# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Amphibians are a key group in historical biogeography because they are often thought to be unable to disperse over saltwater barriers (Duellman Trueb 1986; Meirte 1999; Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2001; Inger Voris 2001; Brown Guttman 2002). They are well known to be extremely sensitive to osmotic stress and do not survive in salt water, although some species of frogs tolerate or partially inhabit brackish water (Balinsky 1981). Therefore, amphibians are considered to be excellent models for vicariance scenarios as explanation for general biogeographic patterns, and major biogeographic hypotheses have been influenced by the occurrence of endemic amphibians on islands or continents (Duellman Trueb 1986; Richards Moore 1996; Worthy et al. 1999; Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2001; Brown Guttman 2002). One important argument for such interpretations, ever since Darwin (1859), has been that heretoforth no endemic amphibians were known from oceanic islands. By contrast, reptiles are present on many islands and some are known to be excellent over-water dispersers (Censky et al. 1998; Arnold 2000; Schoener et al. 2001). 两栖动物是历史生物地理学中的一个关键类群，因为它们通常被认为无法跨越海水屏障扩散（ Duellman Trueb 1986; Meirte 1999; Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2001; Inger Voris 2001; Brown Guttman 2002 ） 。众所周知，尽管有些两栖种类的青蛙能够忍受或有时栖息在微咸水中（ Balinsky 1981 ），它们对渗透压力极为敏感，不能在盐水中生存。因此，两栖动物被认为是解释岛屿或大陆特有两栖动物出现的影响因素的一般生物地理学模式的较优可选模型（ Duellman Trueb 1986; Richards Moore 1996; Worthy et al. 1999; Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2001; Brown Guttman 2002 ）。自达尔文（ 1859 年）以来，对这种解释的一个重要论据就是迄今为止还没有发现来自海洋岛屿的特有两栖动物。相比之下，爬行动物出现在许多岛屿上，其中一些是众所周知的优秀的跨水域扩散者（ Censky et al. 1998; Arnold 2000; Schoener et al. 2001 ）。 Vences, M., D. R. Vieites, F. Glaw, H. Brinkmann, J. Kosuch, M. Veith, A. Meyer (2003). Multiple Overseas Dispersal in Amphibians. Proceedings Biological Sciences 270(1532): 2435-2442.
# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Ranid frogs form a nearly cosmopolitan family containing roughly 1,000 species, i.e., about one-fifth of all living Amphibia. Specific morphological characters within this family have led to the taxonomic recognition of subfamilies such as Ranixalinae (with adults adapted to life in streams or on rocks, and torrential or semiterrestrial larvae), Mantellinae (a diverse group of arboreal and torrential Madagascan frogs), Rhacophorinae (tree frogs), and Tomopterninae (burrowing frogs). 蛙科动物组成了一个近乎世界性的大科，大约有 1000 种，相当于全部两栖动物的大约五分之一。该科的特殊形态特征促成亚科建立，如 Ranixalinae （成体适应于溪流或岩石上的生活，幼体适于湍流或半陆生生活）、 Mantellinae （一组物种多样的树栖和湍流生活的马达加斯加蛙类）、 Rhacophorinae （树蛙类）和 Tomopterninae （穴居蛙类）。 Bossuyt, F., M. C. Milinkovitch (2000). Convergent adaptive radiations in Madagascan and Asian ranid frogs reveal covariation between larval and adult traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(12): 6585-6590.
蛙类的颞褶 Supratympanic foldof frogs By Bearjazz 颞褶 （ temporal fold,supratympanic fold ） : 自眼后经颞部背侧达肩部的皮肤增厚所形成之隆起（图 1 ）。英文的解释 “a distinct fold of skin (supratympanic fold) thatextends from the eye, around the posterior edge of the external ear (tympanum)to the shoulder.” 图 1 示蛙类颞褶（数字 1 所示位置）和背侧褶（数字 2 所示位置） 通常对于颞褶的描述主要有明显和不明显之分。颞褶明显的物种如 Leptolalaxzhangyapingi （图 2 ） , Leptolalax laui （图 3 ）等。不明显的如 Gracixalus lumarius （图 4 ）等。 图 2 Leptolalax zhangyapingi 具有明显的颞褶（ supratympanicfold distinct, from eye towards axillary gland ） 图 3 Leptolalax laui 具有明显的颞褶 图 4 Gracixalus lumarius 的颞褶不明显（ indistinct tympanumand supratympanic folds ） 参考文献 Fei, L., S. Hu,C. Ye, et al. FUANA SINICA Amphibiavol.2 Anura . 2009, Beijing. American Green Frog . Available from: http://www1.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/herp/html/4racla.html . Jiang, K., Y. Fang, C.Suwannapoom, et al. A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae)from northern Thailand . AsianHerpetological Research, 2015. 4(2): 100-108. Yikhei, S., Y. Jianhuan, W.Yingyong. A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from southern China . Asian Herpetological Research,2015. 5(2): 80-90. Gracixalus lumarius Available from: http://amphibiaweb.org/species/8151 . 本文首发于 微信公众号 “明湖实验室”（2016年第1卷第1期），扫描以下微信二维码，关注更多动物学研究资讯！
标签: 蛙类
