① Library（*.enl/*.enlx）另：*.enw、*.ris可以直接导入导入endnote，不需要选择过滤器） 个人图书馆、文献库、书目文献数据库（Bibliography） 存储和管理文献数据的Endnote文件 ② Filter (*.enf) 过滤器将格式不统一的文献数据形成统一的endnote格式文献 ③ Style (*.ens) 文献输出格式、期刊编排格式，出现于word写作区、文献显示区和输出区 用于将统一的endnote格式文献输出为具有特定格式的文献 ④Connection file (*.enz) 链接文件用于在线检索时链接网络数据库的文件 ⑤ Term list (*.txt) 术语列表文献库内某一字段的所有词汇集合，在文献添加时自动产生，包括author、keyword、journal。其中journal也可以由endnote自带的term list文件直接导入 ⑥ Template (*.dot) 期刊投稿模板自动产生期刊所要求的投稿格式 ⑦ Group Custom group 一般组，需要自己添加 Smart group 智能组，通过检索策略定义，自动添加 Unfiled group 一般组外的文献，可以自由选择智能组文献是否在内，自动添加
与 王铮 先生感情交流 __on 《 毛泽东当然是北大校友》 http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=281475 讨论问题须遵循标准（定义），否则争论不休，毫无结果。 校友 的英译 alumnus 。按 Wikipedia 大全定义：校友是中学、大专、大学的毕业生或正式学生。（ An alumnus (pl. alumni) according to the American Heritage Dictionary is a graduate (JC) or former student of a school, college, or university. ） 按这一国际通用的定义，毛泽东不算北大校友。 如果按任意感情定义，比如我的定义： 与该校最有关联的人 ，毛泽东则是天经地义的、当然的 北大校友 。理由如此： 毛泽东 曾说北大 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多 。 北大曾在毛泽东年轻的心灵中留下了妖魔王八的历史阴影。于是， 1957 年在这里他发动了反右斗争。深觉当时校长江隆基反右不力，将其发配兰州大学。再调干将陆平扩大反右指标。然而，在他心灵中妖魔王八的历史阴影依旧， 1965 年再次在北大支持聂元梓发起文革。他对北大付出了无微不至的关怀。
一 云计算定义 云计算是一个提供便捷的通过互联网访问一个可定制的IT资源共享池能力的按使用量付费模式（IT资源包括网络，服务器，存储，应用，服务），这些资源能够快速部署，并只需要很少的管理工作或很少的与服务供应商的交互。云计算提高了可用性，由五个主要特点，三个交付模式 ，和四个部署模式组成。 二 主要特点 按需自助服务。消费者可以单方面部署资源，如服务器和网络存储，资源时按需部署而不需要服务供应商进行人工交互。 通过互联网获取。资源可以通过互联网获取, 并可以通过标准方式访问，以通过瘦客户端或富客户端推广使（例如移动电话，笔记本电脑，PDA）等。 独立于地点的资源池。供应商的资源被池化，以便以多用户租用模式被所有客户使用，同时不同的物理和虚拟资源可根据客户需求动态分配和重新分配。客户一般无法控制或知道资源的确切位置。这些资源包括存储、处理器、内存、网络带宽和虚拟机器。 快速伸缩。资源可以迅速和弹性地部署，以便快速扩展和快速释放。对客户来说，可以获取的资源看起来似乎是无限的，并且可在任何时间购买任何数量的资源。 按使用付费。对资源的收费是基于计量的一次一付，或基于广告的收费模式，以促进资源的优化利用。比如计量存储，带宽和计算资源的消耗，按月根据用户实际使用收费。在一个组织内的云可以在部门之间计算费用，但不一定使用时机货币。 注：云计算软件通过着重于无国界、低耦合、模块化和语义互操作性的面向服务来充分利用云计算模式的优势。 三 交付模式 云计算软件即服务。提供给客户的服务是服务商运行在云计算基础设施上的应用程序，可以在各种客户端设备上通过瘦客户端界面访问，比如浏览器。消费者不需要管理或控制的底层的云计算基础设施，包括网络、服务器、操作系统、存储，甚至单个应用程序的功能，可能的例外就是需要设置一些有限的客户可定制的配置设置。 云计算平台即服务。提供给消费者的是将客户用供应商提供的开发语言和工具（例如Java，python,.Net）创建的应用程序部署到云计算基础设施上去。客户不需要管理或控制的底层的云基础设施，包括网络、服务器、操作系统、存储，但消费者能控制部署的应用程序，也可能控制应用的托管环境配置。 云基础设施即服务。提供给消费者的是出租处理能力、存储、网络和其它基本的计算资源，用户能够部署和运行任意软件，包括操作系统和应用程序。消费者不管理或控制的底层的云计算基础设施，但能控制操作系统、储存、部署的应用，也有可能选择网络组件（例如，防火墙，负载均衡器）。 四 部署模式 私有云。云基础设施是被一个单一的组织拥有或租用，该基础设施完全该组织管理。 社区云。基础设施被一些组织共享，并为一个有共同关注点的社区服务（例如，任务，安全要求，政策和遵守的考虑）。 公共云。基础设施是被一个销售云计算服务的组织所拥有，该组织将云计算服务销售给一般大众或广泛的工业群体。 混合云。基础设施是由两种或两种以上的云（私有，社区或公共）组成，每种云仍然保持独立，但用标准的或专有的技术将它们组合起来，具有数据和应用程序的可移植性（例如，可以用来处理突发负载）。 每个部署模型实例有两种类型：内部或外部。内部云存在于组织的网络安全边界之内，外部云存在于网络安全边界之外。 原文： Peter Mell and Tim Grance -- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Information Technology Laboratory Note 1: Cloud computing is still an evolving paradigm. Its definitions, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined in a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. These definitions, attributes, and characteristics will evolve and change over time. Note 2: The cloud computing industry represents a large ecosystem of many models, vendors, and market niches. This definition attempts to encompass all of the various cloud approaches. Definition of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is comprised of five key characteristics, three delivery models, and four deployment models. Key Characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed without requiring human interaction with each services provider. Ubiquitous network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Location independent resource pooling. The providers computing resources are pooled to serve all consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned to quickly scale up and rapidly released to quickly scale down. To the consumer, the capabilities available for rent often appear to be infinite and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Pay per use. Capabilities are charged using a metered, fee-for-service, or advertising based billing model to promote optimization of resource use. Examples are measuring the storage, bandwidth, and computing resources consumed and charging for the number of active user accounts per month. Clouds within an organization accrue cost between business units and may or may not use actual currency. Note: Cloud software takes full advantage of the cloud paradigm by being service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. Delivery Models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the providers applications running on a cloud infrastructure and accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a Web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created applications using programming languages and tools supported by the provider (e.g., java, python, .Net). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but the consumer has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to rent processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly select networking components (e.g., firewalls, load balancers). Deployment Models: Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned or leased by a single organization and is operated solely for that organization. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned by an organization selling cloud services to the general public or to a large industry group. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (internal, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting). Each deployment model instance has one of two types: internal or external. Internal clouds reside within an organizations network security perimeter and external clouds reside outside the same perimeter.
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