纯属一家之言，我的思路整理记录本。 现实的和谐往往与“罪犯、犯罪”相伴的，犯罪的罪犯往往被追踪到父亲、爷爷甚至老爷爷辈，这也许就是我们谈到的遗传。遗传没有问题的，我们往往又考虑环境，特别是家庭的影响，包括父母的影响。往往现实中很多罪犯的父母要么离异、要么单亲、要么是家庭暴力等等等等。（所以结婚要慎重，生小孩更要谨慎，因为不仅仅影响的彼此，还有孩子啊，孩子是无辜地）记得我还总开玩笑抱怨我的创新意识小的时候就被我妈妈抹杀了，因为小时候我还是很叛逆的，都被妈妈管得太严以至于什么都不干动，不敢想。不知有没有流行病学调查。基于个人对现实的感受，父亲或母亲会影响后代的行为。平时大部分焦点集中于母亲，往往忽略了父亲的作用。根据目前我对小鼠社会行为的观察，发现父源对小鼠社会行为的影响更大，包括社交能力、社会记忆和攻击行为等等。下面这篇论文，也恰好证实了这一点，主要的意思就是如果生下的小鼠，父亲不照顾的话，后代小鼠与有父亲关爱的会产生比较明显的攻击行为，同时也影响了大脑内血管加压素的表达。 然而，我们养的小鼠，一般是交配后，雄鼠就和母鼠分开了，也就是说本来后代就只有母鼠照顾，那么文中用的 California mice （加州老鼠）是什么老鼠呢？这是我的疑问一。疑问二就是血管加压素到底和行为，特别是社会行为有什么关系呢？ 维基百科上是这样介绍的： The California mouse ( Peromyscus californicus ) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae . It is the only species in the Peromyscus californicus species group . It is found in north-western Mexico and central to southern California . It is largest Peromyscus species in the United States . While most rodents are polygamous , the California mouse pair bonds , making it a model organism for researchers studying the genetics and neurobiology of partner 。还有一句更重要的是 The California mouse pair bonds and the males help raise the young 。 原来是这样，加州老鼠需要父亲来抚养，如果把父亲的抚养权剥夺的话，这真是一个不错的小鼠模型。怪不得实验选择这种老鼠呢。我再想如果把加州老鼠与我们平时用的小鼠比较基因组什么的，是不是会发现很多有价值、有意义的东西。这使我我想起了前几天发的一篇有关牛朊病毒的文章，就是利用水牛和黄牛比较，之所以选择这两个东西是有原因： 全球超过 18 万头的黄牛感染了疯牛病，但是却没有一例水牛被感染疯牛病的报道，这说明遗传因素在疯牛病的易感性上有着不可忽视的作用。通过比较分析了黄牛和水牛群体的 SPRN 基因的启动子区、编码区和 3’ 区域，共发现了 117 个种间固定差异。 那么血管加压素与行为有什么关系呢？ 维基百科上是这样介绍： Arginine vasopressin ( AVP ), also known as vasopressin , argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Vasopressin is responsible for regulating the body's retention of water by acting to increase water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane. Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's permeability. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance , which in turn increases arterial blood pressure . It plays a key role in homeostasis , by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary . Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain , and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior , bonding, and maternal responses to stress. 关键是最后一句，血管加压素能够调控社会行为，其实我更喜欢叫抗利尿激素，接着我想起了催产素，因为记得有文献报道催产素也调节社会行为。 为什么呢？原来还有一句关键的话： The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins: It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions (see table below). The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species. The magnocellular neurons that make vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that make oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions: oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions 原来二者有着非常类似的结构。 真的是豁然开朗，柳暗花明。 提示：父亲对后代的影响真的很重要，所以父源暴露环境毒素对后代的影响会有意想不到的结果，这也是我的课题的创新点吧。
专家评论： While the effect of the environment on every aspect of an organism's existence is beyond doubt, we are only now beginning to gain an appreciation for the nuances of such effects at a behavioral level. Dietz et al. make an important contribution in this arena by using a chronic social defeat paradigm of male mice (fathers) and then examining the effect of this paternal experience on behavioral and physiological end-points in their offspring. The transmission of behavioral and physiological perturbations from one generation to another have been well documented, but most of these studies have 'perturbed' the parental environment while the offspring are gestating in utero (maternal effects) or by using post-natal manipulations. Built into the experimental design in this manuscript is assaying behavior and physiology in adult offspring conceived at least a month after the father has been subjected to social defeat. The authors find that both female and male offspring sired by fathers that had been exposed to social defeat show anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in a battery of behavioral assays. In addition, the male offspring have higher levels of basal corticosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor compared to controls. These results taken together indicate that the paternal experience of being subjected to social defeat affects behavior of the offspring by potentially causing alterations in the homeostatic functioning of stress-responsive physiological mechanisms. It should be apparent that these findings of the paternal environment affecting the behavior and physiology of offspring have implications for the development of neuropsychiatric diseases and provide a translational framework within which to study this development. To address an epigenetic basis for their results, the authors perform in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm from socially defeated males and show slight effects on depressive-like behavior in male offspring. While this observation suggests some form of biological inheritance, the authors choose to downplay this result citing it as not being extremely 'robust'. Instead, they focus on the possibility that the female's (mother) interaction with a socially defeated male (father) might be a conduit for such transmission. While we applaud the authors' caution, we feel that their self-proclaimed 'subtle' IVF results are actually profound and should give the scientific community hope that we are on the cusp of finding transgenerational inheritance of behavior that reflects the paternal environment, with the authors being among the first to point us in this direction.
标签: 父亲
![[转载]父亲二十年前的叮嘱](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201210/06/100427sjlwnnszl6poalln.jpg.thumb.jpg)
