# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Ecologists have long been interested in the taxonomic structure of communities, i.e. the distribution of co-occurring species among higher taxa (Elton, 1946). Because individuals in a community interact via their phenotypic traits, and because these traits have evolved down lineages, the taxonomic or phylogenetic structure of communities can reveal the outcome of processes of community organization ( Webb et al., 2002 ). As phylogenetic information has become available for the taxa in communities, students of community structure have been able to avoid some of the limitations of rank by constructing pruned phylogenies for community members. 生态学家长期以来都对群落的分类结构很感兴趣，即在高等分类阶元中共存物种的组成情况（ Elton ， 1946 ）。由于一个群落中的个体通过其表型特征相互作用，并且由于这些特征已经进化到后代支系中，因此群落的分类或系统发育结构可以揭示群落组织过程的结果（ Webb et al., 2002 ）。随着系统发育信息在群落分类中的广泛应用，研究群体结构的学生也可以通过构建群体成员的系统发育关系来避免（经验）等级限制。 Webb C O , Ackerly D D , Kembel S W . Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution . Bioinformatics, 2008, 24(18):2098-2100.
Wardle, D. A. and M. Jonsson (2013). Long term resilience of above- and below-ground ecosystem components among contrasting ecosystems. Ecology. 高对比性生态系统 地上及地下部分的长期恢复研究 有许多研究已经探索过生态系统对干扰的短期响应在不同生态系统中变化，但关于差异显著的生态系统在长期尺度上怎样从干扰中恢复的实验研究鲜有报道。我们在瑞典北部的30个不同大小的森林植被差异明显的岛屿上开展了一个简单的长期实验；火减少以后随规模增大，土壤肥力和生态系统生产力下降，植物物种多样性增加。我们预期大的，生产力高的岛屿上下层植被的恢复会最大，这可能与对土壤生物和非生物特性的更大依赖有关。我们从1998年开始对森林下层植被设置三个干扰处理（干扰强度逐渐增大）：轻度修剪、重度修剪和火烧，第四个处理是不干扰对照。我们在接下来的14年里逐年测定下层维管植物的恢复情况，同时评价苔藓的恢复情况和一些地下变化。与我们的预期一致，位于小岛（瘠薄）上的维管植物群落变化指标（总盖度、物种丰度、多样性（香农指数）和群落组成）恢复的比大岛慢，差异显著；但是这种差异并不充实且仅在最严重干扰的处理中明显。我们发现苔藓和一种灌木恢复的尤其慢，这种灌木的丰度在小岛上更高，足以解释小岛上整个生态系统的慢速恢复。此外，14年后地下指标并没有完全从严重干扰中恢复，与我们预期不一致的是恢复的程度不受岛屿大小的影响。许多研究发现植物群落对环境干扰的短期反应是发生巨大变化，我们的结果揭示了当相同干扰施予高对比性的生态系统时，无论干扰多么严重，他们在恢复上的差异在长期尺度上相对较小。
图书 Communities and Ecosystems: Linking the Aboveground and Belowground Components 作者 David A. Wardle 出版年代 Paper | 2002 | $61.00 / 41.95 400 pp. | 5 x 8 | 58 line illus. Most of the earth's terrestrial species live in the soil. These organisms, which include many thousands of species of fungi and nematodes, shape aboveground plant and animal life as well as our climate and atmosphere. Indeed, all terrestrial ecosystems consist of interdependent aboveground and belowground compartments. Despite this, aboveground and belowground ecology have been conducted largely in isolation. This book represents the first major synthesis to focus explicitly on the connections between aboveground and belowground subsystems--and their importance for community structure and ecosystem functioning. David Wardle integrates a vast body of literature from numerous fields--including population ecology, ecosystem ecology, ecophysiology, ecological theory, soil science, and global-change biology--to explain the key conceptual issues relating to how aboveground and belowground communities affect one another and the processes that each component carries out. He then applies these concepts to a host of critical questions, including the regulation and function of biodiversity as well as the consequences of human-induced global change in the form of biological invasions, extinctions, atmospheric carbon-dioxide enrichment, nitrogen deposition, land-use change, and global warming. Through ambitious theoretical synthesis and a tremendous range of examples, Wardle shows that the key biotic drivers of community and ecosystem properties involve linkages between aboveground and belowground food webs, biotic interaction, the spatial and temporal dynamics of component organisms, and, ultimately, the ecophysiological traits of those organisms that emerge as ecological drivers. His conclusions will propel theoretical and empirical work throughout ecology. Reviews: Highly recommended for all ecologists.-- Choice I suspect that this book, if for nothing else than for the sheer weight of its intellectual synthesis, will be among classics for many years to come.--Patrick Bohlen, Ecology Endorsements: After a long phase of specialization and splinter, ecologists are again converging on the ecosystem. In this book, David Wardle shows that he is qualified by experience and instinct to play a leading role in this exciting quest.--J. P. Grime, University of Sheffield Over much of the twentieth century, there has been a disconnect between studies of above-ground and below-ground organisms at both the community and ecosystem levels. Many of the below-ground studies proceeded in relative isolation or were treated by ecologists at a 'black box' level. David Wardle's new book is truly a quantum leap forward in uniting studies of terrestrial ecosystems. It explains the concepts and mechanisms of community and ecosystem processes within the framework of a masterful review and synthesis of the world literature--leading us toward an ecological 'unified field theory' (pun intended).--David C. Coleman, University of Georgia This book is a benchmark and bellwether for a large volume of science that is being and will be conducted in this decade. It will be of value to both those scientists with casual interests in the topic and to the experts, because it provides short summaries and syntheses of findings as well as an in-depth analysis of available data.--Timothy Seastedt, University of Colorado 图书内容 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Acknowledgments vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Soil Food Web: Biotic Interactions and Regulators 7 Controls: Top Down, Bottom Up, and Productivity 9 Regulation by Resources and Predation in Soil Food Webs 16 Litter Transformers, Ecosystem Engineers, and Mutualisms 37 The Functionality of Soil Food Webs 43 Stability and Temporal Variability 48 Synthesis 53 Chapter 3: Plant Species Control of Soil Biota and Processes 56 Plant Species Effects on Soil Biota 57 Links among Plant Species, Soil Biota, and Soil Processes 68 Temporal and Spatial Variability 73 Plant Traits, Strategies, and Ecophysiological Constraints 83 Soil Biotic Responses to Vegetation Succession 97 Synthesis 103 Chapter 4: Belowground Consequences of Aboveground Food Web Interactions 105 Individual Plant Effects 106 Dung and Urine Return 114 Effects of Palatability Differences among Plant Species 117 Spatial and Temporal Variability 130 Consequences of Predation of Herbivores 132 Transport of Resources by Aboveground Consumers 134 Synthesis 136 Chapter 5: Completing the Circle: How Soil Food Web Effects Are Manifested Aboveground 138 The Decomposer Food Web 140 Nitrogen Transformations 152 Microbial Associates of Plant Roots 157 Root Herbivores 169 Physical Effects of Soil Biota 173 Soil Biotic Effects on Aboveground Food Webs 175 Synthesis 181 Chapter 6: The Regulation and Function of Biological Diversity 183 Assessment of Soil Diversity 184 Stress and Disturbance as Controls of Soil Diversity 187 Biotic Controls of Diversity 194 The Enigma of Soil Diversity 203 Diversity of Soil Organisms over Larger Spatial Scales 205 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 209 Synthesis 236 Chapter 7: Global Change Phenomena in an Aboveground-Belowground Context 239 Species Losses and Gains 240 Land Use Changes 253 Carbon Dioxide Enrichment and Nitrogen Deposition 265 Global Climate Change 281 Synthesis 292 Chapter 8: Underlying Themes 295 References 309 Index 387
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