中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之三十六 耕地保护制度 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 4.2.2 耕地保护制度 4.2.2 Cultivated land protection system 中国是人口大国，吃饭可不是小事。毛泽东当年提出的经济发展政策就是“以粮为纲，全面发展”，这是有道理的。近几十年来，中国经济高速发展，遍地是工厂。工商业上去了，但毫无疑问的是农业衰退了。现在，全国约 1.9 亿人依靠进口粮食来满足食物需求。我们说过吃饭是大事，不能因为现在农产品价格便宜就认为它是小事。有经济学家甚至建议政府，不必保护 18 亿亩耕地红线，只要有钱，到国际市场去买粮食就行了。这是极端错误的观点。食物是人类的基本需求，需要最可靠的保证；基本需求受到威胁，其他任何活动都无法保障。进一步讲，遇到非常时期，大家都没有吃的，用钱是买不到食物的。 China is a populous country and food sufficiency is a key issue. The economic development policy proposed by Mao Zedong was, “Take grain as the key link, and ensure all-round development.” His proposal is justified. For decades, China’s economy has been developing rapidly, with factories cropping up all around. Industry and commerce have been on the upsurge, but agriculture is on the wane. Now, 190 million people rely on food imports to some extent. Grain should not be neglected just because of its low price. Some economists have even suggested that the basic area of 1.8 billion mu of arable land does not need to be protected; and we can buy food in the international market as long as we have money. This is utterly absurd. Food is a basic human need calling for the staunchest guarantee; and if this basic need is threatened, no other activity can be ensured. Furthermore, in harsh times, there is no food to buy. Money is to no avail. 中国是一个有着农业文明传统的国家，历届政府都非常重视农业生产。在当前高利润房地产疯狂挤压耕地的严酷形势下，政府提出了严格的耕地保护制度，坚定地维护耕地安全。 China is a country with traditional agricultural civilization and all its governments have attached great importance to farming. Under the current situation of farmland being severely squeezed by crazy real estate expansion, the government has proposed a stringent farmland protection system to firmly safeguard the security of arable land. 中国耕地面积有 18.2 亿亩，听起来不少，但是中国有 13 亿人口。人均耕地面积只有 1.36 亩，是世界平均水平的约 1/4 ！不仅如此，遥感调查表明，中国耕地总面积呈现严重减少趋势。 1991 年，中国有耕地 19.6 亿亩 ，现在只有 18.2 亿亩，减少了约 7% 。人均耕地由 1.8 亩减少到现在的 1.36 亩，减少了近 25% ！作为食品供应的重要基础，中国耕地还面临着耕地污染和质量下降的双重困境。保护耕地，加强土地管理，守住 18 亿亩耕地红线，已成为国家的头等大事。 China’s 1.82 billion hectares of arable land is shared by 1.3 billion people, resulting in 1.36 mu of arable land per capita, 1/4 of the world average. Moreover, a remote sensing investigation shows a serious reduction of arable land. In 1991, China had 1.96 billion mu of arable land, but now it is reduced to only 1.82 billion mu, a decrease of about 7%. Per capita arable land has decreased from 1.8 mu to 1.36 mu, a decrease of nearly 25%! As an important foundation for food supply, the arable land is also facing problems of pollution and degradation. To protect farmland and strengthen land management, so as to hold fast to the base line of 1.8 billion mu of arable land has become top-priority task. 保护耕地，就是让耕地用于粮食生产的基本属性不改变。曾有一段时间，我在农村考察，发现一些地方政府为了招商引资，将大片的良田圈起来，作为工业开发区。工业项目没有做成，但农田却荒芜了。还有些地方，打着“占补平衡”的旗号，在农田上盖起了楼房，占据了耕地。损失的耕地怎么办？将农民的房子拆了，逼农民上楼，用农民的宅基地补充前面损失的耕地面积。殊不知，这种拆东墙补西墙的做法，对农业生产非常不利。中国的农业传统是精耕细作，耕地是越种越肥的。占用了优秀的耕地，用宅基地补充，可以说是以次充好，达不到平衡。更重要的是，农民上楼了，但拖拉机和农机具不能上楼。改变了农民的居住环境，让农民远离土地，造成了农业生产的困难。耕地保护的最终目的是粮食生产，今后那些破坏耕地或者造成耕作者与耕地脱离的做法，都应当制止。 To protect the arable land is to maintain the basic nature of arable land, i.e., for food production. Once I was doing an investigation in the countryside, and found that much farmland was being usurped to establish an industrial zone, because the local government wanted to attract investment. The industrial project failed, but the land was deserted. Also in some other places, in the name of “requisition-compensation balance”, people constructed buildings on the farmland. How do we compensate the farmers for the loss of their farmland? Their houses were demolished and they were forced to live in tall buildings, namely to compensate loss of farmland with house sites. But this practice of “to rob Peter to pay Paul” is harmful to agricultural production. China’s agricultural tradition is intensive and meticulous farming, whereby the arable land becomes enriched. To compensate rich arable land with provision of home sites is not considered balanced. More importantly, tractors and farm machinery cannot be stored in apartment buildings alongside their owners. The change of farmers’ living environment has taken them away from the farmland, causing difficulties to agricultural production. The ultimate goal of arable land protection is for grain production, and so the practice of damaging arable land or separating farmers from their land should be stopped. 为了保护基本农田，国家制定了更加严格的耕地保护制度。这些制度具有法律效力，包括《中华人民共和国土地管理法》、《中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例》、《基本农田保护条例》等。当前法律规定的耕地保护制度主要有土地用途管制制度、耕地总量动态平衡制度、耕地占补平衡制度、基本农田保护制度、土地开发整理复垦制度、土地税费制度等等。 To protect the basic farmland, China has now developed more stringent farmland protection systems. They have legal force and are protected by such laws as The Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China , Regulations on the Implementation of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China , and Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland , etc. Specific farmland protection systems include land use control, dynamic balance of total farmland, farmland requisition-compensation balance, basic farmland protection, land development and reclamation as well as land tax system, etc. 耕地是最根本的农业生产资料。要保障一个国家人民的生存安全，必须保护粮食生产安全。根据中国目前的国情，必须实行最严格的耕地保护制度。耕地保护既关系着每个人的生存问题，影响到社会的安定和经济的发展，也关系着国家在国际社会上能否持续保持独立自主的地位。因此，耕地保护制度决不能放松。 Farmland is the most fundamental means of agricultural production. To ensure the survival of the people of a country entails protecting their food safety. According to China’s current condition, it is highly desirable to implement the most stringent farmland protection system. The protection of arable land is related to people’s survival, affects social stability and economic development, and determines whether China can maintain an independent position in the international community. Thus, the farmland protection system must be firmly enforced.
标签: 耕地保护
