Human Development Index (HDI) The first Human Development Report introduced a new way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite human development index, the HDI. The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of a single statistic which was to serve as a frame of reference for both social and economic development. The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. 最近,中央二套正在播放金砖国家的片子,拍得不错,值得一看。下面是金砖国家HDI一些相关数据,从中可以看到我们国家与其它四个国家之间的一些差异。这种差异也许有些值得我们去思考。 金砖国家HDI Country 1980年 1985年 1990年 1995年 2000年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 Russian Federation .. .. .. 0.675 0.691 0.725 0.733 0.742 0.748 0.747 0.751 0.755 Brazil 0.549 0.575 0.6 0.634 0.665 0.692 0.695 0.7 0.705 0.708 0.715 0.718 China 0.404 0.448 0.49 0.541 0.588 0.633 0.644 0.656 0.665 0.674 0.682 0.687 South Africa 0.564 0.576 0.615 0.644 0.616 0.599 0.601 0.604 0.608 0.61 0.615 0.619 India 0.344 0.38 0.41 0.437 0.461 0.504 0.512 0.523 0.527 0.535 0.542 0.547 以下数据是2011的数据。如果想了解其它年份的可以登录下面网址查询。 Health Indicator (健康指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Expenditure on health, public (% of GDP) (%) (公共卫生支出占 GDP 比重) 1.9 3.5 3.5 1.1 3.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) (每千人新生人口数) 19 21 12 66 62 Life expectancy at birth (years) (出生时预期寿命) 73.5 73.5 68.8 65.4 52.8 Health index (健康指数) 0.843 0.844 0.77 0.717 0.517 Education Indicator (教育指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Public expenditure on education (% of GDP) (%) (公共教育支出占 GDP 比重) 2.5 5.1 3.9 3.1 5.4 Expected Years of Schooling (of children) (years) (受教育年限) 11.6 13.8 14.1 10.3 13.1 Adult literacy rate, both sexes (% aged 15 and above) (成人识字率) 94 90 99.6 62.8 88.7 Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) (成人平均受教育年限) 7.5 7.2 9.8 4.4 8.5 Education index (教育指数) 0.623 0.663 0.784 0.45 0.705 Combined gross enrolment in education (both sexes) (%) (毛入学率) 68.7 85.1 84.3 62.6 51.6 Income Indicator (收入指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa GDP per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) (按购买力平价计算的人均国内生产总值) 6200 9,414 13,611 2,993 9,333 GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) (Constant 2005 international $) (按购买力平价计算的人均国民收入) 7476 10,162 14,561 3,468 9,469 Income index (收入指数) 0.618 0.662 0.713 0.508 0.652 Inequality Indicator (不平等指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Income Gini coefficient (收入的基尼系数) 41.5 53.9 42.3 36.8 57.8 Loss due to inequality in life expectancy (%) (预期寿命不平等损失) 13.5 14.4 10.8 27.1 28.4 Loss due to inequality in education (%) (教育不平等损失) 23.2 25.7 11.2 40.6 20.8 Loss due to inequality in income (%) (收入不平等的损失) 29.5 40.7 11.9 14.7 40.9 Inequality-adjusted education index (调整后的不平等的教育指数) 0.478 0.492 0.696 0.267 0.558 Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index (调整后的不平等的预期寿命指数) 0.73 0.723 0.687 0.522 0.37 Inequality-adjusted income index (调整后的不平等的收入指数) 0.436 0.392 0.628 0.433 n.a. Inequality-adjusted HDI value (调整后的不平等的 HDI ) 0.534 0.519 0.67 0.392 n.a. Poverty Indicator (贫困指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa MPI: Multidimensional poverty index (k greater than or equal to 3) (%) (多维贫困指数) 0.056 0.011 0.005 0.283 0.057 MPI: Intensity of deprivation (剥夺强度) 44.9 39.3 38.9 52.7 42.3 MPI: Headcount ( k greater than or equal to 3), percentage population in poverty (% of population) (在贫困中的人口比例) 12.5 2.7 1.3 53.7 13.4 MPI: Population living below $1.25 PPP per day (%) (人均每天消费低于 1.25 美元人口数) 15.9 3.8 0 41.6 17.4 Gender Indicator (性别指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Population with at least secondary education, female/male ratio (Ratio of female to male rates) (受过中等教育以上男女比例) 0.778 1.054 0.948 0.528 0.976 Adolescent fertility rate (women aged 15-19 years) (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19) (每 1000 女性中 15-19 岁的出生率) 8.4 75.6 30 86.3 59.2 Labour force participation rate, female-male ratio (Ratio of female to male shares) (劳动人口比例) 0.845 0.734 0.83 0.404 0.74 GII: Gender Inequality Index, value (性别指数) 0.209 0.449 0.338 0.617 0.49 Shares in parliament, female-male ratio (女性与男性的比例) 0.271 0.106 0.13 0.119 0.746 Maternal mortality ratio (deaths of women per100,000 live births) (每 1000 名新生儿中孕产妇死亡率) 38 58 39 230 410 Sustainability Indicator (可持续指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Endangered species (% of all species) (濒危物种) 12 10 9 13 15 Ecological footprint of consumption (global hectares per capita) (人均森林面积) 2.2 2.9 4.4 0.9 2.3 Adjusted net savings (% of GNI) (调整后的净储蓄) 39.7 4.6 -0.8 24.1 0.4 Greenhouse gases per capita (tonnes of CO2 equivalent) (人均温室气体排放) 1.5 4 4.9 0.7 1.9 Fresh water withdrawals (% of actual total renewable water resources) (淡水) 19.5 0.7 n.a. 40.1 n.a. Natural resource depletion (% of GNI) (自然资源枯竭率) 3.1 3.1 14.5 4.2 5.4 Carbon dioxide per capita emission (growth 1970-2008) (%) (人均二氧化碳排放量变化比例) 4.6 2 n.a. 3.8 0.7 Forest area (thousand ha) (森林面积) 201334 523,911 808,970 68,144 9,241 Change in forest area (%) (森林面积的变化) 28.1 -8.9 n.a. 6.6 0 Impact of natural disasters: number of deaths (average per year/million) (average per year per million people) (每百万人中每年因自然灾害死亡人数) 1 1 40 2 1 Impact of natural disasters: population affected (average per year/million) (average per year per million people) (每百万人中每年因自然灾害人口影响) 93151 3,440 1,332 41,245 30,398 Environmental performance index (EPI) (环境绩效指数) 49 63.4 61.2 48.3 50.8 Forest area (% of total land area) (森林面积占陆地面积的比例) 21.6 61.9 49.4 22.9 7.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions per capita (tonnes) (人均二氧化碳排放量) 5.2 2.1 12.1 1.5 8.8 Demography Indicator (人口指标) China Brazil Russian Federation India South Africa Population, total both sexes (thousands) (总人口数) 1347565.3 196,655.00 142,835.60 1,241,492.00 50,460.00 Population, urban (%) (% of population) (城镇人口比例) 47.8 86.9 73.2 30.3 62.2 Population, female (thousands) (女性人口数) 647933.95 99,909.74 76,772.97 600,477.34 25,457.61 Population, male (thousands) (男性人口数) 699631.38 96,745.28 66,062.59 641,014.62 25,002.37 以上数据采集自: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 注:指标翻译有些不太准确,请指正。