查拉苏斯剌如是说（ Thus Spake Zarathustra ） 之 自我超越（ On Self-Overcoming ） 作者：尼彻（ Nietzsche ） 译者：郑中 智者啊，驱动着你们、并使你们贪婪的就是你们所谓的“求真意志”？思考所有存在的意志，我称其为你们的意志！ 你们首先想使所有存在可理解，因为你们有理由怀疑：它是否更好理解。 但对于你们，一切存在应守规矩并且屈服！你们的意志要这样做。存在应变得对精神恭敬，如存在之镜对其反射像。 智者啊，那就是你们的整个意志，如权力意志一样；即使当你们谈说善恶判断时，也是如此。 你们仍想创造世界，然后你们可跪于其下：这就是你们最终的希望和陶醉。 的确，愚者、民众——他们就像一条浮着小船的河流；在这小船里，评判者戴着面具庄严地坐着。 你们把你们的意志和价值放在不断演变的河流上；民众所相信的善与恶，向我揭露出一种古老的权力意志。 啊！就是你们智者，将这种客人放到小船上，并让他们享受隆重的仪式和骄傲的名称——这就是你们和你们的统治意志！ 现在，这条河流推动着你们的小船前进：河流必须载着它。尽管破浪飞沫愤怒地抵抗着船底，但这几乎不重要！ 智者啊，这条河流不是你们的危险，而是你们的善恶之终结；但你们的意志自身——权力意志，就是生命不竭的创造意志。 但为了你们理解我对善恶之教言，我也想告诉你们我对于生命和一切生物本性的训言。 我追求生命，为了知悉它的本性，我行走在最伟大而又最狭窄的道路上。 我用一百面镜子，才捕捉到了生命的一瞥；当它闭口不言时，它的眼睛可向我说话。而它的眼睛向我说过话。 然而，无论我在哪里发现生命，我总听见关于服从的说教。所有生命皆在服从着。 而我听到的第二件事是：不服从自我的人，就服从别人的命令。这就是生命的本性。 但我听见的第三件事是：命令比服从更难。而不仅命令者承受着所有服从者的压力，而这种压力也可压扁他：——看来对于我，所有命令是一种尝试和冒险；而当生命一旦发出命令时，生命自身就冒着危险。 的确，即使当它命令自我时，它也得为其命令付出代价。它必须成为它自己法律的评判者、复仇者和牺牲者。 怎么发生这样呢？我曾问自己。如何使生命服从或命令，当发出命令时为何仍在践行服从？你们智者，倾听我的教言吧！严格检查，发现我是否匍匐进入了生命的核心，并进入了它心灵的根本！ 无论我在何处发现生命，我就发现权力意志；即使在服从意志里，我也发现主人意志。 弱者被自己的意志说服，以服役于强者，因为它想作更弱者的主人：这就是它不能宣布放弃的唯一快乐。 而当弱小者屈服于强大者，以获得统治更弱者的快乐；同样最伟大者为了权力，它冒着生命自身的危险。 那便是最伟大的屈服，它具有风险和危险，是面临死亡孤注一掷的战栗。 哪里有牺牲和欢爱，哪里就有主人意志。沿着神秘的通道，弱者潜入更强大灵魂的堡垒，并直入内部——从那里盗去权力。 而生命自己曾向我说出这个秘密：“注意”，它说，“我必须常常超越自我。” 诚然，你所谓的意志就是创造或推动，以达更高级的、更遥远的、更复杂的事物为目标：但这都是一回事，是同一个秘密。 我宁愿死去，而不愿放弃此事；真地，不管树叶枯黄凋落何处，看啦！就有为权力而牺牲自己的生命！ 我必须战斗，并成为目标及其对立面——哎，谁猜出我的意志，也就猜出了它绕着什么弯行走！ 无论我创造什么，无论我如何喜爱它——我必须成为目标和爱欲的对手，我的意志要我如此。 即使你们这些求知者，只是我意志的道路和足迹；的确，我的权力意志也跟在你们的求真意志之后！ 真的，谁用“存在意志”的教言来攻击真理，谁就不能找到真理：这种意志——就不存在！ 因为不存在者不可能有意志；而已存在者，怎会还追求存在意志呢！ 只要生命所在之处，也就有意志；但这不是生命意志，而是——因此我教导你——权力意志！ 许多事物被生命推崇为高于生命自身；而这出于崇敬之自我在讲——权力意志！ 因此，智者啊，生命一旦教会我，从此我将识破你们心中的谜。 真地，我告诉你们：善恶会永恒存在——没这回事！它们必须出自本性，一次又一次超越自我。 你们这些评判者，你们粗暴地对待你们的价值和善恶的教言；而这是你们隐秘的爱和你们荣耀的、颤抖的、泛滥的灵魂！ 但从你们的价值中，生长出一种较强的力量和一个新的超越；但向上触及到蛋，蛋壳就破裂。 而谁必须是善恶中的创造者——真地，谁就必须先成为一个破坏者，打碎价值。 所以，最大的恶包含于最大的善之中，而这是创造之善。—— 你们智者，让我们谈论罢，虽然这样做是错的。然而保持沉默就更坏；一切保持沉默的真理都变得有毒。 让我们的真理打碎可打碎的一切事物！但 不得不建造许多房屋！ 查拉苏斯剌如是说。 译注：尼彻在本节中很明显的表现出唯意志论思想，他对求真意志的理解是片面的（或许这里的求真意志专指那些宗教性求真意志），将权力意志全视为创造意志也是错误的；但他发现了有些求真意志、人类生命、价值评判、主人意志与权力意志的深刻关系，因此他主张人类要通过不断创造，推动向更高级事物演化，以实现自我超越，谋取权力，重估一切，觉悟者要打破沉默，并用真理打碎一切，重建新价值体系。 On Self-Overcoming “Will to truth” you call that which drives you and makes you lustful, you wisest ones? Will to thinkability of all being, that’s what I call your will! Youfirst want to make all being thinkable, because you doubt, with proper suspicion, whether it is even thinkable. But for you it shall behave and bend! Thus your will wants it. It shall become smooth and subservient to the spirit, as its mirror and reflection. That is your entire will, you wisest ones, as a will to power; and even when you speak of good and evil and of valuations. You still want to create the world before which you could kneel: this is your ultimate hope and intoxication. The unwise, to be sure, the people – they are like a river on which a skiff floats; valuations are seated in the skiff, solemn and cloaked. Your will and your values you set upon the river of becoming; what the people believe to be good and evil reveals to me an ancient will to power. It was you, you wisest ones, who placed such guests into the skiff and gave them pomp and proud names – you and your dominating will! Now the river carries your skiff along: it has to carry it. It matters little whether the breaking wave foams and angrily opposes the keel! The river is not your danger and the end of your good and evil, you wis- est ones; but this will itself, the will to power – the unexhausted begetting will of life. But in order that you understand my words on good and evil, I also want to tell you my words on life and on the nature of all that lives. I pursued the living, I walked the greatest and the smallest paths in order to know its nature. With a hundredfold mirror I captured even its glance, when its mouth was closed, so that its eyes could speak to me. And its eyes spoke to me. However, wherever I found the living, there too I heard the speech on obedience. All living is an obeying. And this is the second thing that I heard: the one who cannot obey himself is commanded. Such is the nature of the living. This however is the third thing that I heard: that commanding is harder than obeying. And not only that the commander bears the burden of all obeyers, and that this burden easily crushes him: – In all commanding it seemed to me there is an experiment and a risk; and always when it commands, the living risks itself in doing so. Indeed, even when it commands itself, even then it must pay for its commanding. Itmust become the judge and avenger and victimof its own law. How does this happen? I asked myself. What persuades the living to obey and command, and to still practice obedience while commanding? Hearmy words, you wisest ones! Check seriously to see whether I crept into the very heart of life and into the roots of its heart! Wherever I found the living, there I found the will to power; and even in the will of the serving I found the will to be master. The weaker is persuaded by its own will to serve the stronger, because it wants to be master over what is still weaker: this is the only pleasure it is incapable of renouncing. And as the smaller gives way to the greater, in order for it to have its pleasure and power over the smallest, so too the greatest gives way, and for the sake of power it risks – life itself. That is the giving-way of the greatest, that it is a risk and a danger and a tossing of dice unto death. And where there are sacrificing and favors and love-looks, there too is the will to be master. Along secret passages the weaker sneaks into the fortress and straight to the heart of themore powerful – and there it steals power. And this secret life itself spoke to me: “Behold,” it said, “I am that which must always overcome itself. To be sure, you call it will to beget or drive to a purpose, to something higher, more distant, more manifold: but all this is one, and one secret. Iwould rather perish than renounce this one thing; and truly, wher- ever there is decline and the falling of leaves, behold, there life sacrifices itself – for power! That I must be struggle and becoming and purpose and the contra- diction of purposes – alas, whoever guesses my will guesses also on what crooked paths it must walk! Whatever I may create and however I may love it – soon I must oppose it and my love, thus my will wants it. And even you, seeker of knowledge, are only a path and footstep of my will; indeed, my will to power follows also on the heels of your will to truth! Indeed, the one who shot at truth with the words ‘will to existence’ did not hit it: this will – does not exist! For, what is not can not will; but what is in existence, how could this still will to exist! Only where life is, is there also will; but not will to life, instead – thus I teach you – will to power! Much is esteemedmore highly by life than life itself; yet out of esteem- ing itself speaks – the will to power!” – Thus life once taught me, and from this I shall yet solve the riddle of your heart, you wisest ones. Truly, I say to you: good and evil that would be everlasting – there is no such thing! They must overcome themselves out of themselves again and again. Youdo violence with your values and words of good and evil, you valuators; and this is your hidden love and the gleaming, trembling and flowing-over of your souls. But a stronger force grows out of your values and a new overcoming; upon it egg and eggshell break. And whoever must be a creator in good and evil – truly, he must first be an annihilator and break values. Thus the highest evil belongs to the highest goodness, but this is the creative one. – Let us speak of this, you wisest ones, even if it is bad to do so. Keeping silent is worse; all truths that are kept silent become poisonous. And may everything break that can possibly be broken by our truths! Many a house has yet to be built!
标签: 查拉图斯特拉
