建议你在这个平台上查看详细的分析结果： 信息分析平台： http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?area=1600country=CNw = 数据来源： Data source: Scopus Title SJR H index Total Docs. (2007) Total Docs. (3years) Total Refs. Total Cites (3years) Citable Docs. (3years) Cites / Doc. (2years) Ref. / Doc. Country 1 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 0,208 124 141 399 9.859 2.217 394 4,68 69,92 UNITED STATES 2 MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 0,610 92 189 1.013 1.364 3.283 734 5,21 7,22 UNITED STATES 3 Drug and Alcohol Dependence 0,233 69 268 525 11.798 1.984 511 3,52 44,02 IRELAND 4 American Sociological Review 0,078 65 49 136 3.512 480 125 3,40 71,67 UNITED STATES 5 European Journal of Operational Research 0,056 65 848 1.598 22.354 2.803 1.571 1,53 26,36 NETHERLANDS 6 Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 0,158 62 111 292 4.384 772 274 2,65 39,50 UNITED STATES 7 American Journal of Sociology 0,125 60 38 111 3.848 471 109 3,68 101,26 UNITED STATES 8 Annual Review of Sociology 0,094 57 25 60 3.262 260 60 2,22 130,48 UNITED STATES 9 Journal of Marriage and Family 0,073 56 89 285 4.248 644 274 1,91 47,73 UNITED STATES 10 American Political Science Review 0,095 53 57 151 2.817 483 148 2,22 49,42 UNITED STATES 11 Information Systems Research 0,075 51 7 75 380 294 73 2,83 54,29 UNITED STATES 12 Health Services Research 0,267 49 140 374 3.986 942 331 2,76 28,47 UNITED STATES 13 American Journal of Physical Anthropology 0,253 48 176 463 12.264 986 446 2,06 69,68 UNITED STATES 14 American Journal of Political Science 0,069 47 62 178 3.377 447 178 2,16 54,47 UNITED STATES 15 Landscape Ecology 0,116 47 124 228 6.518 704 225 2,64 52,56 NETHERLANDS 16 Demography 0,162 46 48 114 2.538 352 114 1,95 52,88 UNITED STATES 17 Progress in Human Geography 0,071 46 54 146 4.162 618 133 3,80 77,07 UNITED KINGDOM 18 Urban Studies 0,049 46 127 366 7.336 709 357 1,78 57,76 UNITED KINGDOM 19 Accident Analysis and Prevention 0,104 44 151 407 4.631 836 403 1,96 30,67 UNITED KINGDOM 20 Social Forces 0,051 43 62 238 3.559 391 234 1,27 57,40 UNITED STATES 21 Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 0,072 41 155 358 6.551 686 338 1,93 42,26 UNITED KINGDOM 22 Environment and Planning A 0,052 41 175 372 9.089 786 333 2,29 51,94 UNITED KINGDOM 23 World Politics 0,049 41 17 57 2.416 121 52 1,75 142,12 UNITED STATES 24 International Journal of Legal Medicine 0,249 40 84 208 2.266 631 198 3,39 26,98 GERMANY 25 Journal of Social Issues 0,070 40 51 137 2.398 223 126 1,56 47,02 UNITED STATES 26 Review of Educational Research 0,079 40 20 49 2.393 199 49 3,14 119,65 UNITED STATES 27 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 0,086 39 42 146 3.581 438 143 3,05 85,26 UNITED STATES 28 Journal of Forensic Sciences 0,110 39 269 818 5.127 899 772 1,20 19,06 UNITED STATES 29 Journal of Research in Science Teaching 0,071 39 66 140 3.013 289 136 1,64 45,65 UNITED STATES 30 Quality and Safety in Health Care 0,287 39 93 357 2.260 1.126 260 3,07 24,30 UNITED KINGDOM 31 American Journal of Managed Care 0,299 38 133 494 3.020 1.047 407 2,60 22,71 UNITED STATES 32 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 0,072 38 207 435 8.204 850 396 1,99 39,63 UNITED STATES 33 Computers and Operations Research 0,062 37 226 538 5.891 1.078 528 1,88 26,07 UNITED KINGDOM 34 Evolution and Human Behavior 0,291 37 54 105 2.250 317 105 2,79 41,67 UNITED STATES 35 Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 0,060 37 37 129 1.327 156 109 1,16 35,86 UNITED STATES 36 Accounting, Organizations and Society 0,050 36 33 101 2.633 265 99 2,40 79,79 UNITED KINGDOM 37 International Journal of Geographical Information Science 0,100 36 61 152 2.131 379 145 2,44 34,93 UNITED KINGDOM 38 Journal of Conflict Resolution 0,052 36 39 119 2.080 247 119 2,13 53,33 UNITED STATES 39 Leadership Quarterly 0,060 36 38 138 2.943 396 116 2,87 77,45 UNITED STATES 40 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 0,076 36 42 108 2.526 484 90 4,90 60,14 UNITED KINGDOM 41 American Educational Research Journal 0,062 35 30 72 2.161 201 71 2,30 72,03 UNITED STATES 42 Information Processing and Management 0,059 35 118 249 3.331 552 246 2,08 28,23 UNITED KINGDOM 43 Population and Development Review 0,103 35 31 98 1.699 156 91 1,37 54,81 UNITED STATES 44 Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 0,044 34 57 154 3.977 252 139 2,02 69,77 UNITED KINGDOM 45 Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 0,163 34 102 310 6.110 478 298 1,63 59,90 UNITED KINGDOM 46 International Security 0,052 34 33 81 3.380 188 62 2,83 102,42 UNITED STATES 47 Journal of Politics 0,047 34 78 182 3.980 273 180 1,29 51,03 UNITED STATES 48 Progress in Physical Geography 0,110 33 40 95 3.608 234 95 2,47 90,20 UNITED KINGDOM 49 Public Opinion Quarterly 0,164 33 44 107 1.235 229 95 2,01 28,07 UNITED STATES 50 Annual Review of Anthropology 0,237 32 22 89 2.613 217 86 1,97 118,77 UNITED STATES
建议你在这个平台上查看详细的分析结果： 信息分析平台： http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?area=1600country=CNw = 数据来源： Data source: Scopus Title SJR H index Total Docs. (2007) Total Docs. (3years) Total Refs. Total Cites (3years) Citable Docs. (3years) Cites / Doc. (2years) Ref. / Doc. Country 1 The New England journal of medicine 3,288 469 1.880 4.829 18.248 55.964 2.305 24,58 9,71 UNITED STATES 2 Lancet 1,541 356 1.684 5.342 27.325 33.241 2.487 14,17 16,23 UNITED KINGDOM 3 Journal of the American Medical Association 2,170 329 1.022 2.996 16.560 27.614 1.524 18,13 16,20 UNITED STATES 4 Nature Genetics 8,038 297 329 929 7.502 15.017 778 19,75 22,80 UNITED STATES 5 Nature Medicine 4,009 287 402 1.323 7.050 13.798 899 13,59 17,54 UNITED STATES 6 The Journal of clinical investigation 3,548 257 477 1.395 23.171 17.721 1.287 14,03 48,58 UNITED STATES 7 Journal of Clinical Oncology 2,050 244 1.247 3.585 32.321 33.703 2.403 14,21 25,92 UNITED STATES 8 Cancer Research 2,014 237 1.529 4.387 57.744 34.157 4.238 7,70 37,77 UNITED STATES 9 Blood 2,260 232 1.610 4.409 57.815 35.016 3.904 8,87 35,91 UNITED STATES 10 British Medical Journal 0,638 202 1.275 4.268 8.424 13.121 1.660 7,55 6,61 UNITED KINGDOM 11 Gastroenterology 1,385 200 688 1.814 20.910 13.714 1.312 9,45 30,39 UNITED STATES 12 Annals of internal medicine 1,210 193 516 1.756 10.644 10.002 959 9,77 20,63 UNITED STATES 13 American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1,212 190 492 1.582 15.611 10.773 1.069 10,33 31,73 UNITED STATES 14 Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1,958 190 395 1.403 6.064 7.927 671 11,34 15,35 UNITED STATES 15 Development 2,984 180 427 1.532 23.461 11.206 1.465 7,32 54,94 UNITED KINGDOM 16 Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 0,841 178 775 2.829 25.681 17.889 2.614 6,27 33,14 UNITED STATES 17 Hepatology 1,409 177 519 1.318 16.423 10.111 979 10,15 31,64 UNITED STATES 18 Archives of General Psychiatry 1,334 176 181 443 7.315 6.541 400 16,31 40,41 UNITED STATES 19 Diabetes 1,755 171 425 1.502 15.466 12.830 1.463 8,51 36,39 UNITED STATES 20 The American journal of psychiatry 0,676 171 430 1.503 11.745 9.652 967 9,47 27,31 UNITED STATES 21 Diabetes Care 1,062 163 817 2.024 20.074 15.609 1.530 9,28 24,57 UNITED STATES 22 Archives of Internal Medicine 1,118 160 467 1.335 10.872 9.018 885 10,00 23,28 UNITED STATES 23 Stroke 0,826 152 725 1.980 16.911 10.464 1.580 6,51 23,33 UNITED STATES 24 The American journal of pathology 1,257 147 403 1.161 19.228 6.901 1.114 5,76 47,71 UNITED STATES 25 Annals of Surgery 0,934 146 379 896 9.181 6.420 678 8,28 24,22 UNITED STATES 26 Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1,472 145 424 1.363 16.325 9.443 1.150 7,80 38,50 UNITED STATES 27 Pediatrics 0,478 142 941 3.352 27.489 13.117 2.415 4,90 29,21 UNITED STATES 28 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3,739 140 198 400 10.416 6.116 355 14,39 52,61 UNITED KINGDOM 29 Cancer 0,677 138 767 2.362 24.937 11.132 2.198 4,84 32,51 UNITED STATES 30 Clinical Cancer Research 1,199 136 1.050 3.352 39.294 20.752 3.125 6,42 37,42 UNITED STATES 31 Hypertension 0,969 136 508 1.333 14.679 7.968 1.009 7,86 28,90 UNITED STATES 32 Kidney International 0,707 136 551 2.239 15.193 10.207 1.888 5,07 27,57 UNITED STATES 33 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 0,613 135 777 2.440 22.398 11.368 2.302 4,87 28,83 UNITED STATES 34 Chest 0,499 133 798 2.798 21.925 11.321 2.170 4,97 27,47 UNITED STATES 35 Journal of Urology 0,456 132 1.543 4.439 16.520 12.279 3.084 3,75 10,71 UNITED STATES 36 Gut 0,976 131 451 1.367 12.838 7.873 884 8,66 28,47 UNITED KINGDOM 37 Critical Care Medicine 0,613 128 818 2.227 22.082 8.944 1.279 6,64 27,00 UNITED STATES 38 Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 0,854 128 285 758 10.566 4.505 712 5,77 37,07 UNITED STATES 39 NeuroImage 0,768 126 712 1.895 36.553 11.978 1.884 5,71 51,34 UNITED STATES 40 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1,111 125 390 1.372 15.704 9.042 1.216 7,17 40,27 UNITED STATES 41 Free Radical Biology and Medicine 0,679 124 360 1.112 19.848 5.644 1.077 4,88 55,13 UNITED STATES 42 American Journal of Cardiology 0,596 123 874 2.686 17.897 10.228 2.448 4,32 20,48 UNITED STATES 43 European Heart Journal 1,169 121 679 1.535 16.194 9.135 987 8,95 23,85 UNITED KINGDOM 44 International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 0,656 121 726 2.055 19.384 8.788 1.804 4,70 26,70 UNITED STATES 45 Transplantation 0,548 120 652 2.207 17.003 7.006 1.817 3,71 26,08 UNITED STATES 46 American Journal of Gastroenterology 0,604 119 587 1.494 14.154 7.348 1.172 6,33 24,11 UNITED STATES 47 Pain 0,543 118 323 1.020 11.657 5.436 848 6,09 36,09 NETHERLANDS 48 American journal of epidemiology 0,765 116 407 959 13.144 4.822 785 5,57 32,29 UNITED STATES 49 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 0,342 116 185 572 7.194 2.585 454 5,32 38,89 UNITED STATES 50 Thrombosis and Haemostasis 0,503 116 405 1.222 15.646 3.624 994 3,78 38,63 GERMANY Title SJR H index Total Docs. (2007) Total Docs. (3years) Total Refs. Total Cites (3years) Citable Docs. (3years) Cites / Doc. (2years) Ref. / Doc. Country 51 Diabetologia 0,898 115 363 1.126 10.264 5.798 943 6,23 28,28 GERMANY 52 American Journal of Public Health 0,320 113 430 1.194 13.103 3.998 965 3,64 30,47 UNITED STATES 53 British Journal of Cancer 0,819 113 579 1.929 17.476 8.870 1.804 4,94 30,18 UNITED KINGDOM 54 Cancer Cell 5,860 113 123 404 4.537 6.262 386 16,30 36,89 UNITED STATES 55 International Journal of Cancer 0,791 111 784 2.353 32.741 10.348 2.187 4,65 41,76 UNITED STATES 56 Anesthesiology 0,335 110 470 1.550 11.201 5.055 1.013 5,25 23,83 UNITED STATES 57 Environmental Health Perspectives 0,418 110 473 1.835 12.548 5.821 1.005 5,32 26,53 UNITED STATES 58 Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 0,425 110 505 1.649 15.551 6.206 1.480 4,06 30,79 UNITED KINGDOM 59 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 0,364 110 449 1.192 13.569 5.887 923 5,81 30,22 UNITED STATES 60 Thorax 0,654 110 304 860 7.130 3.872 559 6,84 23,45 UNITED KINGDOM 61 Molecular Biology and Evolution 1,419 108 296 788 14.072 4.883 763 6,24 47,54 UNITED STATES 62 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 0,444 107 286 1.121 7.200 3.986 982 3,63 25,17 UNITED STATES 63 European Respiratory Journal 0,632 107 426 1.192 14.330 5.795 892 6,31 33,64 DENMARK 64 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 0,267 107 103 361 4.861 2.089 358 4,74 47,19 UNITED STATES 65 Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A 0,223 106 489 1.472 13.597 5.020 1.263 3,66 27,81 UNITED STATES 66 American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 0,336 104 703 2.250 13.460 6.484 1.904 3,20 19,15 UNITED STATES 67 Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 0,367 104 851 1.928 10.602 4.612 1.560 2,71 12,46 UNITED STATES 68 Ophthalmology 0,402 104 546 1.380 10.230 4.889 976 4,91 18,74 UNITED STATES 69 Annals of Thoracic Surgery 0,298 103 1.135 3.603 16.428 6.852 2.790 2,27 14,47 UNITED STATES 70 British Journal of Psychiatry 0,402 103 348 934 7.426 3.551 547 5,87 21,34 UNITED KINGDOM 71 British Journal of Surgery 0,443 103 344 930 7.177 3.471 681 4,92 20,86 UNITED KINGDOM 72 Cardiovascular Research 1,130 103 318 956 15.011 5.559 806 6,65 47,20 NETHERLANDS 73 Journal of Hepatology 0,754 103 296 1.076 10.082 5.129 821 6,44 34,06 DENMARK 74 Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 0,510 103 311 1.155 8.876 4.310 1.124 3,40 28,54 UNITED STATES 75 European Journal of Cancer Part A 0,695 102 349 1.180 12.718 4.903 1.099 4,48 36,44 UNITED KINGDOM 76 Journal of Neurosurgery 0,203 102 607 1.747 10.195 3.535 1.463 2,19 16,80 UNITED STATES 77 British Journal of Haematology 0,606 101 474 1.485 15.081 5.265 1.225 4,27 31,82 UNITED KINGDOM 78 Fertility and Sterility 0,264 101 710 2.418 16.188 5.732 2.152 2,48 22,80 UNITED STATES 79 American Journal of Surgical Pathology 0,596 100 264 747 7.779 3.183 635 4,61 29,47 UNITED STATES 80 AJR. American journal of roentgenology 0,281 99 763 2.202 11.136 5.550 1.936 2,67 14,60 UNITED STATES 81 Archives of ophthalmology 0,303 99 377 1.070 6.864 2.820 832 3,04 18,21 UNITED STATES 82 Journal of Pediatrics 0,415 99 532 1.484 7.307 4.406 1.108 3,49 13,73 UNITED STATES 83 Journal of Vascular Surgery 0,421 99 568 1.481 13.075 5.185 1.206 3,93 23,02 UNITED STATES 84 Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 0,736 98 379 1.319 13.369 5.651 1.200 4,53 35,27 UNITED STATES 85 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 0,248 98 497 1.831 12.084 4.302 1.291 3,27 24,31 UNITED STATES 86 Neurosurgery 0,209 98 1.635 2.664 17.465 3.704 1.418 2,34 10,68 UNITED STATES 87 Obstetrics and Gynecology 0,390 98 612 1.724 10.262 5.611 1.355 4,07 16,77 UNITED STATES 88 Urology 0,291 98 721 2.178 12.927 5.385 2.008 2,45 17,93 UNITED STATES 89 American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 0,729 97 465 949 21.106 4.241 925 4,48 45,39 UNITED STATES 90 Anesthesia and Analgesia 0,182 97 960 2.716 15.570 5.248 1.850 2,79 16,22 UNITED STATES 91 Annals of Oncology 0,638 97 512 1.348 13.590 5.542 1.079 4,96 26,54 NETHERLANDS 92 Biology of Reproduction 0,518 97 244 1.101 12.410 3.994 1.068 3,66 50,86 UNITED STATES 93 Emerging infectious diseases 0,669 97 504 1.476 8.351 6.411 1.103 6,23 16,57 UNITED STATES 94 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0,427 97 609 1.578 9.738 5.234 1.206 4,55 15,99 UNITED STATES 95 Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 0,447 97 740 1.977 30.430 7.398 1.948 3,55 41,12 UNITED STATES 96 Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 0,392 97 453 1.397 12.120 4.176 875 4,40 26,75 UNITED STATES 97 Journal of Leukocyte Biology 0,996 95 359 880 17.978 3.718 856 4,10 50,08 UNITED STATES 98 Journal of Investigative Dermatology 0,796 93 436 1.335 13.710 4.880 1.005 4,67 31,44 UNITED STATES 99 Evolution 0,586 92 248 758 16.280 3.587 741 4,44 65,65 UNITED STATES 100 Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 0,387 92 418 1.409 7.574 4.360 1.058 4,00 18,12 UNITED KINGDOM
诺贝尔奖得主平均每年发表多少论文？ 注：本文摘要已发表于《科技导报》，2008第14期，第96－97页，下载地址为 http://www.kjdb.org/qikan/manage/wenzhang/2008-06-0244.pdf 。全文将发表于《我们的科学文化》第4辑，江晓原、刘兵主编，华东师范大学出版社2009年出版。下面为草稿，请以正式发表版为准。此活儿看起来不起眼，但工作量很大，我的学生徐保军做了整整一年多！此工作有何意义？不好说。但它至少提供了几组数据供人们进一步分析，如不同领域的诺奖得主每年平均发表多少篇论文，他们的论文被引情况如何？得奖前后5年这些数据是否有明显差别？马太效应是否明显？等等。 适度发表论文对于职业科学家来说非常重要，一位普通的科学工作者一年理论上应当发表多少篇论文？用当今的科研评估体系检查一下著名科学家的论文发表状况，也许会为回答这个复杂问题找到一些暗示。我们（徐保军，刘华杰）基于科学引文索引文数据库，对1981至2000年20年间诺贝尔物理学奖、化学奖、生理学/医学奖获得者获奖前后5年发表论文篇数及其被引情况、H指数进行了分析，并绘制图表，试图部分回答这个问题。 中国很重视科学家在国际刊物发表论文，科研机构鼓励本单位科学家多发表有显示度的文章。实际上，这也差不多是各国的通行做法，只是程度有所不同罢了。但是，科研成就与发表论文毕竟是两件事。成果通过论文以及其它出版物表现出来，但后者在数量上的多寡，并不直接表征前者的质量。只不过在没有更好的定性测度方式方法的情况下，论文数量的统计一定程度上测度了科研的质量。就科学计量学、科学社会学层面，在统计的意义上讨论某个国家、某个科研机构的科研实力，SCI定量测度和引文分析是有重要意义的。只是这种统计不能过分还原到更小的时空尺度，不能简单地落实到每个人头上，虽然整体是由单个个体构成的。 在鼓励多发文章的过程中，科研管理部门、研究人员也在考虑，究竟发表多少文章合适？在一个因定性不足而定量的年代，发表少了肯定不行，但是发表多了，也可能出现问题。有的科学家被指一年发表了过多的SCI论文（郝柏林，2008）。 回答每年应当发表几篇文章这样一个看似简单的问题，其实非常困难，虽然实验室主任、指导教师等，通常会非正式地向单位的研究人员谈论到这类问题。这样一个问题与研究小组研究经费额度、所在学科和课题、课题的研究阶段、研究人员对发表论文的兴趣有关，当然也与成文或不成文的考核要求有关。实际上，认真思考一下会发现，对这样一个问题，可能不存在统一的答案。但是它又是每个社会发展阶段、科学发展阶段非常现实的问题，虽然不能直接回答它，但能否为回答它提供一些有益的参考呢？我们认为可以。 下面就对一批世界优秀的科学家发表论文的频率进行统计分析，具体讲是看一个时间段中诺贝尔奖得主在获奖前后发表论文的情况：（1）他们平均起来每年发表几篇论文？不同学科之间是否有明显差异？（2）获奖前后发表论文频率是否有显著的变化？（3）论文被引频次是否有变化？ ■数据分析 以科学引文索引网上数据库为数据源， 以1981－2000年这20年间诺贝尔物理学奖、化学奖、生理学/医学奖获得者为调查对象 ，选择Author主题搜索，将科学家名字缩写按规定格式输入，在搜索结果中，再次界定时间段，科学家工作单位、国籍等信息，在已有搜索结果进行多次再检索，尽可能得出选定科学家的准确数据。而诸如科学家国籍、工作单位、研究领域等个人信息可以通过相关传记(郭奕玲、沈慧君,1999；谭树杰，2001；姚子鹏、金若水，2001；傅杰青等，2001)和网络途径获得（数据库查询时间：2008年3月12日至2008年4月8日；另需要说明的一点是：多数诺贝尔奖得主获奖后会有1－3篇类似于获奖专题报告式的论文被收录，还有个别人在获奖后就去世了，但这些数据对于整体数据而言影响甚微，所以不予考虑）。将所得数据整理后可得出以下三个表格： 表8.1 1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者SCI数据（共计45人） Table 8.1 the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics from 1981 to 2000 (45 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次（Sum of the times cited）平均被引频次（Average Citations per Item）H指数（h-index）获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A17575100967.383919885290453.554761687 B116.8221133.567.388.6921.9561175.6453.5510.5818.744 C13.364226.7167.381.744.391235.1353.552.123.749 注：获奖时平均年龄60.91岁 A1：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B1：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C1：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 表8.2 1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者SCI数据（共计39人） Table 8.2 the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry from 1981 to 2000 (39 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A2193415162778.40913189512259464.698853849 B249.5903887.8778.4023.4148.5903143.4464.6922.6949.346 C29.918777.5778.404.689.718628.6964.694.549.869 注：获奖时平均年龄60.33岁 A2：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B2：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C2：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 表8.3：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者SCI数据（共计43人） Table 8.3: the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine from 1981 to 2000 (43 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A32133258857121.501168177816170590.959853911 B349.6056019.93121.5027.1641.3493760.5890.9522.9145.477 C39.9211203.99121.505.438.270752.1290.954.589.095 注：获奖时平均年龄61.12岁 A3：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B3：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C3：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 对上述表格中的数据可进行简要分析，首先，不同领域的科学家在SCI论文发表数量上存在较大差别。从表格中可以明显看出：1981－2000年这20年间，各个奖项的获得者在人数上差异不大，分别为：物理学奖为45人、化学奖39人、生理学/医学奖43人，这当然是一个很平凡的结果了。进一步，将上述三个领域内科学家发表论文数分别叠加平均， 他们年均发表SCI论文数分别为3.749篇、9.869篇、9.095篇 ，化学奖获得者年平均发表论文最多，生理学/医学奖获得者次之，但与化学奖获得者年均发表论文数目差距不是很大，而比较明显的一点是：物理学奖获得者年均发表论文数量要远远低于其余两者。但发表论文数量上的多寡在这里显然不能成为不同领域中诺贝尔奖得主科研实力的衡量标准，否则就会得出一个明显的谬论：物理学奖得主科研能力普遍比其它领域弱。 其次，不同领域内论文平均被引频次不同；获奖后论文平均被引频次普遍降低。论文平均被引频次是学术质量评估的一个重要标准，而由上表可知，在不同专业领域，平均被引频次也会有所不同，如物理奖、化学奖、生理学/医学奖获得者获奖 前五年SCI论文的平均被引频次分别为67.38次/篇、78.40次/篇、121.50次/篇，后五年分别为53.55次/篇、64.69次/篇、90.95次/篇； 另外比较明显的一点是，获奖后各专业领域内论文被引频次均明显低于获奖前，但如果考虑到时间跨度问题，即获奖后的论文在时间跨度上与获奖前的论文有5年左右的差距，我们可以合理设想，在此期间，获奖后发表的论文的被引频次仍可增加，那么这种现象就可以得到解释。当然，至于其增加幅度将会如何，需要另做统计。另一个猜测是，论文平均被引频次的降低也有可能是论文质量的下降引起的，但这仅仅是一种猜测，而后面物理奖获得者的H指数曲线图也并不支持这种猜测。当然，论文均被引频次中存在的另外一个问题是某篇重磅论文的高被引频次可能会导致某作者整体论文被引频次的迅速攀升，加菲尔德在《引文索引法的理论及应用》也早已提及（加菲尔德，2004，第230页），以1998年诺贝尔化学奖得主约翰波普勒（John Anthony Pople）为例，他在获奖后5年内共计发表SCI论文27篇，总被引频次为3532次，而他在1998年的一篇文章《G3理论在含有第一、第二序列原子的分子中的应用》（Gaussian-3(G-3) theory for molecules containing first and second-row atoms）被引频次则高达1093次，平均下来，他的这篇论文就会带动其论文均被引频次的快速提升。 第三，不同领域内科学家的H指数（h-index）有可能存在较大差异。H指数是加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校统计物理学家乔治赫希（Jorge Hirsch）在2005年正式提出的，受到了学术界的广泛关注，相对于数论文篇数和引用次数等传统做法，赫希教授认为H指数是更科学的指标，在指出传统做法优劣，鼓吹H指数的同时，他给出了自己的理由(J.E.Hirsch，2005)。而多数相关领域的专家也对此给予了足够的认同，H指数也很快被各大索引机构所采纳，但一个共识是，不同领域内的H指数不可比较。另外，赫希认为，H指数的一大优势还在于其预测能力（J.E.Hirsch，2007）。而所谓的H指数，是指一个人一段时期内有N篇论文分别被引用了至少N次(J.E.Hirsch，2005, p.16569)，例如1993年诺贝尔物理奖获得者泰勒（Joseph Hooten Taylor）1988年到1992年间H指数为20，则说明在此期间他有20篇论文每篇至少被引用20次。 分获奖前后五年，将各个领域的诺贝尔奖获得者的H指数依次绘制成图（图8.1），会有如下结果： 图8.1是1981－2000年诺贝尔科学奖获得者SCI论文H指数比较，由曲线图可知，代表生理学/医学奖的曲线5、6对应的y轴数值相对较高，代表化学奖的曲线3、4次之，代表物理学奖的曲线1、2对应的y轴数值则明显较低。一个直观的结论是：生理学/医学奖与化学奖的获得者H指数要明显高于物理奖获得者的H指数，但前面已经说明，不同领域内的H数值不宜相互比较。 比较同一领域不同时期内H指数曲线图，曲线3、5整体趋势分别稍高于4、6，说明整体而言，化学奖与生理学/医学奖获得者的H指数获奖前稍高，但相差不是很大，如果考察到时间跨度问题，这种现象可以理解，问题也就随之消失。而曲线2却高于1，再考虑时间跨度问题以及之前的论文数量在获奖前后的变化，我们可以大胆进行如下假设：物理学领域内诺贝尔奖的获得一定程度上有助于获奖者论文的发表并吸引更多的注意力。 图8.1 H指数趋势图 Fig.8.1 Trend of h-index 系列1：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前5年H指数曲线图 系列2：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者后5年H指数曲线图 系列3：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前5年H指数曲线图 系列4：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者后5年H指数曲线图 系列5：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前5年H指数曲线图 系列6：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者后5年H指数曲线图 第四，论文发表中的马太效应在此表现得并不明显。一般人很容易有这样的想法，诺贝尔奖荣誉的获得很可能会有助于其科研优势的积累，使其论文发表更为容易，仅就上述三表格所体现的趋势而言，并不能明显确证这一点。如表8.1所示，物理奖获得者获奖前后年均发表SCI论文似乎有明显增长，分别为3.364篇/年、4.391篇/年，年均增长1.033篇，增幅为30.71％；但是，化学奖与生理学/医学奖获得者年均发表论文数量却有所下降，获奖前年均篇数分别为9.918、9.921，获奖后为9.718、8.270分别下降0.02篇、1.651篇，降幅分别为0.2％、16.64％。对此，我们并不能明显得出什么结论，但值得注意的一点是他们获奖时平均年龄均在60岁以上（分别是60.91岁、60.33岁、61.12岁），如果考虑到年龄因素，比如获奖后，科研活动的参与频率日渐减少，论文量的减少似在情理之中。随后我们也会给出年龄低于60岁的获奖者的相关数据，进行进一步分析。还有一种可能的解释：获得大奖后，可以暂时休息一下，发表论文的压力、动力变小。 ■对年轻获奖者情况的分析 前面已经提到，获奖者年龄较大将会产生一定影响，为消除这个影响，我们进一步将获奖时年龄低于60岁的获奖者的数据进行整理，然后看是否有新的现象发生。 表8.4 1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者SCI数据（60岁以下共计19人） Table 8.4 the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics from 1981 to 2000 (under the age of 60，19 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A43623297791.102134342974268.53228793 B419.0531735.6391.1011.2122.8421565.3768.531220.868 C43.811347.1291.102.244.568313.6768.532.44.174 注：获奖时平均年龄50.16岁 A4：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B4：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C4：1981-2000年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 表8.5 1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者SCI数据（60岁以下共计18人） Table 8.5 the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry from 1981 to 2000 (under the age of 60，18 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A584598773116.894889948458485.095161859 B546.9445487.39116.8927.1155.2224699.1185.0928.6751.639 C59.3891097.48116.895.4211.044939.82285.095.7310.328 注：获奖时平均年龄50.78岁 A5：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B5：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C5：1981-2000年诺贝尔化学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 表8.6 1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者SCI数据（共计22人） Table 8.6 the SCI Data of the Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine from 1981 to 2000 (under the age of 60，22 persons in total) 获奖前5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖后5年SCI篇数总被引频次平均被引频次H指数获奖前后10年篇数 A61246189139151.807391170124393106.326772416 B656.6368597.23151.8033.5953.1825654.23106.3230.7754.909 C611.3271719.45151.806.7210.6361130.85106.326.1510.982 注：获奖时平均年龄50.86岁 A6：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年SCI各项数据总和 B6：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年平均每人/5年SCI各项数据 C6：1981-2000年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖获得者前后五年平均每人每年SCI各项数据 首先，一个明显的现象是，相比于表8.1、8.2、8.3所显示的科学家各项平均数据，表8.4、8.5、8.6中的年轻科学家在个人年均发表论文、平均被引频次、H指数等各项数据的变化上，均有提高，仅以物理奖获得者获奖前五年的平均数据为例，上述三个数据表1所示分别为3.364篇/年、67.38次/篇、1.74，而表8.4（获奖年龄低于60岁）则分别为3.811篇/年、91.10次/篇、2.24。考虑到表8.1、8.2、8.3中数据还包括了年龄低于60岁获奖者的数据，如单纯看60岁以后的获奖者的数据，它们则会更低，由此可以倾向于认为，相对于60岁以后的科研者，年轻人在科研能力以及科研质量上要更胜一筹。 其次，在同一领域，获奖前后，表8.4、8.6所显示的物理学奖、生理学/医学领域各项数据趋势与表1、3数据趋势基本相同；而相对于表2，年龄低于60岁的化学奖获奖者的数据趋势（表8.5）则有所变化，主要体现在：年轻人获奖后五年，年均发表论文要稍高于获奖前，增加1.655篇，增幅为17.627％，而表2呈现的则是下降趋势，年均下降0.2篇，降幅为2.017％，表2、5其它数据走势基本相同。 60岁以下物理奖、化学奖获得者获奖后年均论文篇数均高于获奖前，这可以视为物理学、化学领域内马太效应的佐证，但生理学/医学领域却并未出现这一现象。 第三，图8.2是获奖时年龄在60岁以下的获奖者获奖前后5年的H指数趋势图。比较图1、图8.2，H指数趋势图基本一致；对应曲线一一比较，图8.2各曲线均值要高于图8.1，再次印证了年龄在科研活动中的影响。 图8.2 H指数趋势图（60岁以下） Fig.8.2: Trend of h-index（under the age of 60） （此图略） ■数据反映的其它现象 接下来，将着重讨论数据调查过程中遇到的一些有趣现象，而这些是上述数据很难体现出来的。 首先，一个比较典型的案例是美国康奈尔大学的威尔逊教授（Kenneth G. Wilson,1936－）。1982年他因为在关于相变的临界现象贡献而获得诺贝尔物理学奖，而值得注意的是：他一度因SCI论文发表过少而差点职位不保。类似地，2006年《发明与创新》一篇短文《爱因斯坦如果在今天，肯定会下岗科技界委员呼吁不要以数量和经费论英雄》也曾报道过国内一青年数学家的案例，指出了单纯量化考核科学家科研状况的弊端。 对于威尔逊教授而言，他获奖前后五年间发表论文的数目分别为3篇和12篇，总被引频次分别为873、1380，平均被引频次分别为291、115，H指数分别为3和5，当然，当时还没有H指数这一概念，单从其个人数据来看，诺贝尔奖的获得似乎有助于其论文的发表。 其次，如果我们从所调研的领域中，随机抽取样本，会发现，大多数人在相对较长一段时期内，做的大部分工作都集中在某个特定领域，而其发表的论文很大程度上也集中在这个领域。以1998年诺贝尔物理奖获得者劳克林（Robert B. Laughlin）为例，他因分数量子霍尔效应的发现而获奖。他在获奖前、后五年分别发表SCI论文14篇、18篇，共计32篇，而其中关于凝聚态物质（condensed matter）的论文分别为7篇、6篇，共计13篇。其它还有一些论文本身就与他获奖的专攻领域有关。 还有一个猜测是，在调查过程中，实验物理学家在发表论文方面可能低于理论物理学家，这个结论尚待进一步确证。早在2000年，国家自然科学基金委员会研究员靳达申在一篇文章中就曾指出：我国物理界、化学界、生物界的科学家和材料界部分科学家比较看重SCI，而偏于应用领域的科学家则不太赞成以评价论文论英雄；而国际上很多科研团体也有自己独特的评价标准（靳达申，2000）。 一位科学工作者每年应当发表几篇论文？ 统计数据虽然提供了一定的信息，但对科研人员每年应当发表几篇论文这样问题的回答仍然不充分。一方面，如同哲学家休谟指出的由事实判断到价值判断的推理存在着天然缺陷；另一方面，正如尤 金加菲尔德曾指出的，我们要弄清楚这些数据到底能测度什么，不能测度什么，而对于其背后的社会学因素也要保持一种理性的观望。随着科研机构日趋庞大复杂，对于科学家工作的评价也愈加困难，SCI数据在这方面的作用勿庸置疑，但任何轻易的定论都是不负责任的。 基于调研数据进行分析，可以得出如下基本结论： （1）无论是从年均发表论文、被引频次还是H指数任何一项衡量指标来看，不同专业领域内的相关数据存在较大差异，不同领域内的评估标准应该是不同的，例如：较之于化学、生理学/医学领域，对物理学领域的科研工作者的论文发表要求就要低些。相关的科研管理部门，是否可以针对学科的不同，而制定有所区别的量化考核指标？ （2）论文考核应该是个软指标，如果教条地执行，有可能会导致个别优秀科学家被埋没，文中提到的威尔逊教授即是一例。 另外，从上文中的数据我们也可以合理推测： （3）不同年龄段的科学家在科研活动中存在差异，年龄因素应该成为科研评估中考虑的因素。而年龄的增大也将导致科学家科研活动频率和科研能力的下降。由于文中被考察人的年龄几乎均为中老年，所以不同年龄段的人如何进行更适宜的评估，有待另做研究。 （4）可以为科学家提供更为宽松的环境，这样可能有利于科学家个人在感兴趣的领域进行长期深入持久的工作，更容易做出实质性成绩。 上文中所用样本的局限性也会导致一些问题，例如一般情况下诺贝尔奖获得者自身的科研能力与成果都要明显高出一般科学家，所以我们自然不能以他们的标准来完全量化考核一般科学家，这些数据对于一般科学家应当发表多少论文的问题只是给出一些提示。（徐保军、刘华杰，2008） 在深度访谈过程中，一些科学家表示，每位科学工作者一年发表的论文应当在1－10之间，不同学科应当有所差别。每年发表25篇以上论文者，可以列入名单进行重点伦理评估。评估过程中要排除个别特别有能力、产量高又完全清白的科学家，但此过程也可以展示科技界的腐败问题，比如某些人不恰当地拿到了过多的科研项目，为了应付结题，不得不发表许多论文。这样，无须利用特别的监察手段，仅仅依据公开的论文发表情况，就可以一定程度上锁定科技界的不道德行为。 具体操作上，特别需要关注的反而不是论文发表少的情况，而是论文发表多的情况。一定意义上可以说：研究人员应当适度发表，多发表论文是不道德的。对于文科，这句话可能更有道理。当然，这不包括书评、杂文一类的非正规论文。
h指数研究外文参考文献 Provided by 赵星（Zhao Xing），2009.4.9 http://www.sciencenet.cn/u/zhaoxing/ h指数是论文影响力的一个测评参数，其简介可参见博文： 什么是学者的h指数？如何计算？（点击进入） 下面是我所能查询到的已刊出的341篇h指数研究外文论文（截止于09年4月8日，以后会再更新）。排序按论文出版年（但并非严格的刊出时间顺序）。其中除了关于h指数本身的研究，还有一些是评述，或研究其它对象时用到了h指数。 若有需要其中某篇论文而暂时无法下载，可与我联系 。除了部分会议论文外，绝大部分期刊论文应都能代为下载全文。 文后附有本文PDF格式供下载。 之前任胜利老师和刘玉仙老师也都曾在科学网讨论过h指数研究的参考文献。链接如下： 任胜利老师博文： 研究h指数(h-Index)应阅读的文献（点击进入） 刘玉仙老师博文： 单篇补充-----H指数应阅读文献（点击进入） h指数研究外文参考文献: Hirsch, J.E., An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005. 102(46): p. 16569-16572. Dahlgren, H., R.L. Jensen, and F. Valentin. Heterogeneity of intellectual assets - a method for identification and measurement with patent data. in 10th International Conference of the International-Society-for-Scientometrics-and-Informetrics. 2005. Stockholm, SWEDEN. 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（原文已隐藏，仅保留我认为有点价值且希望与大家交流的问题，希望能被大家说服） 假设我们用降序序列 da 来表示从某个引文数据库检索得到的某一作者名下的文章被引次数列表，即 da{c1,c2,,c(h+1), ,ct} ，其中 c1 c2 ct 0 。根据 h 指数定义，从左向右核对，如果某篇论文的序号 (h+1) 大于论文被引次数 c(h+1) ，则该序号减去 1 就是 h 指数，大于 c(h+1) 的引文数被定义为 h core 。从数学角度看， h 指数的计算思想其实很简单，其影响因素仅是降序序列 da 的长度以及其中元素值的大小。显然，如果 h core 中插入了一些数值，将引起 h core 长度的增长，这很可能导致 h 指数的增长。我们看一个具体例子， da{10,9,8 ， 7 ， 6 ， 5} ，数字 5 左边的都属于 h 核。如果 h 核中引入了一些大于 5 的数字， h 指数将增长。将同名作者成果、合作论文全都归于某一作者名下等情况均可能导致 h 核的增长。如果想提升 h 指数，最快捷的办法莫过于向 h 核中插入数字，按照 h 指数的原始定义，互相挂名即可达到这种目的。诚然，能玩这种行为艺术的需要有相当的积累，一个牛人不能从与学界新人的合作中得到这种好处。从理论上说，若有 20 个人，每人都能发表被引次数不少于 20 次的文章，他们联合署名，则每人仅需写出一篇文章即可保证大家的 h 指数都达到 20 ，进入国际大牛行列。设想两个学术水平相当的人，一个喜欢形式合作，一个不喜欢形式合作，采用h指数评价会得到两个人水平相去甚远的结论，这合适吗？与 h 指数其它形式的 rest on their laurels 的弊端相比，还有危害更大的缺陷吗？这个问题不仅影响h指数，绝大多数衍生h指数同样受影响，如g指数、A指数、AR指数等。 我提出的问题从数学角度看其实很简单，那就是h指数其实很脆弱，很容易被操纵。通过向h核左部空降大数（挂名）、h核右部拦河建坝（选择一个位置，从该值开始累加引用，左侧相应增加数字，直到该处可以成为新h核的右侧边界），即可使h指数合法地快速增长。 诚然，这是纯粹的数字游戏，沙盘推演。 我不想成为活靶，：）我提出的精确注水和合作式注水问题没有任何现实针对性，纯粹是基于数列的推演和思考。 我指出的h指数评价中的公平问题（对独著者的隐性歧视问题）和合作效应（h指数的增长空间从理论上来说仅取决于合作圈子大小），这些东西到底有没有价值，敬请大家各抒己见！
标签: H指数
