据 CEN 周刊 2012 年 4 月 27 日 报道 ,《 美国化学学会志》( JACS )和美国化学会( ACS )联合正在指控和调查哥伦比亚大学化学教授 Ronald Breslow 的自抄袭不端行为 。 CEN 声称 , 如果作者违反了 ACS 的 道德规范,学会必将采取相应的措施,使已经发表的论文从 JACS 网站删除,因为已经有批评家引用了以前发表的 2 篇论文,发现有许多相似的地方。 质疑论文为: “ Evidence for the Likely Origin of Homochirality in Amino Acids, Sugars, and Nucleosides on Prebiotic Earth . ” 自从该文 2012 年 3 月 25 日 在 JACS 网站发表 (DOI: 10.1021/ja3012897 ) 之后,就引来不同的质疑声。对于 Ronald Breslow 教授关于生命起源的推测,最早提出质疑的是美国化学会新闻办公室 2012 年 4 月 11 日 发布的新闻,随后有多家媒体也转发了这条信息,也有人在自己的博客中对此进行了评议。 更严重的是 , 有人在个人博客发帖子评议 ACS 新闻发布信息的同时,其中的一个人注意到 Ronald Breslow 教授在以前不同时间发表的论文,竟然与其遭到质疑 的论文有难以想象的相似之处,其一就是 Ronald Breslow 教授 2010 年在《四面体快报》( Tetrahedron Letters , DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.094 ) 发表的论文;紧接着,《自然 - 化学》( Nature Chemistry )的总编辑 Stuart Cantrill 在他自己的微博中指出, Ronald Breslow 在 JACS 发表论文的观点,大部分是 其 2011 年在《以色列化学学报》 ( Israel Journal of Chemistry (DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100019 ) 已经发表过的论文中观点的重复。 许多与化学有关的博客如 Pipeline 和 ChemBark 等也参与到此问题的讨论之中。美国化学会制定的“ 化学研究出版之道德规范( Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research ) ”明确指出:对于作者原封不动、逐字逐句或者近似地转抄他 / 她人或者自己的作品,而未注明出处的作法是不能接受的。美国化学会出版委员会主席 Brian Crawford 认为 : 对于 剽窃的指控 , 其中包括自己剽窃自己的成果而不加标注的情况。鉴于这种情况, JACS 编辑部已经将 2012 年 3 月 25 日 在 JACS 网站发表的论文 (DOI: 10.1021/ja3012897 )删除 ,点击DOI链接到 网站(也可能根本无法链接到网站),我们可以看到这样的提示: This article was removed by the publisher due to possible copyright concerns. The Journal's Editor is following established procedure to determine whether a violation of ACS Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research has occurred. Ronald Breslow 是 美国国家科学院院士, 美国化学会的主要人物之一,也是美国化学企业界的泰斗。他在 1996 年担任过美国化学会主席, 1999 年曾经获得过美国化学会 的最高奖项 , 即普里斯特利奖 章 (Priestley Medal ) ,1991 年获得美国国家科学勋章 ( National Medal of Science ) 。 Ronald Breslow 教授是在过去 75 年里,美国化工新闻( CEN )中 75 个顶尖化学家之一,在特殊性质新分子设计、合成及研究方面做出过突出贡献,并赢得了众多的科学奖项。他成功地合成了环丙烯阳离子;最简单芳香体系和第一个非六电子环的芳香化合物;酶催化领域的研究涉及远程功能反应的开发及仿生酶的合成开发;建立了反芳香性现象;发现了维生素 B-1 在生物化学反应中化学机理等,发表论文近 400 篇。 但是,到目前为止, Ronald Breslow 还 不没有回应此事。 这次论文涉嫌袭遭到质疑并非首次,有人列举了 20 世纪 90 年代初的几篇被质疑的论文如下: Fredric Menger and Albert Haim, Struggles to Correct Published Errors. Nature 1992, 359, 666.(22 October 1992). F. M. Menger, The Negative Rate Constants of Breslow and Huang. J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56 (22), pp 62516252 Albert Haim, Imidazole Buffer-Catalyzed Cleavage and Isomerization Reactions of Dinucleotides: The Proposed Mechanism Is Incompatible with the Kinetic Measurements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8384. Ronald Breslow 的JACS文章 【点击下载被JACS删除的原文 amino_acid.pdf 】or http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=437346do=blogid=564773 相似论文: 2011 “Evidence for the Likely Origin of Homochirality in Amino Acids, Sugars, a.pdf 2011 Formation of L Amino Acids and D Sugars, and ....pdf
2009-12-12 20:27 来源:中国广播网 中广网北京12月12日消息(记者刘珏)据中国之声《央广新闻》17时48分,法国科学家在变形虫体内发现了一种巨型病毒的新类型,它的基因库里包括来自其他物种的遗传物质,这一发现甚至直接挑战了达尔文的生命起源于共同祖先的观点。关于这种病毒的具体情况,让我们连线中国之声记者董萍。 主持人:给我们介绍一下这种新型病毒的具体情况。 记者:科学家把这种新的巨型病毒命名为马赛病毒,它是在单细胞生物阿米巴变形虫体内被发现的,其基因组的组成成分跟其他病毒的DNA有很大差异。它与寄生在变形虫体内的其他巨型病毒和细菌等微生物进行过遗传物质互换,DNA中包含有植物、动物物质、细菌和其他巨型病毒的遗传物质。 据法国艾克斯马赛第二大学的教授拉奥尔特说,这种病毒是一种全新的类型。而之所以被称之为巨型病毒,是因为这种新病毒拥有36.8万对基本染色体组,是曾被排序的第五大病毒,直径为250毫微米,它的大小几乎与小型细菌差不多,利用常规光学显微镜就能轻易看到。 主持人:这种病毒会带来怎样的危害,我们又应当如何来应对? 记者:2008年拉奥尔特发现,为了进行自我复制,这种病毒会故意去感染其他病毒。因为在单细胞生物变形虫体内有一个永久性的创造机制,会不断产生新病毒所需的所有组成部分,再把它们组装在一起,一旦演变成具体的病毒,就会变成病原体,所以变形虫基本上相当于一个新病毒和细菌诞生的摇篮。 也有人认为,现在对这种巨型病毒还不需要过分担心。因为它的最大威力并非针对地球上的医疗体系,而是挑战地球生命的历史,因为巨型病毒拥有一个在某些方面与人类非常相似的基因组。达尔文曾经提出,生命起源于同一个祖先,对病毒来说,这个说法显然站不住脚。 http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/12/226061.shtm 法国科学家发现新种巨型病毒 巨型病毒的结构分析 据国外媒体报道,法国科学家在变形虫体内发现一种巨型病毒新类型,它的基因库里包括来自其他物种的遗传物质。法国艾克斯-马赛第二大学(Aix-Marseille 2 University)的迪德尔拉奥尔特(Didier Raoult)说,这种病毒是一种全新类型。 拉奥尔特表示,这种被称作Marseillevirus的病毒,其基因组的组成成分跟其他病毒的DNA有很大差异,它与寄生在变形虫体内的其他巨型病毒和细菌等微生物进行过遗传物质互换。变形虫是一种单细胞生物,它可寄生在人类或者动物身上,它相当于新病毒和细菌诞生的摇篮。他的研究成果发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》( PNAS )上。 迄今为止科学家只发现少量所谓的巨型病毒,第一种是在1993年偶然发现的。跟典型病毒不一样,利用常规光学显微镜就能看到巨型病毒。即使现在人们仍对它们一无所知,不过2008年由拉奥尔特领导的一个科研组甚至发现,为了进行自我复制,这种病毒会故意感染其他病毒。Marseillevirus拥有36.8万对基本染色体组,是曾被排序的第五大病毒,直径达250纳米。 这种巨型病毒的DNA包含植物、动物物质、细菌和Mimivirus等其他巨型病毒的遗传物质。拉奥尔特说:变形虫体内有一个永久性创造机制正在继续,它产生了新病毒的所有组成部分,组装成巨型病毒,一旦它们演变成具体的病毒,就会变成病原体。 拉奥尔特表示,查尔斯达尔文提出的生命起源于同一个祖先的理论并未预见到这个机制。他说:对病毒来说,共同祖先的说法站不住脚。 更多阅读 《科学家》杂志相关报道(英文) http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/56208/ News: New giant virus discovered Posted by Katherine Bagley View comment(1) | Comment on this news story Scientists have discovered a new family of giant viruses -- created within amoebae, they report in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Structural analysis of giant virus Image: Xiao C, Kuznetsov YG, Sun S, Hafenstein SL, Kostyuchenko VA, et al. (2009) The new virus type is uniquely comprised of genes from a variety of origins, including bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses. Amoebae are not an uncommon source of viruses, since their insides are melting pots of viruses and other organisms, allowing viruses to grow into so-called giants by adopting genes from other organisms within the amoebae. Researchers have recognized the potential of amoebae as a source of new viruses for a while, said Patrick Forterre, a microbiologist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, who was not involved with the study. But is the first real confirmation that not an exception... It also means there might be a huge number of diverse giant viruses in amoebae that haven't been discovered yet. Giant viruses were first discovered in the late 1990s, and are characterized by their large particle sizes, typically bigger than 200 nanometers, and genetic complexity. (Medium-sized viruses such as adenovirus and HIV measure closer to 100-200 nm.) This newest giant virus was discovered by Didier Raoult and colleagues the Universite de la Mediterranee in Marseille, France. The scientists isolated the new virus, named Marseillevirus, from Acanthamoeba polyphaga . Phylogenetic analysis of the Marseillevirus revealed several genetic similarities to other giant viruses. It also carries genes obtained from eukaryotic hosts and their parasites or symbionts. Other viruses are commonly alone in their host cell, says Raoult. But because amoebae feed on relatively large particles, over 500nm, they are one of the few organisms that can take in and host a giant virus. And since amoebae are not picky eaters, they typically contain a mixture of organisms. The giant virus adopts genes from the other organisms, including eukaryotes, bacteria and other viruses, that improve function. In the case of the Marseillevirus, genes with defense or repair functions are thought to have come from bacteria; those with metabolic functions likely have eukaryotic and bacteria origins; and those for signal transduction probably stem from eukaryotes, the scientists report. The team's findings led them to conclude that amoebae are melting pots for viruses, said Raoult, enabling viruses to create complex gene repertoires with varied genetic origins. It is unclear whether this new giant virus is pathogenic, but may turn out to be so, said Raoult, because of the virus's repertoire of genes and the capability to resist intracellular killing. Related stories: A virus's virus 相关研究论文: Title: The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus. PMID: 18690211 Related Articles Authors: La Scola, B , Desnues, C , Pagnier, I , Robert, C , Barrassi, L , Fournous, G , Merchat, M , Suzan-Monti, M , Forterre, P , Koonin, E , Raoult, D Journal: Nature , Vol. 455 (7209): 100-4 , 2008 Abstract: Viruses are obligate parasites of Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) is the largest known virus; it grows only in amoeba and is visible under the optical microscope. Mimivirus possesses a 1,185-kilobase double-stranded linear chromosome whose coding capacity is greater than that of numerous bacteria and archaea1, 2, 3. Here we describe an icosahedral small virus, Sputnik, 50 nm in size, found associated with a new strain of APMV. Sputnik cannot multiply in Acanthamoeba castellanii but grows rapidly, after an eclipse phase, in the giant virus factory found in amoebae co-infected with APMV4. Sputnik growth is deleterious to APMV and results in the production of abortive forms and abnormal capsid assembly of the host virus. The Sputnik genome is an 18.343-kilobase circular double-stranded DNA and contains genes that are linked to viruses infecting each of the three domains of life Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria. Of the 21 predicted protein-coding genes, eight encode proteins with detectable homologues, including three proteins apparently derived from APMV, a homologue of an archaeal virus integrase , a predicted primase-helicase , a packaging ATPase with homologues in bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses , a distant homologue of bacterial insertion sequence transposase DNA-binding subunit, and a Zn-ribbon protein. The closest homologues of the last four of these proteins were detected in the Global Ocean Survey environmental data set5, suggesting that Sputnik represents a currently unknown family of viruses . Considering its functional analogy with bacteriophages, we classify this virus as a virophage. The virophage could be a vehicle mediating lateral gene transfer between giant viruses . Affiliation: URMITE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR IRD 6236, Facult de Mdecine, Universit de la Mditerrane, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France . Pubmed MeSH: Animals , DNA Viruses , Gene Transfer, Horizontal , Genes, Viral , Genome, Viral , Open Reading Frames , Viral Proteins Wikipedia: ATPase , Acanthamoeba , Adenosine triphosphatase , Adenosinetriphosphatase , Ameba , Amoeba , Animal virus , Archaea , Archaeal viruses , Archaebacteria , Archaeobacteria , Archaeon , B-DNA , Bacteria , Bacteriophage , Circular DNA , Cistron , DNA , Data collection , Data source , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Double-stranded DNA , Eubacteria , Gene , Genetic material , Genome , Genomics , Integrase , Optic , Parasites , Phage , Proteins , Respondent , Survey , Survey Methodology , Transposase , Vehicle , Virus Title: Characterization of a trifunctional mimivirus mRNA capping enzyme and crystal structure of the RNA triphosphatase domain. PMID: 18400173 Related Articles Authors: Benarroch, D , Smith, P , Shuman, S Journal: Structure , Vol. 16 (4): 501-12 , 2008 Abstract: The RNA triphosphatase (RTPase) components of the mRNA capping apparatus are a bellwether of eukaryal taxonomy. Fungal and protozoal RTPases belong to the triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM) family, exemplified by yeast Cet1 . Several large DNA viruses encode metal-dependent RTPases unrelated to the cysteinyl-phosphatase RTPases of their metazoan host organisms. The origins of DNA virus RTPases are unclear because they are structurally uncharacterized. Mimivirus, a giant virus of amoeba, resembles poxviruses in having a trifunctional capping enzyme composed of a metal-dependent RTPase module fused to guanylyltransferase (GTase) and guanine-N7 methyltransferase domains. The crystal structure of mimivirus RTPase reveals a minimized tunnel fold and an active site strikingly similar to that of Cet1 . Unlike homodimeric fungal RTPases, mimivirus RTPase is a monomer. The mimivirus TTM-type RTPase-GTase fusion resembles the capping enzymes of amoebae , providing evidence that the ancestral large DNA virus acquired its capping enzyme from a unicellular host. Affiliation: Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York , NY 10021, USA . Pubmed MeSH: Acid Anhydride Hydrolases , Amino Acid Sequence , Crystallography, X-Ray , Models, Molecular , Mutation , Nucleotidyltransferases , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Sequence Alignment , Viral Proteins Wikipedia: Active site , Ameba , Amoeba , Animal virus , B-DNA , Binding site , DNA , DNA virus , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Double-stranded DNA , Enzymes , Host , Host organism , Messenger RNA , Methyltransferases , Poly(A) tail , Poxviridae , Poxviruses , RNA , RiboNucleic Acid , Virus Title: I am what I eat and I eat what I am: acquisition of bacterial genes by giant viruses . PMID: 17109990 Related Articles Authors: Filee, J , Siguier, P , Chandler, M G Journal: Trends Genet , Vol. 23 (1): 10-5 , 2007 Abstract: Giant viruses are nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) that infect algae (phycodnaviruses) and amoebae (Mimivirus). We report an unexpected abundance in these giant viruses of islands of bacterial-type genes, including apparently intact prokaryotic mobile genetic elements, and hypothesize that NCLDV genomes undergo successive accretions of bacterial genes. The viruses could acquire bacterial genes within their bacteria-feeding eukaryotic hosts, and we suggest that such acquisition is driven by the intimate coupling of recombination and replication in NCLDVs. Affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Gntique Molculaires, CNRS 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France . jonathan.filee@ibcg.biotoul.fr Pubmed MeSH: Chromosome Mapping , Computational Biology , Gene Transfer, Horizontal , Genome, Viral , Models, Genetic Wikipedia: Alga , Algae , Ameba , Amoeba , Animal virus , B-DNA , Cistron , DNA , DNA virus , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Double-stranded DNA , Eating , Food intake , Gene , Genetic Recombination , Genetic material , Genome , Genomics , Ingestion , Interspersed repetitive sequences , Jumping Genes , Jumping gene , Mobile genetic element , Recombination , Recombination, genetic , Virus Title: Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus. PMID: 16181700 Related Articles Authors: Suzan-Monti, M , La Scola, B , Raoult, D Journal: Virus Res , Vol. 117 (1): 145-55 , 2006 Abstract: We recently described a giant double stranded DNA virus called Mimivirus, isolated from amoebae , which might represent a new pneumonia-associated human pathogen. Its unique morphological and genomic characteristics allowed us to propose Mimivirus as a member of a new distinct Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA viruses family, the Mimiviridae. Mimivirus-specific features, namely its size and its genomic complexity, ranged it between viruses and cellular organisms. This paper reviews our current knowledge on Mimivirus structure, life cycle and genome analysis and discusses its putative evolutionary origin in the tree of species of the three domains of life. Affiliation: Unit des Rickettsies et Pathognes Emergents, Facult de Mdecine, IFR 48, CNRS UMR 6020, Universit de la Mditerrane, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France . marie.suzan@medecine.univ-mrs.fr Pubmed MeSH: Acanthamoeba , Animals , Evolution, Molecular , Genome, Viral , Phylogeny Wikipedia: Ameba , Amoeba , Animal virus , B-DNA , DNA , DNA virus , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Double-stranded DNA , EpistemOlogy , Genome , Genomics , KnowLedge , Life Cycle , Pathogenicity , Virulence , Virus Title: A giant virus in amoebae . PMID: 12663918 Related Articles Authors: La Scola, B , Audic, S , Robert, C , Jungang, L , De Lamballerie, X N , Drancourt, M , Birtles, R J , Claverie, J M , Raoult, D Journal: Science , Vol. 299 (5615): 2033 , 2003 No abstract given. Affiliation: Unit des Rickettsies, Universit de la Mditerrane, CNRS UMR 6020, 13385 Marseille , France . Pubmed MeSH: Acanthamoeba , Animals , DNA Viruses , DNA, Circular , DNA, Viral , Genome, Viral , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Viral Proteins Wikipedia: Ameba , Amoeba , Animal virus , Virus