近日，笔者由于需要安装一款个人非常喜欢的PDF浏览器Xodo，只能在Microsoft Store下载。但是，却无法打开，给出提示：The store app is blocked. (0x800704EC)。查百度经验，降低Internet选项安全等级、取消局域网代理设置，仍不奏效。 后来，在Microsoft Community检索到了，提示修改注册表参数： HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\RemoveWindowsStore is already set to 0. But I search for RemoveWindowsStore and found another key with the same namein HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\WindowStore\\ which was set to 1. By setting it to 0 solves my problem. 照做后，问题解决。
Windows 10 免费升级安全吗？ 诸平 我对计算机不能说一窍不通，但必定不是学习计算机出身的，所以对于计算机充其量就是应用上略知一二罢了。最近看到 Win7 、 Win8 可以免费升级到 Win10, 我自己使用的不是这些系统，因此对于免费升级自然不感兴趣。但是，我感兴趣的是与此相关的新闻报道。截至 2015 年 8 月 3 日 ， Win10 正式版已经发布 5 天了，短短的几天内，刷新了多项纪录， 24 小时安装用户达到 1400 万，成为安装用量增长最快的 Windows 系统。现在，这一增长势头还在延续。 根据美国网站通讯流量监测机构 StatCounter 的数据显示，在 15 亿桌面用户中，2015年8月3日已经有 2.74% 的用户已经装上了 Windows 10 。而 7 月 30 日 ， Windows 10 在桌面系统中所占份额还仅为 0.58%( 但也超过了 Chrome 系统 0.26% 的份额 ) 。其增长速度确实太过迅猛，看来微软 Win10 三年内装机量破 10 亿大关的目标也有望提前实现。 而在中国， Win10 份额 8 月 1 日 为 1.91% ， 8 月 2 日 上升到 2.08% ，3日上升到2.09%，超过 Mac OS X 的占有率 1.37% 和 Win8 的占有率 1.83% ；当然 Win7 和 Win XP 在中国用户中占有率超过 80% ，分别继续以 57.88% 和 22.43% 主导市场份额。随着微软的继续推广，加之全新 Windows 10 PC 的上市，有报道称这一数据还将大幅上升。相比之前的 Windows 8 /8.1 ， Win10 显然已经赢在了起跑线上。实际情况并非如此乐观， Win10 免费升级需要你以支付自己的隐私为代价，更多信息请浏览澳大利亚西澳大学软件实践中心主任（ Director of UWA Centre for Software Practice at University of Western Australia ）大卫·格兰斯（ David Glance ）， 2015 年 8 月 4 日 在《对话》（ The Conversation ）网站发表的论文—— David Glance . Windows 10 is not really free: you are paying for it with your privacy ， The Conversation ， August 4, 2015 12.44pm AEST 为了便于阅读，特摘引如下，供大家参考。 Windows 10 is not really free: you are paying for it with your privacy David Glance The Conversation ， August 4, 2015 12.44pm AEST Windows 10, it seems, is proving a hit with both the public and the technology press after its release last week. After two days, it had been installed on 67 million PCs. Of course, sceptics may argue that this may have simply been a reflection of how much people disliked Windows 8 and the fact that the upgrade was free. For others, though, it is the very fact that the upgrade is free that has them concerned that Microsoft has adopted a new, “freemium” model for making money from its operating system. They argue that, while Apple can make its upgrades free because it makes its money from the hardware it sells, Microsoft will have to find some way to make money from doing the same with its software. Given that there are only a few ways of doing this, it seems that Microsoft has taken a shotgun approach and adopted them all. The question is whether it’s really ‘free’. Microsoft Click to enlarge Free upgrade Chris Capossela, Microsoft’s Chief Marketing Officer, has declared that Microsoft’s strategy is to “acquire, engage, enlist and monetise”. In other words, get people using the platform and then sell them other things like apps from the Microsoft App Store . The trouble is, that isn’t the only strategy that Microsoft is taking. Microsoft is employing a unique “advertising ID” that is assigned to a user when Windows 10 is installed. This is used to target personalised ads at the user. These ads will show up whilst using the web, and even in games that have been downloaded from the Microsoft App Store. In fact, the game where this grabbed most attention was Microsoft’s Solitaire, where users are shown video ads unless they are prepared to pay a US$9.99 a year subscription fee. The advertising ID, along with a range of information about the user, can be used to target ads. The information that Microsoft will use includes : current location, search query, or the content you are viewing. likely interests or other information that we learn about you over time using demographic data, search queries, interests and favorites, usage data, and location data. It wasn’t long ago that Microsoft was attacking Google for similar features it now includes in Windows 10. Internet Archicve Click to enlarge It was not that long ago that Microsoft attacked Google for doing exactly this to its customers. What Microsoft is prepared to share, though, doesn’t stop at the data it uses for advertising. Although it maintains that it won’t use personal communications, emails, photos, videos and files for advertising, it can and will share this information with third parties for a range of other reasons . The most explicit of these reasons is sharing data in order to “comply with applicable law or respond to valid legal process, including from law enforcement or other government agencies”. In other words, if a government or security agency asks for it, Microsoft will hand it over. Meaningful transparency In June, Horacio Gutiérrez, Deputy General Counsel Corporate Vice President of Legal and Corporate Affairs at Microsoft, made a commitment to “providing a singular, straightforward resource for understanding Microsoft’s commitments for protecting individual privacy with these services”. On the Microsoft blog , he stated: In a world of more personalized computing, customers need meaningful transparency and privacy protections. And those aren’t possible unless we get the basics right. For consumer services, that starts with clear terms and policies that both respect individual privacy and don’t require a law degree to read. This sits in contrast to Microsoft’s privacy statement, which is a 38 page, 17,000 word document. This suggests that Microsoft really didn’t want to make the basic issues of its implementation absolutely clear to users. Likewise, the settings that allow a user to control all aspects of privacy in Windows 10 itself are spread over 13 separate screens . Also buried in the privacy statement is the types of data Cortana – Microsoft’s answer to Apple’s Siri or Google Now – uses. This includes: device location, data from your calendar, the apps you use, data from your emails and text messages, who you call, your contacts and how often you interact with them on your device. Cortana also learns about you by collecting data about how you use your device and other Microsoft services, such as your music, alarm settings, whether the lock screen is on, what you view and purchase, your browse and Bing search history, and more. Note that the “and more” statement basically covers everything that you do on a device. Nothing, in principle, is excluded. Privacy by default It is very difficult to trust any company that does not take a “security and privacy by default” approach to its products, and then makes it deliberately difficult to actually change settings in order to implement a user’s preferences for privacy settings. This has manifested itself in another Windows 10 feature called WiFi Sense that has had even experts confused about the default settings and its potential to be a security hole. WiFi Sense allows a Windows 10 user to share access to their WiFi with their friends and contacts on Facebook, Skype and Outlook. The confusion has arisen because some of the settings are on by default, even though a user needs to explicitly choose a network to share and initiate the process. Again, Microsoft has taken an approach in which the specific privacy and security dangers are hidden in a single setting. There is no way to possibly vet who, amongst several hundred contacts, you really wanted to share your network with. There are steps users can take to mitigate the worst of the privacy issues with Windows 10, and these are highly recommended. Microsoft should have allowed users to pay a regular fee for the product in exchange for a guarantee of the levels of privacy its users deserve.
1. Windows Management Instrumentation: Enable service to automatic 2. 安装Lenovo联想驱动管理： 自动检测、安装驱动 3. 发现在安装了一个驱动后，t400屏幕被点亮，但瞬间重启后，一如故态： 这个驱动是Mobile Intel(R)4 Series Express Chipset Family 注释： 在选择安装 这个驱动前有提示：“更高版本已安装，是否需要删除？” 因考虑到机器很旧、很老，抱着试试看旧版本 驱动也许管用的想法，果断选择覆盖高级版本。 4. http://www.sevenforums.com/graphic-cards/35738-another-display-not-detected-wth-2.html Device manager. Right click on the other device (not NVIDIA one) under display adapters. Choose disable. Reboot. 根据这个线索：找到DeviceManager- Display adapters: 回想之前的瞬间屏幕点亮、现象，直觉是另一个驱动的问题：ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3400 Series 果断将其Disable。 留用 Mobile Intel(R)4 Series Express Chipset Family。 果然奏效！！
windows XP寿终，影响最大的是中国的软件公司和疯狂的盗版者 而不是老老实实使用正版软件，遵守版权法者，影响最大的是那些公然无视版权法的软件公司，以及那些出于各种原因使用盗版软件的数以万计的单位和数以亿计的大众。 在将到的四月，柳暗花明，春光明媚，上述人众将不会有属于自己的春天，面对他们的将是残酷的严冬！
同学推荐了一个在Win 7 系统基础上安装Linux的好方法。没有分区的麻烦，只需要下载一个wubi.exe文件，卸载也很方便。下面是链接网址 With Wubi, our officially supported Ubuntu installer for Windows, you can install and uninstall Ubuntu easily and safely. For 12.04 LTS only. http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/windows-installer 刚刚有博友推荐了wine，安装也很方便，可以试试 http://www.winehq.org/download / 最近用了一段时间UBUNTU，系统运行比较慢，可能和Ubuntu的三维动画界面效果占用资源有关。以前用过 linux mint，记得挺快的，有空换来试试。下载地址 （2013年12月4日更新） http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=143
http://superuser.com/questions/28912/cannot-delete-item-could-not-find-this-item-issue when deleting, the following information pops Could not find this itemThis is no longer located in C:\Users\This_User\Desktop. verify the item'slocation and try again. Answer: I know you said that you tried deleting the shortname of the file and it didn't work for you, but it does work for some forms of this problem. It worked for me. So for the sake of completeness I am mentioning it here. Step by step: press windows key + r type cmd.exe , press enter cd \to\the\folder\containing\the\problem\file dir /x Note the short filename of the problem file. It will look for example like BLAH~1 . del BLAH~1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ solution 2： Ah ha!!! I did it!!! This was so annoying but after several hours... it dawned on me. Basically, you make a folder with the same name as the missing folder, then you drag the folder into the folder with the missing folder. Windows did not ask me to combine the folders, but after that, Windows knows where the folder is and you can delete it. I didn't try to copy and pasted I'm guessing that would work too. This solution works on Windows 7. Please post if it works on previous versions. – Cale Mar 28 '11 at 5:44 Genius! this works! I had the same problem after extracting a zip file (from Program Files\Visual Studio) into my user\downloads folder. It resulted in a weird folder containing files I couldn't access or delete. I followed this advice, Win 7 asked me to merge which I said yes to, and then it let me delete the folder with no fuss. – Mark Heath May 31 '11 at 19:25 didn't work for me - I then somehow had 2 identically named folders in alongside eachother! – Shevek Jan 28 '12 at 10:49 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ solution 3： I'm not sure if Windows 7 has Command Prompt. But you can delete it from Command Prompt. Go to the said directory and then use the command del against the file name. Go to Command Prompt Windows + R cd C:\Users\This_User\Desktop del filename.abc This should work.
关闭WINDOWS的 watch dog 功能（cuda可以在windows不限时运行） 方法： 打开注册列表，添加如下变量（变量类型为DWORDS）: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\GraphicDrivers\ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\GraphicDrivers\Timeout C) 图形说明 : a) 打开注册列表 b) HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\GraphicDrivers\ c) HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\GraphicDrivers\Timeout 没有的话新建该项 d) 重启计算机
LargeText File Viewer 5.2- for Windows User LargeText File Viewer 5.2 - Features Features | Screenshots | Download Have you ever felt frustrated when you just want to look at the content of a large text file but it takes forever for Notepad or Word to open it? This program was designed for viewing large (1GB) text files. It uses little memory and is able to open a gigabyte file instantly. Background file indexing makes browsing even faster. It opens files that are currently being written by other programs, and automatically checks and reads the files if new contents have been appended. It supports view split. The user may split the view either horizontally or vertically, and have each side show different portion of the same file. It allows the user to perform high-speed complex text search by means of plain text or regular expression. The regular expression syntax is slightly different from the standard ones. Please click here for details. The regular expressions for finding the following items have been provided as preset for the convenience of the users: quoted string hexadecimal integer floating-point number date of any format time of any format domestic phone number (US Canada) social security number IP address email address http address ftp address For CSV (Comma Separated Value) files, when the user hovers the mouse over any field in the file, a hint automatically appears with the field name.
首先给出这款软件的下载链接： DEMO_LilySoundRecord.zip 或者 http://vdisk.weibo.com/s/BGYN_7_XZYfQh 一个简单的录音程序，输入用户的语音，可以录制，存放到一个wav文件中，播放。在录音和播放中显示声音的波形。 This is a sound recording program DEMO, LilySoundRecord.exe v1.0. First, given the software download link: http://vdisk.weibo.com/s/BGYN_7_XZYfQh A simple recording program, enter the user's voice can be recorded, stored in a wav file playback. In the recording and playback of sound waveform display.
http://www.mydigitallife.info/how-to-disable-and-turn-off-uac-in-windows-7/ How to Disable and Turn Off UAC in Windows 7 The user interface of User Account Control (UAC) settings in Windows 7 has changed to reflect the move to make UAC less annoying, more user control and more user friendlier approach. In Windows 7, the UAC has a slider bar which allows users to configure and select which level of notification (and hence protection against unauthorized and malicious access) they want. With the fine-tuning of UAC, the wording ‘disable’ or ‘turn off’ is no longer available. So how can you disable UAC? Or at least, how can you turn off the notification prompt or pop-up so that they appear less regularly? In fact, the steps to disable UAC is Windows 7 is similar to steps to disable UAC in Windows Vista , only with slight user interface change, and there is plenty of methods to turn off UAC too. Method 1: Disable or Turn Off UAC (User Account Control) in Control Panel To user Control Panel to disable UAC in Windows 7, there are several methods to access the User Account Control settings page: Go to Start Menu - Control Panel - User Accounts and Family Safety - User Account. Go to Start Menu - Control Panel - System and Security - Action Center. Click or right click on Flag icon in notification area (system tray), and then Open Action Center. Type “MsConfig” in Start Search to start System Configuration, then go to Tools tab, select Change UAC Settings, then click on Launch button. Click on User Account Control settings link. Slide the slider bar to the lowest value (towards Never Notify), with description showing Never notify me. Click OK to make the change effective. Restart the computer to turn off User Access Control. Method 2: Disable UAC with Registry Editor (RegEdit) Run Registry Editor (RegEdit). Navigate to the following registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System Locate the following REG_DWORD value: EnableLUA Set the value of EnableLUA to 0. Optional step to suppress UAC consent prompt dialog, locate the following REG_DWORD value: ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin Set the value of ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin to 0 (optional). Exit from Registry Editor and restart the computer to turn off UAC. Method 3: Turn Off UAC Using Group Policy For Windows 7 Ultimate, Business or Enterprise edition which has Local Group Policy, or computer joined to domain and has Active Directory-based GPO, the group policy can be used to disable UAC for local computer or many computer across large networks at once. Enter GPedit.msc in Start Search to run Local Group Policy editor. (Or gpmc.msc to run Group Policy Management Console for AD-based domain GPO editor). Navigate to the following tree branch: Computer Configuration - Windows Settings - Security Settings - Local Policies - Security Options In GPMC, browse to the required GPO which is linked to the domain or OU where the policy wants to apply. Locate the following policy in the right pane: User Account Control: Behavior of the elevation prompt for administrators in Admin Approval Mode Set its value to Elevate without prompt. Locate the following policy in the right pane: User Account Control: Detect application installations and prompt for elevation Set its value to Disabled. Locate the following policy in the right pane: User Account Control: Run all administrators in Admin Approval Mode Set its value to Disabled. Locate the following policy in the right pane: User Account Control: Only elevate UIAccess applications that are installed in secure locations Set its value to Disabled. Restart the computer when done. Method 4: Using Command Prompt to Disable User Account Control The command line option can also be used in batch script command file, i.e. .bat and .cmd files, providing greater convenient to advanced technical user. In actual, the commands,, which are also used to disable or enable UAC in Vista , are just doing the same thing as directly modifying the registry. Open an elevated command prompt as administrator. To disable the UAC, run the following commands: %windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k %windir%\System32\reg.exe ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v EnableLUA /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f and optionally, the following comand to suppress all elevation consent request and notification: %windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k %windir%\System32\reg.exe ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f Tip: To re-enable UAC, the command is: %windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k %windir%\System32\reg.exe ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v EnableLUA /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f and to turn on prompt for consent UI: %windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k %windir%\System32\reg.exe ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin /t REG_DWORD /d 2 /f Disable UAC may cause gadget not working in Windows 7. User who facing the issue can use another workaround to suppress User Account Control .
国际空间站为了使电脑操作系统更稳定和便于维护，逐渐从Windows切换到Linux操作系统。相对Windows，Linux的开放性，使得它可能更稳定，也更方便修补或者改良。 “We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust or adapt, we could, said Keith Chuvala of the United Space Alliance, which runs opsLAN for NASA. Linux is already used to run various systems aboard the ISS, including the world's first 'Robonaut', sent to the Space Station in 2011. 'R2' can be manipulated by astronauts as well as ground controllers and is designed to carry out tasks too dangerous or mundane for astronauts in microgravity, according to the Linux Foundation. 中国的科研领域，可能是最有可能推广普及Linux操作系统的场所，Linux所收到的关注也越来越多；但可能还不够。 延伸阅读： http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/activate-hybrid-sleep-on-windows-pcs.html Activate Hybrid Sleep on Windows PCs By Dan Gookin from Troubleshooting Your PC For Dummies, 3rd Edition Somewhere between Sleep mode and hibernation is the hybrid sleep feature for your Windows 7 or Vista PC. (Hybrid sleep is not available in Windows XP). It’s like hibernation in that information stored in memory ( RAM ) is saved to disk but the computer doesn’t fully turn itself off. Instead, as when it’s in Sleep mode, you can quickly resume computer operation by touching a key or moving the mouse . The advantage of hybrid sleep is that you can quickly resume computer operations and avoid the risk of losing data if the power goes out. But to use hybrid sleep, it must be activated. Here’s how: Open the Control Panel. Click the Hardware and Sound heading. Click the Power Options heading. You see a list of power plans for your computer. One of them is selected, which shows the power savings plan your PC uses. Click the link Change Plan Settings beneath the selected plan. Click the link Change Advanced Power Settings. The Power Options dialog box appears. Open the Sleep item by clicking the plus (+) sign. Open the item Allow Hybrid Sleep. Click the blue text and choose On from the button menu. When your PC has two power sources, you need to choose On for both settings. Click OK to confirm your choice and activate hybrid sleep. Close the remaining dialog boxes and windows. When hybrid sleep is active, choosing the Sleep command places the computer into Hybrid Sleep mode. Hybrid sleep isn’t available in Windows XP. If you have disabled hibernation, the hybrid sleep feature may not function properly. Specifically, hybrid sleep may not recover unsaved data if the feature is on and the power goes out.
Windows server 2003 64位+ArcGIS10系列+Oracle11 64 终于把desktop、engine、sde、server全部安装好了。 公路系统更新完毕，开始新的征程！ 这个过程太不容易了，esri再努力下，尽可能把产品变的更小、更好安装吧！！！ 其中也遇到许多问题，主要如下： 1 oracle 使用database control 配置数据库时，要求在当前oracle主目录中配置监听程序，必须运行Netca以配置 http://210.43.24.222/chy/3sbase/news/?1009.html 2 通过ArcCatalog SDE可以创建矢量，而栅格均不行，解决方法 http://210.43.24.222/chy/3sbase/news/?1016.html 3 ArcCatalog配置GIS Servers错误access denied :either the som service on machine... . http://210.43.24.222/chy/3sbase/news/?1015.html
The running environment of software is similar to the career development of human being. In Bioinformatics, many tools were designed for Linux user. You can find a particular tool working in Windows. It may work pretty well. However, if you want to build a complicated and powerful pipeline. More efforts are required in Windows, because you have no much supports from other existing tools. Choose a "correct" environment for you to put your mind of full.
Windows 键 + 符号键“+” 调用Windows7放大镜，并且放大局部内容 Windows 键 + 符号键“-” 调用Windows7放大镜，并且缩小局部内容 Windows 键 + Esc 退出放大镜 Ctrl + Alt + F 切换到全屏模式(Full screen mode) Ctrl + Alt + L 切换到镜头模式(Len mode) Ctrl + Alt + D 切换到停靠模式(Dock mode) Ctrl + Alt + I 反色 Ctrl + Alt + 箭头键 按照箭头键方向平移（就是键盘控制移动方向）
一、iGraph的安装 igraph安装比较简单，直接在http://igraph.sourceforge.net/download.html下载python安装包即可。 后来我开始画图，发现报错，报错如下： raise TypeError("plotting not available") TypeError: plotting not available 在网络上搜索，找到如下解决方法，主要原因是igraph依赖的一个包没有装。安装方法如下 原文地址http://chuanwang66.iteye.com/blog/1704942 Graph plotting in igraph on Windows：cairo和dll被安装到C:\Python25\Lib\site-packages\cairo中 Graph plotting in igraph is implemented using a third-party package called Cairo . If you want to create publication-quality plots in igraph on Windows, you must also install Cairo and its Python bindings. The Cairo project does not provide pre-compiled binaries for Windows, but other projects depending on Cairo do, so the preferred way to install Cairo on Windows along with its Python bindings is as follows: Get the latest PyCairo for Windows installer from http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/pycairo/1.8 . Make sure you grab the one that matches your Python version. At the time of writing, the above folder contained installers for Python 2.6 only. You may also try and go one level up, then down then 1.4 subfolder – these are older versions, but they work with Python 2.5 and Python 2.6 as well. Install PyCairo using theinstaller .(我用的是pycairo-1.4.12-2.win32-py2.5.exe) The installer extracts the necessary files into Lib\site-packages\cairo within the folder where Python is installed. Unfortunately there are some extra DLLs which are required to make Cairo work, so we have to get these as well. Head to http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/dependencies/ and get the binary versions of Cairo ( cairo_1.8.10-3_win32.zip at the time of writing), Fontconfig ( fontconfig_2.8.0-2_win32.zip ), Freetype ( freetype_2.4.4-1_win32.zip ), Expat ( expat_2.0.1-1_win32.zip ), libpng ( libpng_1.4.3-1_win32.zip ) and zlib ( zlib_1.2.5-2_win32.zip ). Version numbers may vary, so be adaptive! Each ZIP file will contain a bin subfolder with a DLL file in it. Put the following DLLs in Lib\site-packages\cairo within your Python installation: freetype6.dll (from freetype_2.4.4-1_win32.zip ) libcairo-2.dll (from cairo_1.8.10-3_win32.zip ) libexpat-1.dll (from expat_2.0.1-1_win32.zip ) libfontconfig-1.dll (from fontconfig_2.8.0-2_win32.zip ) libpng14-14.dll (from libpng_1.4.3-1_win32.zip ) zlib1.dll (from zlib_1.2.5-2_win32.zip ). Having done that, you can launch Python again and check if it worked: Python代码 from igraph import * g=Graph.Famous( "petersen" ) plot(g) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 注意： 在运行时，我遇到了如下错误，最后发现时没有将cairo的dll加入环境变量path 下面是解决这个问题时参考的文档： 文档代码 Hi,IhavejustinstalledigraphandIamhavingaproblemwithplotting. Ihavefollowedtheinstructionsonthedocumentationsite http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/home/tamas/development/igraph/tutorial/install.html#graph-plotting-in-igraph-on-windows whichincludesinstallingpycairo,andputtingtherequireddllfilesinto Python2. 6 \Lib\site-packages\cairo igraphitselfhasinstalledproperly,asrunning importigraph.test igraph.test.test() givesnoerrors,andalltestswork. However,whenItrytorun fromigraphimport* g=Graph.Famous( "petersen" ) summary(g) plot(g) Igetthefollowingerror: Traceback(mostrecentcalllast): File "C:\DocumentsandSettings\fulford\Desktop\netstuff\test1.py" ,line 4 , inmodule plot(g) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\igraph\drawing.py" ,line 762 ,inplot result=Plot(target,bbox) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\igraph\drawing.py" ,line 222 ,in__init__ self._surface_was_created=notisinstance(target,cairo.Surface) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\igraph\drawing.py" ,line 51 ,in __getattr__ raiseTypeError, "plottingnotavailable" TypeError:plottingnotavailable Ialsotriedthefollowing: importcairo butgottheerror: Traceback(mostrecentcalllast): File "pyshell#2" ,line 1 ,inmodule importcairo File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\cairo\__init__.py" ,line 1 ,inmodule from_cairoimport* ImportError:DLLloadfailed:Thespecifiedmodulecouldnotbefound. Iamfairlynewtopython,soamwonderingifthereissomethingelseIneeded todo,likeaddsomethingtomypathvariablesothatthedllfilesarefound? Anyhelporsuggestionsanyonecangivemewouldbemuchappreciated,sicveI wouldverymuchliketousethissoftware.. ThanksGlenn. PSplatformdetails: Platform:WindowsXP Pythonversion 2.6 ( 32 bitr)(enthoughtpythondistribution 6.2 ) DrGlennFulford+ 61 7 313 85196 QUTMathematicalSciences, GPOBox 2343 Brisbane,QldAUSTRALIA 4001 .Cricosno.00213J email:address@hidden; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DearGlenn, ItseemslikethePythonbindingsofCairoarenotinstalledproperlyon yourmachine--igraphsimplyreportsthiswhenitsays"plottingnot available". IcheckedaworkinginstallationonWindowsXP( 32 -bit)andthe followingfilesshouldbepresentin c:\python26\lib\site-packages\cairo: __init__.py _cairo.pyd libcairo- 2 .dll libexpat- 1 .dll libfontconfig- 1 .dll libpng14- 14 .dll zlib1.dll TheerrormessageyouseemeansthatPythonfinds__init__.pyinthe cairosubfoldersuccessfully,andittriestoimport_cairo.pydfrom there.(.pydfilesarelikeordinary.dllfiles,Pythonjustusesa differentextensiontodistinguishthemfrom.dlls).Unfortunatelythe importcanfailforatleasttworeasons: 1 )_cairo.pyditselfismissing 2 )_cairo.pydisthere,butoneofitsdependenciesismissing. Unfortunately,theerrormessageisthesameinbothcases.So,I'ddo thefollowing: 1 .CheckwhetherallthefilesImentionedaboveareinthe site-packages\cairofolder.Ifnot,installthem. 2 .Iftheyareallthere,downloadDependencyWalkerfrom www.dependencywalker.comandopen_cairo.pydwithit.DependencyWalker shouldrecursivelytraversethedependencytreeof_cairo.pydandreport anyotherDLLsthatyouaremissing. -- Tamas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DearTamas, thanksverymuchforyoursuggestions.IbeleiveIeventiuallytrackeddownthe problem. Ifoundthefollowingwebpageveryuseful. http://alex.matan.ca/install-cairo-wxpyton-pycairo-python-windows Firstthingittoldmewastoappendc:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\cairotomy path,whichIhadn 'tdone,butthisdidn' tfixtheproblem. Ithenreinstalledthedllfiles,thistimefromthewxpythionsite.Thiat seemedtofixtheproblem.Sonotsurreexactlywhichdllitwas,butIcan comparethemnifanyoneisinterested. Glenn 二、iGraph使用 参考这里 http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/home/tamas/development/igraph/tutorial/tutorial.html
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Called GraphExeter, the material could revolutionise the creation of wearable electronic devices, such as clothing containing computers, phones and MP3 players. GraphExeter could also be used for the creation of ‘smart’ mirrors or windows, with computerised interactive features. Since this material is also transparent over a wide light spectrum, it could enhance by more than 30% the efficiency of solar panels. Adapted from graphene, GraphExeter is much more flexible than indium tin oxide (ITO), the main conductive material currently used in electronics. ITO is becoming increasingly expensive and is a finite resource, expected to run out in 2017. These research findings are published in Advanced Materials , a leading journal in materials science. At just one-atom-thick, graphene is the thinnest substance capable of conducting electricity. It is very flexible and is one of the strongest known materials . The race has been on for scientists and engineers to adapt graphene for flexible electronics. This has been a challenge because of its sheet resistance, which limits its conductivity. Until now, no-one has been able to produce a viable alternative to ITO. To create GraphExeter, the Exeter team sandwiched molecules of ferric chloride between two layers of graphene. Ferric chloride enhances the electrical conductivity of graphene, without affecting the material’s transparency. The material was produced by a team from the University of Exeter’s Centre for Graphene Science. The research team is now developing a spray-on version of GraphExeter, which could be applied straight onto fabrics, mirrors and windows. Lead researcher, University of Exeter engineer Dr Monica Craciun said: “GraphExeter could revolutionise the electronics industry. It outperforms any other carbon-based transparent conductor used in electronics and could be used for a range of applications, from solar panels to ‘smart’ teeshirts. We are very excited about the potential of this material and look forward to seeing where it can take the electronics industry in the future.” More information: http://onlinelibra … 489/abstract
C:\Documents and Settings\xihang\Application Data 里面有软件自动升级下载的东西，因此软件自动升级后如果想找升级包也来这个文件夹下寻找。 不过这个文件夹里的东西不能乱删除的，多删除了可能会影响系统运行。大家可以找找那些非常的文件夹下有没有什么升级包，caches之类的文件删除了就没有问题。 我以Apple Computer文件夹举例 Apple Computer就有2.5G多的存储量 1，其中itunes里面有新的ipod固件，不需要可删除。 2，MobileSync里面有backup发现每次backup都保留着，我把不需要的都删除了。 C:\WINDOWS 里面的类似于$NtUninstallKB898461$的文件都可以删除。这个是安装补丁的反安装程序，一般大家都不需要卸载安装的补丁，所以可以删除。 $hf_mig$是安装补丁的备份文件，也可以删除。 C:\Documents and Settings\xihang\Local Settings 里面的Temp和Temporary Internet Files文件夹里的东西可以删除，不过一般这些都会被系统清流软件删除掉。
在 windows 中创建 R 程序包简明指南 在 Windows 环境下如何编写 R 程序包？也就是生成供 linux 环境编译运行的 tar.gz 文件，也生成供 windows 下使用的 .zip 文件？这一过程并不复杂，但要下载一些工具软件，按照相应的步骤填写相应的 “ 表格 ” ，继而在控制台中输入一些指令。如果你是 R 的用户，相信这些不应该陌生了。 在 Windows 下编写 R 程序包通常包括以下几步： （ 1 ）工具软件 Rtools 的安装和备选软件的安装。 （ 2 ） r 脚本的准备，也就是用来生成程序包的函数脚本。 （ 3 ）利用 R 中自带的 package.skeleton() 函数，生成制作包所需要的 Description 文件和帮助文件 .rd 。 （ 4 ）按要求填写生成的 Description 文件和帮助文件 .rd （ 5 ）在 windows cmd 的命令行中输入相应的命令，生成 zip 文件或者 .tar.gz, 并进行相应的检查。 下面我们来创建最简单的一个 R 程序包，其中只包含一个函数。 一 工具软件安装和配置 制作 r 包的工具软件包括 Rtools ， MikTeX 或 Ctex ( 如果不想获得 pdf 手册，则不需要安装 ) 1 工具软件安装 （ 1 ） Rtools （制作 R 包的主要工具） Rtools 是在 windows 下制作 R 包的一系列工具，其中包括 1 ） CYGWIN 在 Windows 下模拟 UNIX 环境 2 ） MinGW 编译器，可用来编译 C 和 Fortran 语言。 3 ） Perl 下载地址： http://www.murdoch-sutherland.com/Rtools/ （ 2 ） MikTeX 或 CteX （备选） 用来生成 PDF 格式的帮助文件 下载地址： http://www.miktex.org/ www.ctex.org/ 分别按照要求安装好。 2 设置文件启动路径： 设置启动路径的目的是在 cmd 命令行可以直接调用 Rtools 等相应软件。 右键点击： 我的电脑 属性 高级 环境变量 系统变量 PATH 一项，点击 “ 编辑 ” ，检查是否具有以下路径。通常软件在安装时已经自动配置好了启动路径。如果没有，需要手工添加： c:\Rtools\bin;c:\Rtools\perl\bin;c:\Rtools\MinGW\bin; C:\CTEX\MiKTeX\miktex\bin;C:\CTEX\CTeX\ctex\bin;C:\CTEX\CTeX\cct\bin;C:\CTEX\CTeX\ty\bin; C:\Program Files\R\R-2.15.0\bin\; 图 1 设置启动路径 二 R 脚本的准备 假如现在我们已经有了一个编好的 R 函数 freq ，用来计算物种出现的相对频度 , 存成了 r 脚本的格式 , 文件名为 freq .r 其内容如下所示 ############################################## freq - function(matr) { matr - as.matrix(matr) if(!is.matrix(matr)) { stop("The input data must be matrix!\n") } if(any(is.na(matr))) { matr - na.omit(matr) print(paste("NA found in matrix, and have been removed\n")) } matr - 1 result - apply(matr, 2, sum)/nrow(matr) return(result) } ############################################## 下面是用 R 自带的 package.skeletons() 函数生成 R 程序包的框架 三 R 包框架的准备 1 生成准备文件 登陆 R ：开始 所有程序 RR.2.15.0 (1) 清除内存中的对象，目的删除 R 内存中所有不需要的数据或函数： rm(list=ls()) (2) 设定工作目录，这里设定为 c:/pa setwd("c:/pa") (3) 先用 source() 函数将 r 脚本中的函数读取。 如果要创建的 R 包中有很多函数，则建议先将各函数存在一个脚本文件，再用 source() 函数读取该脚本中的各函数，并将需要的数据读取到内存中。用 package.skeleton （ name="packname", list = ls() ）生成相应的包框架。 这里，我们要创建一个名为 freq 的 R 包。则输入以下命令： package.skeleton(name="freq", list = ls()) 此时， R 控制台中显示 package.skeleton(name="freq", list = ls()) Creating directories ... Creating DESCRIPTION ... Creating Read-and-delete-me ... Saving functions and data ... Making help files ... Done. Further steps are described in './freq/Read-and-delete-me'. 可以看到 c:/pa 文件夹下新出现了一个 freq 文件夹 该文件夹下的内容就是 R 包的框架，包括 Read-and-delete-me ， DESCRIPTION 文件， r 文件夹， man 文件夹，只要按要求将其填写完整，再进行相应的编译即可。 Read-and-delete-me 包括如何创建 R 包 DESCRIPTION 是对 R 包的简要介绍 r 文件夹中存放的是 .r 文件，即各函数的源代码 man 文件夹下存放的是 Rd 文件，也就是 R 帮助的源代码 首先查看 Read-and-delete-me 文件 文件内容如下： #################################################################################### * Edit the help file skeletons in 'man', possibly combining help files for multiple functions. * Put any C/C++/Fortran code in 'src'. * If you have compiled code, add a .First.lib() function in 'R' to load the shared library. * Run R CMD build to build the package tarball. * Run R CMD check to check the package tarball. Read "Writing R Extensions" for more information. #################################################################################### 大致意思如下： 可以 man 文件夹下编辑帮助文件 C/C++/Fortran 的源代码应该放入 src 文件夹下 需要在登录时载入包 可以运行 R CMD 建立和检查相应的包 注：这里的 R CMD 说的是在 Linux 的终端输入的命令，实际上在 Windows 环境中应该输入 Rcmd Rcmd build packname 给源程序打包， Rcmd build --binary packname 建立 zip 包。 Rcmd check packname 检查程序包的错误。 查看过该文件之后，需要将其删除。 2 编辑 Description 文件和 rd 文件 （ 1 ） Description 文件的编辑 按照提示，填好各项 Description 文件是该程序包的简介，这一格式是 Debian Linux 的作者发明的。 内容如下： 红色部分是需要手工编辑的。 需要特别注意的是，本程序包的例子中使用了 vegan 程序包的数据，则应该在 Description 文件中加入 Suggests ： vegan, 否则在 Rcmd check 中将不能通过。 如果程序包中的 R 函数引用 vegan 程序包的函数，则需要在 Description 文件中加入 Depends:vegan 这样在该程序包被载入的同时，保证 vegan 程序包也被载入。 #################################### Package: freq Type: Package Title: Calculate relative frequency Version: 1.0 Date: 2010-05-20 Author: Jinlong Zhang Maintainer: Jinlong Zhang Description: Calculate relative frequency for species matrix. License: GPL-2 LazyLoad: yes Suggests: vegan ##################################### （ 2 ） man 文件夹中 .rd 文件编辑 man 文件夹中包含两个文件 freq.Rd 和 freq-package.Rd ，分别是对 freq() 函数和 freq 包的介绍，下面逐项填写 : Rd 文件的格式与 Tex 的格式很像，如果有 LaTex 的基础，则会毫不费力。如果没有，则需要仔细琢磨一下了。 Rd 文件的项目中不能留空，否则在检查时会显示警告。其中 title 是必须填写的内容。同时要注意 ： 在 Rd 文件中 ， 不要出现非 ASCII 码字符 ， 否则在 Rcmd check 中将不能通过。 freq.Rd 文件内容：红色的为手工输入的部分，原文件中 % 后的为注释，可以忽略 ################################################################# \name{freq} \alias{freq} \title{ Species relative frequency } \description{ This function calculates the species relative frequency which equals to the numbers of occupied plots partitioned by the total number of plots for each species. } \usage{ freq.calc(matr) } \arguments{ \item{matr}{ The standard species matrix } } \details{ The input data is a standard species matrix with rows for plots and column for species. } \value{ Returns a vector that contains relative frequency for each species included in the input matrix. } \references{ None } \author{ Jinlong Zhang \email{jinlongzhang01@gmail.com} } \examples{ library(vegan) data(BCI) freq(BCI) } \keyword{ frequency } \keyword{ species } ###################################################################### freq-package.Rd 中帮助文件的填法与 freq.Rd 的类似。 四 通过 cmd 创建 R 包 在 Windows 开始 运行 cmd 键入 cd/dc:\pa\ 将工作目录转移到 c:/pa 下(win 7加/d参数) 键入 Rcmd build --binary freq 制作 windows zip 包 键入 Rcmd build freq 制作 linux 平台下可运行的 tar.gz 包 命令运行完之后可以发现，在 c:/pa/ 文件夹下分别生成了 freq.zip 和 freq_1.0.tar.gz 压缩包。 键入 Rcmd check freq 对 freq_1.0.tar.gz 代码的各项内容进行检查。 键入 Rcmd Rd2pdf freq 生成 pdf 格式的命令手册。 图 4 在 cmd 中输入 Rcmd build freq ，获得相应的 tar.gz 程序包 如果作者希望将自己制作的 Package 上传到 CRAN ，则必须要通过 Rcmd check ，并且其中不能有任何错误或警告。 参考网址 http://www.robjhyndman.com/researchtips/building-r-packages-for-windows http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Leisch-CreatingPackages.pdf http://www.biostat.uni-hannover.de/teaching/fallstudien/schaarschmidt2.pdf
自从使用了 linux 以后，总是想着看看 linux 相关的新闻，了解下 linux 的方方面面，看着看着就不觉落入了一个 linux的无底的知识海洋，结果在 linux 相关信息上浪费了大把大把的时间。与女朋友聊天的时候讲到这件事情，她的一些话使我有了一些感悟：Windows 也好， linux 也好，他们只是一个操作系统而已！不管使用哪个操作系统，只要它能满足我们日常生活、工作需要即可，浪费太多的时间在那些不必需的信息上，而自己本应专心做好的事情却被耽误，这实在有些不值。写一篇总结性的博文，将自己这么多时间了解的信息梳理一下，以后少在这方面浪费些时间。 1. Windows 与 Linux 我们无法简单的说 Windows 和 Linux 孰好孰坏，它们都是非常优秀的操作系统，正是它们使得复杂而功能强大的计算机变得方便、易用。Windows 和 Linux 有许多不同的地方，表面上看有以下几个方面： （1）易用性。 之所以今天的操作系统市场份额几乎被 Windows 垄断，我想这跟 Windows 的易用性是分不开的。Windows 号称傻瓜操作系统，入门很快，使用简便，鼠标点一点就可以完成大部分操作。举个例子，我外甥连小学一年级都没上，只是看了几遍我的操作，就可以熟练的打《植物大战僵尸》。linux 90年代末期开始在这方面不断进步，现在系统的安装可以在几分钟内搞定，软件的安装也有了 deb（Debian 系）和 rpm（Redhat 系）等几种双击就可以完成的格式（虽然还有大量的软件已源代码的方式发布），桌面环境也已经变得非常的平易近人，使用方式跟 Windows 相似。 （2）稳定性和安全性。 linux 的稳定性和安全性得到了广泛的共识。一台 linux 服务器可以稳定的运行十几年而不会死机。linux 对验证、访问控制等有着完善的管理机制，而且linux还有其专有的安全模块，安全性相对更为出色。Windows 的安全性其实也不错，尤其 Windows 7 引入了完整的用户权限管理机制。但是 Windows 还包含了用户界面和大量的应用程序，其用户数量极为庞大，引来的攻击多，所以才偶尔会爆出一些漏洞。还有一点值得指出，Windows 的技术被微软垄断，linux 还有国家安全上的优势。 （3）硬件支持。 linux 支持X86、ARM、MIPS等多种架构的CPU，其应用遍布通用计算机、嵌入式设备、移动设备等各种平台。但是由于Windows 占据了绝大部分个人计算机市场，linux 的各个发行版又有其各自的特点，设备开发商从成本上考虑往往只提供Windows 版驱动程序，而不愿意开发linux 版本驱动，致使很多设备（如大型显卡等）不支持 linux。对于需要安装某些设备或者想玩大型游戏的人，linux 就很尴尬。 （4）软件支持。 软件资源的匮乏是 linux 的一大软肋。Windows 下的软件可以毫不谦虚的以海量来形容，从办公应用到影音娱乐，从网络工具到行业软件，从杀毒软件到系统清理，从图形图像到编程开发，包罗万象，无所不有。相比之下，linux 下的软甲确实不够丰富。虽然主流发行版都声称自己的软件仓库海量（Debian 称其包含20000多个软件），但是与我们的生活、办公息息相关的优秀软件却不够丰。无论是用户界面，还是功能，它们与 Windows 下的同类软件还是有不小的差距。 （5）规范性。 由于 Windows 的所有技术都掌握在微软手中，所以微软的规范就是整个Windows 软件界的标准，从系统平台到应用软件，所有的程序拥有统一的规范。我们可以将 Windows XP 下的软件随意的装在任意一台 Windows 7 的机器上。然而 linux 是自由的操作系统，基于 linux 的系统仅仅在内核上是统一的，具体到各个系统就很容易出现不兼容的问题，用gcc 3.4 编写的程序可能不能在gcc 4.6的环境下编译；使用 QT 库的软件无法在拥有 GTK+ 库的机器上安装；用户界面也有着Gnome 和 KDE 等多种桌面环境，使用习惯差距较大；软件打包格式也有这deb、rpm等多种格式，不能在不同的系统中安装；甚至连终端中的一些命令都不相同。虽然linux 高手可能说正是这给了他们很大的自主性，他们可以按自己的习惯改造系统，但是对普通大众来说，操作系统是拿来用的而不是来学习的，操作系统的使用越简单越好。 （6）费用。 Windows 7 的家庭普通版也要399元，旗舰版更是高达2460元，而且Winsows 下的软件很多（比如常用的Office、Photoshop 等等）都是需要付费的（当然，对于很多国内用户来说，他们通常使用盗版软件，这些软件完全是免费的）。然而linux 不只操作系统本身完全免费，而且基于linux 的软件也基本都是免费的。这可以让我们省下不少费用。而且linux 下的软件很多都是开源的，对于软件开发者来说，这给他们提供了一个非常好的基础。 小结： 还是那句话， Windows 和 linux 都是很优秀的操作系统 ，但是在桌面领域（或者说个人计算机领域），linux 在很多方面做的还不够好，尤其是易用性和规范性方面据Windows 还有很大差距。如果你对操作系统的需求仅仅是上上网，听听歌，做个word、ppt，任何一款操作系统都能满足你的需求；如果你想玩一些大型游戏，那么你还是老老实实的使用 Windows 吧；如果你要使用一些特殊的设备，如激光笔、探测器等，碍于驱动的问题，你不得不使用 Windows；同样如果你要使用一些科学计算软件，如Geant4，FLUKA 等，若它们只提供 linux 版本，你也只能使用 linux；最后， 如果你有较强的版权意识，又不想从自己的口袋里掏出货真价实的人民币，可以尝试下 linux！
开机后出现提示:选择要启动的操作系统如: Microsoft windows xp Professional Ghost 工具箱 一键GHOST V2010.01.02 Windows(默认值) 我的电脑-属性-高级-"启动和故障修复"设置-选择默认操作系统-然后把"显示操作系统列表时间"跟"在需要时显示恢复选项的时间"这两项前面方框内的勾勾点掉 也可以更改C盘里的boot.ini文件 里面文件 OK
如何在Windows xp 文件夹中默认为“详细信息”浏览方式 Windows XP默认是平铺的文件夹展示方式，我电脑里文件名一般都很长，喜欢用详细信息方式浏览的我来说每个文件夹都修改一下太麻烦了。 1、打开任意一个文件夹，选择菜单栏“查看”中“详细信息”一项，并设置“选择详细信息”中自己需要的详细信息。 2、打开菜单栏中“工具”-“文件夹选项”，选择“查看”-“应用到所有文件夹”，再打开其他文件夹也将看到同样的“详细信息设置”的显示效果了。
我的Windows系统盘一般是c盘，几乎不管c盘有多大，经常系统都会提示“c盘磁盘空间低”。如果光是提示，那基本上我懒得去管，但是一到这种时候，电脑就比蜗牛还慢，什么都做不了，于是只能去磁盘清理，可是在要知道这个时候干什么和窗口有关的事都会很慢的，所以就等吧。 对于这种情况，我尝试过各种办法。我首先做的是把所有软件装到另外的盘。好了一段时间，但是15G的c盘在某一天还是不可避免地满了。我研究了一段时间，发现outlook express在搞鬼，我把收件箱挪到了另外的盘。但是……c盘还是不可避免的满了。这次得认真对待了。 上网搜了一些，多数说法是临时文件太多。关于解决方法，有人说用磁盘清理（这显然是不行的，要不我也不会来研究这个了）；有人说手动去删除（这显然也是不行的，电脑像蜗牛的时候最好不要用窗口）；有人说，直接命令行暴力删除。借鉴在Linux下的经验，我觉得最后一种靠谱，当然也有相当的危险——在Linux下我曾经差点删除了自己的主目录。 网上就有现成的这种暴力删除脚本，当然在搞明白之前不敢乱用，主要是要明白脚本里删除的文件都是什么含义。脚本里第一行删除的是.tmp结尾的临时文件。 del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.tmp 其中/f表示强制删除只读文件，/s表示从子目录中删除（相当于Linux的“-r”：recursive ），/q表示安静模式（删除全局通配符不需确认）。我在命令行里直接试了一下，这一个命令就可以释放1G的空间。但是回想一下这个做法是很危险的，因为在我的键盘上“\”键和回车键在一块儿，所以敲完%systemdrive%的时候我很有可能敲了一下回车，然后可能就比较悲剧了。所以还是把这些命令写到一个.bat文件里比较安全，确认命令正确以后再执行批处理（注：脚本的注释用rem，这个和Linux的概念差很多）。 暴力删除脚本的其它行删除了._mp结尾的临时文件、.log结尾的日志文件、.gid结尾的临时帮助文件、.chk结尾的磁盘检查文件、.old结尾的临时备份文件以及其它一些文件。但是我想到此为止已经可以满足我的需要了。下次再“c盘磁盘空间低”再想办法。于是我的release.bat的内容是 rem anti c space is low echo start cleaning del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.tmp del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*._mp del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.gid del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.old del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\recycled\*.* del /f /s /q %windir%\prefetch\*.* echo done 执行的时候打开cmd命令行窗口，敲 release 就可以了。 20140110 从老岳那里学到一招，用CCleaner。 http://www.piriform.com/ccleaner/download/portable
【IT168 服务器 学院 】 这篇文章中的信息适用于: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Web Edition Microsoft Windows Server 2003, 64-Bit Datacenter Edition Microsoft Windows Server 2003, 64-Bit Enterprise Edition Microsoft Internet Information Services version 6.0 本分步指南介绍了如何在 Windows Server 2003 环境中设置一个用于匿名访问的 WWW 服务器 。 安装 Internet 信息服务 Microsoft Internet 信息服务 (IIS) 是与 Windows Server 2003 集成的 Web 服务。 要安装 IIS、添加可选组件或删除可选组件，请按以下步骤操作： 1. 单击开始，指向控制面板，然后单击“添加或删除程序”。 “添加或删除程序”工具就会启动。 2. 单击添加/删除 Windows 组件。 显示“Windows 组件向导”。 3. 在Windows 组件 列表中，单击Web 应用程序服务器。 4. 单击详细信息，然后单击Internet 信息服务 (IIS)。 5. 单击详细信息 ，以查看 IIS 可选组件列表。 6. 选择您要安装的可选组件。默认情况下，下列组件是选中的： --- 公用文件 --- FrontPage 2002 Server Extentions --- Internet 信息服务管理单元 --- Internet 信息服务管理器 --- NNTP 服务 --- SMTP 服务 --- World Wide Web 服务 7. 单击“World Wide Web 服务”，然后单击详细信息 ，以查看 IIS 可选子组件（如 Active Server Pages 组件和“远程管理 (HTML) 工具”）的列表。选择您要安装的可选子组件。默认情况下，下列组件是选中的： --- World Wide Web 服务 8. 单击确定 ，直到返回“Windows 组件向导”。 9. 单击下一步，然后完成“Windows 组件向导”。 配置匿名身份验证 要配置匿名身份验证，请按以下步骤操作： 1. 单击开始，指向管理工具，然后单击Internet 信息服务 (IIS)。 2. 展开“* 服务器名称”（其中服务器名称 为该服务器的名称），右键单击Web 站点，然后单击属性。 3. 在Web 站点属性 对话框中，单击目录 安全 性 选项卡。 4. 在“身份验证和访问控制”下，单击编辑。 5. 单击“启用匿名访问”复选框，将其选中。 备注：“用户名”框中的用户帐户只用于通过 Windows guest 帐户进行匿名访问。 默认情况下，服务器会创建并使用帐户 IUSR_computername。匿名用户帐户密码仅在 Windows 中使用；匿名用户不使用用户名和密码登录。 6. 在“已验证身份的访问”下，单击“集成的 Windows 身份验证”复选框，将其选中。 7. 单击确定 两次。 基本 Web 站点配置 1. 单击开始，指向管理工具，然后单击Internet 信息服务 (IIS)。 2. 展开“* 服务器名称”（其中服务器名称 为该服务器的名称），然后展开Web 站点。 3. 右键单击默认 Web 站点，然后单击属性。 4. 单击Web 站点 选项卡。如果您已为计算机分配了多个 IP 地址，则请在IP 地址 框中单击您要指定给此 Web 站点的 IP 地址。 5. 单击性能 选项卡。使用Web 站点属性 - 性能 对话框可设置影响 内存 、带宽使用和 Web 连接数量的属性。 通过配置某个特定站点上的 网络 带宽，您可以更好地控制该站点的 通信 量。例如，通过在低优先级的 Web 站点上限制带宽，您可以放宽对他站点的访问量的限制。同样，当您指定到某个 Web 站点的连接数量时，您就可以为其他站点释放资源。设置是站点专用的，应根据网络通信量和使用变化情况进行调整。 --- 单击“限制可用于此 Web 站点的带宽”复选框，将其选中，可配置 IIS 将网络带宽调节到选定的最大带宽量，以千字节每秒 (KB/S) 为单位。 --- 单击Web 服务连接 复选框，将其选中，可选择特定数目或者不限定数目的 Web 服务连接。限制连接可使计算机资源能够用于其他进程。 备注：每个浏览 Web 站点的客户机通常都使用大约三个连接。 6. 单击主目录 选项卡。 --- 如果您想使用 存储 在本地计算机上的 Web 内容，则单击“此计算机上的目录”然后在本地路径 框中键入您想要的路径。例如，默认路径为 C:\Inetpub\wwwroot。 备注：为了增加安全性，请不要在根目录下创建 Web 内容文件夹。 --- 如果要使用存储在另一台计算机上的 Web 内容，则单击“另一计算机上的共享位置”，然后在显示的网络目录 框中键入所需位置。 --- 如果您要使用存储在另一个 Web 地址的 Web 内容，则单击“重定向到 URL”，然后在“重定向到”框中键入所需位置。在“客户会送到”下，单击相应的复选框，将其选中。 7. 单击文档 选项卡。请注意可由 IIS 用作默认启动文档的文档列表。如果您要使用 Index.html 作为启动文档，就必须添加它。添加方法是： a. 单击添加。 b. 在添加默认文档 对话框中，键入 Index.html，然后单击确定。 c. 单击向上箭头 按钮，直到 Index.html 显示在列表的顶部。 8. 单击确定 ，关闭默认 Web 站点属性 对话框。 9. 右键单击默认 Web 站点，然后单击权限。 10. 请注意在此 Web 站点上具有操作权限的用户帐户。单击添加 添加其他可操作此 Web 站点的用户帐户。 11. 单击确定 ，返回到“Internet 信息服务”窗口。 12. 右键单击默认 Web 站点，然后单击停止。 13. 右键单击默认 Web 站点，然后单击开始。 现在，该服务器已配置为接受传入的访问默认 Web 站点的 Web 请求。您可以将默认 Web 站点的内容替换为您想要的 Web 内容，或者创建新 Web 站点。
Remote Access with VNC On the Windows computer you will be using from outside the center: • 1. Download putty.exe from here . • 2. Download Ultr@VNC Standalone Viewer . 3. Open Putty and open a connection to Host Name gate.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu 4. From gate ssh to your linux workstation. (In this example user 'mehlsa' is connecting to a workstation named 'crusoe') 5. Once connected to your workstation, run the command /usr/pubsw/bin/vncpasswd . Enter and confirm a password that you will use to connect remotely. 6. Run the command /usr/pubsw/bin/vncserver.glx 7. You must note the number value that is returned for your remote desktop. In this example the value is 1 . You do not normally need to run steps 5-7 every time you connect. Unless your workstation has rebooted or you have explicitly killed your VNC server process, the vncserver.glx program will still be running. After connecting to your workstation run /usr/pubsw/bin/vnccheck to see see if the process is still running. This will also show you the desktop number (the number after the colon) you need for the tunnel. • 8. Open a new putty window. • 9. Enter gate.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu for the Host Name and enter gate_vnc for the Saved Sessions. • 10. In the category menu on the left, click on "Tunnels" • 11. Enter a Source port of 5905 . • 12. For the Destination, you should enter the name of the linux workstation that is running vncserver.glx followed by a colon and 590X where "X" is the number you noted in step #7 above. . (In this example, we are attempting to create a tunnel to the destination crusoe:5901 ). • 13. You must click the 'Add' button. • 14. In the category menu on the left, click on "Session" • 15. Click the 'Save' button to save all the changes you've made. • 16. Now double-click on ' gate_vnc ' to open a terminal window. • 17. Login using your NMR username and password. Once you have logged in, you can minimize the window. As long as the window remains open, the tunnel will exist and you will be able to use VNC. • 18. Open. UltraVNC Viewer. • 19. You must enter localhost:5905 as the Server. Then press Connect. • 20. Use the password you set in step #5 to connect. • 21. Once connected, you can click on the icon in the upper-left hand corner of the screen to display a menu with some commonly uses commands.
S-PLUS for Windows - version 4.5 http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/mercury/splus/splus.html#first 303 Irving S-PLUS is a powerful computing tool that combines the usefulness of a statistical analysis package with that of a publication quality graphics package and a matrix-based programming language. It's easy enough to use for quick and simple tasks, yet powerful enough for the most demanding ones. The goal of this demonstration is to provide a basic introduction to using S-PLUS. An S-PLUS session differs from that of other statistical software. You will find it to be an interactive approach where the results from one step lead to the next. This introduction to S-PLUS is necessarily limited in scope to only a handful of analyses. Once you become familiar with S-PLUS and browse through some of the online help topics, you will discover tools for practically any type of analysis you need. The basic S-PLUS module allows for time series, survival, and multivariate analyses, among others. Topics included in this tutorial: 1. Starting S-PLUS the first time 2. Some things to keep in mind 3. Beginning an analysis 4. Visualizing your data 5. Simple Linear Regression 6. Non-linear Regression 7. Polynomial Regression 8. Writing functions 9. What to do next Return to Mercury Home Page 1. Starting S-PLUS the first time ( Back to Top ) The first time you run S-PLUS from the computer lab, you will be asked for a directory where your work will be saved. S-PLUS will use this for a working directory whenever you start a session, however, you can easily change to another directory at any time. So before you start S-PLUS, decide on your default working directory and, if necessary, create it. Then when you start S-PLUS and it asks you for a start-up directory, click on "Browse" and proceed to select the desired directory. When you click "OK", S-PLUS will create the necessary subdirectories that it needs (_Data and _Prefs) and start the application. When S-PLUS opens, you will most likely see a dialog box to Select Data. Just click "Cancel" for now. After that, there may or may not be any open windows. You will want a Commands Window so the first thing to do is open one up if it isn't open already. From the Window menu, select Commands Window. Alternatively, you can click on the Commands Window button on the toolbar. Another useful window to have open is the Object Browser. Open this by clicking on the Object Browser button on the toolbar. You can set up your preferences so that both of these windows open when you start an S-PLUS session. From the Options menu, select General Settings, and then select the Startup tab. On the left hand side you will see a group of three items that you can Open at Startup. Check Command Line and Object Browser. You can also uncheck Select Data Dialog if you don't want that coming up every time. 2. Some things to keep in mind ( Back to Top ) Everything in S-PLUS is some kind of object. Objects can have different modes (numeric, character, list, function, etc.) with different structures (scalar, vector, matrix, etc.) and different classes (data frame, linear models result, etc.). Almost every command you execute in S-PLUS uses one or more functions. Functions are called by their name followed by a set of parentheses. If any arguments are passed to the function, they are listed within the parentheses. The parentheses must always be present whether or not there are any arguments. For example, to get a listing of all the objects in your working directory, you would use objects() . If you wanted a list of objects in another directory in your search path, you might use objects(where=3) . Use the assignment operator to create objects. The assignment operator is the "less than" symbol followed by a hyphen ( - ) or the underscore ( _ ). For example, to create an object called tmp and assign it the value 3, you would enter tmp - 3 or tmp_3 . The equal sign (=) is used almost exclusively for passing arguments to functions, like the last command in comment b above. S-PLUS is case sensitive. Keep that in mind when you're naming objects or calling functions. We could create another object called Tmp that would be separate and distinct from tmp . If you already have an object with the name tmp and you assign something else to an object with that name, then the first object is overwritten. Be careful not to lose something you want to keep. Once you've created objects, you may want to get rid of them later . Use the function rm() with the object names as arguments. For example, rm(tmp) . You can recall previous commands with the up-arrow and down-arrow keys. Once you've located the command you want, you can hit enter to execute the command as is, or you can edit the line first. This can save time, especially with complicated commands. Open a graphics window with the function graphsheet() . Make use of the online help. Go to the help index and look up graphsheet. You'll find a description of all possible arguments that can be used, a full discussion on its use, and some examples of how it can be used. If you just need a reminder of what arguments can be passed to a particular function, use the args() function with the function name in the parentheses. For example, try args(graphsheet) to see what arguments can be used with that function and what default values they may have. In the examples that follow, pay very close attention to all associated punctuation. Things like commas and parentheses are absolutely critical to S-PLUS understanding what you want to do. If you get an error after executing a command, the first thing to do is check the syntax. That is the cause of most errors. S-PLUS almost always ignores spaces, so whether you type tmp_c(1,2,3) or tmp _ c ( 1, 2, 3) , you get the same result. The Escape key serves as your abort button. If something goes wrong or you're suddenly seeing an endless array of numbers scrolling by, you can hit the Escape key to quit whatever you're doing and get you back to the command prompt. This does not kick you out of S-PLUS altogether。 More interesting following: http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/mercury/splus/splus.html#first
Now close the windows Robert Frost Now close the windows and hush all the fields: 现在就关上窗子，让周围安静 If the trees must, let them silently toss; 如果树林也必需静下来，那让它们慢慢地摇 No bird is singing now, and if there is, 鸟们现在也不再歌唱？如果还有鸟留下来？ Be it my loss. 那么，请我的失落重新回来 It will be long ere the marshes resume, 我的失落出现在那湿地形成之前 It will be long ere the earliest bird: 它甚至先于那些古老的鸟儿而生 So close the windows and not hear the wind,因此关上窗子吧！不要再听那风声 But see all wind-stirred. 但观它们被风卷起在空中
.NET Framework是用于Windows的新托管代码编程模型。它强大功能与新技术结合起来，用于构建具有视觉上引人注目的用户体验的 应用程序 ，实现跨技术边界的无缝通信，并且能支持各种业务流程。 别跟哥说你用不上这个软件，这个软件对于实用较大开发的软件，比如说我们的常用的mapgis二次开发，比如说我们用的卡本，cad等等特别是一些大型游戏如果没有这个基本上就安装都安装不了，让你超级郁闷，而这个软件却不是那么的稳定。 XP的系统，装好后常出现下面这种情况， .NET framework2.0无法卸载,无法安装,无法修复 在2003中也常出现，但是我们在系统中找不到卸载.net2.0 3.0的删除程序，手动删除又怕注册表中没删除而造成更大的错误！同时还有一件更郁闷的事情就是常用的强制卸载软件根本不能卸载它，所以在这里我就推荐这样一个手写的小软件，很好用的 下面是转载作者的说明 ---------------------------------------------------华丽的分界线-------------------------------------------------------- 。NET Framework Cleanup Tool User's Guide Introduction This .NET Framework cleanup tool is designed to automatically perform a set of steps to remove selected versions of the .NET Framework from a computer. It will remove files, directories, registry keys and values and Windows Installer product registration information for the .NET Framework. The tool is intended primarily to return your system to a known (relatively clean) state in case you are encountering .NET Framework installation, uninstallation, repair or patching errors so that you can try to install again. There are a couple of very important caveats that you should review before using this tool to remove any version of the .NET Framework from your system: This tool is designed as a last resort for cases where install, uninstall, repair or patch installation did not succeed for unusual reasons. It is not a substitute for the standard uninstall procedure. You should try the steps listed in this blog post before using this cleanup tool. This cleanup tool will delete shared files and registry keys used by other versions of the .NET Framework. If you run the cleanup tool, you will need to perform a repair/re-install for all other versions of the .NET Framework that are on your computer or they will not work correctly afterwards. Download location The .NET Framework cleanup tool is available for download at the following locations: 本网站下载地址： dotnetfx_cleanup_tool.zip http://u.115.com/file/f263f0bc14 （外站下载链接） The .zip file that contains the tool also contains a file named history.txt that lists when the most recent version of the tool was published and what changes have been made to the tool over time. Supported products The .NET Framework cleanup tool supports removing the following products: .NET Framework - All Versions .NET Framework - All Versions (Tablet PC and Media Center) .NET Framework - All Versions (Windows Server 2003) .NET Framework - All Versions (Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008) .NET Framework 1.0 .NET Framework 1.1 .NET Framework 2.0 .NET Framework 3.0 .NET Framework 3.5 .NET Framework 4 Not all of the above products will appear in the UI for the .NET Framework cleanup tool on every operating system. The cleanup tool contains logic so that if it is run on an OS version that includes the .NET Framework as an OS component, it will not offer the option to clean it up. This means that running the cleanup tool on Windows XP Media Center Edition or Tablet PC Edition will not offer the option to clean up the .NET Framework 1.0, running it on Windows Server 2003 will not offer the option to clean up the .NET Framework 1.1 and running it on Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008 will not offer the option to clean up the .NET Framework 2.0 or the .NET Framework 3.0. When choosing to remove any of the above versions of the .NET Framework, the cleanup tool will also remove any associated hotfixes and service packs. You do not need to run any separate steps to remove the service pack(s) for a version of the .NET Framework. Silentinstallation mode The .NET Framework cleanup tool supports running in silent mode. In this mode, the tool will run without showing any UI, and the user must pass in a version of the .NET Framework to remove as a command line parameter. To run the cleanup tool in silent mode , you need to download the cleanup tool, extract the file cleanup_tool.exe from the zip file, and then run it using syntax like the following: cleanup_tool.exe /q:a /c:"cleanup.exe /p name of product to remove" The value that you pass with the /p switch to replace name of product to remove in this example must exactly match one of the products listed in the Supported products section above. For example, if you would like to run the cleanup tool in silent mode and remove the .NET Framework 1.1, you would use a command line like the following: cleanup_tool.exe /q:a /c:"cleanup.exe /p .NET Framework 1.1" One important note – as indicated above, the cleanup tool will not allow you to remove a version of the .NET Framework that is installed as part of the OS it is running on. That means that even if you try this example command line on Windows Server 2003, the tool will exit with a failure return code and not allow you to remove the .NET Framework 1.1 because it is a part of that OS. Similarly, you cannot use the cleanup tool to remove the .NET Framework 1.0 from Windows XP Media Center Edition or Windows XP Tablet PC Edition or remove the .NET Framework 2.0 or 3.0 from Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008. In addition, if you run the cleanup tool on an OS that has any edition of the .NET Framework installed as a part of the OS, it will prevent you from using the .NET Framework - All Versions option because there is at least one version that it cannot remove. If you are planning to run the cleanup tool in silent mode, you need to make sure to detect what OS it is running on and not pass in a version of the .NET Framework with the /p switch that is a part of the OS or make sure that you know how to handle the failure exit code that you will get back from the cleanup tool in that type of scenario. Unattended installation mode The .NET Framework cleanup tool supports running in silent mode. In this mode, the tool will run and only show a progress dialog during removal, but will require no user interaction. Unattended mode requires the user to pass in a version of the .NET Framework to remove as a command line parameter. To run the cleanup tool in unattended mode , you need to download the cleanup tool, extract the file cleanup_tool.exe from the zip file, and then run it using syntax like the following: cleanup_tool.exe /q:a /c:"cleanup.exe /p name of product to remove /u" For example, if you would like to run the cleanup tool in unattended mode and remove the .NET Framework 1.1, you would use a command line like the following: cleanup_tool.exe /q:a /c:"cleanup.exe /p .NET Framework 1.1 /u" Exit codes The cleanup tool can returns the following exit codes: 0 - cleanup completed successfully for the specified product 3010 - cleanup completed successfully for the specified product and a reboot is required to complete the cleanup process 1 - cleanup tool requires administrative privileges on the machine 2 - the required file cleanup.ini was not found in the same path as cleanup.exe 3 - a product name was passed in that cannot be removed because it is a part of the OS on the system that the cleanup tool is running on 4 - a product name was passed in that does not exist in cleanup.ini 100 - cleanup was able to start but failed during the cleanup process 1602 - cleanup was cancelled Log files The cleanup tool creates the following log files: %temp%\cleanup_main.log - a log of all activity during each run of the cleanup tool; this is a superset of the logs listed below as well as some additional information %temp%\cleanup_actions.log - a log of actions taken during removal of each product; it will list files that it finds and removes, product codes it tries to remove, registry entries it tries to remove, etc. %temp%\cleanup_errors.log - a log of errors and warnings encountered during each run of the cleanup tool
我想若从形式化角度研究WSN/DSN协议，形式语义是必不可少的工具，而形式语义与Functional Languages关系密切，所以我准备2周时间学习一下SML。条件有限，OS为Windows，书采用了L.C.Paulson《ML for the Working Programmer》,中文版是柯韦译的《ML程序设计教程》，编译器为SML/NJ。以后可加装Debain Linux，真怀念我原来配置的Debain 5.0系统！ 1。如何编译SML文件？ notes-011001.pdf A：SML多采用行命令编译方式，用惯了C（Gnu Linux / Windows），特不适应SML行命令方式，主要是不宜于调试。只好读其指南，看看有方法简化编译： 引自《Notes on Programming Standard ML of New Jersey》一书： 建立foo.sml 文件: fun double (x:int):int = 2 * x; fun square (x:int):int = x * x; fun power (x:int,y:int):int = if (y=0) then 1 else x * power (x,y-1); 获取当前工作目录: OS.FileSys.getDir: - OS.FileSys.getDir (); 修改 - OS.FileSys.chDir /home/riccardo/work/sml; 例如: foo.sml在C盘 设置 - OS.FileSys.chDir C:\\; - use foo.sml; sml-tutorial.pdf Standard ML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML#References Alice ML: http://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/alice/
Building as a Standalone ApplicationCreate a batch file which sets the following environment variables: A3DT, ARCH, and PATH. An example of such a batch file is shown below: Choose from the two options below Option 1: Open the Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt window by selecting: StartAll ProgramsMicrosoft Visual Studio 2005Visual Studio ToolsVisual Studio 2005 Command Prompt .Drop the batch file created in the previous step into the command window and select Enter . Option 2: Add the following line to the batch file created in Step 1:C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\bin\vcvars32.bat. An example of such a batch file is shown below and follow the next steps. Select Start in the lower left corner of your screen.Select Run ; this opens a new Run window:Typecmdin the window as shown below: Drag and drop the batch file created using the above steps in the newly launched command window.Choose Enter . This runs the batch file and sets the required paths needed to build an ACIS-based console application.Typedevenvin the command window.Select FileNewProject or enter Ctrl+Shift+NSelect Win32 from the Visual C++ Option and Win32 Console Application from Templates; enter an appropriate name and location, and then select OK . This creates a stock project: for example,MyfirstAcisProject The Win32 Application Wizard pops up; select Next .From the menu Application Settings Application , select "Console application". From Additional options , select "Empty project". Finally, select Finish .Under Project , select Add New Item… .In the Add New Item window, select Code for the category.Choose C++ file (.cpp) as the template to use. Provide the desired name and location.Select Add .Next, setup the project settings. Open the Property Pages by selecting the project name under the Solution Explorer. Enter Alt-F7 or right click and select "Properties". The following image is a sample Project Properties screen. Note: Make certain that this is the properties screen for the project and not an item in the project. Now expand the Configuration Properties and select C/C++ from the resulting list.Select the Configuration Manager button and set the Active Solution configuration as follows and then select Close .Release (if ARCH=NT_VC8_DLL)Debug (if ARCH=NT_VC8_DLLD)Expand the C/C++ list and select General and enter $(A3DT)/include in the "Additional Include Directories" field.Next select the "Preprocessor" option from the C/C++ tree and append NT_VC8_DLL(or NT_VC8_DLLD), ACIS_DLL, SPA_NO_AUTO_LINK.Expand the "linker" tree and select the General option and enter $(A3DT)/lib/$(ARCH) in the "Additional Library Directories" field.Next select the Input option and enter the following libraries in the "Additional Dependencies" field: SPAAcis.lib SpaLicErrGUI.lib.Select Apply , then OK .Copy the code sample below into the CPP file.Select Build/Rebuild Solution (Ctrl+Alt+F7) .Your program is ready to use. Make certain to add the license key to begin making calls to the ACIS functions.Code to Copy into CPP File Code to Copy into CPP File for Building as a Standalone Application Licensing Headers The following code is the licensing header and sample ACIS calls. #include "license.hxx" #include "spa_unlock_result.hxx" #include "spa_lic_err_gui.hxx" Sample ACIS calls to create a sphere and then to write it into a SAT file: #include "position.hxx" #include "body.hxx" #include "cstrapi.hxx" // SAMPLE // Create an Entity List to add entities ENTITY_LIST entityList; // Create Sphere // BODY* sphere = NULL; api_solid_sphere(SPAposition(30, 30, 30), 10, sphere,NULL); entityList.add(sphere); // Create sat File // create_sat_file (entityList, "MyFirstAcisProject.sat"); // End SAMPLE
GMT − The Generic Mapping Tools data processing and display software package GMT is a collection of public-domain Unix tools that allows you to manipulate x,y and x,y,z data sets (filtering, trend fitting, gridding, projecting, etc.) and produce PostScript illustrations ranging from simple x-y plots, via contour maps, to artificially illuminated surfaces and 3-D perspective views in black/white or full color. Linear, log10, and power scaling is supported in addition to 25 common map projections. The processing and display routines within GMT are completely general and will handle any (x,y) or (x,y,z) data as input.Significantly improved versions (3.1-3.3, 3.3.1-6), 3.4, 3.4.1-5, and 4.0-4.5.3 were released between November 1998 and July 2010, culminating in the Mar 2011 introduction of 4.5.6. GMT now is used by 15,000 users worldwide in a broad range of disciplines. The homepage of GMT is http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/ The installation for windowsis as follows: Reprint from the website 1.准备文件如下 (文件下载网址:http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/) netcdf-4.1.1 GMT_basic_install.exe GMT_pdf_install.exe GSHHS_highfull_install.exe 2.执行安装以下文件 （以安装到D盘为例） GMT_basic_install.exe GMT_pdf_install.exe GSHHS_highfull_install.exe 此时会在D:\GMT目录下产生有以下文件夹：bin include lib share 3.把netcdf-4.1.1文件拷到D:\GMT目录下 （解压netcdf 后的文件） 4.把D:\GMT\share下所有 *.d; *.cdf; *.ps 文件及conf文件夹下的所有文件拷到D:\GMT目录下 5.在D:\GMT目录下创建gmt.bat文件 目的：设置GMTHOME，HOME 和 NETCDF,修改PATH，LIB，INCLUDE下面是gmt.bat文件的内容,拷贝下来再,保存为gmt.bat, 然后根据自己的情况加以修改，这里以上面创建的目录为例。 gmt.bat文件的内容如下： ECHO OFF REM ---------------------------------------------------- REM REM @(#)gmtenv.bat 1.10 03/08/00 REM REM Copyright (c) 1991-2000 by P. Wessel and W. H. F. Smith REM See COPYING file for copying and redistribution conditions. REM REM This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify REM it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by REM the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. REM REM This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, REM but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of REM MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the REM GNU General Public License for more details. REM REM Contact info: www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt REM -------------------------------------------------------------------- REM REM Sets the GMT environment needed under WinXP. REM REM Author: Paul Wessel, 07-MAR-2000 REM REM ---------------------------------------------------- REM Set NETCDF, GMTHOME, and HOME: REM ---------------------------------------------------- SET NETCDF=d:\GMT\netcdf-4.1.1 SET GMTHOME=d:\GMT SET HOME=d:\GMT REM ---------------------------------------------------- REM Must set INCLUDE and LIB if GMT source is to be used REM OR compiled. If not, REM these lines out. REM ---------------------------------------------------- SET INCLUDE=%INCLUDE%;%NETCDF%\INCLUDE SET LIB=%LIB%;%NETCDF%\LIB;%GMTHOME%\LIB REM ---------------------------------------------------- REM STOP HERE, Now appending to PATH: REM ---------------------------------------------------- SET PATH=%PATH%;%GMTHOME%\BIN;%NETCDF%\LIB REM ---------------------------------------------------- ECHO GMT 4.5.2 Environment initialized doskey 6.进入DOS，在DOS下进入D:\GMT执行gmt.bat，显示如下： D:\GMTgmt.bat D:\GMTECHO OFF GMT 4.5.2 Environment initialized 此时可输入一个命令psxy等进行测试，如果出现此命令的说明，则表示成功了。 7.此外gawk也是window下常用程序,可以在下面网站下载 http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gawk.htm 下载后,安装在D:\GMT 目录下(可以安装在任何目录下)，只要把D:\GMT\GnuWin32\bin下面的所有文件拷贝到 D:\GMT\bin 下就可以了。 8.PS查看器ghostview的安装 在安装Ghostview前先安装Ghostscript，这两个软件都可以网上自由获取 http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ 按先后顺序依次安装，可以安装在任何一个文件夹。安装后把gs\gs8.63\bin 下的gswin32.exe可执行文件和Ghostgum\gsview下的gsview32.exe可执行文件拷贝到D:\GMT\bin 下即可。 近来初学GMT软件，在Win下先尝试安装了该软件，安装过程中借鉴了很多网上分享的资料，对一些作者表示感谢。
（1）打开C:\windows\system32\drivers\etc，用记事本打开里面的hosts文件，在“最上面”添加上 209.85.225.101 sites.google.com 然后退出保存。 例子： 209.85.225.101 sites.google.com # Copyright (c) 1993-2009 Microsoft Corp. # # This is a sample HOSTS file used by Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows. # # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to host names. Each # entry should be kept on an individual line. The IP address should ....... 2、打开浏览器，在地址栏输入 https://sites.google.com/site ,特别注意一定是https,正常访问. 本人的 https://sites.google.com/site/citysimzxq/
到这里下载 http://www.verycd.com/topics/2867641/ 同时也可以根据上面的提示激活。 现在我提供另外一种激活方式： 1、运行Mathematica_8.0.0_WIN_MachineSpecific.EXE 2、运行Mathematica_8_kg.exe，生成 mathpass （You need vc++ 2010 to run keymaker，可在这里下载。 Mathematica 8.0.rar ） 3、将文件mathpass拷贝到 C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Mathematica\Licensing (for XP) C:\Users\Mao Hong\AppData\Roaming\Mathematica\Licensing (for Windows 7) 目录中。则安装大功告成 4、运行Wolfram Mathmatica 8，提示： The password in use by this copy of Mathematica does not allow languages other than English. Contact Wolfram Research ( http://www.wolfram.com ) about enabling additional capabilities. You must restart the front end. 按OK键后，软件自动关闭，请勿担心，再次启动就完全正常了。 5、运行Wolfram Mathmatica 8 Kernel，能直接进行数学运算。
在折腾了几个小时之后，我终于把计算机系统重装了一遍。深感时间被浪费的同时，又感到些许无奈。现在的计算机系统越来越庞大，功能越来越强大。显然设计者们意在通吃所有的可能用户，就像现在的某些偶像团体，成员有十几个，其口号是总有一个你喜欢的。就拿自己组装的计算机来说吧，重装系统意味着还要装一大堆的驱动和软件（从网上下的ghost镜像不是很稳定。再说，我们学校能用正版软件，不用觉得可惜）。 我在想，像主板，显卡，声卡，网卡之类的硬件有无可能在硬件中集成驱动程序，这些程序可以被windows系统识别，从而直接使用。能达到键盘、鼠标的即插即用更好。这样就能省去安装驱动的麻烦了。另外，windows系统的安装能否有个默认设定，不用选择时区啊，用户名之类的，这样安装过程我就能去干别的去了，而不用守着。想改的话，装完再改也成嘛。我觉得微软就没必要总去折腾像 media player，movie maker, DVD maker，ie之类的东西了，这些都有专用软件，比微软的好用。再说，也得给别人剩口饭吧。什么时候，windows 体积能缩小到几十MB，那才算NB呢。 总之，电子产品要能做到我两岁儿子现在经常念叨的：“插上电门，打开开关，按下按钮，开始使用。”这时候才能被称为真正意义上的人性化产品。
安装MSN 2009时提示“试图读取文件c:\windows\installer\messenger.msi时发生网络错误”解决办法 安装MSN 2009时有时会出现“试图读取文件c:\windows\installer\messenger.msi时发生网络错误”这样的提示，这是因为以前安装程序是的一些存储信息被破坏，导致无法正常卸载！ 本文将应用软件Windows Install Clean Up来解决这个问题。 Windows Install Clean Up 下载地址为 msicuu2.rar 安装后，在程序中打开Windows Install Clean Up，这时就会显示出一个列出了当前经Windows Installer安装上去的程序列表，如图: 此时你选择"windows live messenger"，然后点击remove；类似的依次删除"windows live mail"、"windows live picture"等，最后你再安装MSN 2009就能安装上了。 Windows Install Clean Up 也可以解决其他软件安装或卸载类似问题。
今天，上网，中毒啦....该死的国内网页，下个mp3还放点毒上去........ 块被木马气死了，查了半天，还是老外的方法一了百了。赶紧看看自己是不是也是很多dll需要修理的。..做电脑体检了. http://www.zhucemajipojieban.tk/35/358.htm 下载看这里 http://www.errornerd.com/error.php?seed=0xc0000094 How Can I Fix 0xc0000094? NEW: writeDate(); Wednesday 19 January 2011 "This is a very common question believe it or not!" 0xc0000094 is usually caused by a corrupt registry entry. The best thing you can do, to prevent your PC from getting more error messages or further registry corruption, is to fix this problem immediately, by following the easy instructions below. The potential risk, resulting from not repairing this error, could include system crashes, blue screens, and hardware failure. Most errors are caused by poor maintenance of your pc. But no-fear , repairing and getting rid of 0xc0000094 can be just as simple as following these 4 steps below: Download the 0xc0000094 Repair Tool "This is a free download - You'll see a new window pop-up for confirmation." Click "Save File" and follow the simple installation instructions. Scan your computer with the Regcure application. Click the "Fix Errors" button to repair 0xc0000094. Why Do Errors Happen? There's actually a number of reasons why 0xc0000094 might of happened, but of course the most common reason is caused when new programs are installed over all old ones that are not completely uninstalled 100%, causing registry pile ups and of course, getting error messages. Another reason, is damage that's been done by malware programs, attaching themselves to your PC and wrecking havoc, deleting crucial files from your PC. 99% of the time, a program called Regcure , designed just for this specific reason, so you don't have to pay some geek like us $90hr to fix your PC, can be used to repair all of your computer's error messages, missing or broken files. Regcure looks over your computer's registry and repairs the following: Internet Explorer errors, ActiveX errors, Javascript and scripting errors, C++ errors, EXE/ DLL/ OCX/ INF/ VXD errors and more. Not to mention, fine tune your computer for maximum performance... "that's why we recommend it!"
When bi-system was installed in one computer,especially both windows andLlinux, we may reinstall one of them. The Grub of Linux would be destroyed when the windows system is update and it would be necessary to reinstall Grub in this case, otherwise we have to reinstall the whole Linux OS. Command for Grub repair in SUSE : 1. insert SUSE OS DVD and boot from "Rescue System" 2. Login with root 3. execute: find /boot/grub/stage1 you should observe something like: (hd0, 6 ) 4. enter Grub shell environment with command " grub " 5. execute: root (hd0, 6 ) 6. execute: setup (hd0) 7. reboot system with command: init 6 or reboot
windows 7 下金山词霸取词变慢的原因和解决方法 李忠木 博士 windows 7 下金山词霸的取词会变得非常慢。经过测试原因是由视觉效果中在窗口和按钮上使用视觉样式功能造成。去掉这一选项即可使金山词霸取词速度恢复正常。 具体操作过程为：右键单击计算机-属性-高级系统设置-性能点设置，在视觉效果项中去掉在窗口和按钮上使用视觉样式，点击应用即可。
转自： http://opensuse.swerdna.org/suseboot.html －－－－－－－－－－ HowTo Boot / Multiboot openSUSE and Windows (2000, XP, Vista - any mix) using the GRUB bootloader Versions: Suse/openSUSE 10.x, 11.x Scenario: You have openSUSE and one or more Windows installations on your drives and multibooting using GRUB isn't working. This tutorial leads you through reinstalling the Grub multiboot. You might be interested in a companion tutorial about using the Windows bootloader for multibooting openSUSE and Windows: HowTo Boot Multiboot openSUSE and Windows (2000, XP, Vista - any mix) using the Windows bootloader . If you have no Windows installations, only Linux, you might want to read a companion tutorial for repairing a bootloader with focus on openSUSE, leaving out Windows: HowTo Boot into openSUSE when it won't Boot from the Grub Code on the Hard Drive . If you just want to get the repair done without any introductory palaver, skip to the section HowTo Repair your Grub Multiboot. About Booting Booting Windows with Microsoft Code: Windows 2000 and XP require you to have a primary partition on the first drive for the Microsoft bootloader codes; Microsoft call this the system partition . That's an inappropriate name so I'll call it by the correct name here: the bootloader partition. Windows will only boot from a bootloader partition that is a primary partition on the first drive. You can in fact cause a different drive to appear to Windows XP/2000 as the first drive by using the Grub map function, but your bootloader partition must still be a primary partition. Once the requirement for a bootloader partition (as a primary partition) is met, you may install Windows to higher order partitions, either primary or logical. For 2000, XP and Vista the bootloader partition must be made active or else booting from Microsoft code in the Master Boot Record (MBR) will fail. When you install Vista, it will seek out any existing active partition and make that Vista's bootloader partition. If an active partition does exist and it is a Linux partition, the Vista install will fail. If an active partition doesn't exist, Vista will make it's root partition the bootloader partition and make that partition active. Spare me! Booting openSUSE with Grub Code: Grub can be configured to boot either from the Master Boot Record (MBR) or from a custom partition like /boot or /root. I demonstrate only the method of booting from the MBR in this tutorial. The second configuration is for advanced users because sometimes tweaking is required to get non-MBR booting to work OK after Yast is finished with it. Booting Windows with Grub Code: This simply hands control over to the Microsoft bootloader in the bootloader partition. Curiously, in this instance it isn't necessary for the partition to be marked active. In fact, during installation of openSUSE the active partition is switched from the Windows bootloader partition to Suse's root partition. This is fine provided you switch it back if you want to revert to booting via Microsoft codes (e.g. if you uninstall Linux). HowTo Repair Your Grub Multiboot : Two common problems can arise. The most disconcerting is when you cannot boot to anything. A lesser problem is that you can boot to Suse OK but not to Windows. There are a couple of methods for correcting these problems but I'll only cover one here that I think is good for new users. It's a three step process. First you get an assisted boot to the Suse installation. Then in step 2 you use Yast to completely recalculate and rewrite the Grub installation including rewriting the MBR. Finally, in step 3, you check and maybe alter Yast's new configuration for booting into Windows. Step 1 for Suse/openSUSE 10.x - Assisted Boot into openSUSE: Insert Suse's installation DVD and reboot the computer. Commence the installation process but only carry it forward a few steps. Click Next thought the Language screen. In the Media Check screen, do not click Start Check but simply click Next to skip to the the next screen. Agree to the Licence and Next to the Installation Mode screen. Here you select Other Options. That will allow you to select to Boot Installed System. Select that and click next to proceed. GoTo step 2 Step 1 for openSUSE 11.x - Assisted Boot into openSUSE: Insert Suse's installation DVD and reboot the computer. On the boot screen choose to Repair Installed System. On the page titled Repair Method, select Expert Tools. Then click option Install New Boot Loader. Select the partition where you installed Suse (if asked). You'll get the Grub GUI setup screen. Check under the Tab Boot Loader Installation that the checkmark is in Boot from Master Boot Record and remove any other checkmarks. Click Finish. Wait for message The boot loader was installed successfully. Click OK -- Next -- Finish. Ignore any error messages and reboot. That should install an elementary Grub and allow you to boot to openSUSE. So do that and it will take you to step 2 Step 2 - Reinitialise and Reinstall Grub: Once Suse has fully booted and settled down, go to Yast -- System -- Boot Loader. The Grub configuration screen comes up with the Tab Section Management activated. In the lower right is a drop-down selector labelled Other. Select from Other the option Propose New Configuration and then wait for Grub to analyse your partitions and display a new configuration. This may take a while. Important: When that finishes, activate the tab labelled Boot Loader Installation and select to Boot from the Master Boot Record. Then click Finish to save the changes and install the reconfigured Grub into the hard drive's MBR. If you get a message that The bootloader boot sector will be written to a floppy disk ......... don't bother with the floppy -- just click OK to proceed and install to the MBR. Reboot and you should be able to boot to openSUSE using the Grub menu screen. Frequently you can also boot to Windows after completing Step 2, so try that too and maybe you won't need Step 3 Step 3 - Check/Repair Yast's Grub Configuration for Booting into Windows: The symptoms are that when you boot you can see Grub's menu and can select to boot to openSUSE successfully but if you select to boot to Windows, it fails. The solution is to boot into openSUSE and edit the Grub menu configuration file (menu.lst) located at /boot/grub/menu.lst. Menu.lst is a simple text file so you can use the following command in a console to open the file in a text editor with superuser permissions: kdesu kwrite /boot/grub/menu.lst The line above is for Kwrite in KDE while the line below is for Gedit in Gnome. gnomesu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst Open menu.lst and locate the entry for Windows; there will generally be as many entries as there are VFAT and NTFS partitions on your drives. The trick is to identify the entry corresponding to the Windows Bootloader partition -- and then you can delete the spurious extra entries. I will show correct entries for some common cases to help you identify your situation and the correct entry for that situation: Bootloader in partition 1 of drive 1 : This is the most commonly occurring location. It matches most OEM desktops where 2000 and/or XP and/or Vista are installed in a straightforward fashion: title Windows bootloader menu # -- put whatever you want here rootnoverify (hd0,0) chainloader (hd0,0)+1 Bootloader in partition 2 of drive 1 : Some laptops and some mass-produced name-brand desktops have a special Utility partition as the first partition of the first drive. It's hidden from Windows. Windows makes the second partition the bootloader partition: title Windows bootloader menu rootnoverify (hd0,1) chainloader (hd0,1)+1 A Windows 2000/XP Bootloader is in partition 1 of drive 2 because you swapped drives : If you install 2000 or XP on the primary drive and then swap drives; i.e. you swap a hard drive with 2000 and/or XP on it from the primary drive channel to the secondary drive channel -- you need to include the Grub map function to rectify the switch for the 2000/XP file boot.ini: title Win 2000/XP bootloader menu for switched drive map (hd0) (hd1) map (hd1) (hd0) rootnoverify (hd1,0) chainloader (hd1,0)+1 A Vista Bootloader is in partition 1 of drive 2 because you swapped drives : If you install Vista alone on a primary drive and then swap drives OR if you first install 2000 or XP on the drive and then Vista and then swap drives; i.e. you swap a hard drive with Vista on it from the primary drive channel to the secondary drive channel -- NOTE that Vista completely ignores the map function that XP/2000 needed in the example above, so leave it out: title Vista bootloader menu for switched drive rootnoverify (hd1,0) chainloader (hd1,0)+1 If you really want to verify which is the bootloader partition, then find the partition that contains the bootloader files: In Windows 2000/XP they are ntldr , ntdetect.com and boot.ini . Vista's visible bootloader files are bootmgr and the directory boot . Well that should get you booting again. If you are still puzzled, browse on over to openSUSE Forums and recount your problem in the Install/Boot Forum. APPENDIX: Some Common Error Messages : Here are some of the error messages you might see on your boot screen after a failed boot. You check and correct them in menu.lst at /boot/grub/menu.lst. My advice is first check the error out in menu.lst and see if it's real, second to reinstall Grub as per the section above regardless of what you found in menu.lst, third then see whether the flaw persists in the new menu.lst and correct it by editing if it does persist. Error 13: Invalid or unsupported executable format : Is the entry pointing to a non-bootable partition (e.g. storage)? Error 15: File not found : Is the entry designating the correct file (e.g. kernel entry)? Error 22: No such Partition : Is the entry pointing to a real partition. This can happen after you alter your partitions. No error number, just a message like this: rootnoverify (hd0,1) chainloader (hd0,1)+1 This is not a bootable disk ...... Is the entry pointing to a Windows system32 partition that is not a bootloader partition? Bootloader files must be on the first partition for Windows 2000/XP to boot. No error number, just a message like this: rootnoverify (hd1,0) chainloader (hd1,0)+1 A disk read error occurred Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart Is the entry for a second or higher drive without the drive mapping function map (hd0) (hd1) etc? Recommended reading: GRUB bootloader - Full tutorial and also Gnu Grub Manual . Circa April 2006; last revised July 16 2009 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ http://opensuse.swerdna.org/suseboot.html
cygwin是一个在windows平台上运行的unix模拟环境，是cygnus solutions公司开发的自由软件（该公司开发了很多好东西，著名的还有eCos，不过现已被Redhat收购）。它对于学习unix/linux操作环境，或者从unix到windows的应用程序移植，或者进行某些特殊的开发工作，尤其是使用gnu工具集在windows上进行嵌入式系统开发，非常有用。随着嵌入式系统开发在国内日渐流行，越来越多的开发者对cygwin产生了兴趣。 cygnus当初首先把gcc，gdb，gas等开发工具进行了改进，使他们能够生成并解释win32的目标文件。然后，他们要把这些工具移植到windows平台上去。一种方案是基于win32 api对这些工具的源代码进行大幅修改，这样做显然需要大量工作。因此，他们采取了一种不同的方法他们写了一个共享库(就是cygwin dll)，把win32 api中没有的unix风格的调用（如fork,spawn,signals,select,sockets等）封装在里面，也就是说，他们基于win32 api写了一个unix系统库的模拟层。这样，只要把这些工具的源代码和这个共享库连接到一起，就可以使用unix主机上的交叉编译器来生成可以在windows平台上运行的工具集。以这些移植到windows平台上的开发工具为基础，cygnus又逐步把其他的工具（几乎不需要对源代码进行修改，只需要修改他们的配置脚本）软件移植到windows上来。这样，在windows平台上运行bash和开发工具、用户工具，感觉好像在unix上工作。 关于cygwin实现的更详细描述，请参考 http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/highlights.html. 安装网络版的cygwin，可以到 http://cygwin.com ，点击Install Cygwin Now!。这样会先下载一个叫做setup.exe的GUI安装程序，用它能下载一个完整的cygwin。按照每一屏的指示可以方便的进行安装。 开始运行bash之前，应该设置一些环境变量。cygwin提供了一个.bat文件，里面已经设置好了最重要的环境变量。通过它来启动bash是最安全的办法。这个.bat文件安装在cygwin所在的根目录下。 可以随意编辑该文件。 CYGWIN变量用来针对cygwin运行时系统进行多种全局设置。开始时，可以不设置CYGWIN或者在执行bash前用类似下面的格式在dos框下把它设为tty C:\ set CYGWIN=tty notitle glob PATH变量被cygwin应用程序作为搜索可知性文件的路径列表。当一个cygwin进程启动时，该变量被从windows格式(e.g. C:\WinNT\system32;C:\WinNT)转换成unix格式(e.g., /WinNT/system32:/WinNT)。如果想在不运行bash的时候也能够使用cygwin工具集，PATH起码应该包含x:\cygwin\bin，其中x:\cygwin 是你的系统中的cygwin目录。 HOME变量用来指定主目录，推荐在执行bash前定义该变量。当cygwin进程启动时，该变量也被从windows格式转换成unix格式，例如，作者的机器上HOME的值为C:\（dos命令set HOME就可以看到他的值，set HOME=XXX可以进行设置），在bash中用echo $HOME看，其值为/cygdrive/c. TERM变量指定终端型态。如果美对它进行设置，它将自动设为cygwin。 LD_LIBRARY_PATH被cygwin函数dlopen()作为搜索.dll文件的路径列表，该变量也被从windows格式转换成unix格式。多数Cygwin应用程序不使用dlopen,因而不需要该变量。 Cygwin程序缺省可以分配的内存不超过384 MB(program+data)。多数情况下不需要修改这个限制。然而，如果需要更多实际或虚拟内存，应该修改注册表的HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE或HKEY_CURRENT_USER区段。田家一个DWORD键heap_chunk_in_mb并把它的值设为需要的内存限制，单位是十进制MB。也可以用cygwin中的regtool完成该设置。例子如下： regtool -i set /HKLM/Software/Cygnus\ Solutions/Cygwin/heap_chunk_in_mb 1024 regtool -v list /HKLM/Software/Cygnus\ Solutions/Cygwin 这一段讲一下cygwin和传统unix系统的不同之处。 cygwin同时支持win32和posix风格的路径，路径分隔符可以是正斜杠也可以是反斜杠。还支持UNC路径名。（在网络中，UNC是一种确定文件位置的方法，使用这种方法用户可以不关心存储设备的物理位置，方便了用户使用。在Windows操作系统，Novell Netware和其它操作系统中，都已经使用了这种规范以取代本地命名系统。在UNC中，我们不用关心文件在什么盘（或卷）上，不用关心这个盘（或卷）所在服务器在什么地方。我们只要以下面格式就可以访问文件： \\服务器名\共享名\路径\文件名 共享名有时也被称为文件所在卷或存储设备的逻辑标识，但使用它的目的是让用户不必关心这些卷或存储设备所在的物理位置。） 符合posix标准的操作系统（如linux）没有盘符的概念。所有的绝对路径都以一个斜杠开始，而不是盘符（如c:）。所有的文件系统都是其中的子目录。例如，两个硬盘，其中之一为根，另一个可能是在/disk2路径下。 因为许多unix系统上的程序假定存在单一的posix文件系统结构，所以cygwin专门维护了一个针对win32文件系统的内部posix视图，使这些程序可以在windows下正确运行。在某些必要的情况下，cygwin会使用这种映射来进行win32和posix路径之间的转换。 cygwin中的mount程序用来把win32盘符和网络共享路径映射到cygwin的内部posix目录树。这是与典型unix mount程序相似的概念。对于那些对unix不熟悉而具有windows背景的的人来说，mount程序和早期的dos命令join非常相似，就是把一个盘符作为其他路径的子目录。 路径映射信息存放在当前用户的cygwin mount表中，这个mount table 又在windows的注册表中。这样，当该用户下一次登录进来时，这些信息又从注册表中取出。mount 表分为两种，除了每个用户特定的表，还有系统范围的mount表，每个cygwin用户的安装表都继承自系统表。系统表只能由拥有合适权限的用户（windows nt的管理员）修改。当前用户的mount表可以在注册表HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Red Hat, Inc./Cygwin/mounts v 下看到。系统表存在HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE下。posix根路径/缺省指向系统分区，但是可以使用mount命令重新指向到windows文件系统中的任何路径。cygwin从win32路径生成posix路径时，总是使用mount表中最长的前缀。例如如果c:被同时安装在/c和/，cygwin将把C:/foo/bar转换成/c/foo/bar. 如果不加任何参数地调用mount命令，会把Cygwin当前安装点集合全部列出。在下面的例子中，c盘是POSIX根，而d盘被映射到/d。本例中，根是一个系统范围的安装点，它对所有用户都是可见的，而/d仅对当前用户可见。 c:\ mount f:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode) f:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode) f:\cygwin on / type system (binmode) e:\src on /usr/src type system (binmode) c: on /cygdrive/c type user (binmode,noumount) e: on /cygdrive/e type user (binmode,noumount) 还可以使用mount命令增加新的安装点，用umount删除安装点。 当Cygwin不能根据已有的安装点把某个win32路径转化为posix路径时，cygwin会自动把它转化到一个处于缺省posix路径/cygdrive下的的一个安装点. 例如，如果Cygwin 访问Z:\foo，而Z盘当前不在安装表内，那么Z:\将被自动转化成/cygdrive/Z. 可以给每个安装点赋予特殊的属性。自动安装的分区显示为auto安装。安装点还可以选择是textmode还是 binmode，这个属性决定了文本文件和二进制文件是否按同样的方式处理。 cygpath工具提供了在shell脚本中进行win32-posix路径格式转换的能力。 HOME, PATH,和LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量会在cygwin进程启动时自动被从Win32格式转换成了POSIX格式(例如，如果存在从该win32路径到posix路径的安装，会把c:\cygwin\bin转为/bin)。
标签: windows
