Top Resume Headline Examples Posted in How to Make a Resume| How to Prepare a Resume http://www.job-interview-site.com/top-resume-headline-examples.html There are resumes that make use of career summary or career headlines instead of using the resume objective section. These types of resumes are mainly used by executives and/or professionals who have many years of experience. The resume headlines are several expressive statements that briefly and creatively highlight key skills and accomplishments throughout a person’s career – These few statements must capture the reader’s attention. Usually, the heading/title of the said paragraph is the job title which the applicant is targeting, such as: Senior IT Project Manager, Vice President of Insurance, Management Consultant, Headteacher, etc. Examples of Resume Headlines Here are some good resume headline samples that you can personalize according to your needs: Proven ability to manage online marketing campaigns effectively People-oriented, outstanding communication skills. Increased bottom-line sales by 30% Improved shipment efficiency by 20% and lowered costs by 15%. Highly qualified offering more than years of experience within industry. Proven to new startup technologies. Rich mix of business development, business management and finance for million dollar organization. 20 years of in-depth hands-on experience in full life cycle of software development. Extensive knowledge as a systems architect and software developer – analysis, design, architecture, development and management of complex software solutions. Wide range of experience in strategic management for resolving long-standing problems and creating solutions that improve operational efficiency. 10 years of experience as a key RD team leader who was responsible for developing products from concept to commercialization. Don’t miss seeing this list – Resume Strengths Examples: Key Strengths/Skills in a Resume Other Key Headlines for Resume Here are some more - Goal oriented .. In depth experience/knowledge in Visionary .. Planning, developing, implementing cutting-edge solutions .. Advanced company’s image … Accomplished high record of sales .. Arranged the organization’s production presses.. Ability to overcome complex . Proven success in coaching, mentoring and motivating teams to company goals. The article is filed in this category: How to Make a Resume| How to Prepare a Resume People who read this article also read.. Resume Title: Examples of Resume Titles Resume Qualifications Examples: Resume Summary of Qualifications Section 6: The Resume Career Summary Resume Objective Statement: Examples of Phrases
为什么会有那么多科研工作登上新闻头条？上周三一项关于咖啡之于健康的研究一经在《新英格兰医学杂志》发表，便立即上了500家以上媒体的新闻头条。围绕此次关于咖啡的小题大作之种种，5月17日CBC发表新闻述评，谈到了科研机构、学术期刊与新闻报道之间的微妙关系。 What's the fuss about coffee? By Kelly Crowe, CBC News Posted: May 17, 2012 5:23 PM ETLast Updated: May 17, 2012 5:21 PM ET Why is it that so much scientific research ends up making headlines? Because they ask us to report on their research, that’s one reason. Medical journals and research institutions work hard to make sure that their scientific papers appear in the news. This is how it works: science and medical reporters are given special access to websites that give advance notice of upcoming research. There are dizzying lists of dozens of scientific papers from hundreds of journals, volumes of new research that is published every single day. There are armies of helpful public relations people who arrange interviews with the scientists, so we can all be ready for the moment when the embargo lifts. Really? Drinking coffee helps you live longer? CBC's Kelly Crowe asks. (John Rieti/CBC) The embargo is a strict deadline, enforced by threat of future exclusion, and reporters who mistakenly break the embargo can be punished for years by the offended journal, which will refuse all access to future papers. This fear of embargo-breaking keeps the international media in line. We all hold back on the story until the designated day and time, say 5 p.m. on Wednesday, when the embargo magically lifts, and the headlines fly out around the world, giving the impression that news has just broken wide open. Take this past Wednesday, for example. At the magical hour of 5 p.m. when the embargo on this week’s New England Journal of Medicine was lifted, more than 500 headlines suddenly appeared, all announcing some variation on the theme of coffee and longer life. “Coffee Drinkers May Live Longer" (New York Times), "Coffee Drinkers Have Lower Risk of Overall Death, Study Shows "(ABC News), “Coffee Drinkers Live Longer, Big Study Finds” (Vancouver Sun). The world's science and medical reporters had been reading the study for a few days, in advance of the embargo deadline, trying to decide whether and how to report on it. For CBC TV News, we tried to book an interview with the lead author, but he seemed to be camera shy and refused to talk on television. But I did have some questions about the research. First question: Really? Drinking coffee helps you live longer? That seems like pretty big news. But that’s not what the study said. The headlines should have read "study shows that coffee doesn’t seem to hurt you" even if you smoke, drink too much, eat unhealthy food, or avoid exercise, all habits that seem to go along with drinking coffee. Once the epidemiologists squeezed the data through their statistical models, and adjusted for all the smoking, red meat eating, vegetable avoiding, boozing couch potatoes who also drink coffee, it appears that coffee is “associated” with a modest decrease in risk of dying from everything but cancer. Not that it keeps you from dying, just that the rate of death in coffee drinkers is slightly lower. The authors reported a 10% lower risk of death in men who drank 2 or more cups of coffee a day, compared to men who didn’t drink coffee. For women, coffee drinking was associated with a 15% lower risk of death. In the paper the authors admit that the study doesn’t prove anything. “It is not possible to conclude that the inverse relationship between coffee consumption and mortality reflects cause and effect” the paper states. Although he wouldn’t do an on camera interview, author Neal Freedman, from the National Cancer Institute did answer a few of my questions in an email and over the phone, and he confirmed that the observed associations could reflect another exposure, just like all observational studies of this type. The research is based on a questionnaire from 1995 asking more than 500,000 American seniors, over age 50, how much coffee they consumed, along with a long list of other lifestyle and nutrition questions. The original database was established to compare dietary habits and cancer, but these coffee researchers used it for a more specific purpose, to study the relationship between coffee and death, and they sifted through the data to see whether drinking coffee was associated with both overall death, and death from specific causes, like heart disease. Before they used the data, the researchers excluded anyone who suffered from cancer, heart disease, or stroke, and anyone with extremely high or low caloric intake, which prompts a nave reporter question: “If they separated out all the people who were sick with cancer, heart disease and stroke from the study group, does that mean that only healthy people were considered? And if the research subjects made it to age 50 and beyond without cancer, heart disease or stroke, could it be that they were in good health anyway and that was why they had a lower risk of dying? Maybe coffee had nothing to do with it.” In his email to me, Freedman said he excluded people who were already sick, because that might have affected how much coffee they drank. But how much coffee were these people drinking anyway? The researchers admit in the paper that they aren’t sure. The study says “coffee consumption was assessed by self report at a single time point and may not reflect long-term patterns of consumption”. So, another nave reporter question:“If the study subjects only filled out one questionnaire, once in their lives, how does anyone know that their coffee consumption didn’t change over time? Maybe they stopped drinking coffee, or maybe they switched to herbal tea?” In his email to me, Neal Freedman said it is likely that at least some of the people changed their coffee drinking habits, although other studies suggest people stick to the coffee habits for years. And he said if there were changes, that would make the coffee drinking and non-coffee drinking groups more similar, “which would likely have attenuated our findings.” In other words, changes in coffee drinking habits would have weakened the findings. The authors also admit they couldn’t be confident about whether people were drinking caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee: “The distinction between persons who drank caffeinated coffee and those who drank decaffeinated coffee was subject to misclassification”, the study said. The authors also weren’t sure what kind of coffee they drank, even though they suggest it might matter: “ We lacked data on how coffee was prepared (espresso, boiled, or filtered), and the constituents of coffee may differ according to the method of preparation of either beverage more than half the time.” So what can we learn from this paper? Apparently not much beyond the fact that coffee probably won’t hurt you. “Our results provide reassurance with respect to the concern that coffee drinking might adversely affect health,” the authors write. Haven’t we heard this before? It turns out that a 2008 paper by a Harvard University researcher came to a similar conclusion, that “regular coffee consumption was not associated with an increased mortality rate in either men or women”. But this is the biggest study to show that coffee isn’t dangerous. And other researchers we contacted said that it was a well done study, for its type, and that it confirms the findings of previous studies. So although it’s not clear that drinking coffee is good for you, this study confirms what others have shown, that it won't harm you. When I asked Freedman, in the email, why he did the study in the first place, this is what he wrote: “Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages, but the association between coffee consumption and health has been unclear. Several recent studies suggested that there might be a modest inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of death, but these possible modest inverse associations mostly did not reach statistical significance. Our study is larger than previous studies and therefore is well suited to evaluating modest associations.” Note he said “modest association” between coffee and mortality, not “proof that drinking coffee extends life”. A rather different headline than "Coffee drinkers live longer." http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/05/17/coffee-crowe.html
Discourse analysis of newspaper headlines: a methodological framework for research into national representations This article comes from: The Web Journal of French Media Studies Volume 4, Number 1, November 2001. The website is: http://wjfms.ncl.ac.uk/enframes.htm Discourse analysis of newspaper headlines: a methodological framework for research into national representations by Christine Develotte and Elizabeth Rechniewski Department of French Studies, School of European , Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, University of Sydney , Australia christine.develotte@french.usyd.edu.au and elizabeth.rechniewski@french.usyd.edu.au The discussion of the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the discourse analysis of newspaper headlines which forms the basis of this research note, arises out of a study comparing the Australian and French press at the time of the crisis in Franco-Australian relations provoked by President Chirac's decision to recommence nuclear testing in the South Pacific in June 1995. This study formed part of a larger project: 'Xenophobia and xenophilia in Franco-Australian relations', undertaken by researchers from France and Australia and coordinated by Peter Cryle, University of Queensland, and Geneviève Zarate, ENS Fontenay/Saint-Cloud, which examined the representations of the two nations in a range of media over the months before, during and after the crisis. (1) To undertake the study of the press, a corpus was constituted from coverage of the crisis in both French and Australian daily papers. One of the challenges posed by study of the press is how to arrive at valid conclusions, given that the time-consuming nature of discourse analysis makes it difficult to undertake the detailed analysis of a large number of articles. We thus sought a method which would allow us to gain an overview of an extensive corpus. The solution which we arrived at, the study of headlines, offers a number of distinct advantages which we outline in this article. A corpus of headlines facilitates quantitative analysis, for example, a longitudinal study of the frequency of headlines on a particular issue can reveal the evolution in the prominence given to a topic over time; a comparison between newspapers can reveal the relative importance each paper gave to an issue during a particular period. However this research note concentrates on the broader theoretical and methodological issues involved in using headlines in research and identifies the linguistic features which are typical of them. It argues further that headlines are particularly revealing of the social, cultural and therefore national representations circulating in a society at a given time. Our research note addresses : 1. The characteristics which justify that particular attention be given to headlines in press analysis, namely: - the prominence they acquire through diffusion; - the role they play in orienting the interpretation of the reader; - the shared cultural context which they evoke. 2. The constitution of a corpus of press headlines. 3. The typical linguistic features of newspaper headlines (using examples from our corpus) .( 2) 4. The identification of linguistic features relevant to the analysis of national representations: - designation - modality - presupposition 1. Characteristics which justify that particular attention be given to headlines in press analysis Diffusion Headlines reach an audience considerably wider than those who read the articles, since all those who buy the paper will glance, if only fleetingly, at the headlines. Moreover their impact is even wider than on those who actually buy the paper, since headlines are often glimpsed on public transport, displayed on fliers etc. This is particularly true of front page headlines, which also of course draw the casual observer to conclude the importance of a particular issue which has been given prominence in this way. The impact of headlines on the reader is likely to be all the stronger because certain linguistic features of titles make them particularly memorable and effective: impact is deliberately sought (particularly but not exclusively in the popular press) through the use of puns, (3) alliteration, the choice of emotive vocabulary and other rhetorical devices. We will discuss some of these linguistic features in more detail later. Perspective Perspective refers to the role played by headlines in orienting the reader's interpretation of subsequent 'facts' contained in the article. As Claude Abastado argues (1980: 149) headlines encapsulate not only the content but the orientation, the perspective that the readers should bring to their understanding of the article. (4) With much press news drawn from external news agencies and shared with competitors, the headline is a newspaper's opportunity to stamp its individuality on what is otherwise a mass-produced product. (5) Headlines, as they succeed each other through the newspaper, structure a particular view of the world by imposing on information a hierarchy of importance: a hierarchy from top to bottom of the page; according to size of headlines, font etc; and in order of appearance through the newspaper from front to back. We add in passing that this is even more true of section titles, which create a rigid classificatory system that imposes (highly problematic) distinctions between kinds of news items. For example, during the period of French testing the reports in Le Monde were sometimes shown under the section title ' France ' and sometimes under 'International'. The implications of such editorial choices are not merely conceptual, since section titles often imply a particular relation to the reader: for example: 'Local news' implies closeness to the readers and therefore, by implication, closeness to their preoccupations; 'International news' suggests that the issues are at one remove. (6) Repetition both through synchronicity (co-occurring headlines within one issue of a newspaper ) and diachronicity (repetition over time) 'trains' the reader to develop certain expectations and imposes certain connections and interpretations. Thus anaphoric references relate headlines to previous events and situations, creating forms of classification that group under one heading possibly disparate phenomena. Mouillaud and Tétu (1989: 120) give the example of the use of the rubric 'La crise', an anaphoric reference to a general socio-economic situation supposedly previously defined, yet whose exact definition and boundaries are almost certainly unclear to most readers. (7) A similar process is at work in the use of terms such as 'ethnic cleansing', 'violence in schools' etc. To speak of the ' proletariat', or 'la Crise' or in our case ' France ' is to presuppose a world where reality corresponds to the categories used, with their associated ideological and theoretical frameworks. This creates what Patrick Charaudeau ( 1997 : 249) calls an 'effet d'amalgame, (8) encouraging the readers to link events in ways which they might not have done otherwise. In our corpus we find that the papers frequently group together articles related (sometimes distantly) to the issue of nuclear testing under one heading, for example on pages headed 'French nuclear testing: the Fallout'. Cultural knowledge Headlines are a particularly rich source of information about the field of cultural references. This is because titles 'stand alone' without explanation or definition; they depend on the reader recognising instantly the field, allusions, issues, cultural references necessary to identify the content of the articles. (9) They thus rely on a stock of cultural knowledge, representations and models of reality that must be assumed to be widespread in the society if the headlines are to have meaning. Common shorthand in headlines such as references to the 'PM', 'le Président', 'Canberra', suppose not only a certain minimum of political and general knowledge, but also help to situate the readers within a national framework, since they must assume that the 'PM' referred to is their own. We have explored elsewhere the forms of national identification that are revealed in headlines . (10) The recognition by the reader of various types of puns and plays on words also relies on general and cultural knowledge. This wordplay is a very typical feature of headlines and is generally confined to the headlines and found far less often in the body of articles. It can take several forms : - A play on double meaning : Ondes de choc ( Libération , 7/09/95 ) Testing times leave legacy of bitterness ( Australian, 20/06/95 ) - References to specific historical events (the 'phony war' of September 1939-May 1940; Gough Whitlam's injunction in 1975 to 'maintain the rage' ) : Drle de guerre dans le Pacifique ( Libération , 2/9/95) Frustrated islanders try to maintain their rage ( Australian , 22/6/95 ) or to specific cultural items such as the title of a well-known book ( The Grapes of Wrath ) or film ( Hiroshima mon amour) : Wine merchants brace for the grapes of wrath ( Australian , 16/6/95 ) Mururoa mon amour ( Libération , 6/9/95 ) These references often involve the reworking of fixed formulae, a process which Fiala (1989) refers to as 'défigement' : Mururoa, son lagon, ses coqs, son Café de Paris ( Libération , 29/30/6) Les Franais, la bombe et le mimétisme ( France-Soir , 5/08/95) ( these headlines resemble the title of a fable by La Fontaine) Australie : les raisons de la colère ( Libération , 22/8/95) Liberty, fraternity, and not in their backyard ( SMH, 15/6/95 ) Commenting on what he refers to as PVC, 'palimpsestes verbaux culturels' Robert Gallisson (1995) argues that such reworkings of linguistic and cultural forms constitute a 'conspiratorial wink' in the direction of the reader. They help to create and maintain a sense of shared community and collective identity. (11) More generally it is clear that this may be true of all the cases in which cultural knowledge specific to a certain society must be mobilised to aid understanding: successful decoding proves that the reader is an 'insider'. It is the particular characteristic of headlines that they rely to a greater extent than the articles themselves on the reader supplying the missing cultural links. 2. Constitution of the corpus Analysis of headlines in the print media poses a number of questions in relation to the constitution of the corpus, notably : - over what period the headlines should be collected; - the choice of which newspapers to include : national and regional ? with different socio-economic readerships, political orientations etc ? - the criteria to use in the choice of headlines. A simple keyword search, involving a list of words such as 'French', 'testing' etc. will not identify all the relevant articles and headlines, precisely because of the inventiveness of the headline writers. The decisions become even more complex when the corpus is to furnish material for comparison between countries, as in the case of our project. These additional problems include : -the need to constitute a corpus of similar size in each country : this may involve gathering headlines over periods of different lengths : in our case, there was considerably more press coverage of French testing in the Australian press, than of Australian reactions in the French press. - the need to include newspapers with comparable publics in each country. Our corpus was constituted of headlines appearing over a period of one month ( Australia ) and three months ( France ) following the announcement of the decision. The different length of the periods reflected the necessity to constitute comparable corpora, since there were fewer relevant articles in the French newspapers. We arrived at a roughly similar number of headlines in each language: 296 Australian and 346 French - a total of 642. The French corpus was constituted from 5 national newspapers published in Paris : Le Monde, Libération, le Figaro, Le Parisien libéré, France-Soir - which address a range of publics. The Australian corpus drew on a national newspaper ( The Australian) and two published in Sydney : the Sydney Morning Herald and the Telegraph/Mirror . The choice of these papers gave us access on the one hand to a range of political perspectives, and on the other to diverse socio-economic publics. As to the criteria used in the identification of relevant headlines, we included all titles heading separate articles - on front page and internal pages - which addressed the nuclear testing issue, including those where Australia or France were not mentioned directly. 3. Typical linguistic features of newspaper headlines Previous research into newspaper headlines has raised the question of whether similar features can be found in the press of varying cultures and languages; studies have not however involved headlines from a wide enough range of countries to allow for conclusions to be drawn. According to Kniffka, quoted in Bell (1989: 189), headline structures appear to be very regular across languages, but his analysis involved only German and American English texts. Other studies analyse headlines from only one country: Allan Bell analyses the 'distinctive telegraphic syntax' of English newspaper headlines (1989: 185); Ingrid Mardh offers an exhaustive study of the characteristic features of the headlines of a range of English newspapers .(12) She identifies the following linguistic features as typical of headlines in English newspapers: the omission of articles; the omission of verbs and of auxiliaries (the verb 'to be' for example); nominalisations; the frequent use of complex noun phrases in subject position (in theme position); adverbial headlines, with the omission of both verb and subject (an example from our corpus: French ?... non merci ); the use of short words ('bid' instead of 'attempt'); the widespread use of puns, word play and alliteration; the importance of word order, with the most important items placed first, even, in some cases, a verb; and independent 'wh' constructions not linked to a main clause (an example from our corpus: Why the French don't give a damn ), a form not found in standard English. Mouillaud and Tétu (1989: 125) analysing Le Monde , suggest the following features as typical of headlines: a) the suppression of spatial and particularly temporal markers; b) the use of the present tense of verbs (where they are used) as opposed to - or in place of - any other tenses; c) the replacement of verbs by nominalisations; d) the suppression of declarative verbs and the disappearance of signs of speech (quotation marks; personal pronouns). (13) These studies have helped us to identify certain recurring linguistic features of the headlines in our corpus. We are not aiming here, however, to provide an exhaustive account of the linguistic features of headlines in our corpus, nor to compare French and English headlines, although our corpus allows for this possibility. Because of our research into expressions of xenophobia and xenophilia, we have sought rather to identify those linguistic features of headlines which are of particular relevance to the study of national representations . The term 'national representations' has been coined as an extension of Serge Moscovici's category: 'social representations'. In a 1973 foreword Moscovici describes social representations as: ' cognitive systems with a logic and language of their own. They do not represent simply 'opinions about', 'images of' or 'attitudes towards' but 'theories' or 'branches of knowledge' in their own right, for the discovery and organisation of reality... systems of values, ideas and practices with a two-fold function: first, to establish an order which will enable individuals to orient themselves in their material world and to master it; and secondly, to enable communication to take place among members of a community by providing them with a code for naming and classifying unambiguously the various aspects of the world and individual and group history'. (14) In a later article Moscovici (1984) emphasises the role of social representations in constructing the knowledge systems on which we rely to interpret and react to events. He argues elsewhere that this 'knowledge' does not resemble the rational, reified universe of scientific discourse, but is a common-sense, consensual universe, into which have infiltrated, certainly, fragments of scientific knowledge, but in popularised and half-understood forms, and mixed with other types of knowledge. Generated and maintained in the realm of public discourse, social representations constitute 'a whole complex of ambiguities and conventions without which social life could not exist', and 'an implicit stock of images and ideas which are taken for granted and mutually accepted'. (15) Social representations, then, 'establish an order', they make the unfamiliar, familiar, enabling the new and the unknown to be included in a pre-established category; and they enable communication to take place, communication based on a shared code. We use the term ' national representations' to refer to the knowledge systems that encapsulate knowledge about other nations and nationalities. The term can apply both to representations of one's own nation, people and country, and to representations of other nations. The interrelationship of these two categories of representation, the contrasts and binary oppositions that can be created, and the role played by representations of the other in defining one's own nationality and identity, these are issues which we have explored elsewhere (Develotte Rechniewski 2001). In this article we have given examples of representations of France and the French in the Australian press, and of Australia and Australians in the French press in order to illustrate our argument that headlines are a particularly rich source of information about the national representations circulating in a society. The advantage of analysing headlines is that they refer to and encapsulate this 'knowledge', for the reasons which we have outlined above: they rely on widely disseminated cultural knowledge in order to be understood. They thus constitute a kind of 'shorthand', a simplification and condensation of ideas. They play, moreover, both a passive and an active role: they depend on and mobilise this knowledge but also in turn help to disseminate and reinforce it, they create new associations and networks of meaning. They also seek to exploit representations for pragmatic effect. To understand how headlines perform this double role, we will examine some of the linguistic features of headlines that are particularly relevant to the study of national representations. 4. Specific linguistic features relevant to the analysis of national representations - designation - appraisal - presupposition Designation: the processes of naming For Bell (1989: 189) following Kniffka, the essential structure of a headline includes an action and an agent, though as we have seen the agent may be left unclear. The designation of the agent in a headline, where this occurs, allows for subtle and not so subtle valorisation or devalorisation : Les kangourous n'ont pas de complexes ( France Soir, 3/8/95) All Blacks et surfeurs contre les essais ( Libération, 10/7/95) Les anti-froggies se calment ( Libération , 1/7/95) In all these French examples, the terms used to describe the Australian reactions are demeaning: one can hardly take seriously protests emanating from a people better known for their sport and their strange animals. Similar processes can be identified in the Australian corpus: As Jacques would say : "Let them eat yellowcake" (title of Letters page, SMH 17/6/95 ) In this example, the use of the first name robs the president of his authority; it is possible, too, that the name Jacques/Jack is not one that can be taken very seriously in English, since it recalls expressions such as 'I'm all right Jack'. Moreover the pun on yellow cake refers, of course, to the phrase supposedly used by Marie-Antoinette and inscribed in history as symbolic of her regal indifference to the plight of the poor; here it is mobilised to portray Chirac as an arrogant monarch indifferent to the opinions of the Australians. Such headlines only work, we suggest, because Australian readers are ready to interpret Chirac's actions as an expression of arrogance. Two other aspects of the designation process are interesting in relation to the study of national representations : the processes of generalisation and personification. The examples above illustrate an extremely common procedure: designations such as 'the French', are used to refer to decisions and actions in fact taken by the French president, government or its representatives. This is a form of synecdoche, where the whole represents a part: in this case 'the French' represent the French political elite. Examples: French refuse to parley or even answer phones ( SMH , 15/6/95 ) ( in fact the article refers to staff at the French Embassy) French caught red-handed ( Telegraph , 14/6/95 ) ( refers to the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior) La reprise prochaine des essais nucléaires franais est vivement condamnée par les pays du pacifique ( Le Monde , 15/6/95) The nationality adjective can perform the same function: in the Australian press we find frequent references to the 'French tests' and the 'French decision' .( 16) A similar process is at work in the use of the nation's name: as Moscovici (1984: 43) points out in a powerful article on social representations, naming a nation creates a fictitious entity which is almost invariably then personified: L'Australie accuse la France de "bluff" ( Le Figaro , 5/8/95) France is not likely to budge ( Australian , 17/6/95 ) Moreover the motives and actions of these fictive entities are then frequently explained by recourse to ill-defined terms taken from popular psychology such as 'inferiority complex'.(17) Processes and motivations which may, perhaps, explain actions at an individual level are thus attributed to countries, to provide explanations of geopolitical phenomena. A further result of such a procedure may be to associate all members of a nationality with traits of character or actions attributed to the objectified national community, and thus to justify general retaliation: witness the discrimination that took place against French people in Australia in 1995. A further feature of headlines that tends to contribute to this kind of generalisation is the suppression of spatial and temporal markers, a feature identified by a number of the theorists already quoted: Mardh, Bell , Mouillaud and Tétu .. Two examples: Why the French don't give a damn ( SMH, 17/6/95 ) Les kangourous n'ont pas de complexes ( France Soir, 3/8/95) illustrate both the use of the present tense and the suppression of spatial and temporal markers in headlines. These characteristics tend to place the event in a dehistoricised, static present. It is thus possible to read these headlines both as a comment on a current situation and as a description of perennial attitudes. Particular events or reactions are included in a series or class of events, creating unfounded generalisations. (18) Comments about the behaviour or attitudes at a particular time are thus transformed into statements about unchanging characteristics - in this case, about national characteristics. Appraisal It is clear that the processes of naming are involved in the appraisal of the other nation. But in addition to the analysis of designation, it is necessary to identify other forms of appraisal: adjectives, verbs, adverbs which convey the perspective of the writer. In the headline: Heavy-handed Chirac shatters rapport ( Australian , 15/6/95 ) the verb continues and reinforces the allusion to Chirac as a powerful bully. The structure of the headline, placing the adjective in thematic position, draws attention to it and gives it added emphasis. A similar structure is found in: Defiant Chirac rebuffs Evans ' ( Australian , 19/6/95 ). French examples include: L'Australie accuse la France de "bluff" ( Figaro , 5/8/95 ) where the journalist chooses a verb which places Australia 's statement in a negative light. In the headline: Les anti-froggies se calment ( Libération , 1/7/95 ) appraisal results from a subtle form of code-switching: the fact that a French journalist uses a slang, pejorative term: les froggies (frogs), supposedly current in Australia , to refer to the French, denigrates not the French but those who have invented the insulting term. Presupposition A number of the features of newspaper headlines that we have discussed can also be seen as examples of presupposition. Dominique Maingueneau (1996: 67) uses the term ' le préconstruit' to refer to those elements in discourse which are presupposed, which are presented as self-evident and unproblematic. The 'préconstruit' is often found in nominalisations: an example from our corpus: A president runs rings around world nuclear consensus (title, Letters page, Australian , 16/6/95 ) presupposes the existence of a world nuclear consensus which only Chirac defies. Maingueneau (1996: 68-69) identifies two main forms of presupposition: the first is inscribed in the linguistic structure, the second derives from the relationship between the énoncé and its context and carries pragmatic significance. Linguistic presupposition : a . deriving from syntactic structure: In the headline: Why the French don't care ( SMH , 17/6/95 ) the structure of the sentence presupposes that the French don't give care: the only question to be considered is: why. Similar examples include: Why the French insist on attracting world outrage ( Australian , 15/6/95 ) Pourquoi les Franais sont des connards ( SMH 15/6/95 - in French) Pourquoi l'Australie dit non aux essais nucléaires ( Le Monde , 28/6/95) b . deriving from anaphoric/cataphoric use : Dare the French do it again ? ( SMH , 8/7/95 ): it is presupposed that the French have already done 'it' - but what is 'it' ? the reader must supply the answer. Le Pacifique pour tous ( Le Monde , 4/07/95 ) : the reader has to interpret the reference to give to the pronoun. Pragmatic presupposition: This form of the implicit relates to the action or reaction expected of the reader and derives from the relation of the énoncé to its context, including the context of the discursive 'rules' which ascribe to certain forms of language, certain pragmatic functions. Sending a frigate would maintain the rage ( SMH, 15/6/95 ) The French lepers ( Telegraph , 15/6/95 ) In the first example, the fact that information concerning the originator of the idea of 'sending a frigate' is suppressed transforms the headline into an appeal to the reader for agreement, if not action. The headline The French lepers can be interpreted as a call to boycott, avoid, or fear the French. It is difficult to draw a clear line between an informational headline and one which has a pragmatic function since much depends on the context and the readership. Headlines such as Boycott could help turn deficit round ( SMH , 15/6/95) can be taken as simply informational, or can be seen as adding to pressure for such a boycott, presented implicitly as a patriotic and commercially sound act. It is of course possible - indeed common - to find a number of forms of implicature in the same headline, as the following example illustrates: The headline : French arrogance explosive ( Telegraph , 15/6/95 ) implies: - that all French are arrogant, a presupposition that it is not necessary to argue because such a representation of the French will be 'recognised' as familiar and valid by an Australian readership; - that French arrogance explains the decision to restart tests: the title supposes an explanatory link between a character trait and the decision to resume testing; - that French arrogance is dangerous: the headline could imply a warning. The power of all forms of implicature and presupposition derives from the fact that they remove what is presupposed or implied from direct contestation. A discursive 'sleight of hand' slips the presupposition as an established fact under the guard of the co-énonciateur. Presuppositions reveal what is likely to go unchallenged: the stock of national representations circulating in a society. The advantage of working on a corpus of French and Australian newspaper headlines is that it enables the researchers to suspend the 'complicity' which normally binds the reader to the national perspective implicit in the media. It is not easy to gain such distance, since, as Billig (1995: 12) argues, 'nationalism has seeped into the corners of our consciousness; it is present in the very words which we might try to use for analysis'. A comparative study of the two constituent parts of the corpus, belonging to different national traditions, encourages the questioning of the classifications and categorisations of the world which may appear self-evident to the nationals of each country. The headlines in our corpus offer a powerful insight into the national representations circulating at a period of crisis in Franco-Australian relations: crises, Moscovici (1984: 54) argues, are particularly revelatory: 'the character of social representations is revealed especially in times of crisis and upheaval ... collective memories are stirred ... the divisions between social representations appear unadorned, private and public worlds become blurred.' In the case of the corpus of French newspaper headlines we find constant associations of Australians with the sea, with surfers, fauna ('kangourous') and sport. The representations are rather impoverished: little knowledge about Australia can apparently be assumed on the part of the French reader. In the case of the Australian corpus the network of representations of the French is richer and more complex. We find references that relate to French history: Bastille Day or Marie-Antoinette's apocryphal: 'Let them eat cake'; and more contemporary references, which are, moreover, often evocative of past conflicts: Rainbow Warrior, Greenpeace, Muroroa . The occasional use of a few words of French in headlines ( 'non ', 'merci') indicates a supposed familiarity with the language. Other headlines rely on representations of France associated with wine, cuisine or love: France's lust for la bombe ( Australian , 17/7/95 ). The range of references and their link with lifestyle and culture, the knowledge of history and language (however rudimentary) which is supposed, all these reflect the important role which France has traditionally played in the Australian imagination as 'the familiar foreign'. (19) These largely positive associations are, however, tempered by a network of representations around the themes of arrogance, portraying the French as characterised by self-interest, indifference to the feelings and opinions of others, defiance and intransigence. Importantly, such representations provide the building material for the framework of argument, opinion and explanation that are constructed by the press around the events, as the headline 'French arrogance explosive' illustrates. We see at work in the headlines an extension of networks of representations, a reformatting of mental models, as new events are 'connected up' to existing representations in a process which Moscovici (1984: 27) describes as one of the essential functions of social representations: making the unfamiliar, familiar: through the process of anchoring : 'a process which draws something foreign and disturbing that intrigues us into our particular system of categories and compares it to the paradigm of a category which we think to be suitable'(1984: 29). Thus phenomena from daily life are assigned to pre-established sets and sub-sets, are compared to paradigms and prototypes (the latter often in the form of exemplary members of the group, or ideal types), in order to make the world in which we live meaningful, so that we can function within it and satisfy physical, psychological and social needs. As we argued earlier, headlines draw at least part of their power and meaning from the pool of shared cultural, political and general knowledge on which they draw. Not only can they intrigue and awaken interest, they 'reward' the reader through the intellectual satisfaction gained in successfully decoding them. (20) They also reinforce the sense of belonging to a community, both through the references to one's own society and nation, and through stereotypical representations of other nations and peoples. The comparison of national characteristics is often held to be one of the constitutive factors in the development and maintenance of national consciousness ; if the press provides one of the most powerful vehicles for such comparison in modern society, it could be argued that headlines - because of their diffusion and visual and linguistic impact - play a key role in maintaining the constant presence of these representations in our daily lives. Footnotes (1) A number of articles relating to this project can be found in the December 2000 issue of Mots , no 64. (2) Headlines are shown throughout the article in smaller type. (3) According to Pierre Fiala the use of puns has become widespread in media discourse, and particularly in headlines and subtitles. Fiala, Pierre and Habert, Benot (1989) 'La langue de bois en éclat: les défigements dans les titres de la presse quotidienne franaise', Mots no 21, December, p. 83. (4) 'Les titres sont le moyen d'une mise en condition des lecteurs. En principe ils devraient annoncer le sujet des articles; en fait ils servent d'accrochage et orientent l'opinion.' Abastado, Claude (1980) Messages des medias , Paris: Cedic, p. 149. (5) Kniffka, Hannes (1980) Soziolinguistik und empirische Textanalyse: Schlagzeilen-und Leadformulierung in amerikanischen Tageszeitungen , Tubingen: Niemeyer, p. 41. cited in Bell, Allan (1991) The Language of News Media, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 185-6. (6) Billig, Michael (1995) Banal Nationalism , London : Sage, pp. 118-120. (7) Mouillaud, Jean-Franois Tétu (1989) Le journal quotidien , Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. (8) Charaudeau, Patrick (1997) Le discours d'information médiatique , Paris: Nathan. (9) Maingueneau refers to this as 'encylopedic knowledge': Maingueneau, Dominique( 1996) Les termes clés de l'analyse du discours , Paris: Seuil, p. 34. (10) Develotte, Christine and Rechniewski, Elizabeth (2001) 'Expressions de l'identité nationale dans les titres de journaux: une étude comparative de journaux franais et australians pendant une période de crise', in Malewska-Peyre, H., Tanon, F. et Sabatier C (eds), Identité, Altérité, Acculturation. Perspective francophone , Paris, L'Harmattan (in press). (11) 'C'est donc ce qui donne aux interlocuteurs le moyen de se reconnatre, de baliser leur espace de communication. C'est aussi ce qui permet à l'émetteur de faire basculer le récepteur dans son camp ', Gallisson, Robert (1995) 'Les palimpsestes verbaux: des actualiseurs et révélateurs culturels remarquables pour publics étrangers' , Etudes de linguistique appliquée , n o 97, jan-mars 1995, p. 106. (12) Mardh, Ingrid (1980) Headlinese: On the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines , Malmo, p. 183. (13) ' le titre tend à effacer les marques du discours et à les remplacer par des marques de procès ou d'état', Mouillaud and Tétu (1989: 125). (14) Moscovici, Serge (1973) foreword to C. Herzlich, Health and IIlness: a Social Psychological Analysis , London, Academic Press , p.xiii . (15) Moscovici, Serge (1984) 'The phenomenon of social representations', in Farr, Robert M and Moscovici, Serge ( eds ), Social Representations , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 21. (16) There are few examples of the use of 'The Australians' in the French corpus, reflecting in part the different roles played by the two countries during the crisis. (17) In an article by Greg Sheridan published in The Australian , 15th June 1995, 'Why the French seek to provoke world outrage', Sheridan proposes an explanation of Chirac's decision by portraying France as an attention- seeking 'hooligan' : 'Now, as nothing more than a troublesome middle power, the only way France can gain the sort of attention it craves is through perpetrating acts of outrage.' His article contains a number of references to the 'strange psyche of the French'. (18) According to Mouillaud and Tétu (1989: 126): 'L'événement tend à se transformer en classe. Celle-ci produit une sédimentation du présent qui fait disparatre la dynamique de l'ouverture.' (19) Cryle, Peter, Freadman, Anne Hanna, Barbara ( eds ) (1992) Unlocking Australia 's Language Potential. Profiles of Nine Key Languages in Australia : French, Melbourne, NLLIA , introduction . (20) Gallisson (1995: 106) writes of this satisfaction in relation to the decoding of cultural palimpsests.
标签: headlines
