http://thebluecarboninitiative.org Fact box 1. The colours ofcarbon: Brown, Black, Blue and Green Google translate: 事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色，黑色，蓝色和绿色 我的翻译：事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色、黑色、蓝色和绿色 Climate Change has driven widespread appreciation of atmospheric CO 2 as the main greenhouse gas and of the role of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions from energy use and industry in affecting temperatures and the climate – we refer to these emissions as “brown carbon” for greenhouse gases and “black carbon” for particles resulting from impure combustion, such as soot and dust. The Emissions Trading System of the European Union (EU-ETS) is a “black-brown carbon” system as it does not incorporate forestry credits. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) doesin principle include forestry credits, but demand (in the absence of a linking directive and demand from the EU-ETS) and prices have always been too low toencourage success, so CDM has also become, for all practical purposes, another “black carbon” mechanism. Google translate （谷歌翻译） : 气候变化已促使大气二氧化碳作为主要温室气体和能源使用和工业的人为二氧化碳排放在影响温度和气候方面的作用的普遍欣赏 - 我们将这些排放称为温室气体的“棕色碳”和“黑色 碳“用于由不纯燃烧产生的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低而不能鼓励成功，因此清洁发展机制 ，为所有实际目的，另一个“黑碳”机制。 我的翻译：气候变化让我们普遍地意识到 大气中的二氧化碳是 主要温室气体， 由于能源使用和工业产生出来的（既人为的）二氧化碳排放 在影响温度和气候。 我们将这些排放分为 “棕色碳”（来自于温室气体排放）和“黑色 碳”（来自燃烧剩下的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘）。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑色－棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷（ forestry credits ）。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低，而不太可能成功；因此，清洁发展机制 实际上就是另一个“黑碳”机制。 Terrestrial carbon stored in plant biomass and soils in forest land, plantations, agricultural land and pasture land isoften called “green carbon”. The importance of “green carbon” is beingrecognized through anticipated agreement at the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) in Copenhagen, December 2009,which includes forest carbon – through various mechanisms, be they REDD and afforestation, REDD-Plus, and/or others (e.g. ‘Forest Carbon for Mitigation’).The world’s oceans bind an estimated 55% of all carbon in living organisms. Theocean’s blue carbon sinks – particularly mangroves, marshes and seagrassescapture and store most of the carbon buried in marine sediments. This is called“blue carbon”. These ecosystems, however, are being degraded and disappear atrates 5–10 times faster than rainforests. Together, by halting degradation of“green” and “blue” carbon binding ecosystems, they represent an emissionreduction equivalent to 1–2 times that of the entire global transport sector –or at least 25% of the total global carbon emission reductions needed, with additional benefits for biodiversity, food security and livelihoods. It is becomingincreasingly clear that an effective regime to control emissions must controlthe entire “spectrum” of carbon, not just one “colour”. GT: 储存在植物生物 量 中的陆生碳和林地，人工林，农业用地和牧场中的土壤通常被称为“绿色碳”。 “绿色碳”的重要性正在通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇 - 通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。世界海洋约占活生物体中所有碳的 55 ％。海洋的蓝色碳汇 - 特别是红树林，沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳。这被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止“绿色”和“蓝色”碳结合生态系统的退化，它们的减排量相当于整个全球运输部门的 1-2 倍 - 或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％为生物多样性，粮食安全和生计带来额外的好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”，而不仅仅是一种“颜色”。 我的翻译：储存在植物中的陆生碳，以及林地、人工林、农业用地和牧场的土壤中的碳，通常被称为“绿碳”。 “绿碳”的重要性通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议正在逐步得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇－通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。所有活生物体中的 碳， （约） 55 ％是 储存 在（世界）海洋中。海洋的蓝色碳汇－特别是红树林、沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳－被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，其消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止这些储存着“绿碳”和“蓝碳”的 生态系统的退化，其减排量相当于全球运输系统的碳排放总量的 1-2 倍－或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％，而且还能为生物多样性、粮食安全和生计带来好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”（既各种颜色的碳），而不仅仅是一种“颜色”（的碳）。 In the absence of “Green Carbon”, biofuelcropping can become incentivized, and can lead to carbon emissions if it is notdone correctly. The conversion of forests, peatlands, savannas and grasslands to produce food-crop based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia and the UnitedStates creates a biofuel carbon debt by emitting 14 to 420 times more CO 2 than the annual reductions in greenhouse gases these biofuels provide by replacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels produced from waste biomass and crops grown on degraded agricultural land donot accrue any such carbon debt. GT: 在缺乏“绿色碳”的情况下，生物燃料种植可能会受到激励，如果不能正确完成，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西，东南亚和美国，森林，泥炭地，热带草原和草地转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，通过排放比年温室气体减少量多 14 至 420 倍的二氧化碳产生生物燃料碳债务这些生物燃料 通过替换化石燃料提供。 相比之下，由废弃生物质和生长在降低农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料不会累积任何这样的碳债务。 我的翻译：如果我们忽略“绿碳”（的作用）， 生物燃料的生产可能会受到激励；如果不能正确规划，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西、东南亚和美国，森林、泥炭地、热带草原和草地被转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，目的是替换化石燃料；但是， 这比不转化（这些土地）反而多排放 14 － 420 倍的二氧化碳 （既产生相反的作用），因为这些土地上的原有的植物 具有一定的减少温室气体的作用。 相比之下，由废弃生物和生长在低产农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料，则不会造成碳排放。
Introduction The 2013 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO 2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2010. Detailed geographic information on CO 2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2010 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2013).Those national, annual CO 2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO 2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit.The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption andnation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO 2 emissions overtime are apparent for most areas. 下面介绍这种格点数据： We suggest the data should be plotted before directly incorporating the data into a model or other use. If read in correctly, the data should plot a map of the world with North at the top and East to the right. On each line, the data go from the 180-179 degreeswest cell to the 179-180 degrees east cell until reading in the next line of data. 数据为时间序列的 1 °分辨率的全球 CO 2 排放量，按上北下南、左西右东分布。数据的具体参数请见说明文档（ readme.ndp058_v2013.doc ），测试数据的空间分布见图 1 ，附上测试数据及代码（ Code.rar ）。 图 1
http://cmi.princeton.edu/about/ And China is part of it. Finding Safe, Effective and Affordable Solutions to Climate Change The Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI) is a 15-year partnership between Princeton University and BP with the goal of finding solutions to the carbon and climate problem.
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/06_2.shtml How important is the biological pump overall? It turns out, it is very important. For instance, if the biological pump were turned off, atmospheric CO 2 would rise to about 550 ppm (compared to the current 360 ppm). If the pump were operating at maximum capacity (that is, if all the ocean’s nutrients were used up) atmospheric CO 2 would drop to a low of 140 ppm.Thus, if we change the overall concentration of nutrients in the ocean there is a net effect on the carbon cycle .
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/06_1.shtml … The main use of the thought experiments is to illustrate how complicated things get when considering the exchange of carbon dioxide between ocean and atmosphere upon changing the climate. Whether the scenarios outlined in the thought experiments have much resemblance to reality is another matter. Perhaps they do. Maybe they don't. But it is this kind of thinking that needs to go into the mathematical models to make them responsive to climatic change .
3月9日在北京出差期间，收到一封来自日本的邮件： Dear Prof. Guo I am taking liberty to send you my latest review article; it cites your paper. I hope this review article will be useful to young CNT researchers. Please forward it to your research students. With all good wishes XXX 当时没有看附件，也不知道引用了我哪篇文章。回到太原，仔细读了原文，才发现引用的是我们2010年刚刚在Carbon出版的关于碳树的文章。关于那篇文章，我还在伯客中介绍过（ http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=280590 ）。我记得春节前，刚收到出版社发过来的reprint。当时，我上网看了一下，还没正式出版。现在时间刚过了一个月，引用它的文章就出版了，真是e-时代啊。 为不辜负作者好意，将该文摘要贴在下面。有需要者，可与本人或原作者联系。 原文摘要： 引用部分：
2007级硕士生唐静的工作主要是考察实验条件变化对树状碳形貌和产率等的影响，并进一步研究这种树状碳或碳树的形成机理。2009年6月份，他写了一篇英文文章。我大致看了一遍，发现有不少问题。最主要的问题有两点：一是关于某个问题的讨论，虽然洋洋洒洒写了好几页，但却很难明白他要表达的意思；二是使用了许多非常生僻的英语单词，那些单词不是考过GRE的人恐怕认不出几个来。写文章的首要目的是让别人明白自己的工作，而不是去考人家的单词量。因此，我让他重写后再给我。经过几个月的反复修改，文章于11月初成稿。我们打算把它投给Carbon，因为这是碳领域唯一的一个重要杂志。 文章投出后，先要经过Elsevier的Technical Check，自然还要有一些文字和格式问题需要修改。通过了Technical Check后，文章才能到主编Thrower教授手里。也许是因为他对我在Carbon上发表的第一篇碳树文章给他惹来的麻烦印象太深刻了，我们以后的每次投稿他都亲自处理。Thrower教授很快就给我来信了，说文章还需要修改才能考虑送审。他的意见有三点。第一，题目要简单明了。我们原来的题目是Tree-like carbon grown from camphor - a botanical hydrocarbon。他建议改为Tree-like carbon grown from camphor。第二，正文中提供的摘要和网上投稿过程中填写的不一致。原来第一次投稿时，摘要字数超标了。根据Technical Check的意见，需要缩减。我在重新投稿时忘了更改上次网投的摘要了。第三，文章中提供的照片看起来像树枝而不像完整的树。他还专门加了一句话，I have never seen trees that look like this（我从来没有见过像这样的树）。他在这句话后面使用的是感叹号，似乎他很生气，后果很严重。但我知道，他是一个喜欢开玩笑的人。实际上，他很热心，很愿意帮助向Carbon投稿的作者。当然了，这里指的应该是认真的作者。不过从这封信中可以看出，他非常认真地读了一遍文章，而且仔细核对了所有的投稿材料。 我当即把主编的邮件给唐静看了，并让他尽快补充几张像树的照片。大概过了一天，唐静就给我看了几张用光学显微镜拍的照片。照片是从底片上扫描过来的，质量不够好，有点发暗，但看起来有点儿像树了。我觉得即使主编再喜欢挑剔，总不能要求我们像专业摄影师吧。我从中选了两张，让唐静把标尺添上。唐静把标尺添好发到我的邮箱后，就到外地找工作去了。我还得慢慢思考到底该把这两张照片放在哪儿。因为根据文章要讨论的内容，其结构已经确定好长时间了。现在突然要增加两幅照片，却只能说它们看起来像树，而没有别的可讨论的科学内容，真不知道该放在哪儿合适了。放在支持材料中吧，好象又太少了，显得孤单。掂量来掂量去，觉得还是放在正文中比较好。 就在我准备动手改文章的时候，突然又发现了一个问题：不知道他这两张照片用的那个样品，也就是是在什么条件下得到的样品。但唐静这时候已经不知道在哪儿了，虽然能知道他的手机，可是他能记得那么清楚吗？于是我就把这件事放下了，等他回来再说。大概过了两星期左右，唐静打电话回来说还要继续请假一周多。因为人家找工作嘛，我又不能不答应。在他要放下电话的时候，我想起了照片的事，就问他能不能记得用的哪个样品。他说，当时照光学显微镜照片时，都是用的一个样品，所以条件不会记错。于是我就在文章结果与讨论的开始部分，加了一句话，说在显微镜下可以清楚地看到我们的样品具有多分支的树状结构，并给出了得到该样品的实验条件，然后再讨论催化剂用量对碳树的影响。11月27日，我把修改过的稿件再次投到Carbon杂志。这次投过去后，很快就进入under review状态了。 也许是审稿人选得比较合适，审稿过程出奇地快，还不到三周，12月15日就收到主编转来的审稿人意见。两个审稿人都认为不错，是以前工作的继续，给出了一些新结果，稍做修改即可发表。主编给我们三周时间修改。我把审稿人意见和文章都打印了一份给唐静，让他给出初步的修改意见，把需要添加或修改的地方在文章中标出来，具体改动另写在一张纸上，另外还要写一个response to reviewers。因为两个审稿人提出的都是小问题，比如碳树的收率没说，摘要中对温度影响的说明不够明确等，所以他只用了两三天就说改好了。可是我记得有一次，Thrower教授曾抱怨过，说有时候他刚把审稿人意见发给作者，当天就收到作者返回的修改稿了。他很生气，怀疑作者是否认真地研究过审稿人意见。我记得他当时用很夸张的动作和表情说，这么短的时间，连读一遍都不够。我们当然不能冒他之大不韪了。我仔细改过正文和response to reviewers后，又让唐静认真核对文稿和response to reviewers中提到的修改是否一致，所有的参考文献是否都准确无误，而且与正文中一一对应。 一周后，也就是12月21号，我又把全文和回复意见看了看，又抽查了几个参考文献，觉得没什么问题后，就把修改稿连同response to reviewers发给Carbon杂志。我下午5点多把修改稿传过去，觉得第二天就可能收到录用通知。没想到吃过晚饭后，我打开电脑一检查邮箱，就看到Thrower教授的邮件了，说文章已被接收。邮件上显示的时间是18点43分，也就是说Thrower教授看到我们的修改稿后，一小时就决定录用了。 我真佩服Thrower教授的这种精神：热爱Carbon（科学和杂志），处处为作者和读者着想。 论文链接： J. Tang, G. Q. Jin, Y. Y. Wang, X. Y. Guo Tree-like carbon grown from camphor, Carbon, 2010,48(5): 1545-1551. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00086223
最近，《应用化学》杂志（ http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200902615 ）报道了日本AIST的研究人员Shinohara研究报道了把金属填充到SWCNT、DWCNT和MWCNT的方法，经过真空和真空加热过程在狭窄的纳米管空腔内填充了非常薄的金属纳米线，并用HRTEM进行了详细研究。 Wires with atomic dimensions are potential structural elements for future nanoscopic electronic components. Such fine wires have completely new electronic properties. However, apart from the non-trivial production of metallic nanowires, their high chemical reactivity is a critical problem; they are easily oxidized in air and are not stable. Japanese researchers working with R. Kitaura and H. Shinohara have now developed a new method that is simple and delivers stable nanowires: They deposit metal atoms inside of carbon nanotubes. As the scientists report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, this forms metal wires of individual atoms lined up side-by-side that are so well protected by their sheath that they have long-term stability. The method of production simply involves heating carbon nanotubes and a metal powder together in a vacuum. It works for all metals that enter into a gaseous phase at relatively low temperatures, such as europium, samarium, ytterbium, and strontium. The metal atoms almost completely fill the cavity inside the carbon nanotubes. Using europium metal and carbon nanotubes with an inner diameter of about 0.76 nm, the researchers were able to obtain wires made of a single chain of individual atoms. This first true one-dimensional nanowires was also stable after one month of exposure to air. By using carbon nanotubes with different inner diameters, ultrafine wires with various diameters could be produced, which were for example formed of two or four atomic chains. In comparison to macroscopic europium crystals, the atomic wires demonstrate significantly different electronic and magnetic properties. The nanowires are an ideal model for the study of one-dimensional phenomena. The researchers now aim to test the properties of the wires with respect to their suitability for use as wiring for nanoelectronic components. 相对来讲，要是能在液相中直接合成那该多好！
by Flickr Poorfish From SciDev Net, the author reports the opinion of Jiang Gaoming, who firstly published in chinadialogue (London) Home Regions China Latin America Caribbean Middle East North Africa South Asia South-East Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Topics Agriculture Environment Climate Change Energy Health New Technologies Science Innovation Policy Science Communication Articles News Features Opinions Editorials Policy Briefs Practical Guides Letters to the Editor Book Reviews Key Documents Links Notices Events Jobs Grants Announcements Advisory Panel This gateway is being guided by a regional advisory panel Opinions http://www.scidev.net/en/china/opinions/china-can-sink-carbon-in-the-soil.html 3 March 2009 | EN | 中文 Chinese farmland could store 1.2 tonnes of carbon per square metre Flickr/Poorfish Reducing carbon emissions in China doesn't have to be expensive there is huge potential for storing carbon in the soil, says botanist Jiang Gaoming. There are 1.2 million square kilometres of farmland in China, with an average carbon storage capacity of 1.2 tonnes per square metre. But countries have a history of using, rather than managing, land, which depletes the organic content of soil and releases carbon dioxide into the environment. The organic content of soil in northeast China, for example, has fallen from 12 per cent to around one per cent over the last six or seven decades. Increasing all of China's soil organic content by one per cent would be equivalent to absorbing about 30 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, he says. Jiang suggests that farmers could use unwanted straw for animal fodder instead of burning it and rural households could use livestock dung to generate electricity. The waste from this process could itself be used as a high-quality fertiliser to increase the organic content of the soil, he adds. Sequestering carbon in soil deserves policy support, concludes Jiang, so that it can ultimately become part of the global carbon-trading system.
标签: Carbon
