由袁隆平等领衔的南方粮油作物协同创新中心 在研究不同品种的杂交水稻的主要产量性状方面取得了重大进展。研究人员通过田间试验，研究不同类型杂交稻的主要产量性状表现，并比较和分析杂种优势性状的差异。 该研究为不同类型杂交水稻品种的育种，栽培和推广提供了重要的参考。 水稻是中国人餐桌上的主食之一。因此，提高水稻的产量，是每个中国科学家近几十年来不懈追求的事业。介于此，他们在杂交水稻领域做出了不可磨灭的贡献。例如目前市面上的商业杂交稻的谷物产量要比常规自交稻高20％以上，两系商业杂交稻的谷物产量要比三系杂交稻高约10％。 2016年，邓兴旺教授和唐晓燕教授首次开发出转基因杂交水稻，这种新型水稻在提高产量方面可能显示出更好的发展前景。研究人员推测，在同一稻田中，转基因杂交稻的主要产量性状表现可能要好于商业化高产杂交稻。因此他们设计实验，以证明自己的假设。 参与田间试验的水稻稻种主要由两种不同的杂交水稻品种和一种自交籼型稻组成，分别为大规模推广种植的两系杂交水稻及其父母本(恢复系)高产品种; 以黄华占(HHZ)为背景基因组的由基因工程所培育的新一代杂交稻，以及作为对照组的自交的 籼型稻 品种黄华占(HHZ)。 实验发现，杂交水稻对每个山丘的有效穗数（EPN），每穗粒数（GNP），结实率（SSR）和收获指数（HI）表现出明显的高亲本优势，但千粒重（KGW）的高亲本优势为负值。杂交水稻在每穗粒数(GNP)和(KGW)方面都表现出正值的标准杂种优势，而有效穗数(EPN)，(SSR)和(HI)的标准杂种优势为负值。每穗粒数（GNP）是影响杂种表现的最大因素。此外，转基因杂交稻表现出与两系杂交稻相似的杂种优势，但该优势并不高于两系杂交稻的杂种优势。 该研究为进一步提升三系，两系和基因工程杂交水稻的产量优势以及进一步改善不同类型杂交水稻品种的育种，栽培和推广提供了重要的参考。 *原文信息： Heterotic performance of the main yield traits in different types of Indica hybrid rice. Food and Energy Security. 2020. DOI:10.1002/fes3.210. 关于期刊 *2019 Impact Factor 内容 | Long Cheng 排版 | 万殊
产量与经济效益共赢的高效生态农业模式: 以弘毅生态农场为例 蒋高明、郑延海、吴光磊、刘慧、池云花、冯素飞、李勇、李彩虹、李宗奉、苏本营、董群、乌云塔娜、LUCAS Mario、LEFORT Zoe、REGOLINI Margot、曾祥伟、贺新华、郭立月、战丽杰、唐海龙、韦继光、周平、曾彦、杨煜、宋守宽、刘秀、甄珍、刘海涛、孟杰、李静、李霄、李占、丁娜、博文静、程达、梁啸天、徐磊、谷仙、宋彦洁、MUMINOV A.Mahmud、刘滨扬、赫晓霞、刘美珍、宁堂原、王空军、徐玉新、陈文浩 中国科学院植物研究所; 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院; 山东农业大学农学院; 山东农业大学资源与环境学院; 河北农业大学林学院; Natural Sciences at RWTH Aachen University, German; Forestry School of Engineers, France; 弘毅生态农场有限公司; 中国农业大学生物学院 科学通报, 2016, 62: 289-297 摘要 化学物质的大量投入以及元素不能循环导致农田生态系统退化, 耕地质量和产量均呈下降趋势, 食物链 受到污染. 本研究从低产田开始, 通过秸秆养牛,腐熟牛粪还田恢复地力; 以物理+生物方法控制虫害; 以人工+ 机械管理杂草, 停用农药,化肥和除草剂, 同时不用地膜,人工合成激素,转基因种子生产优质安全食品, 并在线上与线下销售. 10年的长期实验结果表明, 所在村庄农田生态环境改善, 减少农药用量58.3%; 物理+生物控虫效果明显, 每盏灯年捕获量从2009年的33 kg下降到2014年的2.1 kg, 下降93.8%; 年消耗秸秆1000 t, 秸秆利用率从1.1%提高到62.5%. 有机肥还田提高了土壤生物多样性, 有机果园蚯蚓数量317条 m2, 而普通果园只有16条 m2; 大量有机肥还田(75 t hm2), 土壤有机质从实验初期的0.7%提高到2.4%. 粮食产量从最初的11.43 t hm2提高到目前的17.43 t hm2, 其中冬小麦(Triticum aestivum),夏玉米(Zea mays),大豆(Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.)和花生 (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)产量分别超出山东省平均水平42.6%, 60.9%, 32.2%和38.1%. 由于质量好, 产品已销售往除西藏以外的30个省,市,自治区, 经济效益明显, 平均每公顷效益是普通农田的3~5倍, 带动所在村庄67户农民从事高效生态农业. 本研究可为国家制定生态农业发展规划,精准扶贫,农村环境保护等提供科学依据. 关键词：高效生态农业秸秆害虫控制杂草管理产量经济效益 High efficiency eco-agriculture model obtain both larger yield and economicbenefit：A case study in Hongyi Organic Farm JANG GaoMing1,2, ZHENG YanHai1, WU GuangLei1, LIU Hui1,2, CHI YunHua1,2, FENG SuFei3, LI Yong1,2, LI CaiHong1, LI ZongFeng3, SU BenYing3, DONG Qun4, WUYUN TaNa5, LUCAS Mario6, LEFORT Zoe7, REGOLINI Margot7, ZENG XiangWei3, HE XinHua3, GUO LiYue1,2, ZHAN LiJie1,3, TANG HaiLong4, WEI JiGuang1,2, ZHOU Ping8, ZENG Yah8, YANG Yu8, SONG ShouKuan8, LIU Xiu8, ZHEN Zhen1,2, LIU HaiTao1,2, MENG Jie1,2, LI Jing1,2, LI XJao1,2, LI Zhan3, DING Na3, BO WenJing1,2, YU XiaoFan1,2, CHENG Da1,2, LIANG XiaoTian1,2, LI LiJun1,2, XU Lei3, GU Xian1,2, SONG YanJie1,2, MUMINOV A. Mahmud1,2, LIU BinYang1,2, HE XiaoXia1,2, LIU MeiZhen1, NING TangYuan3, WANG KongJun3, XU YuXin4 , CHEN WenHao9 1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 2 College of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China; 3College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai＇an 271018, China; 4College of Natural Resource and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai＇an 271018, China; 5 College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; 6 Natural Sciences at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; 7 Forestry School of Engineers, Nancy 54000, France; 8Hongyi Organic Farm Co., LTD, Pingyi 273305, China; 9College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China） Abstract： Due to the input of a large number of chemical substances and the termination of elements cycling, the farmland ecosystem has been seriously degraded, with the quality of farmland and yield being decreased. High efficiency eco-agriculture has been believed to be capable of curtailing some hazardous effects associated with chemical agriculture. However, debates also exist on whether eco-agriculture can feed a world with increasing human population. We hypothesized that some improvements on high efficiency eco-agriculture may produce adequate foods and reduce environmental pollutions from chemical agriculture. This study began with feeding cattle by bio-processed corn straw, restoring the soil fertility by manure returning in Hongyi Organic Farm 2 hm^-2 low yield cropland. We applied physical＋biological methods for pest control; artificial＋mechanical for weed management, thus to put an end to pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides pollution. Meanwhile, without using plastic films, synthetic hormones, genetically modified seeds, we guaranteed the food quality and safety, and soled the products online and offline. The results of the 10 years experiment are as follows： The weight of pests captured by insect-trapping lamp reduced from 33 to 2.1 kg, reducing the amount of pesticide by 93.8%. The annual consumption of straw by cattle reached to 1000 t per year, increasing straw utilization rate from 1.1% to 62.5%. Organic fertilizer has be tested to improve soil biodiversity, for instance, the number of earthworms in organic orchard was 317 earthworms m^-2, while only 16 earthworms m^-2 in ordinary orchard. The soil organic matters in 0–20 cm depth layer increased from 0.7% to 2.4%, thank to great amount of cattle manure being applied（75 t hm^-2）. The grain production also increased greatly from the initial 11.43 t hm^-2 to 17.43 t hm^-2. The wheat, corn, soybean and peanut yield were 42.6%, 60.9%, 32.2% and 38.1% higher than ordinary farmland around. Due to its good quality, the products have been sold to 30 provinces, cities and autonomous regions other than Tibet, with obvious economic benefits. The average benefit per hectare is 3-5 times that of ordinary farmland, driving 67 farmers in their villages to engage in efficient ecological agriculture. This study can provide scientific basis for the country to formulate the development plan of ecological agriculture, targeted poverty alleviation, rural environmental protection, etc Keywords : high efficient ecological agriculturestrawpest controlweedmanagementyieldeconomicperformance
有机农业生物多样性管理促进农业可持续发展 刘海涛、孟杰、博文静、程达、李勇、郭立月、李彩虹、郑延海、刘美珍、宁堂原、吴光磊、虞晓凡、冯素飞、乌云塔娜、李静、李立君、曾彦、刘实、蒋高明 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室，北京，100093 中国科学院大学，北京玉泉路19号，100049 中国科学院生态环境科学研究中心，北京市海淀区双清路18号，100085 中国科学院地理科学与自然资源研究所，北京市朝阳区大屯路11A号，100101 山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室，泰安市岱宗大道61号，泰安271018 弘毅有机农场，山东平邑 273300 美国北卡罗来纳州伊格尔分子医学研究所 科学报告第6卷，文章编号：23816（2016）（影响因子 4.122） 【摘要】 有机农业被认为能够减少与化学农业有关的有害物质影响。然而，有机农业是否能够养活一个不断增长的世界人口，存在着很多争论。我们假设通过有机农业的改良可以生产出足够的食物，减少环境污染。在弘毅生态农场（HOF）,针对有机生物多样性管理模式（BMOF）与化学农业模式(CF)，开展了8年以上的比较研究，探索有机农业生物多样性管理下土壤有机质和经济效益变化。将作物生产与牲畜养殖有机结合起来，最大限度地利用每种农产品的副产品，避免外源化学物质投入。在土壤特性改善、病、虫、草害防治方面，取得了明显的生态效益，并提高了作物产量。经过8年试验，农作物产量逐步稳定增长，生态农场纯收入增长9.6倍。2014年和2007年，HOF净收入分别为258827美元和24423美元。因此，BMOF不仅可以养活更多的人口，而且提高农业生态系统适应能力，同时获得更高的经济效益。 Biodiversity management of organic farming enhances agricultural sustainability Haitao Liu,Jie Meng,Wenjing Bo,Da Cheng,Yong Li,Liyue Guo,Caihong Li,Yanhai Zheng,Meizhen Liu,Tangyuan Ning,Guanglei Wu,Xiaofan Yu,Sufei Feng,Tana Wuyun,Jing Li,Lijun Li,Yan Zeng,Shi V. LiuGaoming Jiang State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Yuquan Avenue, Beijing, 100049, PR China Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Avenue, Tai’an, 271018, China Hongyi Organic Farm, Pingyi, 273300, China Eagle Institute of Molecular Medicine, Apex, NC, USA Scientific Reportsvolume6, Articlenumber:23816(2016)（IF=4.122） Abstract Organic farming (OF) has been believed to be capable of curtailing some hazardous effects associated with chemical farming (CF). However, debates also exist on whether OF can feed a world with increasing human population. We hypothesized that some improvements on OF may produce adequate crops and reduce environmental pollutions from CF. This paper makes comparative analysis of crop yield, soil organic matter and economic benefits within the practice on Biodiversity Management of Organic Farming (BMOF) at Hongyi Organic Farm (HOF) over eight years and between BMOF and CF. Linking crop production with livestock to maximal uses of by-products from each production and avoid enobiotic chemicals, we have achieved beneficial improvement in soil properties, effective pest and weed control, and increased crop yields. After eight years experiment, we have obtained a gradual but stable increase in crop yields with a 9.6-fold increase of net income. The net income of HOF was 258,827 dollars and 24,423 dollars in 2014 and 2007 respectively. Thus, BMOF can not only feed more population, but also increase adaptive capacity of agriculture ecosystems and gain much higher economic benefits.
使用太阳能捕虫灯可大幅度减少杀虫剂用量：以冬小麦夏玉米轮作系统为例 郭立月1,2，雷米诺夫1,2，吴光磊1，梁啸天1，李彩虹1，孟杰1，李立君1，2，程达1，2，宋彦杰1，2，谷仙1,2，赵建设3，蒋高明1，2* 1中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室，北京 2中国科学院大学资源与环境学院，北京 3河南省郑州市苑林农业发展有限公司 *通讯作者。本文发表在《害虫管理科学》, 74: 1728-1735 (影响因子3.253) 背景 ：人们越来越重视用物理方法来控制害虫，如物理诱捕昆虫替代农药。为了研究杀虫剂如何与捕虫灯合理配合使用，如何大幅度减少杀虫剂使用量，在中国东部冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中进行了5种处理：仅使用捕虫灯；仅使用农药；捕虫灯+1次杀虫剂；捕虫灯+2次杀虫剂；捕虫灯+3次杀虫剂。 结果 ：结果表明，当农药用量减少25～35%时，捕虫灯对害虫种群控制良好，产量不减反增。仅在冬小麦开花期和夏玉米大喇叭口期各施用1农药，配合捕虫灯即可获得上述效果。农药减量35-65%对作物产量无不良影响，但降低病虫害防治成本，产生最大的经济效益。在捕虫灯控制区，即使不使用任何农药，小麦玉米周年产量仍大于15 吨/公顷。 结论 ：如果在适当的阶段及时使用杀虫剂，借助捕虫灯，杀虫剂使用可能会大幅度减少。 关键词：经济效益；灭虫灯；害虫种类；农药；夏玉米；冬小麦 Large reductions in pesticides made possible by use of an insect-trapping lamp: a case study in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. Guo L1,2,Muminov MA1,2,Wu G1,Liang X1,Li C1,Meng J1,Li L1,2,Cheng D1,2,Song Y1,2,Gu X1,2,Zhao J3,Jiang G1,2. 1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environment Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 2College of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 3Henan Yuanlin Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. Pest ManagementScience, 74: 1728-1735(IF=3.253) BACKGROUND:Increasing attention is being paid to physical methods to control pests such as insect trapping. In order to examine how pesticides can reasonably be combined with the use of an insect-trapping lamp and by how much this can reduce the amount of pesticide used, five treatments were applied to a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in eastern China: a treatment in which only pesticides were used; a treatment with only insect-trapping lamps; insect-trapping lamps plus one application of pesticides; insect-trapping lamps plus two applications of pesticides; insect-trapping lamps plus three applications of pesticides. RESULTS:The results showed that, when pesticides were reduced by 25-35%, the insect-trapping lamps controlled the insect population well and yields were not decreased but were actually increased, with pesticides being applied only at 2 days before winter wheat planting, at winter wheat flowering and at the big flare stage of summer maize. Reducing pesticides by 35-65% had no adverse effect on crop yields, and thus had the potential to reduce the costs of pest control and produce the greatest economic benefit. When no pesticides were used in the insect-trapping lamp control area, the annual yield was still 15 t hm-2. CONCLUSION:If pesticides are used in a timely fashion and at the appropriate stage, their use may be greatly reduced with the help of an insect-trapping lamp. KEYWORDS:economic benefit; insect-trapping lamp; pest species; pesticide; summer maize; winter wheat
牛粪养蚯蚓并种植有机玉米可增加304%经济效益 郭立月 吴光磊 李彩虹 刘文静 虞晓凡 程达 蒋高明 农业生态系统污染是由于过度使用化学肥料和牲畜粪便大量排放造成的。因此，有必要对养殖场粪肥进行安全处理，将牛粪转化为有价值的堆肥就是一种很好的出路。然而，传统堆肥相对耗时，且会造成大量养分损失。利用牛粪养殖蚯蚓并发展堆肥是一种替代方法，但目前为止开展的研究较少。本研究比较蚯蚓堆肥和牛粪普通堆肥种植的玉米产量与经济效益变化。研究结果表明，尽管蚯蚓粪营养含量低于传统堆肥，然而，蚯蚓养殖可带来2172公斤/公顷活蚓产量，为农民提供4008.1美元额外收入。此外，蚯蚓粪堆肥可增加玉米地上生物量增加7.7%，籽粒产量18.3%。蚯蚓处理牛粪并堆肥种植有机玉米可提高304%经济效益，主要通过增加籽粒产量和蚯蚓收入而实现。 上述研究结果于2015年5月份在法国Agronomyfor Sustainable Development上发表。2015年9月24日被欧盟委员会在Science for Environment Policy对该成果进行了专门介绍，供19000多名欧洲政策决策者,学者和商界人士参考。 报道网址为： http://10.255.253.201:9011/ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/compost_made_by_worms_from_livestock_manure_yields_benefits_when_applied_to_maize_428na3_en.pdf Vermicomposting with maize increases agricultural benefits by 304 % Liyue Guo, Guanglei Wu, Caihong Li, Wenjing Liu, Xiaofan Yu, Da Cheng Gaoming Jiang Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2015) 35:1149–1155, INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2015 Pollution of agricultural ecosystems is due to the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and mass discharge of livestock manure. Therefore, there is a need for disposing manure safely, for instance by transforming manure into valuable compost. Traditional compostingis, however, time-consuming with considerable nutrient losses. Vermicomposting is an alternative method, but so far, there are few quantitative evaluations of vermicomposting. We therefore compared vermicomposting and traditional composting of cattle manure with maize. Our results show that the amount of nutrients from vermicomposting is lower than that from traditional composting. Nonetheless, vermicomposting yielded 2172.0 kg of earthworms per hectare, which provided an additional income of US$4008.1 to farmers. Moreover, vermicomposting increased aboveground biomass by 7.7 % and maize grain yield by 18.3 %. The global output of vermicomposting was thus higher by 304 % due to higher grain yield and earthworm income. Keywords Cattle manure .Vermicompost .Traditional compost .Maize .Economic benefits
2012-04-16 14:04:14 来源：光明网卫生事业部 贾志光 译 沈阳 校 查看评论 进入文化论坛 手机看新闻 10 发送给好友 http://health.gmw.cn/2012-04/16/content_3974839.htm !--enpproperty 39748392012-04-16 14:04:14.0贾志光 译 沈阳 校一份来自美国科学家就转基因增产神话的调研报告(1)_卫生频道_光明网转基因,美国,科学,产量,29222卫生原创/nodesearchname/enpproperty-- 2009年3月，这份由美国麻省理工学院科学家组织的专家格里安. 谢尔曼撰写的题为《 转基因 未能兑现的产量----转基因作物的性能评价》报告公布后，引起了全球、特别是美国公众的强烈反应，很多美国人这时才发觉，自已近40年来一直都被转基因产业大享所忽悠，因为大家最初支持转基因农作物研发，特别是听到了他们曾经承诺了一些十分响亮口号，包括：“转基因能最大限度地增产!” ，“转基因能解决全世界穷人的饥饿问题” 等等，我们把“ 科学家关注联盟 ”网站上的有关这份报告的介绍翻译出来，让有兴趣的朋友自己找出该报告去深入细读。我们也希望读者能把您的意见反馈给我们光明网卫生频道的同事，让我们共同关注全球转基因主粮的安全问题。小标题是译者所加。 一、《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告研究背景 多年来，转基因转基因生物技术产业以标榜能养活整个世界大肆鼓墟，并声称转基因作物会产生更高的产量。 格里安. 谢尔博士 由美国麻省理工学院科学家发起组织的“科学家关注联盟” 专家 格里安. 谢尔曼 (Doug Gurian-Sherman) 先生在2009年3月发布了题为《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告，认为以上这些转基因生物技术产业一贯标榜的承诺都是空谈：他用了美国近20多年的数据研究和13年转基因商品化了的资料分析，证明基因工程并不能够显著增加美国农作物的产量。 《转基因未能兑现的产量》是以农作物的产量作为指标仔细评估基因工程的整体效果的第一份报告，对比转基因与其他农业 科技 差异。报告综述二十几份玉米和大豆的学术研究资料，它们都是种植在美国的两种主要基因工程食物和作物。基于这些研究数据，《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告得出结论认为： *美国的基因工程种植的耐除草剂大豆和耐除草剂玉米产量并没有增加。而抗虫玉米只是稍微提高了产量。 *报告还发现：过去的13年美国的农作物产量的增加，很大程度上是由于传统育种和农业耕作技术的改进而带来的。 二、《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告主要结论 《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告提出时，正值全球食品价格暴涨和局部地区粮食短缺，国际社会关于如何促进农业生产力发展，提高产量呼声很高。 “产量”一词是指一个在特定时间内，每单位土地面积生产的农作物数量。转基因生物技术公司一贯认为要达到提高农作物产量这一目标，离不开基因工程的技术支持。 例如，孟山都公司正在全球传播的宣传广告，涉及世界人口爆炸问题的广告词说“......先进的种子能够显著提高作物产量......”。 《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告揭穿了孟山都公司这种广告词的说法，用数据证明：粮食生产要在未来增产，基因工程不起重要作用。 20世纪90年代中期以来，生物技术产业一直声称有更好的产量，但《转基因未能兑现的产量》阐述了实施于基因领域以提高产量的实验在20年中并无显著成果。 三、《转基因未能兑现的产量》的主要内容 1、区分“产量潜力”和“产量预期”概念 《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告还把农作物的“产量潜力”和“产量预期”这两个概念做了明确区分，它们常在行业中被混为一谈并被他人误解。 农作物的“产量潜力”是指在最好的生长条件下，作物的最终达到的生产量能力。而“产量预期”是指在排除病虫害，干旱和其他环境因素造成的损失后的产量水平。 2、三种转基因食品和饲料数据研究结论 《转基因未能兑现的产量》研究了美国三种最常见的转基因食品和饲料作物，即耐除草剂大豆，抗除草剂玉米，抗虫玉米（Bt玉米，在苏云金芽孢杆菌之后，其基因使玉米抵抗多种昆虫）的“产量潜力”和“产量预期”的数据，得出的研究结论是： 耐除草剂的大豆、抗除草剂玉米和Bt玉米未能增加内在产量。与传统方法相比，抗除草剂大豆和耐除草剂的玉米也没有提高经营产量。 该研究报告同时披露新发现的一个结论： 与典型的传统种植方法相比，Bt玉米在“产量预期”方面可能提高3-4%的边际产量。由于Bt玉米已经在1996年开始商品化，其产量每年只是平均增加0.2-0.3％。若以此数据做背景，美国过去几十年玉米产量平均每年都能增加约1％，这明显高于Bt基因性状提供的产量。 四、《转基因未能兑现的产量》的建议 《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告除了用历史数据评估美国基因工程外，还反思了该技术在未来几十年里可能增加粮食产量的潜在价值。 报告作者并不否认基因工程最终能有助于提高农作物产量。同时，报告也用数据告诉大家： 想借助基因工程技术支持去实现大幅增加农作物产量无实际意义，这一点对许多发展中国家而言十分重要。 此外，《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告也指出：最近的研究表明，尽量减少使用农药和化肥的有机质肥料，和类似的耕作方法已经令撒哈拉以南的非洲地区发展中国家贫困农民用低成本获得双倍作物产量回报。 《转基因未能兑现的产量》报告建议：美国农业部、美国的国家农业机构和大学要用为行之有效的方法，积极研究和开发农作物增产和提高作物产量的技术。这些方法应该包括： 现代传统植物育种方法，可持续发展的有机质肥料耕作农业，以及不需要农民支付大量前期种植成本投入的先进耕作方法。 该报告还建议，美国的粮食援助机构将这些有前途和低成本的农作物增产和提高作物产量的技术，传授给发展中国家农民使用。 格里安.谢尔曼说：“地球因人口过多和气候变化方面带来的饥饿问题，我们想找出解决办法并真正起作用，只能增加农作物的产量，而采用传统育种、耕作办法比转基因工程更有用。” For years the biotechnology industry has trumpeted that it will feed the world, promising that its genetically engineered crops will produce higher yields. That promise has proven to be empty, according to Failure to Yield, a report by UCS expert Doug Gurian-Sherman released in March 2009. Despite 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization, genetic engineering has failed to significantly increase U.S. crop yields. Failure to Yield is the first report to closely evaluate the overall effect genetic engineering has had on crop yields in relation to other agricultural technologies. It reviewed two dozen academic studies of corn and soybeans, the two primary genetically engineered food and feed crops grown in the United States. Based on those studies, the UCS report concluded that genetically engineering herbicide-tolerant soybeans and herbicide-tolerant corn has not increased yields. Insect-resistant corn, meanwhile, has improved yields only marginally. The increase in yields for both crops over the last 13 years, the report found, was largely due to traditional breeding or improvements in agricultural practices. The UCS report comes at a time when food price spikes and localized shortages worldwide have prompted calls to boost agricultural productivity, or yield -- the amount of a crop produced per unit of land over a specified amount of time. Biotechnology companies maintain that genetic engineering is essential to meeting this goal. Monsanto, for example, is currently running an advertising campaign warning of an exploding world population and claiming that its “advanced seeds… significantly increase crop yields…” The UCS report debunks that claim, concluding that genetic engineering is unlikely to play a significant role in increasing food production in the foreseeable future. The biotechnology industry has been promising better yields since the mid-1990s, but Failure to Yield documents that the industry has been carrying out gene field trials to increase yields for 20 years without significant results. Failure to Yield makes a critical distinction between potential—or intrinsic—yield and operational yield, concepts that are often conflated by the industry and misunderstood by others. Intrinsic yield refers to a crop’s ultimate production potential under the best possible conditions. Operational yield refers to production levels after losses due to pests, drought and other environmental factors. The study reviewed the intrinsic and operational yield achievements of the three most common genetically altered food and feed crops in the United States: herbicide-tolerant soybeans, herbicide-tolerant corn, and insect-resistant corn (known as Bt corn, after the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, whose genes enable the corn to resist several kinds of insects). Herbicide-tolerant soybeans, herbicide-tolerant corn, and Bt corn have failed to increase intrinsic yields, the report found. Herbicide-tolerant soybeans and herbicide-tolerant corn also have failed to increase operational yields, compared with conventional methods. Meanwhile, the report found that Bt corn likely provides a marginal operational yield advantage of 3 to 4 percent over typical conventional practices. Since Bt corn became commercially available in 1996, its yield advantage averages out to a 0.2 to 0.3 percent yield increase per year. To put that figure in context, overall U.S. corn yields over the last several decades have annually averaged an increase of approximately one percent, which is considerably more than what Bt traits have provided. In addition to evaluating genetic engineering’s record, Failure to Yield considers the technology’s potential role in increasing food production over the next few decades. The report does not discount the possibility of genetic engineering eventually contributing to increase crop yields. It does, however, suggest that it makes little sense to support genetic engineering at the expense of technologies that have proven to substantially increase yields, especially in many developing countries. In addition, recent studies have shown that organic and similar farming methods that minimize the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers can more than double crop yields at little cost to poor farmers in such developing regions as Sub-Saharan Africa. The report recommends that the U.S. Department of Agriculture, state agricultural agencies, and universities increase research and development for proven approaches to boost crop yields. Those approaches should include modern conventional plant breeding methods, sustainable and organic farming, and other sophisticated farming practices that do not require farmers to pay significant upfront costs. The report also recommends that U.S. food aid organizations make these more promising and affordable alternatives available to farmers in developing countries. “If we are going to make headway in combating hunger due to overpopulation and climate change, we will need to increase crop yields,” said Gurian-Sherman. “Traditional breeding outperforms genetic engineering hands down.”
标签: 产量
