The Making of Urban America 【 Raymond A. Mohl 编 《 都市化美国的形成 》】 【黄安年个人藏书书目（美国问题英文部分编号 085 ）】 黄安年辑 黄安年的博客 /2019 年 1 月 27 日 发布（第 20742 篇） 自2019年起，笔者将通过博客陆续发布个人收藏的全部图书书目，目前先发布美国问题英文书目，每本单独编号，不分出版时间先后与图书类别。 这里发布的是 Raymond A. Mohl 编 The Making of Urban America ( 《 都市化美国的形成 》),Scholarly Resources Inc.,1988年第三版,328页。ISBN 0-8420-2271-6 照片 9 张拍自该书， 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
Urban Resource Flows and Infrastructure Transitions Launch of the International Resource Panel Report The International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, set up by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) presented his report City-Level Decoupling: urban resource flows and the governance of infrastructure transitions on 17 April. The authors focussed on how infrastructure directs material flows and resource use or waste, productivity and efficiency. The full report, Cities-Annex Case Studies, and a factsheet are ready for download on the UNEP website: http://tinyurl.com/c8vwjtc
来源： http://www.skepticalscience.com/Does-Urban-Heat-Island-effect-add-to-the-global-warming-trend.html Wednesday, 24 September, 2008 Does Urban Heat Island effect add to the global warming trend? It's well established that urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. However, does Urban Heat Island (UHI) contribute to the global warming trend? Short answer, no . Two thirds of global temperature data comes from ocean records, free of UHI effect. For land records, urban trends are compared to nearby rural data- anomalous urban trends are homogenized to match rural records( Hansen 2001 ). However, in most cases, the urban temperature trend is observed to be little different to the rural trend.A new paper Urbanization effects in large-scale temperature records, with an emphasis on China (Jones et al 2008) looks at this in more detail. Comparing rural and urban sites in London and Vienna The paper begins by looking at 5 sites in and around London. Figure 1 shows absolute temperatures, clearly indicating a UHI influence on the urban sites atLondon Weather Centre (brown) and St. James Park (dark blue). The coolest record is the rural basedRothamsted (dark green). However, the excess urban warmth has no effect on the temperature trend - all sites show the same overall trend. Figure 1: Annual temperature trends for five sites in and around London. Brown and dark blue are urban sites, green are rural. A similar comparison was made between two sites in Vienna. Again, theabsolute temperature is greater for the urban site but both sites show near identical trends. Figure 2: Annual temperature trends for two sites in Vienna Hohewarte in the center (brown) and the rural location of Grossenzersdorf (green). Comparing rural and urban networks in China So established urban areas show the same trends as surrounding rural areas. What about urban areas that are still developing? China, in contrast to Europe, has experienced rapid economic growth over the last 30 years with a dramatic increase in its city areas. If there were to be significant urban-related warming, it ought to be in this region and over recent decades. Figure 3 compares a range of temperature datasets: Figure 3: Annual average temperature anomalies. Jones et all (dotted green and brown) is a dataset of 42 rural and 42 urban sites. Li et al (solid green and brown) is a homogenized dataset of 42 rural and 40 urban sites. Li (blue) is a non-homogenized set of 728 stations, urban and rural. CRUTEM3v (red) is a land-only data set (Brohan et al., 2006). This plot uses the 195483 base period. That there are hardly any differences between the six series tells us several things. Small datasets of 40 stations show the same result as the 728 station dataset. In other words, for a region of this size, the average can be constructed from a limited number of sites, implying that for the 728 station network there is considerable redundancy. As the scale increases, the overall impact of homogeneity adjustments diminishes. This might be a bit heartbreaking for those hard working boffins who spend hundreds of hours pouring meticulously over station data, ensuring the data is all homogenised (but of course, they don't do it just to calculate global trends). And of course, the most significant finding: the trend is the same for both urban and rural groups over any of the periods. Even in the case of developing urban areas, when averaged out over large areas, urban heat island has little impact on the warming trend.
标签: Urban
