曲津華 日前看到了一篇 WIPO 總幹事就今年 4 月 26 日世界知識產權日（ WORLD IP DAY 2010 ）致辭的中文版，感覺不太順暢，遂自己改了起來。對照如下（繁體中文為筆者版本）。 Message from Francis Gurry Director General, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 世界知识产权组织（WIPO）总干事弗朗西斯高锐致词 Innovation - Linking the World Relatively few decades ago, the world remained vast and largely unknown for most people. Travel was costly and long. Knowledge was paper-based and hard to share. Telephone service was, in many places, non-existent. Outside of large cities, access to foreign culture and the arts was limited. Rapid innovation and its global adoption has transformed our outlook. We are now linked physically, intellectually, socially and culturally in ways that were impossible to imagine. We can cross continents in a few hours. From almost anywhere on the planet, we can access information, see and speak to each other, select music, and take and send photographs, using a device small enough to fit in the palm of a hand. This universal connectivity, sustained by the Web and wireless technology, has huge implications for the future. With the death of distance, we are no longer limited by physical location and the benefits are legion. Web-based learning frees intellectual potential in previously isolated communities, helping to reduce the knowledge gap between nations. Sophisticated video-conferencing techniques reduce business travel, diminishing our carbon footprint. Mobile telephony, already used by over half the worlds population, transforms lives and communities: Solar powered mobiles are helping track disease, run small businesses, and coordinate disaster relief in areas previously out of reach. Rapid data management and exchange speed the innovation cycle, facilitating collective innovation and promoting mutually beneficial collaboration between companies, research institutions and individuals. At the same time, digital technologies are enabling like-minded people to create virtual platforms from which to work on common projects and goals such as WIPOs web-based stakeholders platform, aimed at facilitating access to copyrighted content for the estimated 314 million persons with visual and print disabilities worldwide. Innovative technologies are creating a truly global society. The intellectual property system is part of this linking process. It facilitates the sharing of information such as the wealth of technological know-how contained in WIPOs free data banks. It provides a framework for trading and disseminating technologies. It offers incentives to innovate and compete. It helps structure the collaboration needed to meet the daunting global challenges, such as climate change and spiraling energy needs, confronting us all. WIPO is dedicated to ensuring that the intellectual property system continues to serve its most fundamental purpose of encouraging innovation and creativity; and that the benefits of the system are accessible to all helping to bring the world closer. 创新 将全世界联系在一起 短短数十年前，世界对大多数人而言，不仅显得巨大，而且在很大程度上不为其所知。那时候，旅行即费钱又费时；知识写在纸上，传播起来很困难；许多地方连电话都没有；一旦走出大城市，接触到外国文化和艺术的机会便极其有限。 创新的飞速发展及其在全球范围内的采用，已改变了我们的视野。我们相互之间现已完全联系在一起 无论从身心上还是从社会与文化上，都是如此 这在过去是无法想像的。我们数小时内便可以跨越几大洲；几乎从全球任何角落都能获得信息，相互看到对方和进行对话，并能选择音乐，照相和发送照片 而这一切是通过一个小到能放到手掌上的装置做到的。 通过网络和无线技术实行的这种普遍连通性，对未来产生了巨大的影响。随着 距离的消失 ，我们已不再受实际所处位置的限制，这一点为我们带来的利益不一而足。 基于网络的远程教育，让那些过去属于偏远的社区能释放出其知识潜力，并有助于缩小各国之间的知识鸿沟。尖端的电视会议技术，可以减少人们的出差次数，从而减少碳排放。全世界半数以上的人都在使用的移动技术，既改变了人们的生活，也让各社区发生了转变。人们现在用太阳能移动设备来查找病源、经营小企业、在过去无法涉及的领域协调灾难救援工作。 快捷的数据管理与交换，加快了创新周期，为集体创新提供了便利，并有助于公司、研究机构和个人之间开展互惠互利的合作。与此同时，数字技术让那些观点一致者得以创建虚拟平台，为执行共同项目和实现共同目标开展合作；例如， WIPO 的利益有关者网上平台，即旨在为全世界为数约 3.14 亿的视障者和有阅读障碍者获取受版权保护的内容提供便利。 创新技术正在创建一个真正意义上的全球社会。在这一将全世界联系在一起的过程中，知识产权制度占有一席之地，因为其有利于人们共享信息 例如 WIPO 免费数据库中所载的大量技术诀窍。它为开展技术的交易和传播工作提供框架，奖励创新和竞争，让我们能更加有序地携手迎击共同面临的诸多令人生畏的全球挑战，例如气候变化和不断攀升的能源需求。 WIPO 致力于确保知识产权制度继续服务于其鼓励创新和创造这一最根本的目标；并确保人人都能得到知识产权制度的好处 从而有助于将全世界更紧密地联系在一起。 創新 讓世界連成一體 幾十年前，人們對世界的感覺是非常大，而知之甚少。那時的外出旅行既費錢又費時，知識的記錄與傳播也都依賴印刷品，分享不便；許多地方甚至連電話都沒有；而一旦走出大城市，接觸到外部文化和藝術的機會便極其有限。 技術創新的飛速發展及其在全球的普遍應用，大大擴展了人類的視野。現在的世界可謂連為一體 無論是物質上，還是思維上；無論是社會方面還是文化方面 這在過去是無法想像的。現在的我們只用幾小時就可以跨洲旅行，也可從幾乎任何地點接入資訊網絡，查詢資料、視頻對話、挑選喜歡的音樂以及傳送照片 而做到這一切的設備都只有手掌大小。 這種讓全球一體化的網絡是由互聯網和無線技術實現的，這對我們的未來具有極其重要的意義。隨著距離的消失，我們已不再受所在地點的限制，而這個好處不可估量。 基於網絡的學習讓長期分割的各地方人群釋放出巨大的知識潛能，這對縮小各國之間的知識差距很有幫助。神奇的電視會議技術減少了公務旅行，也減少了碳排放。移動電話已普及到世界半數以上的人，大大改變了我們的生活方式和社區形態。人們甚至可以用太陽能給手機充電，把手機用作追蹤病源和經營小生意的工具，或者在以前無法企及的地域協調救災工作。 快捷的數據管理與交換加快了技術創新的速度，促進了大面積的創新，推動了企業、研究機構和個人之間的互利合作。與此同時，數字技術便於各個領域的同道在虛擬平臺上互相交流，為共同的項目和目標開展合作，比如 WIPO 的利益相關者網上平臺，就可以幫助視障和閱讀障礙者獲取受版權保護的內容，而全球有 3.14 億人因此受益。 不斷出現的新技術將把世界變為真正的地球村，對此，知識資產的管理體系功不可沒。這個體系推動了知識的分享，包括 WIPO 免費資料庫中的大量技術訣竅；它也為開展技術的交易和推廣應用提供了積極的框架原則；同時，它也對創新和競爭起到了激勵作用，讓我們地球人能攜手應對嚴峻的全球性挑戰，比如氣候變化和不斷攀升的能源需求。 WIPO 將堅持不懈地踐行其宗旨，即推動創新和創造，並確保人人都能受益於知識資產的管理體系，從而讓世界聯繫得更加緊密。 另將歷年 WIPO 的 WORLD IP DAY THEME 蒐集一處，對不同的中文翻譯做了校訂，如下。 世界知识产权日历年纪念主题 2001 Creating the Future Today 今天创造未来 2002 Encouraging Creativity 鼓励创造 2003 Making IP Your Business 知识产权与我们息息相关 2004 The Importance Of IP For Economic, Social And Cultural Development 经济、社会与文化发展离不开知识产权 2005 Think, Imagine, Create 思考、想象、创造 2006 IP, It Starts With An Idea 知识产权始于创意 2007 The Link Between IP And Creativity 知识产权为创造力铺路 2008 Celebrating Innovation and Respecting IP 赞美创新 尊重知识产权 2009 Promoting Green Innovation As The Key To A Secure Future 推动绿色创新 迈向安全未来 2010 Innovation - Linking the World 创新 让世界连为一体 2010-04-21
美国学术界钩心斗角：华人付辛原永别耶鲁甜妞儿教授的故事(2006-05-30 01:01:39) 分类：转载文章 一位曾长期在耶鲁任教的朋友传过来的，他说全是真人真事，但名字用的是同音或近音字。 美国学术界钩心斗角：付辛原永别耶鲁甜妞儿教授的故事 上篇：美国学术界钩心斗角：付辛原永别耶鲁甜妞儿教授的故事 美国学术界钩心斗角，不闻炮声，不见硝烟，但出伤兵，也留尸体。 故事故事，过去的事，谁听了多少，谁记得多少。哎哟呵。欢迎对号入座。 从前，有个中国学生付辛原，南京人，留学美国最早的一批吧。去的是顶尖名牌大学，胡适的母校，哥伦比亚大学（哥大）。得了博士，到更顶尖的大学，Rockefeller（骡大）做博士后。导师呢，叫达人尔。 这达人尔可是名将。要的诺贝尔奖的大牌教授。付辛原在达人尔实验室做的东西，就是达人尔要得诺贝尔奖的那劳什子。 看官，这诺贝尔奖，可是一个小矛盾的起因。达人尔在这圈里耕耘多年，没有功劳也有苦劳。付辛原呢，做出了突破。两人没一个软柿子。达人尔岂容他人沾光，付辛原岂甘排斥。 付辛原分离纯化到了现在叫STAT的蛋白质，那时叫ISGF-3。他东西都拿到了。可是呢，历史风云突变：中国来了个春夏之交的动乱事件。这付辛原哪能袖手旁观。他可不是其他留学生，游游行、拿个居留权就算了。 付辛原在美国成立了秦国仁权组织。这边厢，人家达人尔还给他工资照发。付辛原那几年，可没全时在骡大上班。达人尔的确没亏待他。 付辛原老不上班，他已经有突破了，蛋白质也在他手上了，可是，他心思在秦国，老没时间做完那点研究，不能发表啊。达人尔再容忍，给付辛原工资，也不能坐视他荒废研究啊。老达也有竞争对手啊。达人尔就让辛得拉来做付辛原的东西。小辛呢，不咋的，还是要求教付辛原，用的都是付辛原的方法，得到的是一样的东西，不过呢，小辛继续下一小步，付辛原也回来加了点儿实验，可以发表了。 那可是大发现。 付辛原看，这功劳当然是自己的：突破是他做的，小辛不过抄他的路径，扫个尾。 要发一篇《细胞》论文，付辛原要求做第一作者，让小辛做第二作者，达人尔最后作者，最好呢，付辛原和达人尔共同做通讯作者。通讯作者这一点，付没有强求，只是说，这样最好。小辛坚决不肯，说我也要找工作啊。他们吵翻了。老达做主，发两篇美国科学院院报PNAS，达是院士，发PNAS举手之劳：小辛做论文A的第一作者（B的第二作者），付辛原做论文B的第一作者（A的第二作者）。达人尔是两片的最后和通讯作者。 这两种安排，对达人尔有一点关系，但是没太大的关系。但是，付辛原就很不一样。如果只有一篇《细胞》，付是唯一的第一作者。付辛原的贡献，那就很突出。如果要得奖，也可以和达人尔一块得。这是有很多先例的了：要是学生贡献突出，可以和老板一起得。 但是安排两片PNAS，付和辛的的贡献就一样了，就不突出了，完全成了老达为主。这口气，付辛原怎么咽得下去？而且，如果一片《细胞》，付辛原当时要找助理教授的工作，也比PNAS要容易多了，工作刚刚出笼，别人还没来得及反应，就会以为《细胞》比PNAS牛。 这样呢，1992年的两片PNAS，付辛原和达人尔结了冤。第一回合，付辛原吃了亏。 付辛原马上到纽约的西乃山医学院做助理教授。小辛呢，到纽约大学医学院，以后呢，小辛很少东西。没了老达，没了付，小辛蹦达不出啥像样的东西。 付辛原不得了：1992年，他到西乃山医学院几个月，马上又发一片《细胞》，单枪匹马，一个人做作者。各位看官，这生物医学，要好多劳力，一个人做作者的实不多见。 付辛原的粉丝，说他是刻苦的不得了。仁权、研究能两手做，奋斗一下，一个人也能出《细胞》。他的敌人，就说，肯定是他带走了他在达人尔实验室做的东西。 这带走研究工作，没有明文规定，好多博后和原来老板，因为这种事，闹的不开心。但是，对老达和小付来说，这可是火上浇油。本来老达就想得奖，得奖就要靠 1992年那两片PNAS。你小付竟然在同一年又发一片《细胞》，而且没有老达，这可让小付大放光彩，把老达摆哪去，这还了得！但是，老达并没啥办法，制止这片论文发表。嘿嘿，小付就学过一次制止了，到老付了，还没学会。 付辛原再接再厉，1993年，和学生张娇娇，又发了一片《细胞》，风头很健。 这第二回合，好象付辛原赢了。 可是呢，这老达可不是好惹的。他一面组织力量，做研究。他的主力，还是中国人。上次用小辛那美国次品，老达可是见识了中国人小付的厉害。老达用衰客等几个中国人，发了一批《细胞》啊、《科学》啊、《自然》啊。 老达和小付竞争，可不是光靠研究，他调动了一批力量，专门在后面说付辛原的坏话：忘恩负义啊、拿我东西啊。付辛原只能做研究，在美国的科学界搞手腕，他哪里是老达的对手。就是老达实验室的老中，心里同情他，行动上也帮老达，在老达面前，那帮老中，也不敢说小付好话。 所以呢，这背后上演的第三回合，老达赢定了。 付辛原在圈里，没有几个朋友，怕老达、想拍老达马屁的人，不站在付那边。还有几个，给付辛原的脾气惹毛了。剩下支持付的，就孤零零几个。 付辛原的研究很牛。耶鲁大学把他从西乃山医学院挖过来，做耶鲁的副教授。他论文很多：《细胞》，《自然》，《科学》，你还能要啥更牛的？他可自得，稳坐钓鱼船，认为甜妞儿必得（tenure，终身教职，耶鲁是正教授）。他还看不上耶鲁的甜妞儿，心里惦记着和老达分诺贝尔奖。 付辛原脱产，美国叫学术休假吧，到清华去办研究所。 1999 年，付辛原在《科学》上发一片论文。这片论文，他又撞车了：美国田那西州梦非思市僧脚的医院，有个人叫哀利（利害的利）。这哀利呢，也有一片的论文，同时给《科学》，没收。那可不得了，哀利没老达那风度。老达捅刀子的时候，表面上还文质彬彬。哀利可是穷凶极恶。哀利和付辛原同时到美国冷泉港开大会，哀利公开说，我们不能重复付辛原在《科学》上发表的结果。哀利不是中国网民，还顾忌一点美国法则，公开没说付辛原造假，只说我们不能重复。私下，哀利可不客气，我就觉得他造假。竞争失败，如此猛烈攻击对手，不多见，所以呢，会上有人说哀利过分。但是呢，前有老达说付辛原坏话，后有哀利这么攻击，付辛原的名声，哪能不受损失呢。 这第四回合，付辛原受伤。92年到99年，前后加起来，可是伤痕累累了。 这一亩三分圈里，付辛原的朋友很少。中国人，没有力量。中国人，很多还看他笑话呢。 阴错阳差，几年以后，其它几个实验室研究证明，付辛原1999年的论文对了，哀利错了。 太晚了，付辛原的甜妞儿已经跑掉了：媒人来评估付辛原终身教职的时候，偏听偏信，人都是老美，会听你老中的？没有谁说他造假，毕竟没有人要求正式调查他，可是圈的舆论，受小付得罪的两大头影响，对小付不利。 要是付已经有甜妞儿了，人也拿他没办法。得罪人，圈里传谣言，赖何不得有甜妞的人。但是，你不是没甜妞吗，用几张媒婆的嘴，绝对可以不让小付成亲。这付辛原，在耶鲁就没戏唱了。 这第五回合，付辛原输的可惨了，遍体鳞伤。 阴地庵哪大学给他甜妞儿，终身正教授。算安慰吗？对凡人，这可不赖。多少人，在想拿个阴地庵的助理教授，多少人，想娶个阴地庵的甜妞儿。 可是，可是，付辛原心系那诺奖，眼看就要老达一人独吞了，这不，老达已经得了辣死卡奖，那可是诺贝尔的预报奖。付辛原竟然到手的耶鲁甜妞儿鸡飞蛋打，沦落到阴地庵。老中，脾气可不敢学付辛原。老中，只好夹起尾巴做人。 老中，有几个帮了他呢。耶鲁的旭天教授，如今可是红火的不得了。他拿甜妞儿那会儿，论文哪有付辛原多、哪有付辛原牛？2000年，付有5片《细胞》、《科学》、《自然》，旭天有一片。旭天人家在耶鲁，可是把老美搞的团团转。耶鲁那年推荐旭天当修士研究员，付辛原那时可比旭天牛。两人关系，也不知道好不好。付倒霉后，条件垮了，《细胞》、《科学》、《自然》到现在还是原先那五片。旭天得了修士一两千美元，后来又加了3片顶级论文，统共4片了，快要追上付辛原了。 要说赤裸裸的种族歧视搞掉了付辛原的甜妞，那我不同意。要说和种族无关，那也不能那么说。老美喜欢听话的老中。小付时代，要是他和老达的关系密切，比如象小辛和老达的关系，说不定，老达会提小付一把。第一回合，小付如果得老达联盟，那小付到老付就一帆风顺。 老中要是有犹太人的团结，有犹太人的势力，那，要帮付辛原，也许成啊。可是呢，现在老中，既不团结，也没多大的势力。网上传2005年《科技中国》有一片劳逸的文章，里面为付辛原甜妞事件说话，我仔细看了，劳逸没说几句。也就说耶鲁甜妞没给付不公平，老中应该互相支持。这些，我都同意。付辛原的细节，说不定，劳知道的还不如我多呢。劳逸博学，大家公认，那没说的。他肯定懂信号转导。但是小圈内钩心斗角，出了这圈，知道细节的没几个。圈里，其实，有多少人知道呢。多数老中，圈，没进，最多在外圈转转，不时，往里探个头。 付辛原倒霉，老中看笑话的多着。不光是美国的老中，连中国的老中，都欺负他。 虎落平阳啊。 其他老中，就能保证，自己不给人欺负？ 还有第六回合呢：等老达到瑞典去领诺贝尔奖的时候，中国人可不要忘记了，老达那一将功成万骷髅的丰功伟绩，里面可有付辛原的一具尸骨，说不定，还血迹未干。 除非：付辛原不甘自灭，不去网上胡泡，重起炉灶，振作起来，20年后再做一条好汉！！ 如果付辛原自己起不来了，那要靠那天，一群现在做学生的老中长大了，挺胸抬头，不再被老美欺负，让中国人在学术界不再看人眼色了。 下一篇：为什么付辛原不能起诉老达和哀利？ 老达和哀利把付辛原整的那么惨，而且哀利搞错了，付辛原为什么不能起诉他们？这就是美国钩心斗角的伎俩。老达和哀利，都没留下字据、把柄。都是暗箭，没有明枪。付辛原没办法。 老达干的，不过是报复他，搞他小动作。就是呢，老达能量大，他的小动作，就够你受了。他让圈里的人，不支持付辛原，不敢公开支持。你付辛原后面有什么势力，你就是有中国人的关系网，也没力量。何况中国人一盘散沙，对老美来说，也不是秘密。 暗地支持付辛原的人，肯定有，要不然，92年以后，付辛原要在《细胞》、《科学》上发论文，就没门了。 老达骂付辛原的那些话，都是私下说的，人私下议论，你也管不着。 哀利呢，最严重的就是他那次在冷泉港的演讲。他手摸到了枪，但是，没抽出来放。他公开只说，我们不能重复付辛原的实验。他公开可没说，付辛原造假。私下说了，你拿他咋办？ 哀利也没到耶鲁告发付辛原，他要告，就有字据了。要是他告了，而事情如后来那样发展，付辛原没错，哀利错了，那付辛原可以起诉哀利。但是，哀利没有公开说过付辛原造假。他也没有到MIT 的BBS上去说。那时，还不兴上网贴贴呢。如果哀利匿名到网上写付辛原造假，损害了付辛原名誉，让他拿不到甜妞儿，那付辛原可以通过美国法律要求网管删贴，如果网管不删贴，可以起诉网管。也可以通过法律要求网管协助捉拿上贴的谁，起诉他。 拿不到字据，公开说的，都不到违法程度，付辛原咋起诉哀利。 这就叫背后捅刀子，晚上放暗箭。老中在美，学不会，也得防着。 那么付辛原可以告哀利造假吗？也不行。当年哀利也不能告付。两人是竞争，结果是不同。但是，他们做的不是一模一样的实验。现在证明哀利错了，是结论错了，错的原因可以解释，不是造假。付辛原要是告，人单位一看，也不会调查。所以，付辛原报复不成。要是中国人在圈里势力大，那付可以造舆论，损哀利。但是呢，我们已经知道，中国人在圈里，人不少，权不多。 给捅倒的，可不只付辛原一个。多少年前，冷泉港有个台湾去的周，她有个发现，得了诺贝尔奖。你说，我咋没听过？嘿嘿，因为，得奖的不是她。老美萝卜丝得奖。周和萝卜在冷泉港平起平坐，同级的。周做了一大堆实验，有一个呢，要萝卜帮个忙，这合作为主的就是周。论文呢，周是第一作者，萝卜是最后作者。并没有说萝卜是通讯作者。 冷泉港的主任花生，歧视女性出了名。何况周还是华人。花生到处去给萝卜游说。把周凉一边。外人只听花生的。哪里知道周。周在冷泉港待不下去，发配到啊啦八嘛大学去了，条件差，默默无闻。萝卜丝呢，得奖。条件好的很，但是自己做不出什么，原来就是靠偷人家周的东西嘛，没了周可以偷，萝卜丝也没辙。不过呢，花生给萝卜丝游说到了诺贝尔奖喔。 美国学术界战场上，抬下来的伤兵、阵亡将士，有的是华人。 这个苦说出来，后代不要重蹈覆澈，就要谢天谢地。 Schindler C, Fu XY, Improta T, Aebersold R, Darnell JE Jr. Proteins of tranformation factor ISGF-3: one gene encodes the 91-and 84-kDa ISGF-3 proteins that are activated by interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89（16）:7836-9. Fu XY, Schindler C, Improta T, Aebersold R, Darnell JE Jr. The proteins of ISGF-3, the interferon alpha-induced transformtional activator, define a gene family involved in signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89（16）:7840-3. Fu XY. A tranformation factor with SH2 and SH3 domains is directly activated by an interferon alpha-induced cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase（s）. Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70（2）:323-35. Fu XY, Zhang JJ. Tranformation factor p91 interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor and mediates activation of the c-fos gene promoter. Cell. 1993 Sep 24;74（6）:1135-45. Welte T, Leitenberg D, Dittel BN, al-Ramadi BK, Xie B, Chin YE, Janeway CA Jr, Bothwell AL, Bottomly K, Fu XY. STAT5 interaction with the T cell receptor complex and stimulation of T cell proliferation. Science. 1999 Jan 8;283（5399）:222-5. Welte T, Leitenberg D, Dittel BN, al-Ramadi BK, Hansen WR, Xie B, Janeway CA Jr, Bothwell AL, Bottomly K, Fu XY. The PTK-STAT signaling pathway has essential roles in T-cell activation in response to antigen stimulation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1999;64:291-302. Moriggl R, Marine JC, Topham DJ, Teglund S, Sexl V, McKay C, Piekorz R, Wang D, Parganas E, Yoshimura A, Ihle JN. Differential roles of cytokine signaling during T-cell development. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1999;64:389-95.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/world/asia/07scholar.html?pagewanted=1ref=world Uneasy Engagement Fighting Trend, China Is Luring Scientists Home Shiho Fukada for The New York Times Shi Yigong resigned from the faculty of Princeton University and became the dean of life sciences at Tsinghua University in Beijing. Sign in to Recommend Twitter E-MailSend To Phone Print Single Page Reprints Share Close LinkedinDiggFacebookMixxMySpaceYahoo! BuzzPermalink By SHARON LaFRANIERE Published: January 6, 2010 BEIJING Scientists in the United States were not overly surprised in 2008 when the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Maryland awarded a $10 million research grant to a Princeton University molecular biologist, Shi Yigong. Skip to next paragraph Uneasy Engagement This is the 10th in a series of articles examining stresses and strains of Chinas emergence as a global power.Previous Articles in the Series Enlarge This Image Shiho Fukada for The New York Times Shi Yigong, a Princeton University molecular biologist, rejected a prestigious $10 million grant to return to China in 2008. Dr. Shis cell studies had already opened a new line of research into cancer treatment. At Princeton, his laboratory occupied an entire floor and had a $2 million annual budget. The surprise shock, actually came a few months later, when Dr. Shi, a naturalized American citizen and 18-year resident of the United States, announced that he was leaving for good to pursue science in China. He declined the grant, resigned from Princetons faculty and became the dean of life sciences at Tsinghua University in Beijing. To this day, many people dont understand why I came back to China, he said recently between a crush of visitors to his Tsinghua office. Especially in my position, giving up all I had. He was one of our stars, Robert H. Austin, a Princeton physics professor, said by telephone. I thought it was completely crazy. Chinas leaders do not. Determined to reverse the drain of top talent that accompanied its opening to the outside world over the past three decades, they are using their now ample financial resources and a dollop of national pride to entice scientists and scholars home. The West, and the United States in particular, remain more attractive places for many Chinese scholars to study and do research. But the return of Dr. Shi and some other high-profile scientists is a sign that China is succeeding more quickly than many experts expected at narrowing the gap that separates it from technologically advanced nations. Chinas spending on research and development has steadily increased for a decade and now amounts to 1.5 percent of gross domestic product. The United States devotes 2.7 percent of its G.D.P. to research and development, but Chinas share is far higher than that of most other developing countries. Chinese scientists are also under more pressure to compete with those abroad, and in the past decade they quadrupled the number of scientific papers they published a year. Their 2007 total was second only to that of the United States. About 5,000 Chinese scientists are engaged in the emerging field of nanotechnology alone, according to a recent book, Chinas Emerging Technological Edge, by Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao, two United States-based experts on China. A 2008 study by the Georgia Institute of Technology concluded that within the next decade or two, China would pass the United States in its ability to transform its research and development into products and services that can be marketed to the world. As China becomes more proficient at innovation processes linking its burgeoning R.D. to commercial enterprises, watch out, the study concluded. Quantity is not quality, and despite its huge investment, China still struggles in many areas of science and technology. No Chinese-born scientist has ever been awarded a Nobel Prize for research conducted in mainland China, although several have received one for work done in the West. While climbing, China ranked only 10th in the number of patents granted in the United States in 2008. Chinese students continue to leave in droves. Nearly 180,000 left in 2008, almost 25 percent more than in 2007, as more families were able to pay overseas tuition. For every four students who left in the past decade, only one returned, Chinese government statistics show. Those who obtained science or engineering doctorates from American universities were among the least likely to return. Recently, though, China has begun to exert a reverse pull. In the past three years, renowned scientists like Dr. Shi have begun to trickle back. And they are returning with a mission: to shake up Chinas scientific culture of cronyism and mediocrity, often cited as its biggest impediment to scientific achievement. They are lured by their patriotism, their desire to serve as catalysts for change and their belief that the Chinese government will back them. I felt I owed China something, said Dr. Shi, 42, who is described by Tsinghua students as caring and intensely driven. In the United States, everything is more or less set up. Whatever I do here, the impact is probably tenfold, or a hundredfold. He and others like him left the United States with fewer regrets than some Americans might assume. While he was courted by a clutch of top American universities and rose swiftly through Princetons academic ranks, Dr. Shi said he believed many Asians confronted a glass ceiling in the United States. Rao Yi, a 47-year-old biologist who left Northwestern University in 2007 to become dean of the School of Life Sciences at Peking University in Beijing, contrasts Chinas soul-searching with Americas self-satisfaction. When the United States Embassy in Beijing asked him to explain why he wanted to renounce his American citizenship, he wrote that the United States had lost its moral leadership after the 9/11 attacks. But the American people are still reveling in the greatness of the country and themselves, he said in a draft letter. Fighting Trend, China Is Luring Scientists Home Sign in to Recommend Twitter E-MailSend To Phone Print Single Page Reprints Share Close LinkedinDiggFacebookMixxMySpaceYahoo! BuzzPermalink Published: January 6, 2010 (Page 2 of 2) These scientists were not uniformly won over by the virtues of democracy, either. While Dr. Rao said he hoped and believed that China would become a multiparty democracy in his lifetime, Dr. Shi said he doubted that that political system will ever be appropriate for China. Skip to next paragraph Uneasy Engagement This is the 10th in a series of articles examining stresses and strains of Chinas emergence as a global power.Previous Articles in the Series As a Tsinghua student, Dr. Shi joined the 1989 pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square. As a registered Democrat in the United States, he participated eagerly in elections. Multiparty democracy is perfect for the United States, he said. But believing that multiparty democracy is right for the United States does not mean it is right for China. Yet the re-entry to the politicized world of science in China can be challenging. Some scientists with weaker rsums have shunned returnees. In its biennial election of academicians last month, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinas highest advisory body on science and technology, passed over Dr. Shi and Dr. Rao. It also did not recognize Wang Xiaodong, a well-known Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator who recently left the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas for Beijings National Institute of Biological Sciences. The tension has spilled over into the Chinese blogosphere, where Dr. Shi has been attacked as insincere and untrustworthy. In a posting in 2008, Liu Zhongwu, a professor of science and engineering at South China University of Technology, said that Dr. Shi should be excluded from any projects that touch on Chinas national interests. Bear in mind, he is a foreigner, he wrote. The last year and a half have been like 10 years to me, said Dr. Shi, who says the criticism is redolent of the Cultural Revolution. I am rejoicing that I am still standing. But the returnees also have powerful friends, including their universities presidents and some officials within the Communist Partys Central Committee. Dr. Shi and Dr. Rao helped draft the partys new program to hire top-flight overseas scientists, entrepreneurs and other experts the latest incarnation of the governments campaign to lure its scholars home. In May 2008, Dr. Shi was invited to speak about the future of Chinese science and technology to Vice President Xi Jinping and other high-ranking officials at Zhongnanhai, the leadership compound in Beijing. Dr. Rao says the government is generous maybe overly so in financing science. The challenge, he said, is making sure that the funds are spent wisely, not simply handed over to those in bureaucratic favor. Five years ago, as head of a scientific institute at Northwestern University, he made the same argument in the British journal Nature. Dr. Rao wrote that connections too often trumped merit when grants were handed out in China. He recommended abolishing the Ministry of Science and Technology and reassigning its budget to a more reputable agency. His critique was banned in China. But last October, China Daily, the state-run English-language newspaper, summarized it in a profile of Dr. Rao headlined A Man With a Mission. It is going to be an uphill battle, said Mr. Cao, an author of the book on China. They are excellent scientists. But they must form a critical mass to reform the system. If they dont reform it, they will leave. At Tsinghua, Dr. Shi says he is optimistic. In less than two years, he has recruited about 18 postdoctoral fellows, almost all from the United States. Each has opened an independent laboratory. Within a decade, he said, Tsinghuas life sciences department will expand fourfold. Dr. Shi does not pretend that science there is now on a par with Princeton. Rather, he likens Tsinghua to a respected American state university. But in a matter of years, he said, we will get there. Previous Page1 2 Zhang Jing, Sun Huan and Zhao Nan contributed research.
标签: 华人
