Geochemical evidence of windblown origin of the Late Cenozoic lacustrine sediments in Beijing and implications for weathering and climate change Hanchao Jiang (蒋汉朝), Gaoxuan Guo (郭高轩), Xiangmin Cai (蔡向民), Jessica Thompson, Hongyan Xu (徐红艳), Ning Zhong (钟宁) The origin of lacustrine sediments in the middle latitudes of Asia remains controversial. In this study, we conducted major and trace element analyses on 86 lacustrine samples from the X5 core in Beijing to determine their origin and provenance.The results indicate that their abundances all varied in relatively narrow ranges, similar to those of the samples in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). A high correlation of major and trace element abundances exists between our lacustrine samples and the CLP samples. UCC normalized major and trace element abundances also have a similar pattern between the lacustrine and the CLP samples, with the exception of a few elements with high solubility, such as Mg. In the ternary diagrams of A-CN-K, La-Th-Sc and Zr/10-Th-Sc, and the correlation maps of major/trace elements and their ratios, four groups of the X5 lacustrine samples with different sedimentation stages (3.16-2.7 Ma, 2.7-1.8 Ma, 1.8-0.9 Ma and 0.9-0 Ma) overlap well with each other and with the CLP samples, indicating that the X5 lacustrine samples are likely of windblown origin and possibly shared common, unchanged dust source regions with the CLP since the Late Pliocene. This interpretation is supported by the overlap of the lacustrine samples from Beijing with the CLP samples in the correlation maps of Ms vs. sorting, Ms vs. skewness, Ms vs. kurtosis, and kurtosis vs. skewness. Analysis of the frequency and cumulative frequency curves indicates that the X5 lacustrine sediments were dominantly transported by the winter monsoon and the westerly circulation. Given more scattered distributions of different elemental ratios and grain size parameters of the X5 core lacustrine sediments compared to those of the CLP samples, local dust particles must have contributed occasionally, which deserves further investigation in the future. Several chemical ratios, such as Rb/Sr, Na 2 O/Al 2 O 3 , CaO/Al 2 O 3 , chemical index of alteration (CIA), were calculated for the lacustrine samples in Beijing. Comparison of these ratios’ variations with those of the sea level of the South China Sea and the global benthic δ 18 O record indicates that Na 2 O/Al 2 O 3 and CIA can be regarded as sensitive indicators of chemical weathering of lacustrinedust sediments in the mid-latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. Palaeo2016-Jiang et al..pdf
Theophrastus and the origin of plant morphology and anatomy 你是否观赏过张艺谋执导的电影《山楂树之恋》 (Under the Hawthorn Tree ）？ 你是否知道有刺的山楂树的属名为“ Crataegus ”？ 你是否知道“ Crataegus ”源自“植物学之父” Theophrastus (c.371-- c. 287BC) 在 2300 年前所创造的“ Krataigos ”？ 古希腊大学者 Theophrastus ) 是 Aristotle ( 亚里士多德 , 384--322 BC) 的一个得意门生。在学术界， Theophrastus 被尊称为“植物学之父。”虽然 Theophrastus 很博学，著述甚丰，但残存著作不多。其中，两部植物学著作 De Historia Plantarum 《植物史》 De Causis Plantarum 《植物的本原》对现代植物科学的兴起和发展产生了深远影响。追根溯源，植物形态解剖学、植物分类学、植物生理学和植物生态学都肇始于 Theophrastus 的开创性研究。 Theophrastus 创造了一些专业术语，描述了 480 种植物。非常有趣的是，有些术语至今仍在使用，如：蔷薇科植物山楂的属名 (genus name) Crataegus 等。从词源角度分析，“ Crataegus ”来源于 Theophrastus 所创造的希腊文中的合成词“ Krataigos ”。 原来 Theophrastus 用“ Krataigos ”描述了一种有刺的开花植物。 ∮ 1 Theophrastus (c.371 BC to c.287 BC) Theophrastus(c.371-- c. 287 BC) was a great disciple of Aristotle (384--322 BC) in the Peripatetic School. It is widely accepted that Theophrastus is considered to be the father of botany. Although Theophrastus was an erudite and prolific scholar, most of his treatises were lost forever. His two surviving botanical books, i.e. De Historia Plantarum (English name-- Enquiry into Plants) and De Causis Plantarum, are believed to have profound influences on the origin of botanical sciences including plant morphology and anatomy. Theophrastus(c.371-- c. 287 BC) -The father of botany-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus ∮ 2 De Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus) Fig.1. The title page of Enquiry into Plants in Greek and English 2-1 Title: De historia plantarum. Title: Inquiry into plants. Latin Author/ Creator: Theophrastus. Published: Description: leaves (first leaf blank) ; 32 cm. (fol.) Language: Latin Notes: References: Hain-Copinger,15491* References: Proctor, 6489 References: Goff, T-155 References: BM 15th cent., VI, 894(IB.28409) References: ISTC (CD-ROM, 1998 ed.),it00155000 References: Walsh, J.E. 15th cent. printedbooks, 3314-3315 Subject: Botany -- Pre-Linnean works. Place: Hierarchical: Italy -- Treviso. Author/ Creator: Confalonieri, Bartolomeo, active 1478-1483 ; Fumanelli, Antonio, active 16th century ; Bowie, Richard Ashhurst, 1836-1887 HOLLISNumber: 008415440 CreationDate: 20 February 1483] Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/008415440/catalog Source: HVDALEPH 2-2 Title: Enquiry into plants :and minor works on odours and weather signs Title: Inquiry into plants. English Greek Attribution: Theophrastus; with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort. Author/ Creator: Theophrastus. Published: London: W. Heinemann ; Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1916-1926. Description: 2v. : ill. ; 17 cm. Language: English; Greek,Ancient (to 1453) Notes: Greekand English on opposite pages. Includes index. Bibliography: v. 1, p. xiii-xx. Subject: Botany -- Pre-Linnean works. Author/ Creator: Hort, Arthur, Sir, 1864-1935. Othertitle / series: The Loeb classical library Identifier: ISBN 0674990889(v. 2 : American); ISBN 0434990795 (v. 2 :British); ISBN 9780674990883; ISBN 9780434990795 HOLLISNumber: 001613572 CreationDate: 1916-1926 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/001613572/catalog Source: HVDALEPH 2-3 Title: Enquiry into plants Attribution: Theophrastus; with an English translation by Arthur F. Hort. Author/ Creator: Theophrastus Published: Cambridge,MA : Harvard University Press, 2014. Description: 1online resource Summary: Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370-c. 285 BCE) are acounterpart to Aristotle's zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant. In the former Theophrastus classifies and describes. His On Odours and Weather Signs are minor treatises. Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 BCE, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn student, collaborator, and successor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological works. In the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties--covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. The Loeb Classical Library edition is in two volumes; the second contains two additional treatises: On Odours and Weather Signs. In De Causis Plantarum Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Books Onea nd Two are concerned with generation, sprouting, flowering and fruiting, and the effects of climate. In Books Three and Four Theophrastus studies cultivation and agricultural methods. In Books Five and Six he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavours and odours. Theophrastus's celebrated Characters is of a quite different nature. This collection of descriptive sketches is the earliest known character-writing and a striking reflection of contemporary life. Language: English; Greek,Ancient (to 1453) Notes: Includesindexes. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Text in Greek with Englishtranslation on facing pages. Description based on printversion record. Subject: Botany -- Pre-Linnean works. Author/ Creator: Hort, Arthur, Sir, 1864-1935 Contents: v.I. Books 1-5 -- volume II. Books 6-9. On odours. Weather signs. Othertitle / series: Loeb classical library ; 70,79. Series: Loebclassical library ; 70, 79 HOLLISNumber: 014426461 CreationDate: 2014 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/014426461/catalog Source: HVD ALEPH ∮ 3 De Causis Plantarum 3-1 Title: De causis plantarum : in three volumes Title: De causis plantarum. English Greek Attribution: Theophrastus; with an English translation by Benedict Einarson and George K. K. Link. Author/ Creator: Theophrastus. Published: London: Heinemann ; Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1976-1990. Description: 3v. ; 17 cm. Summary: Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370-c. 285 BCE) are acounterpart to Aristotle's zoological work and the most important botanical work of antiquity now extant.... Language: English; Greek,Modern (1453-) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subject: Botany -- Pre-Linnean works. Form/ Genre: Early works. Author/ Creator: Einarson, Benedict, 1906- ; Link, George K. K. (George Konrad Karl), 1888- Contents: v.1:Books I-II. v.2: Books III-IV. v.3: Books V-VI. Othertitle / series: Loeb classical library ; Loeb classical library. Identifier: ISBN 0674995198(Harvard : v. 1); ISBN 0674995236 (Harvard : v.2); ISBN 0674995244 (Harvard : v. 3); ISBN 9780674995192; ISBN 9780674995239; ISBN 9780674995246 HOLLISNumber: 000837757 CreationDate: 1976-1990 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/000837757/catalog Source: HVDALEPH 3-2 Title: Theophrastus on plant flavors and odors : studies on the philosophical andscientific significance of DeCausis Plantarum VI : accompanied by translation andnotes Attribution: GeorgeRaynor Thompson. Author/ Creator: Thompson, George Raynor. Published: 1941. Description: 319leaves. Language: English Notes: Includesbibliographical references. Thesis note: Thesis (Ph. D.)--PrincetonUniversity, 1941. Subject: Theophrastus. -- De causis plantarum. -- Book 6. ; Botany -- Pre-Linnean works. ; Food -- Sensory evaluation. ; Feeds -- Flavor and odor. Form/ Genre: Early works. Author/ Creator: Theophrastus. De causis plantarum. Book 6.English. HOLLISNumber: 007583764 CreationDate: 1941 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/007583764/catalog Source: HVDALEPH ∮ 4 Theophrastus and the origin of plant morphology and anatomy Theophrastus obtained much of his plant knowledge largely from the Lyceum garden. Part I of Enquiry into Plants contains plant anatomy . “We must consider the distinctive characters and the general nature of plants from the point of view of their morphology, their behaviour under external conditions, their mode of generation and the whole course of their life”. It is amazing that Theophrastus described gross internal anatomy of stems, roots, and leaves. Plants consist of bark,wood, and pith when pith is present. Fig.2. The fruits of hawthorn from China (Cited from 张珑 : 山楂红了) Theophrastus described about 480 plants in detail. Theophrastus coined lots of terms. Some terms remain in use even today. For example, Crataegus is the genus name of hawthorn in the family of Rosaceae, etymologically originating from the ancient Greek name Krataigos , which was coined by Theophrastus to describe a strong and thorny flowering plant. Krataigos is a combination of two Greek words kratus and akakia or akis .The former means “strong” while the latter indicating “thorn.” Theophrastus made several important botanical distinctions and observations regarding annuals , perennials ,or biennials ; monocotyledons or dicotyledons .He also noted the difference of determinate and indeterminate growth and details of floral structure including the degree of fusion of the petals, position of the ovary and more. These gorgeous observations are shown that Theophrastus made great contribution to the origin of plant morphology, anatomy, physiology, etc. ------------------ Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 2016 年元月 13 日初步整理 ) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 1 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (1) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.1) Structural Botany:Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.1) --------- Theophrastus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Theophrastus 姜虹 : 古希腊植物学之父 --Theophrastus http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-273976-708367.html 2013-7-15 17:28 History of Botany-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany 西方文明的摇篮 --- 希腊 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-943700.html 2015-12-16 09:06 http://sohac.nenu.edu.cn/jpkc/course/gjpk01/tchplan/upplan/Chapter6/Chapter6.htm -------- Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.0) Structural botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.0) Feng Chun-ling: Botany Theory of Theophrastus 冯春玲 : 植物学之父 -- 提奥弗拉斯托斯的植物学思想研究：以《植物史》和《植物的本原》为中心 (in Chinese with English abstract ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-942259.html 2015-12-10 00:46 张珑 : 山楂红了 (red hawthorn in China ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-252763-497246.html 2011-10-15 22:54 =========================
美国科学院已故院士 Ernst Mayr(1904--2005)名著： Systematics and the Origin of Species (《系统学与物种起源》) 美国科学院已故院士 Ernst Mayr(1904--2005)是著名鸟类学家和进化生物学家。Ernst Mayr教授长寿，著述甚丰。1942年， 哥伦比亚大学出版社（ Columbia University Press，New York）出版了时任美国自然历史博物馆(The American Museum of Natural History, New York)研究人员的 Ernst Mayr的成名作 Systematics and the Origin of Species （《系统学与物种起源》）。该书为 “哥大生物学系列丛书”（ Columbia Biological Series）的第13部著作。 Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（ 中文名 -- 杜布 赞 斯基 ， 1900—1975，） 为 《系统学与物种起源》一书写了引言。 Ernst Mayr出生于德国，1926年在柏林大学获得鸟类学博士学位。1931年他开始供职于纽约的 美国自然历史博物馆。 自 1953 年起 ， Ernst Mayr 供职于哈佛大学。 1954 年， Ernst Mayr 当选为美国科学院院士。 1961—1970 年， Ernst Mayr 担任哈佛大学动物博物馆馆长。 1975 年，退休，继续科学研究，发表论著。但，其名作 Systematics and the Origin of Species （《系统学与物种起源》）在学术界一直有广泛影响。 （孙启高 2014年8月19日整理） Mayr,E., 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.i to xiv; pp.1 to 334 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr Ernst Mayr(1904--2005) 于 1954 年当选为美国科学院院士。 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Introduction by Theodosius Dobzhansky Chapter I The Method and Principles of Systematics 1-1The status of systematics The old and the new systematics 1-2 The functions of the systematist 1-3 The procedure of the systematist Chapter II Taxonomic Characters and Their Variation 2-1 Taxonomic characters 2-2 The variation of taxonomic characters Types of variation; individual variation; nongenetic variation; individual variability in time; habitat forms; hereditary variation 2-3 The importance of individual variation Chapter III Phenomena of Geographic Variation 3-1 Differences between local populations 3-2 What characters are subject to geographic variation? Morphological characters; physiological characters; physiology of plumage and plumage change in birds; geographic variation of other physiological characters; habit and life history 3-3 The genetics of geographic variation The genotypical character of geographic variation; the genetic basis of species formation; Chapter IV Some Aspects of Geographic Variation 4-1 Discontinuous variation Polymorphism;geographically variable polymorphism; 4-2 Continuous variation 4-3 Adaptive variation 4-4 Ecological rules Rules applying to warm-blooded vertebrates; rules applying to birds only; clines; 4-5 Population structure and variation Chapter V The Systematic Categories and the New Species Concept 5-1 Infra-specific categories 5-2 The changing species concept 5-3 Speciescriteria and species definitions Chapter VI The Polytypic Species in Nature and in Systematics The prevalence of polytypic species The simplification of taxonomy The occurrence of geographic variation throughout the animal system The practical application of the polytypic species in modern animal taxonomy The application of the polytypic species concept in various taxonomic groups Absence of geographic variation Chapter VII The Species in Evolution 7-1 Gaps between sympatric and allopatric species The delimitation of sympatric species; the delimitation of allopatric species; 7-2 The process of geographic speciation 7-3 The proof for geographic speciation All differences between species are subject to geographic variation; there is no difference of kind between specific and sub-specific characters; reduced fertility between geographic races of one species; the bolder-line cases;double invasions; partial distributional overleaf; Chapter VIII Non-geographic Speciation 8-1 Alternatives to geographic speciation 8-2 Sympatric speciation Instantaneous sympatric speciation; gradual sympatric speciation; the ecological race;sibling species; biological races; cosmopolitan species; explosive speciationin lakes; Chapter IX The Biology of Speciation 9-1 Factors influencing speciation 9-2 Internal factors Speed of speciation; extinction; 9-3 Primarily external factors Isolative factors and species formation; restriction of random dispersal by geographic barriers; restriction of random dispersal by internal factors; 9-4 Restriction of random mating (biological isolating mechanisms) Ecological isolating factors; ethological isolating factors; mechanical isolating factors;reduction of mating success 9-5 Isolating mechanisms and the method of reproduction 9-6 The breakdown of isolating mechanisms and its consequences Occasional hybrids between sympatric species; hybrid populations or hybrid zones;speciation through hybridization 9-7 Selective factors and species formation 9-8 Difference in the speciation of plants and animals Chapter X The Higher Categories and Evolution 10-1 Macro-taxonomy Are the higher categories phylogenetic units? The nature of the higher categories; 10-2 Macro-evolution Macro-evolutionary factors; macro-evolutionary principles; ========================== 《物种起源 》及相关工作编目 1. 中国 馆藏 1859年第1版《物种起源》之发现 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816503.html 2014-8-123:23 2 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之一） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816525.html 2014-8-203:44 重新 发现达尔文与《物种起源》 —— 新 译本《物种起源》出版沙龙速记（ 苗德岁翻译） http://site.douban.com/yilin/widget/notes/6783442/note/326741253/ 苗德岁翻译《物种起源 》 http://www.uua.cn/show-76-1070-1.html 《物种起源》，〔英达 尔文著，苗德 岁译，译林出版社 2013 年 10 月第一版 --------------- 3. 哈佛大学科学史教授Janet Browne（1950--）和达尔文传记研究 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816531.html 2014-8-205:12 ---------- 4 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之二） 著名翻译家叶 笃庄（ 1914--2000）谈他的 《物种起源》 中 译本 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817388.html 2014-8-6 01:35 5 . 达尔文与古植物学中的“讨厌之谜” —并非出自《物种起源》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817660.html 2014-8-7 01:11 6. 达尔文和《物种起源》：生命之树(Tree of Life)（之一） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817959.html 2014-8-7 23:39 7. 达尔文和《物种起源》：生命之树(Tree of Life)（之二） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817985.html 2014-8-8 05:15 8.Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（杜布 赞斯基 , 1900 － 1975) 的名著 -- Geneticsand the Origin of Species （《 遗传 学和物种起源》） 1943年，杜布 赞 斯基当 选为 美国科学院院士； 1965年4月8日当 选为 英国皇家学会外籍会 员 （院士）。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species （《 遗传 学和物种起源》 ( 第 3 版 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-819102.html (2014-8-13 00:17) ---------- 关于杜布 赞 斯基的名著 --《 遗传 学与物种起源》（第 2版） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-820078.html 2014-8-1700:11 9 . Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（杜布 赞斯基 , 1900 － 1975) 的著名演讲和名言 ---- “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-818193.html 2014-8-9 00:15 10 . Mayr, E.（ 1942）发表 Systematics and the Origin of Species （《系统学与物种起源》） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-820785.html 2014-8-20 06:27 Ernst Mayr(1904--2005) 于 1954 年当选为美国科学院院士。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr 11. George Ledyard Stebbins,Jr. (1906 -- 2000)1950年发表 Variation and Evolution in Plants （《植物的变异与进化》） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins George Ledyard Stebbins1952年当选为美国科学院院士。 12 . Stephen Jay Gould (1941--2002)的名著 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory ; http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-808304.html 2014-7-2 03:59 Stephen Jay Gould (1941--2002)于1989年当选为美国科学院院士 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould 13 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之三） 14 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之四）
关于杜布赞斯基的名著 -- 《遗传学与物种起源》（第 2版） 20世 纪 著名的 遗传 学家和 进 化生物学者 、美国科学院已故院士 ---- Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（1900—1975，中文名通常 译为 “杜布 赞 斯基”） 的重要著作 Genetics and the Origin of Species （《 遗传 学和物种起源》） 共有 3个版本，均由 哥伦比亚大学出版社（ Columbia University Press，New York）出版，“哥大生物学系列丛书”（Columbia Biological Series）的第11部著作。 一、第 1 版（ 1937 年） 哥伦比亚大学图书馆收藏有第 1版，我没有借阅，但从该馆图书目录检索到相关信息。 1937年出版的 Genetics and the Origin of Species 的基本信息： Autho r: Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 1900-1975. Title: Genetics and the origin of species,by Theodosius Dobzhansky Published: New York, Columbia University Press, 1937. Description: xvi, 364 p. illus., diagrs. 24 cm. Series: Columbia biological series ; no. 11. Subjects: Evolution(Biology) Notes: This book is based on a series of lectures delivered at Columbia University ... in October, 1936.--Pref.Literature: p. -352. Language: English Bookmark As: http://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3990956 http://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3990956?counter=5 二、第 2 版（ 1941 年） 通过馆际互借 (The Massachusetts Library System Interlibrary Loan)我借到1941年的第2版。 Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1941 (Second edition and revised) Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York and London. i to xviii; pp.1 to 446 时任“哥大生物学系列丛书”（ Columbia Biological Series）总编辑的动物学教授、发育遗传学家 Leslie C. Dunn (1893--1974) 为 Genetics and the Origin of Species 第 2版写了“Editor’s Preface”。第2版重印了 杜布 赞 斯基 在第 1版中的简短自序。 三、第 3 版（ 1951 年） Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1951 (Third edition and revised) Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York and London. I to Xii; pp.1 to 364 杜布赞斯基的名著 -- 《遗传学与物种起源》（第 3版） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-819102.html （孙启高 2014 年 8 月 16 日整理） 附件 --- 浏览第 2 版（ 1941 年） 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ================= 《物种起源 》及相关工作编目 1. 中国 馆藏 1859年第1版《物种起源》之发现 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816503.html 2014-8-123:23 2 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之一） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816525.html 2014-8-203:44 重新 发现达尔文与《物种起源》 —— 新 译本《物种起源》出版沙龙速记（ 苗德岁翻译） http://site.douban.com/yilin/widget/notes/6783442/note/326741253/ 苗德岁翻译《物种起源 》 http://www.uua.cn/show-76-1070-1.html 《物种起源》，〔英达 尔文著，苗德 岁译，译林出版社 2013 年 10 月第一版 --------------- 3. 哈佛大学科学史教授Janet Browne（1950--）和达尔文传记研究 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-816531.html 2014-8-205:12 ---------- 4 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之二） 著名翻译家叶 笃庄（ 1914--2000）谈他的 《物种起源》 中 译本 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817388.html 2014-8-6 01:35 5 . 达尔文与古植物学中的“讨厌之谜” —并非出自《物种起源》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817660.html 2014-8-7 01:11 6. 达尔文和《物种起源》：生命之树(Tree of Life)（之一） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817959.html 2014-8-7 23:39 7. 达尔文和《物种起源》：生命之树(Tree of Life)（之二） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-817985.html 2014-8-8 05:15 8.Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（杜布 赞斯基 , 1900 － 1975) 的名著 -- Genetics and the Origin of Species （《 遗传 学和物种起源》） 1943年，杜布 赞 斯基当 选为 美国科学院院士； 1965年4月8日当 选为 英国皇家学会外籍会 员 （院士）。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species （《 遗传 学和物种起源》 ( 第 3 版 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-819102.html (2014-8-13 00:17) ---------- 关于杜布赞斯基的名著 --《遗传学与物种起源》（第2版） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-820078.html 2014-8-1700:11 9 . Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky（杜布 赞斯基 , 1900 － 1975) 的著名演讲和名言 ---- “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-818193.html 2014-8-9 00:15 10 . Mayr, E.（ 1942）发表 Systematics and the Origin of Species （《系统学与物种起源》） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr Ernst Mayr(1904--2005) 于 1954 年当选为美国科学院院士。 11. George Ledyard Stebbins,Jr. (1906 -- 2000)1950年发表 Variation and Evolution in Plants （《植物的变异与进化》） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins George Ledyard Stebbins1952年当选为美国科学院院士。 12 . Stephen Jay Gould (1941--2002)的名著 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory ; http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-808304.html 2014-7-2 03:59 Stephen Jay Gould (1941--2002)于1989年当选为美国科学院院士 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould 13 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之三） 14 . 《物种起源 》 (中文版)：没有最好，只有更好(之四）
According to the traditional view*1 （第一个观点） of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates? 直接事实题 (A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors (B) Spreading of ocean trenches (C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges (D) Sinking of ocean basins （ E ） (E) Differences in temperature*1E under oceans and continents 2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments*2 （最后一段） would be found in the (A) Indian Ocean (B) Black Sea*2B (C) Mid-Atlantic (D) South Atlantic （ B ） (E) Pacific 3. The author refers to a “ conveyor belt*3 ” in line 13 in order to 举例作用题（备选选项： illustrate 和 give an example of 开头的选项） (A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle (B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents (C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling (E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges 4. The author regards the traditional view*4 （大 - 小 + ） of the origin of the oceans with 态度题（混合评价的表达方法：由 but 和 and 连接的两个不同方向的评价词；由修饰词限定的评价词——本题） (A) slight apprehension 恐惧（极端） (B) absolute indifference （过于中庸） (C) indignant anger 愤慨的愤怒（人身攻击） (D) complete （程度过强） disbelief (E) guarded skepticism 5. According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides*5 ? 直接事实题（细节，极难定位，没时间可舍） (A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan (B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge (C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge (D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge*5D (E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan 6. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view*6 of ocean formation? 改善题（找理论一的缺点，取非） (A) Convection usually occurs along lines*6A . (B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid. (C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate. (D) Sinking plates cool the mantle. (E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas. 7. According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea*7 （最后一段） can best be compared to a 信息题（有定位） ACDE 无 (A) rapidly moving conveyor belt*7A （第一段） (B) slowly settling foundation （ Sediment*7B ） (C) rapidly expanding balloon (D) violently erupting volcano (E) slowly eroding mountain 8. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage? 主题题（内容性，三出现做法：重要关键词必须出现，细节和新内容不能出现） (A) A Description of the Oceans of the World （范围过大） (B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation (C) The Traditional View of the Oceans （细节） (D) Convection and Ocean Currents （细节） （ B ） (E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World （细节）
Here provides the websites for searching the origin of language: 1. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php This is a map of the wheel-ruts of modern English. Etymologies are not definitions; they're explanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 or 2,000 years ago. The dates beside a word indicate the earliest year for which there is a surviving written record of that word (in English, unless otherwise indicated). This should be taken as approximate, especially before about 1700, since a word may have been used in conversation for hundreds of years before it turns up in a manuscript that has had the good fortune to survive the centuries. The basic sources of this work are Weekley's "An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English," Klein's "A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language," "Oxford English Dictionary" (second edition), "Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology," Holthausen's "Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Englischen Sprache," and Kipfer and Chapman's "Dictionary of American Slang." A full list of print sources used in this compilation can be found here . Since this dictionary went up, it has benefited from the suggestions of dozens of people I have never met, from around the world. Tremendous thanks and appreciation to all of you. 2 http://www.edenics.net/ (Trace a word from English to Hebrew) The Origin of Language By Isaac Mozeson The standard reference texts make this a far more complex topic than it is. Scientists are scurrying around Africa for Paleolithic evidence of which knuckle-walking hominids of millions of years ago were evolving grunts and gestures into what would become words. But this is all NOT ABOUT WORDS. Sure, bees and dolphins have “language,” a means of communication. But WORDS only emerge from homo sapiens when they, somehow, get a floating bone in the throat, called the hyoid bone. And, somehow, the modern homo sapiens (thinker) gets their brain way enlarged to be able to process this unexplainable new language ability. The blown-out brain cavity is suspiciously like the Genesis record of a Creator “blowing into the nostrils” of a man. This man is a newly sentient creature, but he is fashioned “from the earth,” that is, from pre-existent form (such as the hominids above). The Genesis Eden scenario of an original homeland for this new thinking, speaking human is located fairly near the Northeast African homeland for humans favored by scientists. In fact, the oldest hyoid bone for speech even found was unearthed in the Carmel Caves near present-day Haifa, Israel. Archeologists have established that the oldest human attempts at agriculture and literacy are also there, in the Fertile Crescent. So it is fine to agree that some simian hominids came “out of Africa.” But all the evidence suggests that modern, speaking man emerges in the Late Stone Age in a what might be called a Proto-Semitic region. Only in recent decades have geneticists and other scientists been able to prove that all living humans share the mitochondrial DNA of a single woman. Studies of the male Y chromosome also prove that the human population on Earth was once very small. There were decades of academic hostility to the idea of monogenesis of language, that our current 6000 dialects devolved from a single common Proto-Earth language. By the 21 st Century the evidence was so persuasive, that now those who oppose monogenesis are marginalized. Should not that Proto-Earth language be closest to Semitic? Yes, but logic and evidence still must contend with cultural bias. The Edenics project has begun to show that the Eden scenario above is the key to The Origin of Language . Languages constantly and naturally devolve into dialects that become “languages,” but Edenics follows the Genesis record (Chapter 11) that there was a traumatic neuro-linguistic event (“The Tower of Babel”) which was the Big Bang of language diversity. You are to be congratulated for having your search for The Origin of Language take you this far. You might now want to play web games, watch videos, or investigate a favorite language at www.edenics.net or www.edenics.org
这篇论文引用了94615次，是不是该刊引用最高的的一篇论文，有待查证。 Nature Volume 227, Issue 5259, 1970, Pages 680-685 ISSN: 00280836 DOI: 10.1038/227680a0 PubMed ID: 5432063 Document Type: Article Source Type: Journal View at publisher | Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 Laemmli, U.K. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge Abstract Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate structure. 1970 Nature Publishing Group. Language of original document English Index Keywords EMTREE drug terms: carbon; virus protein EMTREE medical terms: article ; autoradiography; coliphage; gel electrophoresis; kinetics; metabolism; microbial genetics; structural gene MeSH: Autoradiography; Carbon Isotopes; Coliphages; Electrophoresis, Disc; Genes, Structural; Genetics, Microbial; Kinetics; Viral Proteins Medline is the source for the MeSH terms of this document. Chemicals and CAS Registry Numbers carbon, 7440-44-0; Carbon Isotopes; Viral Proteins Gadget timed out while loading Laemmli, U.K.; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. Nature Volume 227, Issue 5259, 1970, Pages 680-685 Cited by since 1996 This article has been cited 94615 times in Scopus: SCPUPS 数据库 1996至今 引用了94615次 (Showing the 2 most recent) Hfner, A.-K. , Cernescu, M. , Hofmann, B. Dimerization of human 5-lipoxygenase (2012) Biological Chemistry Ordiales, E. , Martín, A. , Benito, M.J. Technological characterisation by free zone capillary electrophoresis (FCZE) of the vegetable rennet (Cynara cardunculus) used in "torta del Casar" cheese-making (2012) Food Chemistry View details of all 94615 citations Inform me when this document is cited in Scopus: Set alert | Set feed Other citing sources Web: 10069 times 网络引用 10069次 Patents: 9241 times 专利引用9241次 http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0014949207origin=resultslistsort=cp-fsrc=snlo=nlr=nls=mltEid=2-s2.0-0033515827mltType=keymltAll=timp=tsid=BNSE5fIFNGEH_CLZIqvQ8Z3%3a490sot=mltsdt=mltsl=639s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28%28%22article%22%29+OR+%28%22bone+marrow+cell%22%29+OR+%28%22cell+differentiation%22%29+OR+%28%22cell+lineage%22%29+OR+%28%22controlled+study%22%29+OR+%28%22human%22%29+OR+%28%22human+cell%22%29+OR+%28%22mesenchyme%22%29+OR+%28%22normal+human%22%29+OR+%28%22priority+journal%22%29+OR+%28%22stem+cell%22%29+OR+%28%22stroma+cell%22%29+OR+%28%22Adipocytes%22%29+OR+%28%22Adult%22%29+OR+%28%22Apoptosis%22%29+OR+%28%22Bone+Marrow+Cells%22%29+OR+%28%22Cell+Differentiation%22%29+OR+%28%22Cell+Division%22%29+OR+%28%22Cell+Lineage%22%29+OR+%28%22Cell+Separation%22%29+OR+%28%28+%22Cells%22+%22Cultured%22+%29%29+OR+%28%22Chondrocytes%22%29+OR+%28%22Fibroblasts%22%29+OR+%28%22Flow+Cytometry%22%29+OR+%28%22Humans%22%29+OR+%28%22Mesoderm%22%29+OR+%28%22Middle+Aged%22%29+OR+%28%22Osteocytes%22%29+OR+%28%22Phenotype%22%29+OR+%28%22Stem+Cells%22%29%29+AND+NOT+EID+%282-s2.0-0033515827%29relpos=0relpos=0searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY((\"article\")%20OR%20(\"bone%20marrow%20cell\")%20OR%20(\"cell%20differentiation\")%20OR%20(\"cell%20lineage\")%20OR%20(\"controlled%20study\")%20OR%20(\"human\")%20OR%20(\"human%20cell\")%20OR%20(\"mesenchyme\")%20OR%20(\"normal%20human\")%20OR%20(\"priority%20journal\")%20OR%20(\"stem%20cell\")%20OR%20(\"stroma%20cell\")%20OR%20(\"Adipocytes\")%20OR%20(\"Adult\")%20OR%20(\"Apoptosis\")%20OR%20(\"Bone%20Marrow%20Cells\")%20OR%20(\"Cell%20Differentiation\")%20OR%20(\"Cell%20Division\")%20OR%20(\"Cell%20Lineage\")%20OR%20(\"Cell%20Separation\")%20OR%20((%20\"Cells\"%20\"Cultured\"%20))%20OR%20(\"Chondrocytes\")%20OR%20(\"Fibroblasts\")%20OR%20(\"Flow%20Cytometry\")%20OR%20(\"Humans\")%20OR%20(\"Mesoderm\")%20OR%20(\"Middle%20Aged\")%20OR%20(\"Osteocytes\")%20OR%20(\"Phenotype\")%20OR%20(\"Stem%20Cells\"))%20AND%20NOT%20EID%20(2-s2.0-0033515827 )
发表的期刊和年份 Journal of the American Medical Association Volume 289, Issue 19, 21 May 2003, Pages 2560-2572 ISSN: 00987484 CODEN: JAMAA DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 PubMed ID: 12748199 Document Type: Review Source Type: Journal View references(81) View at publisher | The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report Chobanian, A.V. b , Bakris, G.L. c , Black, H.R. c , Cushman, W.C. d , Green, L.A. e , Izzo Jr., J.L. f , Jones, D.W. g , Materson, B.J. h , Oparil, S. i , Wright Jr., J.T. j , Roccella, E.J. a a Natl. Heart, Lung, and Blood Inst., National Institutes of Health, Natl. High Blood Pressure Educ. Pro., 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States b Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States c Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke Med. Ctr., Chicago, IL, United States d Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dept. of Prev. Medicine and Medicine, Univ. of Tennessee Hlth. Sci. Center, Memphis, TN, United States e Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States f Dept. of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, United States g Department of Medicine, Ctr. Excellence Cardio.-Renal Res., Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States h Department of Medicine, Univ. of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States i Dept. of Med., Physiol./Biophys., Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States j Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, L. S. Cleveland Vet. Aff. Med. Ctr., Cleveland, OH, United States Abstract "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages: (1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (140/90 mm Hg, or 130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount. Language of original document English Index Keywords EMTREE drug terms: angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; calcium channel blocking agent; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; thiazide diuretic agent; alpha adrenergic receptor blocking agent; alpha adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; angiotensin receptor; diuretic agent; vasodilator agent EMTREE medical terms: age; blood pressure measurement; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; chronic kidney disease; comorbidity; diabetes mellitus; diastolic blood pressure; empathy; high risk population; human; hypertension; lifestyle; motivation; patient compliance; practice guideline; priority journal; review; risk factor; systolic blood pressure; treatment planning; algorithm; article; blood pressure; diagnostic test; drug antagonism; monitor; risk reduction MeSH: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Algorithms; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Blood Pressure Monitors; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Diuretics; Humans; Hypertension; Receptors, Angiotensin; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Vasodilator Agents Medline is the source for the MeSH terms of this document. Chemicals and CAS Registry Numbers Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents; Calcium Channel Blockers; Diuretics; Receptors, Angiotensin; Vasodilator Agents References (81) View in table layout Cited by since 1996 This article has been cited 7003 times in Scopus: SCOPUS数据库统计 1996年至今引用了7003次 (Showing the 2 most recent) Sarafidis, P.A. , Georgianos, P.I. , Germanidis, G. Hypertension and symptomatic hypokalemia in a patient with simultaneous unilateral stenoses of intrarenal arteries and mesangioproliferativ... glomerulonephritis (2012) American Journal of Kidney Diseases Hermida, R.C. , Ayala, D.E. , Mojón, A. Sleep-time blood pressure and the prognostic value of isolated-office and masked hypertension (2012) American Journal of Hypertension View details of all 7003 citations Inform me when this document is cited in Scopus: Set alert | Set feed Other citing sources Web: 242 times 网络引用 242次 Patents: 11 times 专利引用 11次 http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038460302origin=inwardtxGid=BNSE5fIFNGEH_CLZIqvQ8Z3%3a2
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Origin最低版本: 8.1SR0 1. 导入Origin安装目录下的文件 \Samples\Signal Processing\Sine Signal with High Frequency Noise.dat. 2. 选中Worksheet中两列， 菜单选择 Plot: Line: Line 作一直线图 3. 菜单选择 Analysis: Signal Processing: Envelope 出现X-Function对话框. 4 . 在 Envelope type 下拉菜单中选择 Both Envelopes . 设置 Smooth Points 为1. 5. 按 OK 执行. 图形会出现上下的包络线. 可得到如下结果
In popular language, ocean and sea are used interchangeably. Today's seas are the North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans and the Antarctic waters or seas. Scientists believe that the seas are as much as 500 million years old because animals that lived then occur as fossils in rocks which once were under ancient seas. There are several theories about the origin of the seas, but no single theory explains all aspects of this puzzle. Many earth scientists agree with the hypothesis that both the atmosphere and the oceans have accumulated gradually through geologic time from some process of degassing of the Earth's interior. According to this theory, the ocean had its origin from the prolonged escape of water vapor and other gases from the molten igneous rocks of the Earth to the clouds surrounding the cooling Earth. After the Earth's surface had cooled to a temperature below the boiling point of water, rain began to fall and continued to fall for centuries. As the water drained into the great hollows in the Earth's surface, the primeval ocean came into existence. The forces of gravity prevented the water from leaving the planet. Source: http://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/salty_ocean.htm
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