最近，有媒体报道中国境内出现转基因土豆一事，有关部门的第一反应就是组织专家辟谣。与以往食品安全事件曝光一样，转基因土豆是不是又是先辟谣，再肯定呢？我们的疑问是：中国消费者到底有没有吃了转基因土豆？有还是没有？普通公众不需要太多科学术语的解释，他们听不懂。 但愿这一次不要再应验了那句网络调侃语：“谣言，就是遥遥领先的预言”。 挺转专家大可猛嚼转基因，但我们怀疑转基因食品的安全性，我们有没有消费非转基因食品的知情权？还是那句话：既然转基因是安全的，健康的，环保的，为什么要偷偷摸摸地只让老百姓享用呢？ 国产土豆陷转基因质疑 农业部连发两文回应 http://www.nbd.com.cn 2012-12-11 11:03 来源: 每经网 http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2012-12-11/700223.html 每经记者 金微 转基因再度引起关注，这一回争议的主角是土豆。日前，有微博称国内出售的土豆很多都是转基因的，理由是：土豆切丝削皮后不像过去那样会变色了。对此，农业部官方网站连发两篇专家文章辟谣，称“我国还没有切开后不变色的马铃薯品种，”并称土豆是否变色与转基因无关。 但是，很快有网友上传照片，称市场上的确可以买到不变色的土豆，网友引述“北美土豆行业信息机构”的公告说，转基因土豆的一大“好处”是具有不变色特征。另有学者报料，肯德基、麦当劳等外国快餐店专用布尔班克炸薯条涉嫌转基因。 土豆是否变色引发争议 最近，网络上的一则微博称国内出售的土豆很多都是转基因，其依据是“美国的土豆削皮、切丝仍然变黑，仍需要水洗，可是中国已经没有这样的土豆了。无论在云南还是北京买，土豆削皮切丝永远不会变色”。《每日经济新闻》查询了解到，报料人署名为顾秀林，新浪微博认证资料为云南财经大学社会与经济行为研究中心教授、美国夏威夷大学农业与资源经济学博士。 这一说法引起不少网友的关注，评论中有网友称自已买的马铃薯会变色，也有网友表示自己买的土豆不变色，一时间土豆变不变色成为网络关注的焦点，网友们亲自作土豆变色试验。 日前，农业部在其官方网站上连发两文对此进行回应，对土豆变色作出科学解释。 文章之一《为什么土豆削皮、切丝变色？》指出，马铃薯薯块含有酚类物质和多酚氧化酶，多酚氧化酶能催化单酚、二元酚和多元酚到联苯酚的羟基化反应，进一步催化羟基酚到醌的脱氢反应形成醌，醌又在植物体内发生聚合，或与细胞内的氨基酸和蛋白质发生反应，产生黑色或褐色的聚合物。“薯块切开后，破碎细胞中的酚类物质在空气中被多酚氧化酶催化，产生大量的醌类物质，这就是削皮和切丝变色的原因。” 农业部同时刊出另篇文章《为什么美国土豆容易变黑》，作者为农业产业技术体系马铃薯首席专家金黎平。金黎平说，土豆褐变因品种而异，有些品种因薯块中的酚类物质比较多或多酚氧化酶活性高，削皮或切开后容易变黑，而有些品种不容易变黑；“另外褐变也受环境条件的影响，比方说低温冷藏后的马铃薯就容易褐变，美国的马铃薯一般都在低温库中贮藏，因此容易变黑。” 金黎平说，在国内马铃薯丝的炒制过程中，一般切丝后不会长时间放置，而且都会用水漂洗。马铃薯丝或削皮后是否变黑与品种、制作方法等都有很大关系，“只要在削皮和切丝后掌握好烹调时间、用水或热水漂洗均能控制好变黑问题，与是否转基因没有关系。” 另外，《为什么土豆削皮、切丝变色？》指出“我国还没有切开后不变色的马铃薯品种，而只是变色的程度和时间有差别；我国也没有种植转基因抗酶促褐化的马铃薯品种，市场上更没有听说有切后不变色的马铃薯销售。” 但是，多位网友报料，称自己买的土豆削了皮不变色，切开放着依然色不改，并曝光了土豆不变色的照片，一个小时土豆都无变色。另有网友@sapphir在网上贴出了对比照，试验时间长达3个多小时，记者看到，其中一种土豆切丝5分钟后就变成褐色，而另外一种土豆则不明显，三个小时后，当这款土豆变成黑褐色，而另外的土豆才变成褐色。 顾秀林在接受《每日经济新闻》采访时说，农业部不承认中国有不变色的土豆品种，但是这样的土豆品种的确存在，而且很多；农业部的声明说会变色的土豆不是转基因，那么不变色的土豆是不是转基因呢？这个真正的问题被回避了。“我认为极有可能就是转基因，早在年初我就获知中国种植了转基因土豆，但农业部”辟谣“绕开了问题。” 顾秀林认为，此事引起众多关注和质疑，最好的办法是农业部做一个公开的分子检测，让大家真的放心。“如果不变色的土豆真的不是转基因，我们也想搞清楚，是什么原因导致土豆的成分发生了这么大的变化。” 北京市荣德律师事务所创始合伙人戴长洪律师也认为，对于国民的质疑，做一个检测试验回应比什么都强。 中国是否存在转基因土豆存疑 对于农业部的回应，不少网友提到，“农业部还需要回答中国到底有没有转基因土豆？到底有多少转基因土豆？” 金黎平介绍，目前中国的马铃薯基本上是西部区域小种植户生产，生产上用的品种有100多个，包括几个外国品种，有些品种的薯块在削皮和切块后不易产生褐变，而且这些生产上大面积种植的品种一般都是上个世纪70年代到90年代育成的常规品种。 但顾秀林介绍，市场上有多款土豆可能涉嫌转基因，“这些土豆不变色，而且基本上不会腐烂，质感口感都变了，其中一款名为布尔班克的土豆转基因嫌疑最大。” 公开资料显示，布尔班克土豆是美国品种，由农业部种子局引入我国，是加工冷冻炸薯条新品种，目前这种土豆在我国多地已有种植，其英文名为"Burbank Russet"。 另外多篇公开报道称，肯德基、麦当劳等外国快餐店专用布尔班克炸薯条。如有报道称，“北京辛普劳食品加工有限公司是麦当劳长期的国际合作伙伴，也是一家在华的美国公司，主要生产供应麦当劳中国市场的优质冷冻炸薯条和其他土豆制品。中国新普劳引进了美国和荷兰的先进加工设备，加工中国本土培植的布尔班克(Russet Burbank)和夏波地(Shepody)马铃薯。” 据孟山都网站公开资料显示，布尔班克土豆为转基因品种。另有多家外文网站均提到布尔班克为转基因品种。 至于中国肯德基、麦当劳等快餐店所使用的布尔班克是否就是转基因土豆，是否存在翻译等问题。昨天，《每日经济新闻》记者致函肯德基中国总部，不过截稿前，肯德基没有对以上问题作出回应。 据旅美生物学者曹明华接受采访时说，在美国有一种名为“新叶”（NewLeaf）的土豆是转基因土豆， 美国人不接受土豆这样一种主食被转基因，2001年这种土豆被全美国麦当劳连锁店联合抵制，后来在市场淘汰了，现在转基因土豆在美国都只是严格工业用的， 而供人食用的都是非转基因土豆。 （实习生刘超对本文亦有帮助） 美国公司十年前就瞄准中国为转基因土豆有吸引力市场 作者：陈一文 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e4gx.html (2012-12-11 17:36:26) 转载 ▼ 分类： 调查研究报告详尽分析中国成为转基因土豆有吸引力市场的可行性与原因，以及对美国转基因土豆产业意味着什么，可能遭遇的困难与结论。为转基因土豆开辟有吸引力的中国市场，美国土豆产业十年来有组织、有计划策划了什么，有待披露，而必然遭遇农业部与之勾结官员竭力掩盖！ 美国华盛顿州立大学2003年发表调查研究报告的结论：麦当劳等主要食品公司 “已经拒绝在他们的土豆加工产品中使用转基因土豆，因为担心欧洲与日本反对转基因食品态度造成消费者强烈对抗（注：拒绝转基因土豆的主要食品公司不包括肯塔基，意味深长）。然而，最近的调查研究得到结论，中国的消费者看来对于转基因食品持更为积极的态度，中国或许成为包括转基因土豆在内的转基因产品的有吸引力市场。” 【陈一文顾问注：鉴于近来多方面工作太忙，歉难协助大家译出全文。懂英文网友看全文后，如果认为有必要全文翻译，或者节录翻译，希望协助翻译后将译文提供给我： cheniwan@263.net 】 Is China the Market for Genetically Modified Potatoes? 中国是否成为转基因土豆的市场？ http://www.agbioforum.org/v5n4/v5n4a06-curtis.htm 农业生物技术管理与经济的《农业生物论坛》网站： Volume 5 // Number 4 // Article 6, 2003 第 5 卷 2003 年 4 期第 6 篇文章 AgBioForum The Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management Economics Kynda R. Curtis, Jill J. McCluskey, and Thomas I. Wahl （作者） Washington State University （华盛顿州立大学） Major food companies have refused to use genetically modified (GM) potatoes in their processed potato products for fear of consumer backlash resulting from anti-GM food attitudes in Europe and Japan. However, recent findings conclude that consumers in China appear more positive about GM foods and that China may be an attractive market for GM products including GM potatoes. 主要食品公司已经拒绝在他们的土豆加工产品中使用转基因土豆，因为担心欧洲与日本反对转基因食品态度造成消费者强烈对抗。然而，最近的调查研究得到结论，中国的消费者看来对于转基因食品持更积极态度，中国或许成为包括转基因土豆在内的转基因产品的有吸引力的市场。 Key words: biotechnology, China, genetically modified foods, potatoes. 关键词：生物技术 中国 转基因食品 土豆 Decisions made by quick service restaurants and snack-food distributors in 2001 to avoid genetically modified (GM) ingredients in their potato products dramatically reduced demand for GM potatoes. Companies such as McDonald's, Wendy's, and Frito-Lay refused to use GM potatoes in their french fry and potato chip products for fear that consumers would consider the potatoes unsafe and lose confidence in their products ( Cook, 2000 ). Requests for non-GM potato products from the major food companies forced large potato processors to stop buying GM potatoes from US and Canadian growers. This resulted in decreased production of GM potatoes from 50,000 to 20,000 acres between 2000 and 2001 ( Thornton, 2003 ). However, a recent study completed by the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy ( 2002 ) revealed that the potential value from the use of GM potato crops in the US on an annual basis was approximately $86.3 million, with a 1.5 billion pound increase in the potato crop and reductions in pesticide use of 29 million pounds per year. The reluctance of the major food companies to use GM potato products is primarily due to consumer skepticism regarding the unknown environmental and health consequences of GM crops. The worldwide debate over the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has caused many European and Asian policymakers to ask for additional health and environmental safety testing for GM food products before they are approved for public consumption. The European Commission currently has 80 separate GM safety research projects underway, most of which are due to be completed in 2003 ( European Commission, 2002 ). Generally, European and Japanese consumers have little trust in government regulators. Sir John Beringer, former chair of the United Kingdom Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE), testified in a recent review of European Commision GM safety projects that Europeans are distrustful of the government regarding food safety, especially after recent outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Additionally, negative media influences and cultural preferences for tradition have played a large role in consumer skepticism. Previous studies on consumer attitudes towards GM foods in Europe and Japan confirm the lack of consumer acceptance of GM foods in these countries. McCluskey, Grimsrud, Ouchi, and Wahl ( in press ) conclude that consumers in Japan were willing, on average, to purchase GM noodles only if offered at a greater than 50% discount over non-GM noodles. Burton, Rigby, Young, and James ( 2001 ), in a study of consumer attitudes toward GM foods in the United Kingdom, concluded that infrequent male shoppers would be willing to pay an extra 26% to avoid animal and plant GM technology, whereas female shoppers would be willing to pay an extra 49.31%. In a study by Moon and Balasubramanian ( 2001 ), 46% of the survey respondents in the United Kingdom opposed biotech foods. In Norway, consumers were reluctant to accept genetic modification in meat and fish products but were less reluctant to accept GM vegetable varieties ( Kuznesof Ritson, 1996 ). These findings from Europe and Japan paint a relatively negative picture for the future of GM foods. However, it may be unreasonable to assume that consumers in all regions of the world would have the same preferences for GM foods, especially as there are a number of benefits (both to producers and to consumers) surrounding GM crops. Countries such as China, with a large and growing population, an increasing demand for western-style foods, and a growing biotech industry may find GM potatoes acceptable. Background on GM Potatoes 转基因土豆背景情况 In order to produce uniform processed potato products, potatoes must be of a certain size, specific gravity (solid content), and sugar content, with little or no bruising or internal discoloration. High-quality potatoes allow potato processors to operate more efficiently due to lower levels of potato waste. The farming practices employed by the grower directly affect potato quality. Traditionally, insecticides and herbicides were used in an effort to control pest and virus infestation. Due to environmental and consumer concerns, genetic modifications of the plant itself were developed to decrease or eliminate the use of chemical crop applications. Genetic modification in potato plants attempts to achieve the goals of insect, viral, and fungal resistance, as well as herbicide tolerance. Such modification provides the potato plant with the ability to protect itself from many of the common potato pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle and the green peach aphid, fight off fungus such as Verticillium wilt, and provide tolerance to herbicides, which fight off weeds. These genetic modifications in potato plants can result in a reduction in necessary pesticide applications (providing a safer environment for growers), reduced pollution from irrigation water run-off, and reduced public health consequences associated with pesticide ingestion. Growers may also benefit from the reduced need to scout their crops for pests. Genetically modified crops also reduce soil erosion, because they require less tillage due to the plant's resistance to herbicides. Additionally, GM potatoes are bruise resistant and have an increased starch content, which leads to less oil absorption during the frying process ( Thornton, 2003 ). As consumers become more health conscious, the demand for french fry and chip products has fallen off. Genetically modified potato products may provide a lower-fat alternative, which can be marketed to the health-conscious consumer. Why China? 为什么中国？ China should be considered a potential market for GM potatoes for several reasons. First, China currently has almost 1.3 billion people and is likely to exceed 1.4 billion by 2050 ( Population Reference Bureau, 2002 ). China recognizes that if it is going to continue to feed its people, it must find more efficient agricultural production methods. To this end, China is spending close to $120 million each year on biotech research. In fact, China is the fourth largest producer of GM crops in the world after the US, Canada, and Argentina, and has approved more than a dozen genetically modified crops for development ( Huang, Rozelle, Pray, Wang, 2001 ). Second, China is an important destination for US agricultural exports and has an ever-increasing demand for western-style convenience foods such as french fries and potato chips. This movement towards the consumption of western-style convenience foods in China is the likely result of increased incomes, busier lifestyles, and the availability of a greater variety of food options. Chinese income levels have increased dramatically over the last two decades, primarily due to average annual growth rates in per capita gross domestic product of nearly 8% since the early 1980s. The result is a growing middle class, composed primarily of singles and two working spouse households. Not only are prepackaged and preprepared meals now affordable for this segment of Chinese society, it is highly likely that they are seen as a necessity. A study by Curtis, McCluskey, and Wahl ( 2003 ) conducted in Beijing, China, found that 41% of the survey respondents consumed french fries at least monthly, and 48.4 % of the respondents consumed potato chips at least monthly. Also, interestingly, 80% of the respondents had eaten at a McDonald's or KFC in the last year. Marr and Hatfield ( 2001 ) found that consumers in Shanghai, China, spent 9% of their total grocery bill on snack foods. In fact, Pringles potato chips (a Proctor Gamble product) were found to be quite popular in Shanghai, even though they are priced higher than domestic brands. Increased processed potato consumption in China is evident in the expansion of frozen potato imports, which went from 6,600 metric tons in 1991 to 64,700 metric tons (a total value of US$49 million) in 2000 ( Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002 ). Domestically, China produced 64 million metric tons of potatoes in 2001. However, growers in China are currently unable to produce high-quality potatoes with the characteristics necessary for potato processing—primarily due to soil and pest issues. Third, as of October 1, 2002, regulations in China regarding processed potato imports require a US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) Certificate of Quality and Condition ( Russell, 2003 ). China does not currently have special requirements for GM potatoes. China requires that GM soy, corn, and tomato-based products have government approval for importation; be certified not to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment; be for sale in the country of origin; and contain labeling noting the use of genetically modified ingredients ( Foreign Agricultural Service, 2002 ). Fears concerning environmental and health hazards prompted Chinese officials to require labeling, but the level of debate concerning GM products has not reached the level that is has in Europe. The only instance of government interference over imports of potato products took place in 2001, when Chinese authorities halted and then restored imports of mashed potato powder used by KFC due to its higher than acceptable (by Chinese standards) sulfite levels ( Global Potato News , 2002 ). Finally, recent studies have found Chinese consumers to be positive about GM foods and in some cases willing to pay a premium for such foods. Li, Curtis, McCluskey, and Wahl ( in press ) concluded that consumers surveyed in Beijing, on average, were willing to pay a 16% premium for GM soybean oil and a 38% premium for GM rice over the non-GM alternatives. Curtis ( 2003 ) found that surveyed consumers in Beijing were willing, on average, to pay a 16% premium for processed potato products made from GM potatoes. Additionally, a 1999 survey of ten countries completed by Environics International ( 1999 ) found that Chinese consumers were the strongest supporters of agricultural biotechnology research, with the United States and India following close behind. Implications for the Potato Industry 对土豆产业意味着什么？ Recent studies, which show that Chinese consumers are positive about the use of biotechnology in foods and that the demand for western-style foods (such as french fries) is growing in China, suggest that there is a potential market for GM potato products in China. However, whether the present consumer attitudes toward GM foods are negative or positive, the consumer benefits of such foods and evidence of safety must be communicated to preserve and enhance markets ( Gaskell, 2000 ). If it is cost effective to do so, the potato industry should implement a dual marketing system based on the growing process—i.e. GM and non-GM potato products would be marketed based on consumer preferences in a particular region or country. Traceability requirements, aimed at eliminating the risk of mingling GM and non-GM potatoes, would include separation of the potato seed system, fields dedicated strictly to one growing process, processing plants dedicated to one potato type, and full labeling before shipment. Policymakers worldwide are now instituting labeling requirements for such items as country of origin, process attributes, and genetically engineered ingredients. A dual marketing system would conform to these new standards. As Louriero ( 2003 ) points out, a total traceability system for GMO products may be too expensive to implement, "yet it may be the only solution for the European Union in the short run until consumer confidence is restored" (p. 21). Complications 难题 An additional consideration is that multinational food companies are generally concerned about their brand name and company image. Started partly in response to the best seller Fast Food Nation ( Schlosser, 2001 ) as well as recent lawsuits against quick service restaurants, there is now a movement by food companies to market themselves as providers of healthier snacks ( McKay, 2002 ). If GM potato products are not perceived by consumers as healthy, selling them in China might possibly damage the food company's image. Further, there may be criticism that GM products are being sold to consumers in a developing country, while non-GM products are being offered to consumers in Europe and Japan. Some developing countries have refused food aid that may have contained GM products. In contrast, one of the primary concerns voiced in developing countries is the issue of the right or ability to save seeds from GM crops. Another counterargument is found in the United States, where GM products (not including potatoes) are being sold to American consumers. Conclusions 结论 Based on consumer attitudes toward GM foods in Europe and Japan, quick service restaurants and snack-food companies stopped using GM potato ingredients in their food products. Hence, an infant industry in GM potatoes disappeared due to a lack of demand. Additionally, consumers may benefit through reduced-fat potato products. This article provides evidence of a potential market for GM potato products in China. Increased demand for western-style convenience foods, growing income levels, favorable import regulations, and positive consumer perceptions of GM foods and the application of biotechnology to crops provide grounds for optimism. Finally, a dual marketing system for GM and non-GM products is needed in order to market GM potato products to China. It is necessary to evaluate consumer attitudes toward GM foods in each country and/or region, so that retailer marketing strategies can be properly implemented. Certification may be needed to reassure consumers who are concerned about the potential health and environmental consequences of GM food products. The traceability requirements for certification would include segregation of GM seed, potato plants, and yields up to the labeling process. This type of marketing system may provide an efficient way of dealing with new worldwide labeling requirements. References 参考文献 Burton , M., Rigby, D., Young, T., James, S. (2001). 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McCluskey is an assistant professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Washington State University. Thomas I. Wahl is director of the International Marketing Program for Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) Center and professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Washington State University. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the IMPACT Center at Washington State University. The authors thank without implicating Quan Li for helpful discussion.
5 Reasons "Data Scientists" are Sexy Data scientists have earned bragging rights to the moniker “world’s sexiest“ for many reasons. 五个理由 http://smartdatacollective.com/dashboard-advisor/87646/5-reasons-data-scientists-are-sexy?ref=node_related_posts
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