 McMaster University 植物系。 1946—1953 年，他担任 Royal Botanical Gardens （ Hamilton ）首位主任。 1959 年当选为 加拿大皇家学会院士。部分著作如下： XIV.—An Analysis and Comparison of the Structural Featuresof Dactylotheca plumosa Artis sp. and Senftenbergia ophiodermatica Gppert sp. NW Radforth - Transactions of the Royal Society of …, 1938 - Cambridge UnivPress XXVII.—Further Contributions to our Knowledge of theFossil Schizace; Genus Senftenbergia NW Radforth - Transactions of the Royal Society of …, 1939 - Cambridge UnivPress Suggested classification of muskeg for the engineer NW Radforth - 1953 - nrc-cnrc.gc.ca The classification of recently discovered Cretaceous plantmicrofossils of potential importance to the stratigraphy of western Canadiancoals NW Radforth , GE Rouse - Canadian Journal of Botany, 1954 - NRC ResearchPress APALYNOLOGICAL STUDY RELATING TO THE PLEISTOCENE TORONTO FORMATION N. W.Radforth , J.Terasmae Canadian Journal of Botany , 1960 ,38(4): 571-580, 10.1139/b60-051 PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN ARCTIC CANADA: I. ARCHAEOPTERISFROM ELLESMERE ISLAND …,TL Phillips, NW Radforth - Canadian Journal of …, 1965 - NRC ResearchPress Upper Devonian miospores from the Escuminac Formation,eastern Québec, Canada WWBrideaux, NW Radforth - Canadian Journal of Earth …, 1970 - NRC ResearchPress Muskeg and the northern environment in Canada NW Radforth , CO Brawner - 1977 - agris.fao.org ------------------------ 孙启高 2015 年 5 月 7 日整理 ===================== 参见 ： The Obituary of Norman William Radforth (1912--1999) (by Colin McGregor) Radforth, Norman William 1912 1999.pdf ---- The Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG) is headquartered in Burlington and also include lands in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens_(Ontario) 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-10 05:45 古植物学的故事 347 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.347) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - 谁是“ A . J . Eames”？ 美国植物形态学家 —Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） American phytomorphologist— Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887413.html 2015-5-5 04:45 古植物学的故事 348 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.348) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—106 - 谁是“ T. Just”？ 美国植物学家、古植物学家 — TheodorKarl Just (1904--1960) American botanist and palaeobotanist-- Theodor Karl Just (1904--1960) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887617.html 2015-5-5 22:06 古植物学的故事 349 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.349) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—107 - 谁是“ C.A. Brown ”？ 美国植物学家 — Clair Alan Brown (1903--1982) American botanist- Clair Alan Brown(1903--1982) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887896.html 2015-5-6 21:52 《古植物学的故事》（ 89） 英国古植物学的传承 (4): 名师JohnWalton教授 Story ofPalaeobotany Series (89): An interesting palaeobotanical lineage in the UK (Part IV)—John Walton (Fellow ofthe Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1895-1971 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-399318.html http://www.sciencetimes.com.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=399318 发表于 2010-12-31 1:50:51 古植物学的故事 240期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.240) Seward umbrella of world palaeobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-845010.html 2014-11-2100:13 ================
美国科学院院士、古生物学家 James William Schopf 美国科学院院士、古生物学家 James William Schopf 教授供职于加州大学洛杉矶分校地球、行星与空间科学系。他的父亲 James Morton Schopf (1911--1978) 是 20 世纪美国著名的古植物学家、古孢粉学家和煤田地质学家。参见： Umbrella of American palaeobotany—68: James Morton Schopf(1911--1978) : 开启美国古生物学的“Schopf王朝” American palaebotanist and palynologist-- James Morton Schopf(1911--1978) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-855966.html ∮ 1 教育背景： A.B. Oberlin College （ Ohio ） (1963); A.M. Harvard University (1965); Ph.D. Harvard University (1968) 。 James William Schopf 的博士论文基本信息如下： Title: Contributions of Precambrian paleobiology; investigations of early, middle and late Precambrian microorganisms with particular emphasis on the paleobiology of the late Precambrian Bitter Springs formation of central Australia. Author: Schopf , J. William, 1941- Language: English Notes: Submitted to: Dept. of Biology. Thesis note: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1968. HOLLIS Number: 003936565 Creation Date: 1968 Source: HVD ALEPH ∮ 2 工作经历： 自 1968 年起供职加州大学洛杉矶分校，担任古生物学助理教授； 1970 年晋升为副教授； 1973 年晋升为正教授，时年 32 岁。 ∮ 3 学术贡献： JamesWilliam Schopf 主要研究前寒武纪古生物学，著述甚丰，已经发表 340 多篇论文，还出版著作 10 多部。如： Schopf, J.W.,Kudryavtsev, A.B., Czaja, A.D., and Tripathi, B., Evidence of Archean life: stromatolites and microfossils, Precambrian Research 158, 141-155, 2007 McKeegan, K.D.,Kudryavtsev, A.B., and Schopf, J.W., Raman and ion microscopic imagery ofgraphitic inclusions in apatite from 3830 Ma Akilia supracrustals, WestGreenland, Geology 35, 591-594, 2007. Chen, J-Y., Schopf,J.W., Bottjer, D.J., Zhang, C.-Y., Kudryavtsev, A.B., Wang, X.-Q., Yang, Y.-H.,and Gao, X., Raman spectra of a Lower Cambrian ctenophore embryo from SWShaanxi, China, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 6289-6292, 2007. Schopf, J.W., Fossilevidence of Archaean life, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ofLondon B 361, 869-885, 2006. Schopf, J.W.,Tripathi, A., and Kudryavtsev, A. B., Three-dimensional confocal opticalmicroscopy of Precambrian microscopic organisms, Astrobiology 6, 1-16, 2006. Schopf, J.W. andKudryavtsev, A.B., Three-dimensional Raman imagery of Precambrian microscopicorganisms, Geobiology 3, 1-12, 2005. Schopf, J. W. (Ed.),Life's Origin, The Beginnings of Biological Organization, Univ. Calif. Press,208 pp., 2002. Schopf, J.W.,Kudryavtsev, A.B., Agresti, D.G., Wdowiak, T.J. and Czaja, A.D., Laser-Ramanimagery of Earth's earliest fossils, Nature 416, 73-76, 2002. Schopf, J.W.,Solution to Darwin's dilemma: Discovery of the missing Precambrian fossilrecord, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6947-6953, 2000. Schopf, J.W., Cradleof Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils, Princeton Univ. Press, 367pp., 1999. Schopf, J.W.,Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: New evidence of the antiquity oflife, Science 260, 640-646, 1993. Schopf, J.W. (Ed.),Major Events in the History of Life, Jones and Bartlett, 190 pp., 1992. Schopf, J.W. and KlleinC. (Eds.), The Proterozoic Biosphere, A Multidisciplinary Study, CambridgeUniv. Press, 1348 pp., 1992. Schopf, J.W. (Ed.),Earth's Earliest Biosphere, Its Origin and Evolution, Princeton Univ. Press,543 pp., 1983. ∮ 4 James William Schopf 与中国 ： 1978 年， James William Schopf 以古植物学家的身份参加了“美国植物学会访华代表团”，对中国科学院等学术机构进行了富有历史意义的参观访问。参见： 1978年美国植物学会代表团访华报告（by J. W. Schopf） Dr. J. W. Schopf’s Report on the Botanical Society of America Delegation to the People's Republic of China-- “ On Palaeobotany, Palynology and Related Studies in China, 1978 ” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-397972.html 中国与美国古植物学交流与合作的大门是如何被打开的？ How was the door to the academic communication and cooperation between Chinese and American palaeobotanists re-opened in the 1970s? (in Chinese) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-378602.html 根据公开资料，“ 1978 年美国植物学会访华代表团”还有两位华裔成员。其中，有一位华裔叫 Jane Shen-Miller （沈育培博士），她是植物生理学家，当时的身份为： Dr. Jane Shen-Miller, MetabolicBiology Program, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550(Physiology) Jane Shen-Miller 的父亲为 1946—1949 年间中国南京市长沈怡（ 1901--1980 ）博士。 Schopf教授（左2）和沈育培女士（左4） （ 照片引自 http://www.chinaavf.com/read.asp?id=1717 ） 1980 年， Jane Shen-Miller 与 James William Schopf 结婚。他们多次访问中国，与中国同行开展合作研究。 ------------------ 本期编目 古植物学的故事 269 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.2 69 ) Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 73 : 美国科学院院士、古生物学家 James William Schopf American palaeontologist--James William Schopf http://blog.sciencenet.cn /blog-225931-859855.html 2015-1-16 ================ 相关阅读： James William Schopf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._William_Schopf 中国与美国古植物学交流与合作的大门是如何被打开的？ How was the door to the academic communication and cooperation between Chinese and American palaeobotanists re-opened in the 1970s? (in Chinese) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-378602.html 美国科学院院士、哈佛大学古植物学家 Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn Jr.(1915--1984) Harvard palaeobotanist Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn Jr.(NAS, 1915--1984) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-467085.html Umbrella of American palaeobotany—68: James Morton Schopf (1911--1978) : 开启美国古生物学的“ Schopf 王朝” American palaebotanist and palynologist-- James Morton Schopf(1911--1978) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-855966.html 2015-1-2 23:36 Catalogueof Umbrella of American Palaeobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-843288.html Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 看看世界上极为罕见的古植物学世家 Rare well-known families of palaeobotany in the world http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-332321.html 沈怡 （ 1901--1980 ） http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%80%A1_(%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1) --------------- 美国加州大学教授访问武汉市蔬菜科学研究 所 作者：李明华、黄来 春 2010-8-16 11:39:14 http://www.chinaavf.com/read.asp?id=1717
William Safire 1929 - 2009 William Safire, a speechwriter for President Richard M. Nixon and a Pulitzer Prize-winning political columnist for The New York Times who also wrote novels, books on politics and a Malaprop's treasury of articles on language, died on Sept. 27, 2009 . He was 79. Mr. Safire began writing his twice weekly Essay for the Op-Ed Page of The New York Times in 1973. His last Op-Ed column, Never Retire , appeared in 2005. From 1979 until his death he wrote On Language , a New York Times Magazine column that explored written and oral trends, plumbed the origins and meanings of words and phrases, and drew a devoted following, including a stable of correspondents he called his Lexicographic Irregulars. Mr. Safire also wrote four novels, including Full Disclosure (Doubleday, 1977), a best-seller about succession issues after a president is blinded in a freak accident, and nonfiction that included The New Language of Politics (Random House, 1968) and Before the Fall (Doubleday, 1975), a memoir. The columns, many collected in books, made him an unofficial arbiter of usage, and one of the most widely read writers on language. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/william_safire/index.html William Safire, a speechwriter for President Richard M. Nixon and a Pulitzer Prize -winning political columnist for The New York Times who also wrote novels, books on politics and a Malaprop’s treasury of articles on language, died at a hospice in Rockville, Md., on Sunday. He was 79. The cause was pancreatic cancer, said Martin Tolchin, a friend of the family. There may be many sides in a genteel debate, but in the Safire world of politics and journalism it was simpler: There was his own unambiguous wit and wisdom on one hand and, on the other, the blubber of fools he called “nattering nabobs of negativism” and “hopeless, hysterical hypochondriacs of history.” He was a college dropout and proud of it, a public relations go-getter who set up the famous Nixon-Khrushchev “kitchen debate” in Moscow, and a White House wordsmith in the tumultuous era of war in Vietnam, Nixon’s visit to China and the gathering storm of the Watergate scandal, which drove the president from office. Then, from 1973 to 2005, Mr. Safire wrote his twice-weekly “Essay” for the Op-Ed page of The Times, a forceful conservative voice in the liberal chorus. Unlike most Washington columnists who offer judgments with Olympian detachment, Mr. Safire was a pugnacious contrarian who did much of his own reporting, called people liars in print and laced his opinions with outrageous wordplay. Critics initially dismissed him as an apologist for the disgraced Nixon coterie. But he won the 1978 Pulitzer Prize for commentary, and for 32 years tenaciously attacked and defended foreign and domestic policies, and the foibles, of seven administrations. Along the way, he incurred enmity and admiration, and made a lot of powerful people squirm. Mr. Safire also wrote four novels, including “Full Disclosure” (Doubleday, 1977), a best-seller about succession issues after a president is blinded in an assassination attempt, and nonfiction that included “The New Language of Politics” ( Random House , 1968), and “Before the Fall” (Doubleday, 1975), a memoir of his White House years. And from 1979 until earlier this month, he wrote “On Language,” a New York Times Magazine column that explored written and oral trends, plumbed the origins and meanings of words and phrases, and drew a devoted following, including a stable of correspondents he called his Lexicographic Irregulars. The columns, many collected in books, made him an unofficial arbiter of usage and one of the most widely read writers on language. It also tapped into the lighter side of the dour-looking Mr. Safire: a Pickwickian quibbler who gleefully pounced on gaffes, inexactitudes, neologisms, misnomers, solecisms and perversely peccant puns, like “the president’s populism” and “the first lady’s momulism,” written during the Carter presidency. There were columns on blogosphere blargon, tarnation-heck euphemisms, dastardly subjunctives and even Barack and Michelle Obama ’s fist bumps. And there were Safire “rules for writers”: Remember to never split an infinitive. Take the bull by the hand and avoid mixing metaphors. Proofread carefully to see if you words out. Avoid clichés like the plague. And don’t overuse exclamation marks!! Behind the fun, readers said, was a talented linguist with an addiction to alliterative allusions. There was a consensus, too, that his Op-Ed essays, mostly written in Washington and syndicated in hundreds of newspapers, were the work of a sophisticated analyst with voluminous contacts and insights into the way things worked in Washington. Mr. Safire called himself a pundit — the word, with its implication of self-appointed expertise, might have been coined for him — and his politics “libertarian conservative,” which he defined as individual freedom and minimal government. He denounced the Bush administration’s U.S.A. Patriot Act as an intrusion on civil liberties, for example, but supported the war in Iraq. He was hardly the image of a button-down Times man: The shoes needed a shine, the gray hair a trim. Back in the days of suits, his jacket was rumpled, the shirt collar open, the tie askew. He was tall but bent — a man walking into the wind. He slouched and banged a keyboard, talked as fast as any newyawka and looked a bit gloomy, like a man with a toothache coming on. His last Op-Ed column was “Never Retire.” He then became chairman of the Dana Foundation, which supports research in neuroscience, immunology and brain disorders. In 2005, he testified at a Senate hearing in favor of a law to shield reporters from prosecutors’ demands to disclose sources and other information. In 2006, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush . From 1995 to 2004, he was a member of the board that awards the Pulitzer Prizes. William Safir was born on Dec. 17, 1929, in New York City, the youngest of three sons of Oliver C. and Ida Panish Safir. (The “e” was added to clarify pronunciation.) He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and attended Syracuse University , but quit after his second year in 1949 to take a job with Tex McCrary, a columnist for The New York Herald Tribune who hosted radio and television shows; the young legman interviewed Mae West and other celebrities. In 1951, Mr. Safire was a correspondent for WNBC-TV in Europe and the Middle East, and jumped into politics in 1952 by organizing an Eisenhower-for-President rally at Madison Square Garden. He was in the Army from 1952 to 1954, and for a time was a reporter for the Armed Forces Network in Europe. In Naples he interviewed both Ingrid Bergman and Lucky Luciano within a few hours of each other. In 1959, working in public relations, he was in Moscow to promote an American products exhibition and managed to steer Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev into the “kitchen debate” on capitalism versus communism. He took a well-known photograph of the encounter. Nixon was delighted, and hired Mr. Safire for his 1960 campaign for the presidency against John F. Kennedy . Starting his own public relations firm in 1961, Mr. Safire worked in Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller ’s 1964 presidential race and on John V. Lindsay ’s 1965 campaign for mayor of New York. Mr. Safire also wrote his first book, “The Relations Explosion” (Macmillan, 1963). In 1962, he married the former Helene Belmar Julius, a model, pianist and jewelry designer. The couple had two children, Mark and Annabel. His wife and children survive him, as does a granddaughter, Lily Safire. In 1968, he sold his agency, became a special assistant to President Nixon and joined a White House speechwriting team that included Patrick J. Buchanan and Raymond K. Price Jr. Mr. Safire wrote many of Nixon’s speeches on the economy and Vietnam, and in 1970 coined the “nattering nabobs” and “hysterical hypochondriacs” phrases for Vice President Spiro T. Agnew . After Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , publisher of The Times, hired Mr. Safire, one critic said it was like setting a hawk loose among doves. As Watergate broke, Mr. Safire supported Nixon, but retreated somewhat after learning that he, like others in the White House, had been secretly taped. Mr. Safire won his Pulitzer Prize for columns that accused President Jimmy Carter ’s budget director, Bert Lance, of shady financial dealings. Mr. Lance resigned, but was acquitted in a trial. He then befriended his accuser. Years later, Mr. Safire called Hillary Clinton a “congenital liar” in print. Mrs. Clinton said she was offended only for her mother’s sake. But a White House aide said that Bill Clinton , “if he were not the president, would have delivered a more forceful response on the bridge of Mr. Safire’s nose.” Mr. Safire was delighted, especially with the proper use of the conditional. This article has been revised to reflect the following correction: Correction: September 29, 2009 An obituary on Monday about the columnist William Safire referred imprecisely to a photograph he took of the “kitchen debate,” the 1959 encounter between Vice PresidentRichard M. Nixon and Nikita S. Khrushchev, the Soviet premier, in Moscow. His picture, though well known, was not “the” one to become “an icon of the encounter.” Another picture, by Elliott Erwitt, showing Nixon poking Khrushchev’s chest, also achieved iconic status. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/us/28safire.html William Safire: Language Legend 说文解字的奇才-威廉．萨菲尔 作者：Paul Sterman 已故专业演讲撰稿人兼专栏作家留给世人丰富的语文瑰宝 讣文形容威廉萨．菲尔是一位作家Author、辞典编纂家Lexicographer、专业演讲撰稿人speechwriter、评论权威Pundit、行家Maven。如果他还在的话，他会喜欢这些字眼，不只因为是赞辞，更因为这些头衔，显示了他在英文造诣上的博学多闻。萨菲尔还能够告诉你每一个字的来源。作家这个字源自拉丁文，辞典编纂者是希腊文，专业演讲撰稿人是盎格鲁撒克逊语-属于德国方言的一种，评论权威是印度语，至于行家则是意第绪语(犹太人使用一种德语与希伯来语的混合语言)。萨菲尔喜爱英语具有的活力、乡土气、延展性和幽默。人们敬爱萨菲尔也正因为他具有这些特质。 演讲会的会员特别赞赏他的文才，任何一个曾搔首捻须苦思一篇能表达明确，蕴含睿智、风格、优雅的讲稿的人，都会了解这位才子了不起的成就。 这位博学多闻土生土长的纽约人，在传播界具有极大的影响力，去年九月逝世，享年七十九岁。他为纽约时报杂志写了卅年的‘谈语言’专栏，机智诙谐、妙趣横生，广受欢迎，使他成为当代最知名的英文字汇和语法权威。 萨菲尔同时也是纽约时报，得过普立兹奖的政治专栏作家，前美国总统尼克松知名演讲撰稿人，再此之前他是高知名度的公关人员。 华尔街日报专栏作家佩琪．努南Peggy Noonan以曾任美国里根和老布什总统的演讲撰稿人闻名，她赞扬萨菲尔重大的贡献，称呼他是媒体界与政治界的‘巨人’。她说萨菲尔也是一位宽宏大度的导师和朋友。 佩琪．努南在一场演讲会杂志的访问中回忆说：“比尔(William的另一种称呼)给一些我所听过的最好的专业建议‘写你所经历的和看到的’。” “他觉得那些活在历史现场的人(在白宫工作的每一个人就是活在历史现场的人)有责任将他们的经历，尽可能正确地、真实地纪录下来，不要任它消逝，沦为茶余饭后的闲话轶闻。”佩琪．努南说，萨菲尔的督促奏效了，她很感激他的鼓励和支持。 ‘他催促我每天写一两个感想。我说这是个好主义，可是我没有时间；我晚上十点才下班已经很累了。他却说：“一个句子就好，每个人都做得到！”我同意了，也试着做了。其实他心知肚明，哪有一个作家只写一个句子的。就这样他得寸进尺地，使我从同意写一个句子，再要我同意写个一页、两页或三页。正因为这样，我才没有把白宫弄丢了，我一直保存着；我尽我所能的记录我知道的事件。’ 萨菲尔在他的语言专栏，以他精明幽默的笔调，谈论语言的发展趋势、文法课题、政治语艺和漫无止境的字词排列组合。他探讨的题材从‘部落格族行话blargon (blog jargon)’到‘真是够了﹗enough already’这个词组细微的文法差别。 其他的专栏文章，还作字源学上的探讨，萨菲尔深入探究俚语的来源和字辞的历史，像‘肥皂soap’这样基本的字也不放过。他有一次追踪‘意气风发地走galumph(注一)’这个字的演进，追溯到它的源头为“galumpher”?出现在刘易斯卡罗尔Lewis Carroll所著的艾丽斯漫游仙境书中。可曾想过‘亲吻拥抱canoodle’这个字吗？萨菲尔发现它可能与德国水饺有关，德语称为‘Knoedel’。 萨菲尔曾经写道：‘我是一个语言“行家”，这个字有好多含意，它有酷爱迷、热爱者、学者、鉴赏家的意思在内’。甚至于橄榄球赛也成笑柄。2006年滚石乐团在美国橄榄球超级杯大赛中作中场表演时，?萨菲尔还是不放过大大有名的主唱米克杰格Mick Jagger，追究他的蹩脚文法。米克杰格向观众介绍他们最受欢迎的一首歌‘满足’时说‘耐心等待,必有斩获Everything comes to he who waits’，萨菲尔指出，中场又出了一个状况，这次是用字不正确。这位专栏作家对米克杰格的语病，提出他教授级的解释：‘因为he是男性第三人称主格，在这句话中不能作为介系词to的受词，正确的代名词应该要用受格代名词him’。 懂了吧？ 想想看，若由萨菲尔当你的演讲会的语法讲评员，毫无疑问的，那将是一个学习经验。 1950年代的后期，萨菲尔开始崭露头角成为全美国的知名人士，当时他是纽约一家公关机构的执行主管。1959年美国与苏联冷战的紧张关系稍趋缓和，两国正享受着解冻的欢愉气氛，双方赞助举办文化交流。那一年，美国国家展览会在莫斯科举行，萨菲尔就在当地，不经意的看到他客户-某住宅建筑公司所建造的样品屋展览品。展览会开幕典礼由当时的美国副总统尼克松Richard Nixon主持，主宾则是苏联总理赫鲁晓夫Nikita Khrushchev；这两位领导者可能会随便浏览一下样品屋就离开了，但是萨菲尔想出一个妙计，让他们不知不觉地成了他的客户的促销者。展览会原先已规划好流畅的、单向进出动线。萨菲尔做了一个小小的改变，重新调整警戒线，使参观的人潮可从两个方向进入会场，而堵住了尼克松和赫鲁晓夫的通路。与他们同行的口译员和达官显贵们，通通被困在样品屋的厨房里头。一事牵引一事也不知怎么地，总之，最后引发尼克松和赫鲁晓夫一场针锋相对的核武激辩。这段插曲后来成为众所周知的‘厨房辩论’事件。这里头还包括了一张令人难忘的、萨菲尔诡谲设计的照片-尼克松用手指戳着赫鲁晓夫的胸膛。那镜头证明了尼克松是个，敢与苏联大胆对抗的人。这位副总统不得不佩服这名机智的公关人员，暗中操控这场偶发事件。萨菲尔赚到了一个新客户。 1968年尼克松当选美国总统，萨菲尔加入行政行列担任演讲撰稿人。讽刺的是，在五年的白宫演讲撰稿人生涯中，萨菲尔最令人难忘的，是他的一句妙语。副总统安格纽担任执政党的辩护者，谴责外界的批评像‘喋喋不休的否定论大佬nattering nabobs of negativism’(注：出自萨菲尔手笔)。独一无二的短语，于当时一般的政治语艺中独树一帜，引起了轰动。反映了萨菲尔语言的才华，和他对押头韵alliteration的喜爱，在他一生的写作生捱中随时都显露着这样的天赋。 离开白宫专业演讲撰稿人的工作后，萨菲尔成为纽约时报一名坚韧犀利的政治评论员，并于1978年荣获人人称羡的普立兹奖。但是除了他政治评论专栏抨击的对象可能引起不安外，大家都知道萨菲尔是个温和儒雅容易相处的人，尤其对从事写作的人特别大方。佩琪努南说，当她开始在白宫当演讲撰稿人时，萨菲尔是她的大贵人。 她指出：‘比尔比我年长一个世代。他以我最需要的也是年轻人最感激的的方式鼓励我，当我们交谈的时候，他注意倾听，称赞我的时候一本正经。职场习于以施恩的态度对待年轻人。比尔萨菲尔却不。他具有全然的平等观念，他能够向每一个人学习，不管他们的年龄或地位，而且每一个人也能够向他学习。’ 萨菲尔对语言的热爱开始得很早。他在纽约长大，常在各种不同的街区闲逛，耳边常听到一大堆不同的语言：意大利语、德语、乌克兰语、华语、意第绪语。即使是普遍讲英语的小区，他们的方言也带着浓浓的爱尔兰腔。 他从1979年起写‘谈语言’专栏，直到去世前的几个星期才停笔。他写的13,000篇专栏文章和许多书籍，奠定他堪为世界最重要评论家的地位(写作语言：英语)。萨菲尔可能会为一些常犯的错误感到懊恼，比如︰将‘碰巧的fortuitous’和‘侥幸的fortunate’两个字搞混；但是他不是一个迂腐的传统主义者。相反的，萨菲尔曾经写道︰‘我欢迎能带给我们更能准确表达的、更能添增色彩的、更具表达力的新字或有新用法的旧字。’ 这位天才的文字师父，是星期天早上脱口秀很受欢迎的权威人士，著作等身，包括小说和一本回忆录。他的著作中有一本是‘请听我说︰历史上的伟大演说集Lend me Your Ears︰Great Speeches in History’。其他的许多书籍则是他‘谈语言’专栏的文集。 比尔萨菲尔于去年秋天逝世。他留给我们他对语言的热爱，作为他的遗产；他留给我们他的才华，为我们立下标竿。
William W. Cooper（1914-June 20th， 2012） 1. 杰出成就：① Cooper发明DEA（ data envelopment analysis ）技术方法，在同质决策单元的“ 有效性 ”上评价效果显著；② 开创管理科学（ management science ）专业，创办CMU的 Public Policy专业 ； ③运筹领域（ operations research ）大量贡献，如机会约束规划，人力资源规划和多目标优化（chance-constrained programming, manpower planning and multiobjective optimization）等。 2. 他高中未毕业，但上了哥伦比亚大学；攻读了博士，但由于博文理论太超前而未能获得本专业学位，而获取了其他专业的三个荣誉学位。 3. 高中肄业，是由于父亲早逝，正值美国三十年代大萧条，他母亲将她从学校拽回家挣钱，他干的工作有： ① 高尔夫球童：赚钱养家，重要的是，还结识了哥大的教授。 ② 职业拳击，记录：59胜三负2平（His record: 58 wins, three losses and two draws.）。 4. 遇见伯乐： 当球童期间，遇见哥伦比亚大学教授 Eric Kohler，由于留下深刻印象，被特招进大学。且哥大教授充当了严师慈父（ father-figure, guide and mentor ）的角色，为其提供在学费用。 5. 获奖： 2010年INFORMS特殊贡献奖 2005年国际运筹界名人堂 1991年 accounting 名人堂 1990年名人堂 McCombs School of Business Hall of Fame ； 1982年冯诺依曼奖 John Von Neumann Theory Prize； 等 6 教育工作经历： HBS； CMU等； 7. 社会工作经历 二战期间任职于白宫预算局 Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) 8 成果 三百多篇论文和数个专利。文章多发表在《 Accounting Review 》、《 Management science 》和《 Omega 》、《 European Journal of Operational Research 》等上。 9 生活 55年的婚姻( 1945--2000, his wife, Ruth Cooper )； 警语： “I don’t want to die from a cold or pneumonia or anything, I want to die from living.” He explained, “That’s the way I feel. My life revolves around work. I like solving problems, I like advancing knowledge, and I like helping people.” Thanks to Matt Turner, Rob Meyer, and Jamey Smith. 英文详细报道： http://www.mccombstoday.org/2012/06/professor-william-w-cooper-pioneer-in-operations-research-dies-at-97
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry has led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced". He produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God", or "Human existence itself". Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of both the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic", for its large appearance in the 18th century. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England – indeed, to all forms of organized religion – Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions, as well as by such thinkers as Jakob Bhme and Emanuel Swedenborg . Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blake's work makes him difficult to classify. The 19th-century scholar William Rossetti characterized Blake as a "glorious luminary," and as "a man not forestalled by predecessors, nor to be classed with contemporaries, nor to be replaced by known or readily surmisable successors". . Edited from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake Auguries of Innocence To see a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour. A robin redbreast in a cage Puts all heaven in a rage. A dove-house fill'd with doves and pigeons Shudders hell thro' all its regions. A dog starv'd at his master's gate Predicts the ruin of the state. A horse misused upon the road Calls to heaven for human blood. Each outcry of the hunted hare A fibre from the brain does tear. A skylark wounded in the wing, A cherubim does cease to sing. The game-cock clipt and arm'd for fight Does the rising sun affright. Every wolf's and lion's howl Raises from hell a human soul. The wild deer, wand'ring here and there, Keeps the human soul from care. The lamb misus'd breeds public strife, And yet forgives the butcher's knife. The bat that flits at close of eve Has left the brain that won't believe. The owl that calls upon the night Speaks the unbeliever's fright. He who shall hurt the little wren Shall never be belov'd by men. He who the ox to wrath has mov'd Shall never be by woman lov'd. The wanton boy that kills the fly Shall feel the spider's enmity. He who torments the chafer's sprite Weaves a bower in endless night. The caterpillar on the leaf Repeats to thee thy mother's grief. Kill not the moth nor butterfly, For the last judgement draweth nigh. He who shall train the horse to war Shall never pass the polar bar. The beggar's dog and widow's cat, Feed them and thou wilt grow fat. The gnat that sings his summer's song Poison gets from slander's tongue. The poison of the snake and newt Is the sweat of envy's foot. The poison of the honey bee Is the artist's jealousy. The prince's robes and beggar's rags Are toadstools on the miser's bags. A truth that's told with bad intent Beats all the lies you can invent. It is right it should be so; Man was made for joy and woe; And when this we rightly know, Thro' the world we safely go. Joy and woe are woven fine, A clothing for the soul divine. Under every grief and pine Runs a joy with silken twine. The babe is more than swaddling bands; Every farmer understands. Every tear from every eye Becomes a babe in eternity; This is caught by females bright, And return'd to its own delight. The bleat, the bark, bellow, and roar, Are waves that beat on heaven's shore. The babe that weeps the rod beneath Writes revenge in realms of death. The beggar's rags, fluttering in air, Does to rags the heavens tear. The soldier, arm'd with sword and gun, Palsied strikes the summer's sun. The poor man's farthing is worth more Than all the gold on Afric's shore. One mite wrung from the lab'rer's hands Shall buy and sell the miser's lands; Or, if protected from on high, Does that whole nation sell and buy. He who mocks the infant's faith Shall be mock'd in age and death. He who shall teach the child to doubt The rotting grave shall ne'er get out. He who respects the infant's faith Triumphs over hell and death. The child's toys and the old man's reasons Are the fruits of the two seasons. The questioner, who sits so sly, Shall never know how to reply. He who replies to words of doubt Doth put the light of knowledge out. The strongest poison ever known Came from Caesar's laurel crown. Nought can deform the human race Like to the armour's iron brace. When gold and gems adorn the plow, To peaceful arts shall envy bow. A riddle, or the cricket's cry, Is to doubt a fit reply. The emmet's inch and eagle's mile Make lame philosophy to smile. He who doubts from what he sees Will ne'er believe, do what you please. If the sun and moon should doubt, They'd immediately go out. To be in a passion you good may do, But no good if a passion is in you. The whore and gambler, by the state Licensed, build that nation's fate. The harlot's cry from street to street Shall weave old England's winding-sheet. The winner's shout, the loser's curse, Dance before dead England's hearse. Every night and every morn Some to misery are born, Every morn and every night Some are born to sweet delight. Some are born to sweet delight, Some are born to endless night. We are led to believe a lie When we see not thro' the eye, Which was born in a night to perish in a night, When the soul slept in beams of light. God appears, and God is light, To those poor souls who dwell in night; But does a human form display To those who dwell in realms of day. Ancient of Days by Blake
Benjamin Rush 是美国建国之父中的一个，是一位非常有影响力的医生。 William Cobbett 是一个英国小短评作家、农民和记者，因为和 Benjamin Rush的一则官司而流名于世。 Rush是放血疗法和电击疗法的支持者，这种疗法当时风行于美国。Cobbett反对Rush极端的放血疗法，翻阅了费城那几年的死亡报告，发现被本大夫治过的病人死亡率明显高于别的病人，于是控告Rush及其医疗团队杀死的病人比拯救的病人更多。Rush则起诉Cobbett犯下了诽谤罪，并赢得了官司，判令Cobbett赔偿500美元。结果是Cobbett为逃避惩罚逃回了英国(1800年)。 延伸： 10 年之后，苏格兰军医亚历山大 . 汉密尔顿（ Alexander Hamilton ）开始认真研究放血疗法，他采取的手段是临床观察，他把 366 名患病的士兵平均分成 3 组， 3 组的病人所患疾病的严重程度类似，所接受的治疗也一样，唯一不同就是两组病人不放血，一组病人接受传统的放血疗法，结果是不放血的两组分别有 2 和 4 个病人死亡，而接受放血疗法的组尽然死了 35 人。遗憾的是，这一重要的发现没能发表，直到 1987 年人们才从故纸堆里找到当时的记录。又等了 10 年，法国人皮埃尔 . 路易（ Pierre Louis ）发表了他 7 年时间对近 2000 名病人的临床观察，发现放血疗法明显增加了病人的死亡率。人们对放血疗法的信念开始动摇，以后很多文章发表，都证明放血疗法给病人的伤害远远大于给病人提供的帮助。( http://songshuhui.net/archives/7642/comment-page-2 ) 不能通过严格临床检验的任何医术和医药，都不应存在于医疗体系中，中医也因遵守这一医疗道德底线。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush Benjamin Rush (January 4, 1746 – April 19, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States . Rush lived in the state of Pennsylvania and was a physician , writer , educator , humanitarian and a Christian Universalist , as well as the founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania . Rush was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental Congress . He served as Surgeon General in the Continental army, and was an opponent of Gen. George Washington . Later in life, he became a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania . Despite having a wide influence on the development of American government , he is not as widely known as many of his American contemporaries. Rush was also an early opponent of slavery and capital punishment . Despite his great contributions to early American society, Rush may be more famous today as the man who, in 1812, helped reconcile the friendship of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams by encouraging the two former Presidents to resume writing to each other. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cobbett William Cobbett (9 March 1763 – 18 June 1835) was an English pamphleteer , farmer and journalist , who was born in Farnham, Surrey . He believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm labourers, and he attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists and "tax-eaters" relentlessly. He was also against the Corn Laws , a tax on imported grain. Early in his career, he was a loyalist supporter of King and Country: but later he joined and successfully publicised the radical movement, which led to the Reform Bill of 1832 , and to his winning the parliamentary seat of Oldham . Although he was not a Catholic , he became a fiery advocate of Catholic Emancipation in Britain. Through the seeming contradictions in Cobbett's life, two things stayed constant: an opposition to authority and a suspicion of novelty. He wrote many polemics, on subjects from political reform to religion, but is best known for his book from 1830, Rural Rides , which is still in print today.
古植物学的故事（ 127 期） 美国古植物学是如何崛起的？ ( 之十四 ) 没有博士学位的哈佛古植物学家 W illiam Culp Darrah （ 1909--1989 ） 孙启高 2011 年 7 月 25 日 中国古植物学 家 李星学院士（ 1917--2010 ）曾于 1945 年在《地质论评》杂志发表“评达拉《古植物学》”一文 。该文主要介绍美国古植物学家 William Culp Darrah （ 1909--1989 ）编写的古植物学教科书 Text of paleobotany 。中国另外一位古植物学家徐仁院士（ 1910--1992 ）也曾在 1945 年前后阅读过 W. C. Darrah 的古植物学教程。实际上，当时供职于 哈佛大学、年仅 30 岁的 W. C. Darrah 在 1939 年出版了两本古植物学教科书，一本是 Text of paleobotany ，另一本是 Principles of paleobotany （《古植物学原理》）。 W. C. Darrah 是北美地区古植物学教程编研工作的先驱性人物，他的古植物学教科书流传甚广。本期《古植物学的故事》简要介绍 W. C. Darrah 的学术历史。 W. C. Darrah 于 1909 年元月 12 日出生在美国宾夕法尼亚州东南角的雷丁（ Reading ）。大约 5 岁的时候， W. C. Darrah 开始喜欢邮票，后来培养了酷爱集邮的爱好。大约 8 至 9 岁的时候， W. C. Darrah 开始喜欢矿物和化石。不久， W. C. Darrah 热衷于收藏矿物和化石。 1923 年，天资聪颖的 W. C. Darrah 随家人迁居到宾夕法尼亚州西南角的匹兹堡 (Pittsburgh) ，那年 W. C. Darrah14 岁。少年时代的 W. C. Darrah 身体状况欠佳。 15 岁那年，由于严重的肺病 W. C. Darrah 不得不休学一年，待在家中。 W. C. Darrah 是一位优秀的读书种子，这种品性使得他的休学生活并不乏味。 1927 年， W. C. Darrah 从匹兹堡 Peabody 高中毕业。同年，他到匹兹堡大学 (The University of Pittsburgh) 学习。 1931 年， W. C. Darrah 大学毕业，获地质学学士学位（并辅修植物学）。在大学期间，他开始信奉 John Wesley Powell(1834--1902) 的科学哲学思想。主修动物学的 Helen Hilsman 是 W. C. Darrah 的大学同学，后来成为他的妻子与助手。 自 1931 年开始， W. C. Darrah 跟随植物学教授 Otto E. Jennings （分类学家）念研究生，从事古植物学研究。 1934 年，时年 25 岁的 W. C. Darrah 没有完成在匹兹堡大学的学位论文，但是他获得一个机会供职于 哈佛大学植物博物馆 (The Harvard Botanical Museum) ，开始他的职业生涯。这一工作机会是 Otto E. Jennings 教授提议的，当时 哈佛大学植物博物馆馆长是没有博士学位的 Oakes Ames 教授。 对于 W. C. Darrah 来说， 哈佛时光充满挑战。尽管 W. C. Darrah 的古植物学研究工作不断进步，但他时常感到有种压力驱使他要搞一个“万能”（ all-powerful ）的博士学位。 W. C. Darrah 征询过 Oakes Ames 教授的意见， Oakes Ames 给 W. C. Darrah 写过这样的文字：“ …I say in all frankness—If you have a creditable thesis, and feel that you can bluff your way through an oral examination, get the Ph.D. degree by all means. If you possess character, inborn ability and a love of your task, you can live it down. It will not curtail your prospects of success… ”在 Oakes Ames 教授的鼓励下， W. C. Darrah 决定不追求 博士学位，他自信他自己的能力 --- “ My strongest ambition was to do what I wanted to do…to excel in the accomplishment, research, writing..history—whatever… ” 1934—1935 年， W. C. Darrah 在 哈佛大学植物博物馆担任研究助手，后获得正式教职（ faculty position ），担任基础生物学的教员。 1939 年他被任命为古植物学的研究负责人（ research curator ），指导古植物学的研究生。 到 1942 年， W. C. Darrah 已发表 50 多篇研究论文，出版两本古植物学教科书和一本现代植物学教科书，因此他成为世界古植物学领域的权威学者之一。 1942 年， W.C. Darrah 加入位于马萨诸塞州 Raytheon 的一家制造公司，他的工作服务于战时需要，其古植物学研究不得不变得缓慢。 W.C. Darrah 在这家制造公司工作了 9 年。头 4 年（ 1942—1946 年）哈佛大学保留 W.C. Darrah 的学术位置。 1946 年， W.C. Darrah 正式辞去了哈佛大学的位置，推荐他以前的学生 Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn Jr. （ 1915--1984 ）接替他的工作。从 1942 年至 1951 年的出版目录看， W.C. Darrah 并没有完全停止他的古植物学研究。 W.C. Darrah 的视力很糟，制造公司的工作对他的健康和研究都不利。 1951 年， W.C. Darrah 离开马萨诸塞州 Raytheon 的制造公司，他搬迁到宾夕法尼亚州南部（紧临马里兰州和哥伦比亚特区）的 Gettysburg 郊外农场。 W.C. Darrah 在这里可以利用周边的图书馆和博物馆等专业资源恢复了他的研究和写作等活动。 Gettysburg 学院 (Gettysburgh College) 在 W.C. Darrah 家附近。 W.C. Darrah 积极参与该学院的统识教育计划（ General education program ），担任过当代文明课程的讲师等。 1954 年 W.C. Darrah 正式加入 Gettysburg 学院生物系，担任副教授， 1963 年担任生物学全职教授， 1974 年退休。 1989 年 5 月 21 日 W.C. Darrah 去世。自 1932 年至 1989 年， W.C. Darrah 发表了大量论著，其代表作有： Darrah, W.C., 1936. The peel method in paleobotany, Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, Vol.4:69—83 Darrah, W. C., 1939a. Text of paleobotany. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1—441 Darrah, W. C., 1939b.Principles of paleobotany. Leiden, Holland, Chronica Botanica, 1--239 Darrah, W.C., 1942. An Introduction to the Plant Sciences, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1—332 Darrah, W.C., 1951. Powell of the Colorado, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1—426 (reprinted 1969) Darrah, W.C., 1960. Principles of Paleobotany (second edition), New York, Ronald Press, 1—295 Darrah, W.C., 1969. A critical review of the Upper Pennsylvanian floras of eastern United States, with notes on the Mazon Creek flora of Illinis, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, privately printed, 1—220, plates 1 to 80. 主要参考文献： Morey, E.D., and Lyons, P.C., 1995. William Culp Darrah (1909--1989): A portrait. In Lyons, P.C., Morey, E.D., and Wagner, R.H., eds., Historical Perspective of Early Twentieth Century Carboniferous Paleobotany in North America (W.C. Darrah volume):Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 185, 1--22
古植物学的故事（96） 美国古植物学是如何崛起的？(之三) 19世纪下半叶至20世纪初美国古植物学的一位代表人物--- William Morris Fontaine 孙启高 2011年元月3日 William Morris Fontaine（1835--1913）是19世纪下半叶至20世纪初美国古植物学的代表人物之一。W. M. Fontaine于1835年12月12日出生于弗吉尼亚州(Louisa County, Virginia)，1856年进入弗吉尼亚大学学习(The University of Virginia)，1859年毕业获得文学硕士学位。 美国内战爆发后，W. M. Fontaine在18611865年参加南方盟军（Confederate Army ）。 18731879年W. M. Fontaine担任西弗吉尼亚大学(The University of West Virginia)化学与地质学教授。 18791911年W. M. Fontaine担任弗吉尼亚大学(The University of Virginia)自然历史与地质学教授(Corcoran Chair of Natural History and Geology)，并兼任该大学Brooks博物馆负责人（Curator）。1911年9月1日W. M. Fontaine退休，但他仍坚持工作。1913年4月30日W. M. Fontaine在弗吉尼亚大学附近的家中去世。 关于W. M. Fontaine的生平，请参见： Watson, Thomas L., 1914. Memoir of William Morris Fontaine, Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia, Vol.7:240-249 Alumni bulletin of the University of Virginia - Google Books Result University of Virginia - 1914 Professor William Morris Fontaine, who for thirty-two years (1879-1911) was Corcoran Professor of Natural History and Geology in the University of Virginia, ... W. M. Fontaine教授的科学研究涉及地质学、矿物学和古植物学，他对中生代植物化石的研究非常著名。他的主要论著包括： 1880 The Permian or Upper Carboniferous flora of West Virginia and S.W. Pennsylvania （与White, I. C.合著） 1883 Contributions to the knowledge of the older Mesozoic flora of Virginia 1889 The Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora 1893 Fontaine, W. M. Notes on Some Fossil Plants from the Trinity Division of the Comanche Series of Texas. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1893, Proceedings of the Natural Museum, Volume 16 (934) : pages 261-282 with 8 plates. 1896 The Potomac formation in Virginia ..
《古植物学的故事》（90 ） 英国古植物学的传承(5): 名师William Gilbert Chaloner教授 孙启高 2010 年12月30日 英国著名古植物学家William Gilbert Chaloner(1928--) 师从 ThomasMaxwell Harris教授( 1903--1983)。1947年，W. G. Chaloner 进入英国 雷丁大学 (University of Reading)学习。他接受了 化学、植物学和地质学这 3个专业的训练，1953年获得博士学位。1953---1954年Bill Chaloner赴美国 University of Michigan 跟随著名古植物学家 Chester Arthur Arnold教授（1901--1977）从事博士后研究。在美国工作期间，Bill Chaloner访问了康乃尔大学 Harlan P. Banks 教授（1913--1998）的古植物学实验室并从事野外采集。 在结束美国的博士后研究后， Bill Chaloner到法国巴黎参加了1954年7月214日召开的第8届国际植物学大会(International Botanical Congress)。根据Bill Chaloner教授回忆和其他文字资料，在这次会议上法国古植物学家 Edouard Boureau (1913--1999) 提议成立国际古植物学协会 (International Organization of Palaeobotany)，并担任首任秘书长。 1976年Bill Chaloner教授 当选为英国皇家学会院士 (FRS)。 1981年和2000年Bill Chaloner教授先后两次访问中国。他与中国几代古植物学家都有广泛交流与合作。 Bill Chaloner教授的早期研究兴趣主要是泥盆纪植物大化石和孢子的研究。后来，他的科学研究拓展到古植物学研究的很多方面并开拓了一些崭新的研究领域，如：植物化石的气孔密度及指数与古大气二氧化碳浓度的变化等。 Bill Chaloner教授是名副其实的一代名师，他培养了很多优秀的人才，其中很多学生都已成为优秀的古植物学家。 关于 Bill Chaloner教授的学术经历和成就，请参见英国Royal Holloway University of London两位教授Andrew Scott和Margaret E. Collinson撰写的资料---- Biography and Bibliography of Professor William Gilbert Chaloner: Biography of Professor W. G. Chaloner ------------------------ 相关资料： 古植物学的故事（ 13）-----看英伦 英国古植物学的才子与才女 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=269898 2009-11-10 10:51:34 古植物学的故事（39 ）---350年来与古植物学有缘的英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士（1660--2010） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=328266 发表于 2010-5-24 23:43:30 古植物学的故事（44 ）： 著名古植物学家、英国皇家学会院士William G. Chaloner 教授畅谈他的学术人生 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=333604 发表于 2010-6-9 1:02:09 http://www.palynology.org/history/chalonerb.html AASP ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR WILLIAM G. (BILL) CHALONER University College London - 16th December 2002 Interviewer - J. B. Riding -------------------------------- William Gilbert Chaloner http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chaloner_(botanist) Professor William Gilbert Chaloner FRS (born 22 Nov 1928) is a distinguished British paleobotanist . He is Emeritus Professor of Botany in the Earth Sciences Department at Royal Holloway, University of London , and Visiting Professor in Earth Sciences at University College, London . Life Chaloner was born in Chelsea, the son of Ernest J and Lenore (ne Maude) Chaloner and was educated at Kingston Grammar School . He attended evening classes in Geology at Chelsea Polytechnic. In 1947 he went up Reading University to study Botany, Geology and Chemistry and gained his B.Sc. in 1950 and a Ph.D in 1953. After a year at the University of Michigan he returned home to serve two years National Service in the army before joining the faculty of the Department of Botany at University College, London in 1956. In 1972 he became Professor of Botany at Birkbeck College . In 1979 he was appointed to the Hildred Carlyle Chair of Botany at Bedford College . He has held visiting professorships at Pennsylvania State University , University of Nigeria, Nsukka and the University of Massachusetts . William is a Fellow of the Royal Society , and the Linnean Society and the recipient of several awards, including the Linnean Medal and the Palaeontological Association's Lapworth Medal. He was elected as a Trustee for the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew in 1983. He was president of the Linnean Society from 1985 to 1988. He married his American wife Judith; they have two daughters and a son. ------------------
古植物学的故事（86） 英国古植物学的传承(1)--William Crawford Williamson William Crawford Williamson（1816--1895）是19世纪英国历史上一位有名的博物学家和古植物学家。1854年William Crawford Williamson当选为 英国皇家学会会员（院士-FRS） 。他还是瑞典皇家科学院外籍院士。有人认为，他可以与 Adolphe Theodore Brongniart （1801--1876）一起被称为古植物学之父。 在William Crawford Williamson的学生中，Sir Albert Charles Seward (1863--1941)是一位著名的古植物学家，Dukinfield Henry Scott （1854--1934）也跟随William Crawford Williamson学习和研究过古植物学。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Charles_Seward http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukinfield_Henry_Scott 孙启高 2010年12月28日星期二 --------------------------- Obituary: William Crawford Williamson.pdf ----------------- William Crawford Williamson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson William Crawford Williamson (24 November 1816 23 June 1895) was an English naturalist and palaeobotanist . Williamson was born at Scarborough, North Yorkshire . His father, John Williamson, after beginning life as a gardener, became a well-known local naturalist, who, in conjunction with William Bean, first explored the rich fossiliferous beds of the Yorkshire coast. He was for many years first curator of the Scarborough natural history museum (Rotunda Museum), and the younger Williamson was thus from the first brought up among scientific surroundings and in association with scientific people. William Smith , the father of English geology , lived for two years in the Williamsons' house. Young Williamson's maternal grandfather was a lapidary , and from him he learnt the art of cutting stones, an accomplishment which he found of great use in later years, when he undertook his work on the structure of fossil plants. Williamson very early made a beginning as an original contributor to science. When little more than sixteen he published a paper on the rare birds of Yorkshire, in 1834 a monograph on the Gristhorpe Man, and still in 1834, presented to the Geological Society of London his first memoir on the Mesozoic fossils of his native district. In the meantime he had assisted Lindley and Hutton in the preparation of their Fossil Flora of Great Britain. On entering the medical profession he still found time to carry on his scientific work during his student days, and for three years acted as curator of the Natural History Society's museum at Manchester . After completing his medical studies at University College, London , in 1841, he returned to Manchester to practise his profession, in which he met with much success. When Owen's College at Manchester was founded in 1851 he became professor of natural history there, with the duty of teaching geology, zoology and botany . A very necessary division of labour took place as additional professors were appointed, but he retained the chair of botany down to 1892. Shortly afterwards he removed to Clapham , where he died. Williamson's teaching work was not confined to his university classes, for he was also a successful popular lecturer, especially for the Gilchrist Trustees . His scientific work, pursued with remarkable energy throughout life, in the midst of official and professional duties, had a wide scope. In geology, his early work on the zones of distribution of Mesozoic fossils (begun in 1834), and on the part played by microscopic organisms in the formation of marine deposits (1845), was of fundamental importance. In zoology, his investigations of the development of the teeth and bones of fishes (18421851), and on recent Foraminifera, a group on which he wrote a monograph for the Ray Society in 1857, were no less valuable. In botany, in addition to a remarkable memoir on the minute structure of Volvox (1852), his work on the structure of fossil plants established British palaeobotany on a scientific basis; on the ground of these researches Williamson may rank with Adolphe Theodore Brongniart as one of the founders of this branch of science. A full account of Williamson's career can be found in his autobiography, entitled Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, edited by his wife (London, 1896). References Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Williamson, William Crawford . Encyclopdia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopdia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
古植物学的故事（44）： 著名古植物学家、英国皇家学会院士William G. Chaloner教授畅谈他的学术人生 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.44): Oral History of Professor William G. Chaloner FRS 关键词：William G. Chaloner；古植物学 本期《古植物学的故事》特别转载著名古植物学家、英国皇家学会院士William G. Chaloner教授的口述历史。这实际上是一个访谈录，涉及一些学术历史和治学之道，值得对古植物学和古孢粉学研究感兴趣的青年朋友们认真学习。资料出处： http://www.palynology.org/history/chalonerb.html Chaloner 教授于 1928 年 11 月 28 日出生于英国伦敦，他在雷丁大学 (University of Reading) 系统地学习过化学、植物学和地质学的专业知识，师从 ThomasMaxwell Harris 教授 ( FRS, 1903 年 1 月 8 日 ---1983 年 5 月 1 日 ) 投身于古植物学研究。 1953---1954 年 Bill Chaloner 赴美国 University of Michigan 跟随著名古植物学家 Chester Arthur Arnold 教授（ 1901---1977 ）从事博士后研究。 Bill 跟我说过，他非常喜欢美国。他在美国见到了许多当时很著名的古植物学家 和古孢粉学家等 。也许学术传承有时候要靠口传心授吧。 Bill Chaloner 曾在驻德国英军中服过两年兵役，他的德语非常流利，主要从事德语翻译工作。 1976 年 3 月 18 日 Chaloner 教授 当选为英国皇家学会院士 (FRS) 。 1981 年 Chaloner 教授赴澳大利亚悉尼参加第 13 届国际植物学大会。会后，他访问了中国。这是他第一次访问中国，他在中国期间先后访问了南京与北京的有关学术机构。 Chaloner 教授于 2000 年第二次访问中国，主要目的是赴河北秦皇岛市参加第六届国际古植物学大会。 近30年来，中国与英国在古植物学领域的学术交流与合作日益增多。已有多位中国同仁赴英国访问Chaloner教授，得到他的指教与帮助，他是一位受人尊敬的好老师。 ThomasMaxwell Harris 教授去世后， Chaloner 教授为他的老师撰写了讣文，刊发于《泰晤士报》。后来， Chaloner 教授为英国皇家学会撰写了关于 ThomasMaxwell Harris 教授 的长篇回忆录。 Chaloner 教授曾送我一份该回忆录的复印件。我仔细阅读了有关 Harris 教授 的回忆录，从中了解到许多历史知识，也感到 Chaloner教授 的英文虽不晦涩但难以模仿 。 Chaloner 教授培养了数位优秀的职业古植物学家，其中 Peter Robert Crane （ 1954 年 7 月 18 日 ---- ）出类拔萃，成绩斐然。 Crane 教授于 1998 年 5 月 14 日当选为英国皇家学会院士， 2001 年当选为美国科学院外籍院士，现任耶鲁大学林业与环境研究学院院长，兼任该校 Peabody 自然历史博物馆古植物部的 curator 。 英国卡迪夫大学 (University of Cardiff) 的 Alan Hemsley 博士也是 Chaloner 教授的学生。 Hemsley 博士在古植物学领域已是一位很有成就的学者。 当代最有名望的 一位 古植物学家 Else Marie Friis (1947---)1980 年在丹麦获得博士学位。不久，她到伦敦 Bedford 学院跟随 Chaloner 教授做访问学者之研究。注： Bedford College in London 现已归并为 Royal Holloway University of London 。 相关文章有： 古植物学的故事（ 13 ） ----- 看英伦 英国古植物学的才子与才女 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=269898 古植物学的故事（39 ）---350年来与古植物学有缘的英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士（1660--2010） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=328266 孙启高 (Qigao Sun) 2010年6月8日 ------------------------------------------------ http://www.palynology.org/history/chalonerb.html AASP ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR WILLIAM G. (BILL) CHALONER University College London - 16th December 2002 Interviewer - J. B. Riding (Note that questions from JBR are in italics and the replies from WGC are in Roman font). JBR: Would you just like to chat about how you got into palaeobotany in the first place? WGC: Sure. I suppose in a way it started when, two years into the second world war, in 1941, I went to Kingston Grammar School and did my GCSE exams (school certificate as it was then) there, while the V1 flying bombs were coming over London. I went on to do the Higher School Certificate, what's now called A level, when the V2 rockets were landing. It was quite a dramatic, interesting period. I could only do Pure and Applied Maths, Physics and Chemistry at that school, so I did just those four sciences. But I was already very keen to get into biology and so, on leaving school with those A levels, I went to Chelsea Polytechnic, in London, and I studied Geology and Botany, both for the first time, and I started on degree Chemistry. While there, I took the scholarship to Reading University. You should understand that at that time, to get to university if you weren't ex- service, (that is, a veteran - and I was only 17) it was quite difficult. They were taking ten ex-servicemen to every one person who had not yet done their service. You really needed to have some lever, like a scholarship to the university, to get in. I was lucky - I got what was called the Wantage Scholarship that took me into one of the student residences, Wantage Hall. It paid my residence fees outright and my parents ended up paying just the tuition fees, which were about ? 0 a year at that time. So I went to Reading University to read Botany, Chemistry and Geology; I was already interested in fossil plants, having done geology at Chelsea Polytechnic and was intrigued with the idea that geology gives you a time dimension to plant evolution. Professor Tom Harris, a renowned palaeobotanist, was Head of the Botany Department, but that was not why I had chosen Reading. I would like to pretend it was! I had taken the scholarship exam there because I had had a vague interest in perhaps doing agriculture, when I first applied to go there. After two years' Geology/Botany/Chemistry, and obtaining a first in that general degree, I was really enthusiastic about getting into fossil plants, so I did Honours Botany in my year at Reading, but did no palaeobotany in that third year at all. Tom Harris said that if you were going to do research in palaeobotany (as I already hoped to do), you should keep out of it as an undergraduate! So I did lots of other entertaining things - lake ecology, counting the algae round the year, and water analysis, plant physiology, plant ecology and growing fungi and a whole slew of different, interesting topics. At the end of that year, 1950, I got my First Class Honours BSc in Botany. Tom Harris bid for a DSIR grant for me to do research under his supervision. It was his suggestion that I should work on Carboniferous plants, in particular to get spores out of cones of lycopods, to try to relate spore species to their parent plants, and that was the problem he offered me. I thought it would be more interesting to work on the Reading Beds Tertiary flora (that Peter Crane later did his PhD on). I'd collected leaf and seed fossils in the Reading Beds, and found it exciting, and I had given a short paper on fossil Cercidiphyllum leaves and fruit in the Reading Beds to a student group at Reading. But Tom Harris said I don't want you to work on Tertiary angiosperm fossils, I don't know enough about angiosperm systematics (which was rubbish), and he urged me to have a go at the Carboniferous spore project - which I did. JBR: Where was the material you collected from? WGC: For my PhD? Oh, all around Britain. But in fact most of my research material came from museum collections. That first vacation after I had graduated I was working at a canning factory in Wisbech, in East Anglia - Smedley's canning factory - they paid us ? a week with all found - they fed us, and we got a roof over our heads in huge dormitories in a great warehouse, and I worked, canning peas. I learnt among other things that they put so much copper salts into the canning fluid (to maintain a pleasing green colour in the peas) that at the end of a day's work on the canning machine, you had to scrape off a layer of flakes of precipitated copper, deposited on the steel surface. When that vacation job was finished, I think I phoned Tom Harris, or maybe he wrote me, and said you've got the DSRI grant, you can start, so I bowled up to Reading, and he suggested that I had better start some collecting. So I went out to Radstock - that was the nearest accessible coalfield. There was no money for my fieldwork so I hitchhiked there, and camped. Tom's only contribution to my fieldwork was to say I'll send packing cases to Radstock Station and when you've got a full rucksack you can just go to the station, load a box with your fossils and forward it back to Reading. That is how I collected in Yorkshire. When you have filled up one of the packing-cases, you turn the lid over, it has the label for Reading on the back, and screw it down again; then you can just hand it over at the station and they ship it back. So that was what I did. I camped at Mells in Somerset, and walked around the Radstock coalfield. Leslie R. Moore had published a helpful paper - not recently, but post-war anyway - on the fossil plants of the Radstock coalfield, naming all the productive mines and using the fossil plants to establish the biostratigraphy. That was a great help, and I was able to find most of his localities. I collected a great collection of fossil plants there from the old tip heaps, but I got very littl fertil lycopod material, though I did get one Lepidostrobus , I remember. I was very excited with that. It never yielded any spores, but that was the only productive thing from that coalfield. Later I collected in a number of other areas. The Forest of Dean coalfield was very productive for me. It was rather sad that they published the memoir of the coalfield the year that they closed the last big mine. In that respect, it was a microcosm of the whole British coal mining geology story! But the collecting there was useful to me - I got some good cones and spores there, connected to leafy shoots. Most of my material, though, came from museums, most notably from Cambridge, from the Natural History Museum and Manchester Museum. Manchester Museum was perhaps typical of my museum activities, and this involves a short side-story. I became President of the Students' Union of Reading University in the second year of my PhD. I don't think Tom Harris thought that was too clever an idea, but I had got into student politics then, and I used to go to a lot of NUS (National Union of Students) meetings and one of them, the NUS Congress, which was held every year, was in Manchester. So between meetings of Congress, voting and speaking, and fooling around, I scampered over to the Museum and there was one super specimen, on which I later published, of a huge branch of Lepidodendron , mounted on the wall, about two metres high, with cones on leafy shoots all connected. I was able to get spores out of the cones by pressing cellotape (Scotch tape) onto the cones, and ripping away the coalified material, the whole process watched with great apprehension by Dr Eagar, the very conscientious but extremely helpful curator there. Anyway, those were the sources of my material - museums and fieldwork. But probably three-quarters of the stuff I published on was from museums and BGS material, the Kidston collection, and BGS non-Kidston Collection plants. JBR: I was intrigued to hear you were active in student politics. What inspired you to move into student politics? WGC: Oh gosh. Because I think I was just interested in what was happening in the world. I think many young people were very much more politically minded than they are now, and I had been since I was at school. I was very left wing in my politics in the traditional way of the young, and I might well have joined the Communist party when I was in the sixth form at Grammar School. I'm very glad I didn't, subsequently, because it would have greatly impeded my going to the States later. When I was at Reading, I went to all the Students Union meetings and got interested in student matters. Our students Union was affiliated to the National Union of Students, and they had a lot of contacts with the other side of the Iron Curtain. We used to have Russian student delegations coming over - usually middle-aged, and with their political keepers, who would explain how idyllic student life was in the USSR. It was all pretty unreal. What was happening in Europe and th e Cold War was high on our agenda, but the real lives of students, on- and off-campus often got neglected. I was elected on a ticket of the Union concentrating on what concerned students as such (a catch phrase of those days) rather than trying to change the outside world. The Union had a budget of about ?000, collected by the University, largely from the grants that most of us received in those days, and simply handed over to the Union to disperse as we saw fit. All our student sports clubs and societies were affiliated to the Students Union and all got money from that pot. Jack Wolfenden, (who wrote the Wolfenden Report on Prostitution, and another one on homosexuality), was Vice Chancellor of the University at the time, and he was super; he was very helpful to me, certainly, and I liaised with him a lot on student affairs. He seemed a remarkable man, in that I could rush into his Secretary and say I must see the Vice Chancellor over some imagined huge crisis of student affairs, (which must actually have been totally trivial to him), and she would say I'll just see - and then he would come out and say: Come in, Bill. His desk would be completely clear, and he would pass me his big box of cigarettes, (which would be taboo now, but in those days it was the norm, as a sort of catalyst to informal chat) and we'd talk, seemingly with all the time in the world. But in reality he was an extremely busy man, involved in a whole lot of outside responsibilities, and I was very impressed that he made time in that way for student matters. I think being President of the Students Union was helpful to me later in a number of ways, but particularly in getting a Post-doctoral Fellowship to go to the United States. I got my PhD, and had already bid for a Fellowship to go to America, a Commonwealth Fellowship as it was called then - the title was changed later to a Harkness Fellowship. I was awarded that Fellowship, which took me to Ann Arbor, but I think the fact that I was the President of the Union, as well as plodding away academically, helped me to get it because the Harkness Foundation were interested in people who reached beyond just their chosen field of research. JBR: Did your Union duties fall concurrently with your PhD work? WGC: Yes, there was some conflict there, all the time through that second year of my PhD. Tom Harris was pretty tolerant of it. I managed to combine Union affairs with carrying on with my research. In fact I think it was a very useful experience for me - I mean learning to do two jobs at once. I published, I suppose, four papers during those three years of my PhD. Tom was very helpful in encouraging me to publish as I went along. He always said he thought writing a thesis was a very bad experience for people, it gave them a terrible tendency to be verbose and to think that you can just be as long-winded as you like, without any constraint of a need for brevity. He said that writing a paper is an entirely different game; you've really got to be much more precise and concise, and he certainly hammered home that idea. JBR: So presumably he was a great influence on you? WGC: He was, yes, certainly. JBR: Would you say he was the central influence? WGC: Absolutely. He was a really remarkable man. I wrote his obituary for the Times within a couple of days of his death, and later, his Biographical Memoir for the Royal Society. It was a very interesting experience for me because I had to look into his life in a way that I never had while he was alive. As often happens with that kind of activity, you wish after someone you know has died, that you had asked them a whole set of questions that never occurred to you at the time. I talked to him many times about palaeobotanical matters, but I learnt a lot more in the course of writing that biographical memoir. JBR: I got the impression that in the 1950's and 1960's particularly, academic supervisors were more, shall we say, closely linked to their students, and maybe you felt, did you feel part of his family? WGC: Yes, indeed. I had meals with the Harris family many times, as an undergraduate. We had a students' botanical society for all the undergraduates (the Botsoc) t hat he controlled in a most benign but thoroughly undemocratic way. It had a notional President and committee but he decided what happened. We used to go out on field trips by bicycle, just local ecological field trips, collecting toadstools and doing rather trivial ecological work, looking at humidity and temperature in woodlands, and that sort of thing. Coming back from those field trips (as it seems in recollection, usually in the rain, and soaked through), we would go back to his house and have tea, during a period when food was still rationed, of course. So, yes, he was very convivial in that way. But he wasn't a terribly socialising person in the conventional sense at all, but certainly while I was working for my PhD, I got to know his wife and daughters quite well. He was also a very attentive supervisor. I was the only research student he had during the three years I was there, and barely a day would pass without him bounding into my room and saying Bill, what are you doing now, what are you doing at this moment? and I would explain what I was doing and we would talk, and of course he would go over and criticised anything I wrote, mercilessly. He would often re-write it quite simply in scrawling pencil script, and would return the draft, together with a great sheaf of hand-written notes, usually of greater bulk than the original! I would then re-type it on an old German typewriter that I had bought very cheaply at the end of the war. He would always return any draft promptly - he was very conscientious in that respect. JBR: Sounds like the ideal supervisor. Would you like to just say a bit about, at that time, palynology/palaeobotany generally, the state of it in this country or in Europe? WGC: Sure. There were really only two palaeobotanists who were full university professors, active in research in Britain at that time : John Walton in Glasgow, whom I visited several times, a Carboniferous palaeobotanist, ( he was external examiner for my PhD) and Tom Harris. Hamshaw Thomas was in Cambridge, but really he had all but ceased palaeobotanical research by that time, but of course he gave a great deal of effort to being Head of the Cambridge Botany School. So far as I know he published nothing during the years that I was doing my research at Reading, but in 1960 he published a joint paper with Harris on Yorkshire Jurassic cycads, and I believe that that was his last paper. So the two active palaeobotanical professors in Britain were Tom Harris and John Walton. Others came along later, of course, considerably later. Kenneth Sporne was a very active Cambridge botanist, who while he was never really a palaeobotanist, he had a great interest in palaeobotany. He published several important textbooks that had a lot of palaeobotany in them. They were very useful, very able works. Although I don't think he looked at any fossil plant seriously, he was a very strong friend of palaeobotany. Dianne Edwards worked with him and then, of course, later she went on to get a chair in Cardiff, and an FRS for her palaeobotanical research. Of course there were several palaeobotanists in other institutions, of whom the two important ones were Crookall, in the Geological Survey, who retired just about as I got my PhD, and W. N. Edwards and his colleague in the Natural History Museum, Bill Croft. W. N. Edwards main interests were Tertiary, but he published very little. He had a very wide knowledge of Palaeobotany - he was a classic case of the broad-based museum palaeobotanist. Bill Croft was a Devonian palaeobotanist, an excellent fellow. He died as a relatively young man in the 1960's. Crookall was absolutely inundated with manuscripts of Kidstons. Inundated isn't the right word - he was buried in them. He was given the task of completing the Kidston manuscripts and I think he was terribly weighed down by deference to Kidston in a ridiculous way and he slowly plugged away at that job, but by the time he retired not one of them had been published post-Kidston of the 1920's, when Kidston died. Crookall had worked over these manuscripts extensively and if I can side-track on that for a moment, by the time I'd joined the staff of University College, Stubblefield, by then Chief Palaeontologist (of the Geological Survey), later Director, asked me would I be prepared to revise and see the Kidston manuscripts through to publication; you must understand that they had already become Kidston manuscripts as revised by Crookall, to be revised by Bill Chaloner! I thought it a terrible job. I offered to do the lycopods, but it would have to be my work, I would use the manuscripts, I'd acknowledge that material, but it would have to be my opinion. But that offer wasn't acceptable to Stubblefield. The Geological Survey wanted it to be Kidston, revised by Crookall, edited by Bill Chaloner. Later I agreed to do exactly that, on the understanding that I was simply editing the manuscript, not putting in my opinions, in any way, but just tidying it up. Hester, who was on the Survey staff, was very helpful and he did the donkey work of checking all the references, and all that kind of thing, and I did the more arms-length review of the manuscripts, often changing it but never doing so just on my opinion, but only to get consistency within it. In hindsight it was a rather odd undertaking, but it was a useful experience. JBR: And did you enjoy that? WGC: No, but while I think I learnt a lot while doing it, I can't say it was a job I enjoyed. I felt rather uncomfortable with it. Crookall was terribly deferential to to Kidston. If Kidston said something, that must be right, by definition. He never queried Kidston's views, in a way that I found irritating, and often I'd disagree radically with Kidston. His concept of species seemed almost pre-Darwinian; they were defined slavishly and rather simplistically and there was no question of challenging his interpretation in the edited text. It's not quite fair to Kidston or to Crookall perhaps, but I had a sense that they were very rigid in their view of palaeobotanical systematics. Harris was iconoclastic in that way. He said the species, of course, are what we make of them at any one moment, and as we see more specimens, we may change our mind. You look at a hundred specimens, you decide there are two species there on the evidence in front of you, and you describe them as best you can, and that's it for the moment. Then somebody may come along with new material tomorrow, and will completely turn that over, but the definition and limits of fossil species are our concept, developed quite subjectively, and they do not reside immutably in the fossil material! JBR: So presumably at this time there wasn't a great deal of what we'd now call palaeopalynology going on in this country? WGC: Very little. Aside from Raistrick's classic work on Coal Measure spores as a means of identifying individual seams, and some papers by Elizabeth Knox and by Robert Crookall on Carboniferous spores, really rather little. (That is of course excluding Quaternary pollen analysis, which was going great guns at Cambridge and elsewhere). But one paper that was of particular interest to me had been published by Leslie R. Moore, the 'father' of Sheffield University palynology. He had published a paper in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society in 1946, in which he described extracting spores from Carboniferous plant compressions by maceration. He obtained only quite small numbers of spores from each, and these showed a surprising range of morphologies. In other words, he obtained several species of miospores from each of his fructifications. However, he regarded this variation as due to developmental stages being preserved in the parent plant fossil, and arranged his drawings of these spores to interpret them as an ontogenetic series. The alternative explanation, favoured (verbally) by John Walton, Mrs Knox and others, was that these several spore types simply represented contamination of the macrofossil material by a miscellany of unrelated spore types. For a while this paper constituted an area of contention between the Sheffield group and some others. For my part, it gave an added incentive to look at in-situ spores, and most particularly megaspores, where large masses of homogeneous spore types made the possibility of such contamination very remote. I was successful in getting megaspores from a number of Carboniferous lycopod cones, and published several papers on them before I completed my PhD. I was also given funding by the DSIR to travel to Holland, where I met Dijkstra who was the leading worker on Carboniferous megaspores at that time, and to Belgium to meet Leclercq and Stockmans . By the way of an aside, at that time the numbers of journals carrying papers on Palaeobotany or palynology was really very small. The Palaeontological Association was formed soon after I came to University College . A group of young palaeontologists used to meet in a restaurant in Kensington , and from that gathering the Association was formed at the end of the 1960's and took off; but its main raison d'阾re was to have a journal to carry systematic palaeontology and subsequently I was very grateful to have the chance of publishing in it. But prior to that time the papers I managed to get published were in the Annals of Botany, the Geological Magazine, and the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. W. N. Edwards of the Natural History Museum was the editor of the latter. He was a very good friend to me, and he accepted several papers of mine in that little journal. JBR: Could I ask you - did you interface much with Leslie Moore? WGC: No, hardly at all. As I mentioned, I disagreed rather radically with what he had done with his spores in-situ study, and indeed some degree of animosity built up between me and the whole Sheffield school, in a quite sad way, but it was overcome later with very good friendships. Moore certainly did a great job as head of the Sheffield geology department in drawing young people into palynology. Many of them, of course, became very well-established and renowned palynologists; above all, stratigraphic palynologists, in the Carboniferous and later of various ages, but mainly Palaeozoic. By the 1970's, that disagreement about spores in-situ, had become past history and by the time Moore retired, and people like Roger Neves and the whole Sheffield gang were in action, that animosity had evaporated and I examined several Sheffield PhD students. George Hart, a Sheffield graduate, was a particularly good friend. I saw quite a lot of him in later years, and we had common interests in Permian palynology. I was fascinated by his enterprise in going to Russia and later to South Africa. Others like John Richardson and Geoff Warrington left Sheffield, and came down to London. John came to Kings College. We were good friends through those years, and of course to the present day. When I finished at Reading I was due to be called up - they were still drafting people for two years service in Britain - and I was much motivated not to be drafted! I'd been in the Army Cadet Corps at school and I had been a sergeant, and in a quiet sort of way quite enjoyed it. But I didn't want to spend two years in the peacetime army, and so I applied for a Commonwealth Fellowship to go to the United States. I got it, went to America for a year, and worked with Chester Arnold in Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, and published several papers on Carboniferous megaspores. JBR: What year was that, for the record? WGC: That was l953/54. I got my PhD in 1953, and so I went to Ann Arbor in the fall of 1953. Chester Arnold had published quite an important paper on Carboniferous megaspores, and that's what prompted me to go and work with him. The Commonwealth Fellowships were great because one of their stipulations was that you had to travel. They expected you to buy a second-hand car and to travel as widely as you could. You had to put up a project to them. My objective was to see American Palaeobotany! You also had to write a report on some aspect of American life, and I elected to review student government in American universities, so on several fronts I had an interesting year there. I met Jim Schopf, of course, Aureal Cross, Henry Andrews, Bob Baxter, Serge Mamay in Washington, and Ted Delevoryas then doing coal-ball work with Wilson Stewart. The three palynologists who were most helpful to me were Jim Schopf, with whom I stayed for several days in Columbus, Ohio, and Bob Kosanke and Joe Gunnel. Joe was particularly helpful in taking me to a Mississippian locality in Indiana, near Bloomington, where I got a nice megaspore assemblage. Jim Schopf undoubtedly had the greatest influence on me and my thinking about palynology and various other things. I met the two Schopf sons , too; they were schoolboys then, and we all went to watch a basketball game on campus. They teased me mercilessly over my English accent, and imitated it (badly) which they found excruciatingly funny! I suppose they were in their early teens then. During that year in the US I also met Jane Gray for the first time, in California. I had driven across the continent in a pea green Buick, which I bought for $400 and it was a few years old. I drove to California, and was trying to meet Ralf Chaney in Berkley; but he was off travelling, as he often was, probably in China or somewhere, but Jane Gray was about to work with him, or she thought she was going to work with him, and so we met up in Berkeley and had lunch together and chatted about what she was planning to do. She was already into palynology with Barghorn at Harvard, had done some work there, and had then worked with someone in Denmark - I think Iversen, for a year. She had come back hotfooted with enthusiasm for Quaternary angiosperm palynology, and was keen to get spores out of all the macrofossil localities that Chaney had worked on, to see if the spores told the same story as the macrofossil leaves. That was my first meeting with Jane Gray and we were in contact many times subsequently. As I was explaining earlier, avoiding call-up had been a major motivation for going to the United States in the first place. The trouble was, that before I left Britain, the joint recruiting board of the university (who were responsible for seeing that anyone eligible was drafted into the services the minute they stopped full-time study), learnt that I had got the post-doctoral fellowship, of course. The secretary of the board, who was part of the Reading University administration, said that I must undertake to come back at the end of year and go into the army for two years. I said I was really not prepared to do that, as I really intended to just go to the USA and stay for the full two years that the Commonwealth Fund offered, by which time I would have passed the age at which I would have been called up. So he got on to the Commonwealth Fund and they asked me to undertake to come back, so that they would not be seen as a route to avoid the draft. Quite a few of my contemporaries did go across the Atlantic, under other auspices, and stayed. So I undertook to the Commonwealth Fund that I would return after a year, and obviously I stuck by that and had to come back after my spell in Ann Arbor. JBR: Would you have stayed in America to avoid going into the army or would you have stayed in America because of your career motivation? WGC: It's hard to say which. I had been awarded that post-doctoral fellowship for two years; if I'd stayed another year I'd gone beyond the age of 26 and they couldn't have drafted me. As I said, I came back at the end of that year, but I certainly wouldn't have come back if I had not been forced to do so by that undertaking to the Commonwealth Fund. I was very impressed by what was happening in palaeobotany and palynology in the States. It was THE place one had to go to in those days and so I had been keen to go, but a prime motivation in my bidding to go had been to avoid two years in the army. As it was, I came back and went into the army for two years, convinced that this was going to wreck my career, and all my contemporaries would get two years ahead of me, and so on. In reality it didn't really work out that way. Incidentally, I also met my American wife-to-be on the boat on the way back, on the Queen Mary, and that had a big influence on my life - I'm still happily married to her - so that was the turn of events; coming back to do my army service, I met my wife. We spent most of my two army years in Germany, which proved unexpectedly rewarding in many ways. When I came back from the States in the late summer of 1954 I went to the Paris Botanical Congress and met a number of European palaeobotanists and palynologists, most notably Remy and Potoni? I had already corresponded quite a lot with Remy - he and his wife were working on Carboniferous spores in-situ, the same kind of interest that I had, learning what plants produced which spores. They actually hunted me out in Germany when I was in the army there, and we had a pleasant visit together. Of course after that we kept in touch very closely, until he died only a few years ago. JBR: Can we go back to the Neves Effect? WGC: Yes, of course. Roger Neves had published a paper in the Geological Magazine in 1958, describing, in effect, the changes that occur in spore assemblages as you go through a rhythmic depositional cycle in the Coal Measures. He found that the spore assemblage in the marine phase was very different from that in the non-marine shale and the coal-forming phase of the cycle. He had suggested that the most abundant spore type - Florinites, the pollen of the Cordaites - in the marine phase were therefore likely to be the plants growing along the sea margin, as distinct from the vegetation of the coal swamp. Kuyl, Waterbolk and Muller had recently (1955) published their account of Venezuelan palynology, where in the Tertiary it is clear what the main vegetation types are, and how the spore assemblages they produce respond to changes in base level. I suggested in a letter to the Geological Magazine (1958) that by analogy with their observations, it seemed more likely that the process that Roger was observing was a result of the Cordaites representing forest of a more or less permanent character growing extensively in the hinterland of Carboniferous time, rather than along the sea margin. During a sea-level high, I suggested, the pollen of those hinterland forests dominated the spore assemblage accumulating offshore, while when the lycopod-dominated coal swamp vegetation spread over the lower lying areas during a sea-level low phase, their spores dominated the assemblage. That paper of Roger's prompted me later to have Marjorie Muir, who did the MSc in micropalaeontology at University College, see whether the same process operated in the Mesozoic of Yorkshire. In our Deltaic Series there are a series of cyclothem-like sequences from a marine phase through to mini-coal seams, and this gave the chance to see whether the same process (that we later called the Neves Effect) operated in the Jurassic as in the Carboniferous. That was her PhD topic, for which we got a NERC grant, which did indeed show th same phenomenon, and we later published jointly on those results. Up to a point, (perhaps depending on your viewpoint !), I suppose that vindicated my interpretation of Roger's results. JBR: So, your interactions with Roger were always good ones? WGC: Oh yes, absolutely. I mean, we disagreed on the interpretation of those particular data, but later I was invited to act as examiner for several PhD students of his, of which I think the first was Alan Marshall. He did some rather comparable work. He looked at spores in seat-earths, comparing them with the spores in the overlying coal seam, amongst other things. He went into the hydrocarbon industry in the United States, as a palynologist. Tragically, he died in a drowning accident, while still a young man. Alan Marshall was one of two palynologists that I knew well who died of drowning: the other was Robin Clark, who did his PhD with me on British Permian and Triassic spores. It was a terrible tragedy that he, too, died as a young man, drowning in his case in a swimming pool, also in America. Anyway, to return to where we had got to, when I came back from the States in 1954. I had gone into the army for two years with a great foreboding that it was going to sink my whole career; but such were the crazy circumstances of those times, I was offered three jobs while I was in the army; just offered them! Those jobs were: - to replace Edwards at the Natural History Museum as palaeobotanist, to replace Crookall who had just retired - Stubblefield offered me that job - and I was offered a job at University College London, in the Botany Department, by the then head of department, Pearsall. It was a miracle. Nowadays, when I think of the deserving, very competent and able young PhD students who are looking for posts, I feel ashamed that I had at that point in my career been offered three plum jobs, with any one of which I would have been very happy. Of course I couldn't take them right away, but they all said they could wait, and when the University College job came along (the last of those three) I jumped at that. I wanted to get into a university position, I didn't particularly want to work at the Survey, and rather less, the Natural History Museum, but I would have been delighted to take either of those jobs if I hadn't had the chance of doing something else. One of the other ironies of that time was that the salary I started on at University College was less than I was being paid in the army. I had had the salary of a National Service Second Lieutenant, and though I forget the exact figure, I think I started at UC at ?00 a year, which was less than the army had been paying me, and I felt pretty miserable about that. But I was at least getting a foot on the university ladder. JBR: So that would be mid-1950's, 1955? WGC: It was 1956 - I started teaching in University College in 1956. JBR: At that time were you the only palaeobotanist/palynologist on the staff? WGC: Yes, I was the only palaeobotanist and certainly, if I was any kind of palynologist, I was the only palynologist in University College. When Professor Tom Barnard started the MSc in Micropalaeontology, I would have said in the mid-1960's maybe, he invited me to teach some palynology as part of that course. There was no one else in that field in the College. Dinoflagellate cyst/acritarch palynology didn't really exist then. The literature of palaeopalynology was most helpfully limited. There were only about a dozen papers of any consequence that one needed to have read: Schopf, Wilson and Bentall's Annotated Synopsis of Paleozoic Spores was a sort of bible, describing all the known genera with helpful drawings and descriptions. The Potoni?school at Krefeld were just taking off with their major Carboniferous papers, and with the publication by Shell of the Kuyl, Waterbolk and Muller paper that I just mentioned, the floodgates of oil-based palynology were just opening. In Britain, Moore's group in Sheffield and Norman Hughes in Cambridge were, in their different ways, beginning to make serious palynology a significant component of micropalaeontology. I was very lucky to have come into University College when I did, and to have the challenge of teaching palynology that Tom Barnard gave me with the MSc. It took me away from the in-situ spore interest that had taken me into palynology, and caused me to read much more widely than I would for my own mainly botanical interests. JBR: And did you welcome that expansion? WGC: Yes, very much. I enjoyed reaching out into stratigraphic palynology so far as I was able, teaching the MSc. But it gave me research students like Marjorie Muir, Robin Clarke, and a number of others later. The major phase of North Sea exploration was under way, and I did consulting work with Palaeoservices. I often brought material from North Sea drilling into the laboratory for the MSc practicals, which was helpful to me, and brought a sense of reality into the course they were taking. In my early years at University College, my wife and I went to the States most summers to spend with her parents in Maine, and I combined this with getting to meetings there and keeping in touch with people like Jim Schopf and Harlan Banks at Cornell, and I gave occasional lectures in the States on those family visits. JBR: Did you have much to do with Alfred Traverse, at Penn State? WGC: Yes, I had visited Penn State, back in 1954 and saw Spackman who headed the Anthracology Lab. there, but that was long before Al Traverse went to Penn State. He came to visit Arnold, while I was with him in Ann Arbor. He had just finished his doctoral work with Barghoorn at Harvard on the Brandon Lignite, and was about to start work on lignite in an industrial post somewhere in the West. We all went out to Grand Ledge in Michigan, which was one of the open cast coal mines there, and collected Carboniferous fossil plants together - Arnold, Traverse, and I. It was my first meeting with Traverse, and we got on well together. I'll tell you this too-often told story, very quickly. When we had finished our fossil collecting, Al got out of his field work trousers with the ignition key in the pocket, chucked them in the boot of the car and slammed the door. Now the car wasn't locked, but we couldn't access the boot from the inside, so we were getting ready to walk about 10 miles to the nearest garage; but I said I'm sure we can start the car without the key. I took some wire from the fire extinguisher, and there were three terminals behind the ignition switch, and I just shorted across between each pair of the three until on one of the connections it fired, the car started, and we drove off. Al Traverse was delightfully impressed that this Brit, who didn't even own a car anyway, was able to hotrod his car. He was convinced it was evidence of a missspent youth, but I'd never done that in my life before! JBR: A great story. WGC: Well, as I explained earlier, I visited a number of palaeobotanical centres during that spring and summer of 1954, and saw Spackman, but at that time there was no particular connection with Traverse. Later, in 1961, Spackman invited me to go to Penn State for a year, and teach a course in palynology. I was at that time writing up the lycopods for the Trait?de Paleobotanique, one of the larger items I ever wrote. I thought this would be an interesting experience, and got a year's leave from University College. I was already teaching the MSc in palynology there. Anyway, I did go to Penn State for a year and taught a masters course in palynology, and one in elementary biostratigraphy to a huge class of about 150 students. They were just doing it as their one science requirement. (They all had to do one science and thought geology was an easy option, so it was quite a popular course!). Teaching that course was great fun. It forced me to learn something about American geology and palaeontology. The masters course was taken by about half a dozen graduates. Gill Brenner was one of them, Dan Habib was another and there were two or three others. I can't recall any other names at the moment, but several of them went into palynology. Thinking back, I greatly enjoyed running that course, too. At the end of my time there I was offered a job at Penn State and I was terribly torn - I didn't want to settle down, in a mid-western American university, something of an academic cul-de-sac as I then perceived it! My wife would have loved me to settle there. We had a super life, with a house on the edge of the campus. We would go swimming, in a lake a mere ten-minute drive from the campus in the summer, and you could go and skate on the same lake in the winter! We had the kids in school then, two of them, youngsters, and it was a great life, but as I say, I was filled with indecision. I accepted the job, I came back here, University College offered me a readership and I then sent a telegram, (as one could in those days - pre-e-mail!), saying I'm very sorry, I'm not taking your position and I felt very remiss about it. One of those bad moments in life, and I know my wife would have liked to have gone back to the States. Anyway, I got the readership and settled down here and that was the end of that episode. Much later Kremp then went to Penn State to take up that position. They were already producing the Fossil Spore Catalogue there, but then Kremp moved on to Arizona. I think he wasn't happy with the teaching at Penn State. The language thing was a bit of a problem for him, and he never really settled in as a University teacher at Penn State. He went off to Arizona and then Al Traverse came into that position. Al used to say that I had designed the layout of his palynology laboratory, which was indeed the case, although it was not completed until Al arrived. But that was quite a few years later. He, meantime, had worked in Shell for some years, of course. JBR: I didn't realise you could easily have ended up Stateside. WGC: Yes, well, more than once; like many of my contemporaries, I had more than one chance of crossing the Atlantic for good. I went to Berkeley soon after my Penn State episode, to be interviewed for a position there as a palynologist. Al Traverse applied for the same job, and we were both interviewed, but at different times. I never knew what they thought of me, or Traverse, or a third guy, who was a Quaternary palynologist out of New England. The three of us were short-listed. Job offers were handled in a fairly laid-back way at that time, even in Berkeley, and we duly gave seminars and met the staff and were interviewed, but they never made an appointment. There were strong factional forces in operation at that time, in paleontology in Berkeley. There were two vehemently opposed schools within the Department, going back historically to some terrible vendetta and that was all rather off-putting. It would have been a difficult environment to move into and it remained a really difficult scene at Berkeley through that decade. JBR: Do you think at the time you would have preferred the sort of California environment at Berkeley to back east in Pennsylvania? WGC: Yes, absolutely. I loved California. I thought it was the place to go. I was also offered a job down in La Habra, but that was in an oil company. They were recruiting anybody who knew a spore from an ostracod at that time and they contacted me very warmly and enthusiastically and offered me a salary of about three times my university salary. American salaries of any kind were far above ours. But I didn't really waiver for long over that particular job. I didn't want to go into oil company palynology, especially later when I heard some of the stories about that particular situation. I must be guarded in what I say, if this is heading into AASP archives, but I was glad I didn't take that job at La Habra. So those were my three American possibilities, none of which materialised. Later the University of Massachusetts gave me a three-year visiting Professorship (1988-1991), which I enjoyed very much, but that was in a Botany Department, and involved two lecturing visits of a week or so each year. It was a great chance to think, and meet interesting people. JBR: At that time, in the 1960's, you must have been aware of the inception of AASP, did you regularly attend meetings at that early stage? WGC: No, I didn't at all. There was the first meeting of the International Palynological Congress in Arizona, the year that I was in Penn State, in the spring of 1962. I remember flying down there with Bill Spackman and I met Godwin, the Cambridge palynologist, for the first time, and many other people, some of whom I'd seen on my earlier travels, but many European palynologists came to that, and I think that was the first truly international palynological conference that I went to. But as for the AASP, I had my first contact with them when they had their Annual Meeting in Baton Rouge in October 1968. I gave an invited paper, and met a whole lot of American palynologists, some of them for the first time. JBR: So I guess George Hart was there? WGC: Yes, that's right, he was. George was already at Baton Rouge on the faculty there, and of course had his family with him. We went down New Orleans and had a meal together. I remember that very vividly. I'd not been to New Orleans before, and found that unique interplay between the Spanish and America cultures exciting - a very different version of the USA from New England or the Mid-West! Some years later I went to the AASP meeting in Reston, Virginia, in 1984, when I felt greatly honoured to be given the AASP medal for scientific excellence. JBR: Would you like to say anything about the time you spent at Royal Holloway. Where does that fit into the time appraisal? WGC: Yes, well, I had shunted around four colleges of London University between 1956 and 1985. While I was Reader in the Botany Department at University College, I was sent on secondment to the University of Nigeria in 1965, with the assignment of merging a botany department with a zoology department to make a unified biology school. London University was doing a lot of secondments to second-world universities at that time. I took my family along, and the week after we arrived the Nigerians had their first revolution, as they liked to call it, when they threw out the old President and put in a military government. Of course we saw all that happening, and it was both a bit scary and quite exciting. Botanically it was exciting in a different way, to see rainforest, mangroves and savannah, and I taught a whole range of things in the University that I would not have felt competent to do in London! Then the Nigerian Civil War started, a week after we left, fortunately. We were very lucky that my year's assignment ended when it did! A year or two later I moved on to Birkbeck College. That was in 1972. That was my first real move, to take up a Chair in Britain. It was while I was in Birkbeck that I was really staggered to be made a Fellow the Royal Society. It had simply never entered my mind that that was a possibility. It had quite a profound effect on me. Mainly, it gave me confidence in the belief that the kind of science I had been doing was seen to be worthwhile, at least by some fellow scientists! I was in Birkbeck College for 7 years, until 1979. Eventually I got rather fed up with night teaching, often 3 nights a week, getting home about 10 o'clock and my wife was of like mind! So when I was offered the chance of the Chair of Botany in Bedford College, daytime college, lovely setting in Regents Park - lake, our own botanic garden and glasshouses - I jumped at that. But I'd only been there a couple of years and the whole of their finances began to collapse, as with several other small London colleges. There was no real prospect of its survival, going it alone in Regents Park, so we went into merger with Royal Holloway College, which was in a similar situation, out at Egham in Surrey. I had only been in Bedford for about 2?years when the negotiations with Royal Holloway got under way. For 2 years I commuted, with many of my Bedford colleagues, between the two colleges, teaching alternate days at Holloway and Bedford. Then finally we all moved down there in 1985. I was very lucky in that I lived on the right side of London, so I didn't need to move house, as many of my colleagues did. So I ended up in my fourth London College, Royal Holloway! We were very fortunate to join a department with people most of whom we already knew very well. They were extremely helpful and friendly and many of them moved out of their rooms to make space for the newcomers. That helped to create a very positive atmosphere in the new merged department. I was given a very nice office and laboratory, and was able to recruit a new group of research students. Other departments in the merged College had all manner of troubles. Then some years later Botany merged with Zoology, to make Biology, and that merged with Biochemistry to end up as the School of Life Sciences, which I headed for about 2 years, until I retired. That's 8 years ago now. By good chance, two of my ex-research students, Andrew Scott (who had been on the staff of Chelsea College) and Margaret Collinson (who had been in Kings College) were by now in the Geology Department of the merged College at Egham. They persuaded the Head of the Geology Department, Derek Blundell, that I should be allowed to join his department in an honorary capacity. The department very generously allocated me a room, and I had access to the Palaeobotany research lab. In that setting I was able to continue my research, and publish two or three papers each year in my retirement. I still do a little teaching in various places, including my eight lectures in land plant palynology to the MSc group each year at University College. I consider myself very privileged to be allowed to continue teaching at my age, and to have the chance to exchange ideas with the younger generation in that way.
我像云一样孤独地漫游 鲍海飞 译 I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud by William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 我孤独地四处漫游， 像白云漂荡在山间， 簇簇金色的水仙花， 忽然映入我的眼帘； 在那湖边的绿树下， 迎着微风袅娜翩跹。 Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. 那天上的银河迷离， 似那星星连绵眨眼， 沿着宽广的大湖边， 向远方无尽地伸展； 一瞥之下难以计数， 舞姿翩翩朵朵连连。 The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling leaves in glee; A poet could not be but gay, In such a jocund company! I gazedand gazedbut little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: 水仙花边波浪涟涟， 胜过那晶莹的叶子， 诗人此时何等愉快， 有如此愉快的旅伴！ 凝视默想滴滴点点， 此景让我忘返流连； For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. 此后每当寂聊之时， 我就常躺在靠椅中， 那流连独处的光景， 就浮现在我的眼前； 我的心充满了欢乐， 和 水仙花一起翩跹。
It is preferable not to travel with a dead man ----Henri Michaux 《 Dead Man 》译作《离魂异客》 编剧 : Jim Jarmusch 导演 : Jim Jarmusch 主演 : 约翰尼 德普 罗伯特 米彻姆 斯蒂夫 巴斯米 抱着消磨时间的态度找电影看，唯一让我开看的理由是海报上面的 Johnny Depp ，因为很喜欢他，有关他的电影基本都要去看，为了 Johnny Depp 而看，看的过程中影片里的很多彻底将我吸引，我就像被控制，电影结束，主人公闭上眼睛的那一刻，我却呆入其中久久不能走出来。。。。如影片里的色调和音乐一样，静静的坐着的我再次混乱了，潜意识里穿越时空，在 Neil Young 的歌曲和 guitar 声里回味，回想着影片里的每一个镜头 用一句话形容，《Dead Man》不愧为一个完美的组合：完美的演员，完美的配乐，完美的摄像，还有完美到令人回味的精湛台词。 当然，导演Jarmusch的确够实力。 剧情简介： 十九世纪末，克利夫兰来的小伙子威廉布雷克，到西部的一家工厂应聘做会计，熟料班没有上成， 还稀里糊涂地杀了当地头号人物迪金生先生的儿子，于是身负重伤的他成为了悬赏追拿的逃犯。在逃亡的过程中，他遇到了一个小时候被掠到英国的印第安人 Nobody 。 Nobody 认为这个被通缉的逃犯是他心目中的偶像诗人威廉布雷克（ William Blake ），于是两个人开始了一段逃亡的旅程 导演使用了西部片惯用的场景与气氛，全片的黑白摄影与 Neil Young 的音乐使影片更见苍凉更令人回味。 在我 ，很爱这样的一部影片。 影片里 Johnny Depp 最初将我吸引，忧郁中或空洞或孤独或游离或深深的眼神，简直无与伦比。特别是当他靠着树睡着的那个侧面，很美，美的让我忘了呼吸。当他睡醒睁眼看着 Nobody 的那一刻画面，更让人爱怜般难忘却深刻；最酷的一幕莫过于主角布莱克拿着枪对着前来追捕的两个警察 ，冷静而又无所谓的问道：Do you know my poetry? 然后，枪响，人倒下......超帅无比！ Johnny Depp 的表演和那种独有的眼神经典到无人能及。.... 影片原声，即那自始至终的吉他声，第一次感到吉他不再是简单的吉他，足够表现一切的吉他声，简单而低沉，总在最需 要的时候出现，配合影片的不同场景和特有的黑白影像，沉重中平添苍凉的悲剧味道，诱惑人般慢慢听下去看下去，仿佛开场那注定的死亡一步步让我继续深入。在 配乐上， Neil Young 是用心的，他是无与伦比的 . 再次穿插点题外话，个人推荐 Neil Young的几首老歌《No Wonder》《My my hey hey 》《Don't Cry No Tears》..... 还有另一点我最爱，就是影片里那个流着两种血液又受过教育的印第安人 Nobody ，感觉他不是人，不是一般的人，混血也罢，野蛮人也行，在影片里他足够称为神，自称无名的Nobody，始终充满笑颜的从容和自信，还有他句句似怪非怪而又富哲理的话语，让我超喜欢，他吟唱的与主角同名的已逝英国诗人 William Blake 的诗句，我也超喜欢，他们是无与伦比的 影片中将 Nobody 译成无名，足够哲理的一个名字，配给一个很神的人， Nobody, 够深。 影片里Nobody 吟唱出William Blake 诗句 Every Night every Morning Some to Misery are Born. Every Night every Morning Some are Born to sweet delight. Some are Born to sweet delight, Some are Born to Endless Night. 此外，影片里 Blake 看到荒野中一只死去的幼鹿，轻轻走近蹲下去将幼鹿伤口处的血迹混合自己胸口的血，涂抹在自己脑门上、脸上、下巴上 之后，慢慢的躺下去以一种同样的姿态躺在幼鹿身后，这时候，从天而下的镜头，透过枯枝下荒地里的一人一鹿，生与死，人与鹿，温柔的死去，时间与永恒，彻底的活着，唯有那死一样的寂静，真实的寂静 .... 影片里令人深刻的场面太多，杀掉同伴吃着人肉身穿警服的杀手，看着那个吃肉的画面，特别那个被杀手正啃着而依然清晰的手指，指向黑夜的五指，让我彻底停止了 的确，电影里控制我的东西太多，原本就混乱的我在混乱的清晰中感受着那样的光与影，我再次混乱。 木舟上 Blake 那只滴血的胳膊、死于 Blake 枪下的警察，光秃的脑袋刚好倒在恰似光芒的柴火堆的那副景象，给人放佛看到光芒看到天使的幻觉 ....正如诗人的诗句， ， 还有影片里西部小镇上堆满尸体的骨头堆，轰隆隆的机械工厂，物品交换站里面那个带有严重种族歧视的神甫，在其倒下后门背后出现的那个牌子，上面的 work out your own salvation....让人禁不住深刻，总之影片里的每个人物每个画面都是那么典型，开场时火车里那种无声的漫长和车厢里的很多变换，戴着眼镜的 Blake 和周围一切是那样的格格不入 一切的一切无不勾勒出那个年代甚至当今都依然存在的画面， 我不能再回想了 我必须停止被控制。 影片最后， Nobody 将主角 William Blake 送上用雪松制成的独木舟后，岸上的 Nobody 流出了眼泪，我也哭了 躺在木舟里奄奄一息的主角 看到 Nobody 身后追来的杀手，用力抬起头张口欲说，可是还是晚了，注定的死亡， Nobody 与杀手举枪互射，同时倒下去的那一刻，William Blake看到了岸上一幕，无奈中闭眼远离 Time for you to go back where you came from. you mean Cleveland? Back to the place where the spirits came from and where all spirits return. The world will no longer concern you, William Black. 顺着水流的木舟，将 William Blake 带回故乡，穿越水之镜，回到所有灵魂的来处与归宿地。 一切都那么的静， Neil Young 的音乐再次响起..... 生与死，钱与利，名与实，存与亡，马蹄与玫瑰，枪手与烟草，一切皆空。 死亡没有颜色，死亡没有声音。 Nobody is Nobody 。
标签: William
