近日，LetPub举办了主题为 《 The Science of Scientific Technical Writing: How to Achieve Greater Control of Reader Interpretations 》 的微信公开课，LetPub编辑主管Lindsey女士在最基本的语法层面上，更深入地从高级科技写作的角度，指导作者如何通过有效的语言修订为文章审稿人和学界读者传递精准的信息和令人信服的结论。（ 点击下载课程音频与讲义 ） 授课讲师Lindsey Gendall女士曾就职于Elsevier和Pearson等知名国际学术出版社，熟谙期刊的发表流程和标准；她也曾司职哈佛大学医学院，协助医学院教授和临床医生在Science, Nature, Science Translational Medicine等期刊编辑发表高水平论文，并与塔夫茨大学和北海道大学的研究人员合作编辑刊手稿。 课后大家也结合自身情况提出了一些与科学论文写作相关的问题。我们在课后选择了一些代表性的问题进行了QA整理，现分享给大家，相信可以为你带来一些收获。 Q: How to write articles more fluent for a non-native English person A: Thank you for your question! Here are two ways to learn how to write more fluently in English: 1) Read as many scientific articles as you can. There are open access journals that provide full access to their articles. PubMed is also a great online resource for reading scientific literature. The more you read in English, the more you will become familiar with the grammatical patterns and word usage. 2) Practice writing in English as much as you can. The more you practice, the more your writing will improve. In addition, try to review English language writing resources and practice some vocabulary. Q: 老师请问一下，从句套从句，使句子结构复杂，这种做法可取吗？ A: Yes, a complex sentence by definition includes a main clause (independent clause) and at least one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses. Thank you for your question! Q: 在写论文的时候，感觉看文献方面有时非常困难，很疑惑，具体表现在：1.不知是否需要整篇文献都看下来还是只看摘要部分；2.有时在pubmed上就算输入了关键字检索仍然找不到影响因子高的文章，对此感觉很苦恼。不知是否有解决的办法？请老师指点迷津，谢谢！ A: I would recommend that you read the entire article to gain more familiarity with English writing. The more you read the more you will become familiar with English. I understand your difficulty in not being able to find full articles on PubMed; not all of their articles are provided in full. I recommend searching for high impact open access journals. There are great resources such as this web site: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access-journals-impact-factors.php You should be able to find full length articles by searching for high impact open access journals; I hope this helps. Thank you for your question! Q: May u provide us some good paper for us to learn? A: Sure! The Nature journals web site (http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/english-communication-for-scientists-14053993/118519636) has a link that includes a good example Abstract, Introduction etc with explanations. This is a good resource to learn how to write various sections of a scientific paper. Thank you for your question! Q: 从读者的角度重新审视写作，那这意味着主要读者是审稿人和编辑还是更广大的科技工作者？或者说二者本身就不矛盾？ A: Yes, I was referring to readers in general as well as peer reviewers and journal editors. Thank you for your question! Q: 老师，对非英语人士来说怎样才能写出更地道的论文 A: As I mentioned before, there are two ways to learn how to write more fluently (and more sophisticatedly) in English: 1) Read as many scientific articles as you can. There are many open access journals that provide full access to their articles. PubMed is also a great online resource for reading scientific literature (you can also try searching for high impact open access journals). The more you read in English, the more you will become familiar with the grammatical patterns and word usage. 2) Practice writing in English as much as you can. The more you practice, the more your writing will improve. In addition, try to review English language writing resources and practice reviewing some vocabulary. Thank you for your question! Q: sometimes i have problem focusing and comprehension the paper. i don't know whether it because of my background insufficient or the autour's language. can you give us a good paper conform to the rules to better understand tonight's course? A: Sure! The Nature journals web site (http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/english-communication-for-scientists-14053993/118519636)has a link that includes a good example Abstract, Introduction etc with explanations. This is a good resource to learn how to write various sections of a scientific paper. Thank you for your question! By the way, if you are having trouble comprehending a paper, it seems that you may need to practice your English language skills a bit more. I recommend reading as much as you can in English and searching for English language writing exercises online. Thank you for your question! Q: May I know how to make the reading less boring if there are always simple and plain sentences as it may easy to understand? A: The important thing to remember is that scientific writing should be as clear and straightforward as possible. Nowadays most high impact journals recommend that authors write using a simple active voice writing style. I recommend that you read high impact journal articles to learn how to use similar English words and phrases in your writing. A good resource can be found here: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/effective-writing-13815989. Q: Is there any difference about the logic thinking between Chinese and westerners？ A: The biggest difference I have noticed is that Eastern authors seem to still adhere to passive voice writing, as opposed to active voice writing. Nowadays most high impact journals recommend that authors write using a simple active voice writing style. I recommend that you read high impact journal articles to learn how to use similar English words and phrases in your writing. A good resource can be found here:http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/effective-writing-13815989. Thank you for your question! Q: how can one's article catch the editor's attention successfully? A: An article will catch a journal editor's attention if it is written in a clear, straightforward way. Clear writing makes your results more accessible, and therefore, more impactful to the reader. Don't obscure your main points with long, complicated and poorly punctuated sentences (my presentation talked a lot about this). Thank you for your question! Q: How to write a Good story? And are there any rules to follow to make it logical and attractive? A: As I mentioned, a scientific article will catch a journal editor's attention if it is written in a clear, straightforward way. Clear writing makes your results more accessible, and therefore, more impactful to the reader. Don't obscure your main points with long, complicated and poorly punctuated sentences (my presentation talked a lot about this). Thank you for your question! LetPub的使命是帮助世界各地的研究人员在国际著名期刊发表论文。我们在线提供了丰富的智库资源与写作素材，给予科研作者SCI论文写作与发表方面的支持与指导。 今后 LetPub 也会开展更多线上及线下论文讲座，为国内科研作者提供学术论文写作方面的讲座指导。欢迎大家关注 LetPub ，了解更多课程资讯及写作指导。 详情请见： http://www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=wechat2016 投稿热门SCI期刊影响因子及投稿分析（点击期刊名可快速查询）： PLOS ONE 、 Medicine 、 Cell Research 、 Scientific Reports 、 JBC 、 Molecular Biology Reports 、 Oncology Reports 、 Oncotarget 、 Biomed Research International 、 International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 、 BMC GENOMICS LetPub最新推出 SCI论文查重 服务，为作者确定论文在语言重复率上是否达到要求。 SCI论文查重相似率 如何理解？ SCI论文查重标准 如何确定？ SCI论文查重软件 -- crosscheck查重原理 是什么？ SCI论文英语润色 │ 同行资深专家修改 │ 专业论文翻译 │ 格式排版整理 │ SCI论文图片处理 │ VideoAbstract 学术翻译英译中 │ SCI论文查重 │ LaTeX论文润色 │ SCI论文写作讲座 │ 联系我们
我们以前说过在一句话中包含列表的时候要注意使用 平行句式 ，今天我们来介绍如何区别两种不同形式的列表。 先来看一个例句：Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. 这一句里neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, 和 cancer就是列表里的三个项目。 我们在句子中列表的时候会有两种情况：一种是列出所有项目，即 完全列表（exhaustive list） ，另一种是只列出部分项目，即 不完全列表（non-exhaustive list） 。通常后一种情况出现得更多一些，尤其是在论文的前言和讨论部分介绍一些概括性的知识的时候。上面的例句就是不完全列表，我们只是举了三个疾病的例子。我们先用了一个概括性的词语（diseases），然后用such as表明后面列出的只是一些例子，是一个不完全列表。正因为such as已经表明这是一个不完全列表了，那么在列表结束的时候就不需要再加etc，and so on，或者and others这样的字眼。这些字眼没有必要，而且不够正式，虽然我们可能会在非正式的文本中看到，或者在口语中用到，在科技论文写作中一定要避免。 除了such as以外，我们还可以用including来引入不完全列表。所以上面的例句也可以改成Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. 同样，读者看到including的时候，已经知道这是一个不完全列表，后面不要加etc，and so on，或者and others这样的字眼。Such as和including这两个词在这样的句式里存在非常细微的差别，such as表明后面列表中的项目是前面概括性词语的几个例子，而including表明前面概括性词语包含后面列表中的所有项目。这一差别多数时候并不明显，所以我们可以认为such as和including在这样的句式里可以互换。在口语里人们经常用like来代替such as，比如I want to get some dessert, like a cupcake.但是科技论文写作中我们要避免使用like来引入不完全列表，因为这个词不够正式。 我们的例句在列表里列了三项，这是因为这种结构最符合英文的习惯，列表包含三项的句子在英语中读起来最自然。我们可以列出更多和oxidative stress有关的疾病，几乎所有疾病都和它有关，但是既然读者已经知道这是一个不完全列表，我们就没有必要多写。我们在实际写作的时候，可以列出和你的论文最相关的三项，当然如果你的论文确实涉及更多方面，多列几项也是可以的。 我们在论文中描述具体方法和结果的时候，可能会用到完全列表。这个时候要避免不完全列表，因为我们要告诉读者所有的方法和结果，而不是只描述其中的一部分。Such as和including就不能用，会使读者误认为是不完全列表。 Mice were sacrificed and the heart, lung, liver, and kidney were removed and fixed in 10% formalin. 这句里我们就不用在列出四个器官之前加一个概括性的词语。再来看几个完全列表的例句： (1) One week after tumor cell inoculation on the back of the mice, we tested the following treatments: cisplatin alone, moxibustion alone, and cisplatin and moxibustion combined. 这句里我们用the following和冒号来引入完全列表。 (2) To determine which signaling pathway contributed to the apoptosis-inhibiting effect we observed with the ginseng extract, we treated the cells with three different inhibitors: the MEK inhibitor U0126, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, and the TGFβ inhibitor SB431542. 这句里我们先给出列表中项目的数量，然后给出列表。这句里我们用了冒号，换成逗号也可以。这种句式要记住前面的数字和后面列出的项目数一定要一致。 (3) The treatments we tested were cisplatin alone, moxibustion alone, and cisplatin and moxibustion combined. 这里我们直接把列表的项目接在动词were后面。这里要注意的是were和后面列表的内容之间不能用冒号隔开，这一点和中文的习惯不一样。英文里用冒号的时候，冒号前面必须是一句完整的句子。The treatments we tested were不是一个完整的句子，所以不能用冒号，如果一定要用冒号需要改成：The treatments we tested were as follows: cisplatin alone, moxibustion alone, and cisplatin and moxibustion combined. 总结起来，不完全列表的写法比较单一，在一个概括性的词语之后用such as或者including来引入列表，最好是只列三项，后面不要加etc, and so on, and others这样的字眼。完全列表不能用such as和including，很多时候在动词to be之后直接给出列表就可以了。 （转载请注明来自LetPub中文官网： www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=sci_writing_58 ） 投稿热门SCI期刊影响因子及投稿分析（点击期刊名可快速查询）： PLOS ONE 、 Medicine 、 Cell Research 、 Scientific Reports 、 JBC 、 Molecular Biology Reports 、 Oncology Reports 、 Oncotarget 、 Biomed Research International 、 International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 、 BMC GENOMICS LetPub最新推出 SCI论文查重 服务，为作者确定论文在语言重复率上是否达到要求。 SCI论文查重相似率 如何理解？ SCI论文查重标准 如何确定？ SCI论文查重软件 -- crosscheck查重原理 是什么？ SCI论文英语润色 │ 同行资深专家修改 │ 专业论文翻译 │ 格式排版整理 │ SCI论文图片处理 学术翻译英译中 │ SCI论文查重 │ LaTeX论文润色 │ SCI论文写作讲座 │ 联系我们
Last July, 2015 Annual Geographical Science Editing and Publishing Workshop was held in Xining, Qinghai Province, I made a lecture with the topic of English Scientific Paper Preparation and Publishing, particularly on the mistakes that authors often make or neglect. Today, I read this PPT once again, and think it could be some use to the young scientists or students, thus I upload it here. 我国作者英文论文撰写和投稿中存在的常见问题20150705.ppt
现代英语的发展趋势是，少用标点，追求简单。 l 使用句号结束完整的句子 科技写作的趋势是淘汰分号，只用句号作为句子的结束。 例 1 TS-25 was a heat inducible mutant; thus , it was given the prefix “TS.” 修改后的例 1 ： TS-25 was a heat inducible mutant. Thus , it was given the prefix “TS.” l 使用分号连接两个独立句 当两个含义密切相关的句子未使用并列连词（如 “and”, “or,” and “but.” ）相连，可使用分号连接。不过，请记住科技写作的趋势是淘汰分号。 例 2 Some viruses are deadly; others are not. 或 Some viruses are deadly. Others are not. l 使用逗号使表达清晰且重点突出 检查每句话是否存在阅读障碍，然后决定短语或句子是否需要逗号。请看下例： 例 3 Although samples were incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hr we did not observe any change in the growth pattern. 该句中逗号的位置不同，句子会有不同的解释： 解释 A Although samples were incubated at 37℃ for 24 hr, we did not observe any change in the growth pattern. 解释 B Although samples were incubated at 37℃ , for 24 hr we did not observe any change in the growth pattern. 以下这些情况需要使用逗号： (a) 附属从句或长的副词短语出现在主陈述句之前时需要逗号。 (b) 在句首作为引导性短语的过渡词和短语通常以逗号隔开。 例 4 Propanol, ethanol, and butanol are all organic alcohols. However, aerosol is not an organic alcohol. ( 或 : Aerosol, however , is not an organic alcohol.) 但是，如果在过渡词前或后加逗号会破坏句子的流畅性，则不应使用，如： 例 5 The cells absorbed the dye and were therefore blue. l 在一系列并列关系的事物间用逗号分隔，同时 “and” 之前也要使用逗号 用逗号分隔并列关系的系列事物，在美式科技写作中，在连接系列事物的 “and” 一词前要使用逗号。 例 6 E. coli can produce septicemia, meningitis, and pneumonia. l 对于复杂的系列事物可以使用分号和（或）数字序号 分隔彼此独立但又具有相关性的从句不要使用 “and,” “or” 或 “but” ，要使用分号，不过使用分号的做法在英语中有被废除的趋势。当一系列并列关系的句子特别长，特别是这些句子本身已包含标点符号时，应该用分号或数字序号分隔它们。使用冒号引出清单或系列事物。 l 避免使用连字符 尽量避免使用连字符。 “cooperation” 和 “rearranged” 这类词不必使用连字符，连字符用于下列情况：两个或多个单词串，如 “English-speaking” 和 “high-pressure” ，以及词汇中包含大写字母和名词或数字和名词，如 “N-terminal” 和 “100-fold” 。 l 缩略词 科技英语中，缩略词后带有一个句点，如 “Prof.” 和 “fig.” 。值得注意的是，英式英语中，如果一个称号其缩略词的最后一个字母就是该单词全拼形式的最后一个字母，则缩写词末尾不加句点 (Dr, Mr, Mrs, Ms) 。相反，美式英语中这些缩略词的末尾均加句点 (Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms.) 。一般情况下，度量单位为小写字母，不加句点 (kg, min) ，即使是缩略词形式 (ppm ) 。与度量单位无关的其他缩略词通常为大写，不加句点 (DNA) ，但是也有大小写字母混用的情况 (iRNA, ssDNA.) 。以人名命名的度量单位为不加句点的大写字母。 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
详见网站，有非常多对研究生有用的资源，欢迎转载和分享。 http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/ Writing Guidelines for Engineering and Science Students Student Resources: Writing Exercises Slides: Scientific Writing Slides: Scientific Presentations Instructor Resources: Slides: Technical Writing Slides: Technical Presentations Instructor Handouts Teaching Slide Design Editor: Penn State, Leonhard Center Contributors: Penn State Georgia Tech University of Illinois University of Texas Virginia Tech Film: These guidelines for engineering writing and scientific writing are designed to help students communicate their technical work. To that end, these guidelines contain advice, models, and exercises for common writing and speaking assignments in engineering and science. Introduction Assessing the Audience Selecting the Format Crafting the Style Presentations Design of Presentation Slides Design of Scientific Posters Correspondence Memo Format: html or pdf Sample Memo: html, or pdf Letter Format: html, or pdf Sample Letter: html, or pdf E-mail Format Résumés Formal Reports Laboratory Reports Design Reports Progress Reports Theses and Dissertations Other Documents Proposals Instructions Journal Articles Conclusion Appendix A: Sample Format Appendix B: Documenting Sources Glossary References Acknowledgments Originated: 09/1997 Last updated: 11/2010 http://writing.engr.psu.edu/ All materials at this web site are the intellectual property of the editors and authors. You are welcome to make hypertext links to any of the pages at this site as long as you give proper credit. Please direct comments, suggestions, or questions to the lead editor: Michael Alley, Penn State.
标签: 科技写作
