《古植物学的故事》（57）附件资料---介绍千年难遇的学术大师Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan（1910---2009） Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.57) : Foursupplementary files about Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan (compiled by Qigao Sun) (one file in Chinese andthree in English) 原题：《千年难遇的学术大师---俄罗斯著名植物学家和古植物学家Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan（1910---2009）》 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=341159 关键词：Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan；植物学家；古植物学家 为了方便阅读，现转载有关A. L. Takhtajan的资料。 ------------------------------- （ 1 ）英文维基百科有关 A. L. Takhtajan 的词条： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( Russian : Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan or Takhtadzhian) (June 10, 1910 November 13, 2009), was a Soviet - Armenian botanist , one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography . His other interests included morphology of flowering plants , paleobotany , and the flora of the Caucasus . He was born in Shushi . Takhtajan worked at the Komarov Botanical Institute in Leningrad , where he developed his 1940 classification scheme for flowering plants , which emphasized phylogenetic relationships between plants. His system did not become known to botanists in the West until after 1950, and in the late 1950s he began a correspondence and collaboration with the prominent American botanist Arthur Cronquist , whose plant classification scheme was heavily influenced by his collaboration with Takhtajan and other botanists at Komarov. The Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification treats flowering plants as a division (phylum), Magnoliophyta , with two classes , Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots). These two classes are subdivided into subclasses, and then superorders, orders, and families. The Takhtajan system is similar to the Cronquist system , but with somewhat greater complexity at the higher levels. He favors smaller orders and families, to allow character and evolutionary relationships to be more easily grasped. The Takhtajan classification system remains influential; it is used, for example, by the Montral Botanical Garden . Takhtajan also developed a system of floristic regions . Takhtajan was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , as well as a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences since 1971. He was also the academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, the president of the Soviet All-Union Botanical Society (1973) and the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (1975), member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Literature (1971), the German Academy of Naturalists Leopoldina (1972) ]and other scientific societies. In 1932 he graduated from the Soviet (All-Union) Institute of Subtropical Crops ( Tbilisi ). In 1938-48 he headed a Department at the Yerevan State University , in 1944-48- director of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, Professor of the Leningrad State University . He is an author of works on the origin of flowering and paleobotanics. He developed a system of higher plants. He worked on the Flora of Armenia (vol. 1-6, 1954-73) and Fossil flowering plants of the USSR (v. 1, 1974) books. The standard author abbreviation Takht. is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name . Selected works A. Takhtajan, Th.J. Crovello and A. Cronquist (1986). Floristic Regions of the World. A. Takhtajan (1991). Evolutionary Trends in Flowering Plants A. Takhtajan (1997) Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants A. Takhtajan (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer Verlag. ------- 注：关于The German Academy of Naturalists at Leopoldina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina German Academy of Sciences at Leopoldina is the national academy of Germany . Historically it was known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared the national academy of Germany by the German government. The Leopoldina is currently located in Halle , but the future seat of the academy has not yet been decided upon. Founded in 1652, the Leopoldina is , p. 5 the oldest continuously existing learned society in the world. ------------------------------------------------------ （ 2 ）中文维基百科有关 A. L. Takhtajan 的词条（内容依据英文维基词条翻译成中文）： http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94%E6%B1%9F 亚美因列奥诺维奇塔赫塔江（ 英语 ：Armen Leonovich Takhtajan， 俄文 ：Армен Леонович Тахтаджян， 亚美尼亚语 ????? ?????????，中文旧也译为塔赫他间， 1910年 6月10日 － 2009年 11月13日 ）， 于1910年出生于 舒沙 （今属 阿塞拜疆 ），是一位 前苏联 亚美尼亚 裔的 植物学家 。他是20世纪植物进化、 植物分类学 和 生物地理学 领域最重要的学者之一。 他的其他研究兴趣还包括 被子植物 植物形态学 、 古植物学 和 高加索 植物区系。 1932年他毕业于 第比利斯 的苏维埃全国亚热带作物研究院。1938－1948年间，他是 埃里温国立大学 的系主任，其中1944－1948年间他还兼任亚美尼亚苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院植物研究所主任。1949年－1961年任 列宁格勒国立大学 教授。1962年起供职于 圣彼得堡 （ 列宁格勒 ）的 科马洛夫植物研究所 ，并从1976年起任研究所所长，直至1986年退休。在研究所工作期间，他于 1940年 首次提出一个被子植物的新分类大纲，这个大纲强调了植物之间的 系统发育 关系。在1950年之前，他的系统一直不为欧美的植物学家所知。1950年代后期，他和著名美国植物学家阿瑟 克朗奎斯特 建立了通信联系和合作关系，克朗奎斯特提出的 克朗奎斯特系统 即深受塔赫塔江和科马洛夫研究所其他植物学家的影响。 被子植物分类的 塔赫塔江系统 将被子植物处理为一个 门 (phylum)，即 木兰植物门 (Magnoliophyta)，下分两个 纲 ， 木兰纲 (Magnoliopsida)（即 双子叶植物 ）和 百合纲 (Liliopsida)（即 单子叶植物 ）。这两个纲再分为亚纲，之下依次是超目、目和科。塔赫塔江系统和克朗奎斯特系统相似，但在较高阶元上的处理比较复杂。他偏爱将一些小目和小科分出，以使每个类群的性状和进化关系更易于掌握。塔赫塔江系统至今仍有一定的影响力，使用该系统的机构有 蒙特利尔植物园 等。 塔赫塔江还提出了一个新的 植物区系 系统，并参与了《亚美尼亚植物志》（第1-6卷，1954-73）和《苏联被子植物化石》(Fossil Flowering Plants of the USSR（第1卷，1974）的撰写。 塔赫塔江在 1971年 被选为 俄罗斯科学院 院士和 美国国家科学院 外籍院士。他还是 亚美尼亚苏维埃社会主义共和国 科学院院士，苏维埃全国植物协会主席(1973)，国际植物分类学协会主席(1975)，芬兰科学与文学研究院会员(1971)，德国博物学院列奥波蒂纳会员(1972)和其他许多科学机构的会员。 塔赫塔江一直反对 李森科 的学说，是敢于公开反对李森科学说的少数前苏联生物学家之一，并因此在1990年被 戈尔巴乔夫 授予 劳动英雄 称号。 2009年11月13日在圣彼得堡逝世，葬于圣彼得堡 斯摩棱斯克公墓 亚美尼亚区。 主要著作： A. Takhtajan, Th.J. Crovello and A. Cronquist (1986). Floristic Regions of the World. A. Takhtajan (1991). Evolutionary Trends in Flowering Plants A. Takhtajan (1997) Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants 在 引证 由亚美因塔赫塔江命名的一个 植物学名 时，该作者的标准 命名人缩写 是 Takht. 。 ---------------- （ 3 ）《纽约时报》于 1993 年 4 月 6 日刊载有关 A. L. Takhtajan 的专访文章 SCIENTIST AT WORK: Armen Takhtajan; Botanist Plans Survey of World's Flowers http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/06/science/scientist-at-work-armen-takhtajan-botanist-plans-survey-of-world-s-flowers.html?pagewanted=1 By WILLIAM K. STEVENS Published: April 6, 1993 BORN before the Soviet Union existed, Dr. Armen Takhtajan has outlasted both it and the pall it cast over genetics to stand today among the small number of botanists at the top of their field. Years ago, when biologists in the Soviet Union were commonly fired or even imprisoned if they taught classic genetics in defiance of an adviser to Stalin, T. D. Lysenko, Dr. Takhtajan openly fought Lysenko's theories and supporters. Both are long gone, while Dr. Takhtajan has come to be regarded by his fellow botanists as perhaps the foremost living expert on the classification and family groupings of plants. And now, at age 82, he is hard at work in a small guest office at the New York Botanical Garden, where he is on leave from his home laboratory at the Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Petersburg, finishing up what he describes in softly spoken English as my main life work. In his ambitious opus , Dr. Takhtajan (pronounced TAHK-tuh-jahn) is attempting to sort out and formally classify the world's flowering plants on the basis of their evolutionary relationships. Colleagues familiar with the work say that it promises to realign his previous, highly respected version of plant genealogy in ways sure to provoke controversy. A genealogy of this kind continually evolves as more evidence comes in. Producing a good one requires extensive and detailed personal knowledge of plants , an eye for differences and similarities and the ability to analyze vast amounts of sometimes conflicting new data. The aim is to weigh the evidence and come up with a classification that most faithfully reflects the globe's biological diversity. It must be accurate enough for practical use by, for instance, conservationists and those who prospect for pharmaceutical plants. The task is made all the more arduous by the speed at which botanical discoveries and new insights from molecular biology are changing the science of classifying plants and animals, called taxonomy or systematics. Almost every day there is some new bit of evidence for Dr. Takhtajan to take into account. It is very, very difficult , Dr. Takhtajan says of his project. It occupies all my time . Taxonomy is not one of those sciences where young brilliance tends to shine most. Rather, it is a cumulative enterprise in which experience counts big. Dr. Peter H. Raven, a close colleague who directs the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, describes Dr. Takhtajan's work as a distillation of over 60 years of understanding and mastering the intricacies of the plant kingdom in all of its manifest diversity and glory and geographical spread. Taxonomical programs like Dr. Takhtajan's have moved into prominence as the foundation of efforts to preserve the world's diminishing store of plants and animals. A strong-featured, bushy-browed man, Dr. Takhtajan has been working since last October at the botanical garden in the Bronx, mining its rich library and 5.5-million-specimen plant collection with undiminished enthusiasm. For a person like him, it's a kid in a candy store; he sucks it up, said Dr. Brian Boom, the garden's vice president for botanical science. Dr. Takhtajan plans to return to St. Petersburg later this month. He said that he had been enjoying full professional freedom only since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and that only after Mikhail S. Gorbachev came to power was he able to travel abroad with Alice, his wife of 45 years. He attributes the earlier restrictions placed on him largely to his unceasing opposition to the doctrines of Lysenko, who won the backing of Stalin and Khrushchev from the 1930's to the 1960's in virtually outlawing the teaching of classical genetics. Oh, Lysenko, Dr. Takhtajan said with a contemptuous, dismissive wave of his hand. Very ignorant. Very ignorant. How did he become so influential? Mrs. Takhtajan, a retired linguistics expert and now her husband's chief assistant, answers: Because the government was ignorant. Honored by Gorbachev. Dr. Takhtajan joins others in blaming Lysenko for destroying the career of Nikolai I. Vavilov, who created one of the world's most important seed banks, the Vavilov collection in St. Petersburg. Vavilov was arrested in 1940 and died in prison three years later. I met him a few times, said Dr. Takhtajan. He was a charming man, a great man. It is hard to teach plant taxonomy without making use of classical genetics, a circumstance that inevitably brought Dr. Takhtajan into conflict with the Lysenkoists. They won the first round, firing him in 1948 from the two botanical posts he held in his native Armenia. But the more independent Leningrad University took him on the next year. There, says Dr. Raven, he ran a lab that explicitly rejected Lysenko. Dr. Takhtajan says that in my lectures, I tried to explain some elements of classic genetics to my students, which was illegal. He even fired Lysenkoists from his laboratory. For his resistance to Lysenkoism, he was made a Hero of Labor in 1990 by Mr. Gorbachev. Despite travel restrictions, Dr. Takhtajan was able to correspond with Western botanists, and his reputation grew both at home and abroad. He was made a foreign associate of the United States' National Academy of Sciences in 1971, and the Soviet Union conferred on him its ultimate scientific accolade of full Academician the same year. After a long association with the Komarov institute, he served as its director from 1976 to 1986, when he retired and became an adviser. The Komarov, founded by Peter the Great in 1714 , is widely regarded as one of the world's best botanical research institutes, along with Kew Gardens in Britain and the New York Botanical Garden. Yet just as the Komarov's botanists have at last attained full professional freedom, the institute itself is in severe danger of falling apart. Its facilities are in such decay that the plants in its conservatory are threatened and its greenhouse is in danger of collapse. A survey commissioned by the Missouri Botanical Garden, where Dr. Takhtajan also does research, found that the Komarov needs $7 million in emergency repairs and another $18 million to $20 million for restoration. Given Russia's present financial crisis, a private fund-raising campaign has been mounted to save the institute. Over the years, Dr. Takhtajan has written at least 45 books. He was particularly close to Dr. Arthur Cronquist, his opposite number at the New York Botanical Garden and another eminent systematist. After Dr. Cronquist's death in March 1992, botanists like Dr. Raven regard Dr. Takhtajan as the pre-eminent member of their specialty. Splitting of the Species Among plant systematists, Dr. Takhtajan is noted for his powers of synthesis. Whereas Dr. Cronquist was a lumper -- an analyst who prefers to consolidate plants into larger taxonomic groupings rather than smaller ones, Dr. Takhtajan belongs to the splitter school. If something is a little different, he will separate that out as its own family or group, said Dr. Dennis Stevenson, a botanist at the New York garden who has been working closely with him. This, Dr. Stevenson said, means that Dr. Takhtajan's classifications are more useful in some ways, both to other taxonomists who have smaller units to deal with rather than a big amorphous lump , and to field botanists, because smaller groupings may better reflect biological diversity. Greater splitting of species helps conservation botanists pinpoint areas of greater species diversity. Dr. Takhtajan expects to finish his magnum opus later this year. Written in English and titled Flowering Plants: Classification and Phylogeny, it presents a complete revision of his system of plant groups. That will be controversial, I assure you, Dr. Boom said after a recent seminar given by Dr. Takhtajan. He's going to buck tradition, he said risking scorn on the part of traditionalists, and just go with what he believes is natural. Dr. Peter Stevens, a biologist at Harvard University, said that depending on what he does, it could be rather smashing -- or something archaic. That is, he said, systematics is changing so fast that it is a fun time to be working in the field, but it must be hell to be working on a book like that right now. Certainly, new data will continue to flood in after Dr. Takhtajan's book is published. No system will ever be carved in stone, said Dr. Stevenson of the New York Botanical Garden. For his part, Dr. Takhtajan hopes merely that his masterwork will be useful to academic botanists, evolutionary biologists, students and applied botanists who prospect for medicinal plants or work to preserve plant species, especially those whose habitat is limited to small areas and are therefore on the rare side. In any case, the book will probably stand out in at least one sense. There is no one on the horizon who's going to be able to do this, said Dr. Boom. If there were, I think we'd have known. Photo: Dr. Armen Takhtajan, whom fellow botanists rank as perhaps the foremost living expert on plant classification, at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. (Steve Hart for The New York Times) ------------------------ (4) 讣闻：前苏联植物学家和古植物学家 Armen Leonovich Takhtajan （ 1910--2009 ） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=370090 发表于 2010-10-6 4:20:03 ---------------------------
古植物学的故事（57）： 千年难遇的学术大师---俄罗斯著名植物学家和古植物学家Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan（1910---2009） Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.57) : Russian botanist and palaeobotanist----Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan（1910---2009）(by Qigao Sun) (in Chinese) 关键词：Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan；植物学家；古植物学家 尽管我完全同意学术界要慎用学术大师之称谓，但是我认为称颂俄罗斯著名植物学家和古植物学家Armen Levonovi? Takhtajan（1910---2009）为学术大师是毫无争议的 ，也是情不自禁的 。我们敬称A. L. Takhtajan为学术大师的可靠理由并不是因为他一生中拥有多国科学院的院士头衔，而是由于他可贵的科学精神与重大的学术贡献。 20世纪30年代50年代初，李森科主义在前苏联极为盛行。 A. L. Takhtajan在学术与政治交织的恐怖中公开反对李森科学说。他因此在1990年被戈尔巴乔夫授予劳动英雄之称号。 实际上，A. L. Takhtajan创造了一个学术巅峰---高高地矗立在世界植物学与古植物学的研究天地。他是名副其实的学术大师---千年难遇。 1971年，A. L. Takhtajan当选为前苏联科学院院士。同年，他还当选为美国科学院外籍院士。他还是亚美尼亚苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院院士、德国科学院院士及其他科学院的院士。 （1）英文维基百科有关A. L. Takhtajan的词条： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan （2）中文维基百科有关A. L. Takhtajan的词条（有关专家依据英文维基词条的内容翻译成中文）： http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94%E6%B1%9F （3）《纽约时报》于1993年4月6日刊载有关A. L. Takhtajan的专访文章（作者： WILLIAM K. STEVENS）： SCIENTIST AT WORK: Armen Takhtajan---Botanist Plans Survey of World's Flowers http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/06/science/scientist-at-work-armen-takhtajan-botanist-plans-survey-of-world-s-flowers.html?pagewanted=1 孙启高 2010年7月1日写于美国康州 -------------------------------
2004 年 8 月陪 奥地利 University of Vienna 的 David K. Ferguson 教授等人由神农架到利川去看被植物学家最早发现的那棵著名的水杉 。 1. 由神农架到鄂西恩施州的利川，途径陕、鄂、渝交界的野三关，这张是川汉公路纪念碑 2. 最早发现的那棵水杉 3. 中国人喜欢封号，就叫它天下第一杉，不过这株确实是名副其实。 中间的就是作者本人，右二是 David K. Ferguson 教授（维也纳大学）,右一是王青博士（辽宁师范大学），左边的两位是利川农业局的两位领导。 4. 两株常见的植物 醉蝶花 杠板归
标签: 植物学家
