协同学是一门跨学科的科学,它解释在远离热力学平衡的开放系统中的形式、自组织模式和结构。它是由赫尓曼哈肯(Haken)来自于激光理论的灵感所建立的。哈肯(Haken)解释激光原理作为非平衡系统的自组织铺平了在1960年代末协同学的发展道路,其中哈肯(Haken)是公认的创始人。他的成功的畅销书之一是《Erfolgsgeheimnis der Natur 》,翻译成英语是《结构的科学:协同学》。 自组织需要由许多非线性相互作用的子系统构成的“宏观”系统。根据外部控制参数(环境、能量流)发生自组织。 附录: Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium . It is founded by Hermann Haken , inspired by the laser theory. Haken's interpretation of the laser principles as self-organization of non-equilibrium systems paved the way at the end of the 1960s to the development of synergetics , of which Haken is recognized as the founder. One of his successful popular books is E rfolgsgeheimnis der Natur , translated into English as The Science of Structure: Synergetics . Self-organization requires a 'macroscopic' system, consisting of many nonlinearly interacting subsystems. Depending on the external control parameters (environment, energy-fluxes) self-organization takes place. Contents 1 Order-parameter concept 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Order-parameter concept Essential in synergetics is the order-parameter concept which was originally introduced in the Ginzburg-Landau theory in order to describe phase-transitions in thermodynamics. The order parameter concept is generalized by Haken to the enslaving-principle saying that the dynamics of fast-relaxing (stable) modes is completely determined by the 'slow' dynamics of as a rule only a few 'order-parameters' (unstable modes). The order parameters can be interpreted as the amplitudes of the unstable modes determining the macroscopic pattern. As a consequence, self-organization means an enormous reduction of degrees of freedom (entropy) of the system which macroscopically reveals an increase of 'order' (pattern-formation). This far-reaching macroscopic order is independent of the details of the microscopic interactions of the subsystems. This supposedly explains the self-organization of patterns in so many different systems in physics, chemistry and biology. the statistical properties of laser light change qualitatively at the laser threshold. Below laser threshold noise increases more and more while above threshold it decreases again. Below laser threshold, light consists of individual wave tracks which are emitted from the individual atoms independently of each other. Above laser threshold, a practically infinitely long wave track is produced. In order to make contact with other processes of self-organization let us interpret the processes in a lamp or in a laser by means of Bohr's model of the atom. A lamp produces its light in such a way that the excited electrons of the atoms make their transitions from the outer orbit to the inner orbit entirely independently of each other. On the other hand, the properties of laser light can be understood only if we assume that the transitions of the individual electrons occur in a correlated fashion. Above laser threshold the coherent field grows more and more and it can slave the degrees of freedom of the dipole moments and of the inversion. Within synergetics it has turned out that is a quite typical equation describing effects of self-organization. This equation tells us that the amplitude of the dipoles, which is proportional to A, is instantaneously given by the field amplitude B(t) (and by the fluctuating force). This is probably the simplest example of a principle which has turned out to be of fundamental importance in synergetics and which is called the slaving principle. ( Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms , vol. 2; Laser light dynamics - chapter 13) See also J. Willard Gibbs Phase Rule Free energy principle Fokker-Planck equation Ginzburg-Landau theory Alexander Bogdanov References H. Haken : Synergetics , an Introduction: Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, 3rd rev. enl. ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983. H. Haken: Advanced Synergetics : Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993. H. Haken: Synergetik . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982, ISBN 3-8017-1686-4 H. Haken: Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms ,North Holland, Amsterdam, 1981 R. Graham, A. Wunderlin (Hrsg.): Lasers and Synergetics . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1987, ISBN 3-540-17940-2 A. S. Mikhailov: Foundations of Synergetics I. Distributed active systems (2nd rev. ed. 1994). Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990, ISBN 3-540-52775-3 . A. S. Mikhailov, A. Yu. Loskutov: Foundations of Synergetics II. Chaos and Noise , 2nd revised and enlarged edition, Springer Series in Synergetics . Springer, Berlin — Heidelberg 1996 (erste Auflage 1991), ISBN 0-387-53448-2 . Norbert Niemeier Organisatorischer Wandel aus der Sicht der Synergetik; Deutscher Universit�0�1tsverlag, Wiesbaden, 2000, ISBN 3-8244-0524-5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)