【翻译】蝙蝠回声定位的进化概述 ( Li et al., 2007 ) 熊荣川 译 随着研究的深入，我们对于现存蝙蝠类群的系统发育关系认识得到了相当的深化。蝙蝠类动物祖先大概是在 8000 万年前从 劳亚兽总目分化出来并在始新世形成多种古蝙蝠类物种。 传统的观点把蝙蝠（翼手目，译者注）分为两个亚目，即小蝙蝠亚目 Microchiroptera （使用喉部部发出的超声进行回声定位）和大蝙蝠亚目（旧大陆果蝠类，辖单科 狐蝠科 Pteropodidae ）（大蝙蝠亚目不使用喉部发出超声进行回声定位，译者注）。但是，前者（小蝙蝠亚目的分法）已被证明存在争议。取而代之，现代更为可信的分子系统进化树将大蝙蝠类群及原属小蝙蝠亚目的菊头蝠总科的部分物种（蹄鼻蝠和 allies ）划为新的一支叫做 Yinpterochiroptera ；其它的小蝙蝠亚目则单独聚为一支。这一新的分类产生了这样一个问题，喉音回声定位是两次独立进化的结果还是只是一次进化后在旧大陆果蝠中发声丢失。即使化石类蝙蝠和现存回声定位物种的相似性似乎支持前面一种假设，还是有研究支持两个喉音回声定位类群的趋同进化。 考虑到个洞栖果蝠属 Rousettus 物种后来进化出简单的弹舌音回声定位，喉音回声定位的丢失解释相对更为可信。 关键词：蝙蝠 回声定位 分子系统 Our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among extant bat species has increased considerably over the past two decades ( Hutcheon et al., 1998 ; Murphy et al., 2001 ; Springer et al., 2001 ; Teeling et al., 2002 ; Van den Bussche et al., 2004 ; Eick et al., 2005 ; Teeling et al., 2005 ) . Bats diverged from other ordinal groups within the Laurasiatheria around 80 million years ago ( Springer et al., 2001 ) and diversified in the early Eocene ( Teeling et al., 2005 ) . Bats were traditionally split into the two suborders Microchiroptera (bats that echolocate by producing sounds in the larynx) and Megachiroptera (Old World fruit bats represented by the single family Pteropodidae), however, the former is now known not to represent a true clade. Instead, the emerging and highly resolved molecular tree places all megachiropterans (which do not possess laryngeal echolocation) with some members of the microchiropteran superfamily Rhinolophoidea (horseshoe bats and allies ) in a proposed new clade called the Yinpterochiroptera ( Springer et al., 2001 ; Teeling et al., 2002 ; Teeling et al., 2005 ) . Other microchiropterans group together in a second clade-the Yangochiroptera-and this new arrangement raises the question of whether laryngeal echolocation has either evolved twice independently or has been lost in the Old World fruit bats ( Springer et al., 2001 ; Teeling et al., 2002 ; Teeling et al., 2005 ; Jones et al., 2006 ) . Although similarities between early fossil bats -which appear basal to all other bats-and extant echolocating species appear to support the latter scenario ( Jones et al., 2006 ) , others have argued in favour of convergence in the two clades ( Eick et al., 2005 ) . A possible loss of laryngeal echolocation appears especially interesting given that one genus of cave roosting fruitbat ( Rousettus ) has subsequently evolved a simple from echolocation based on tongue clicking ( Jones et al., 2006 ) . 参考文献 Eick G. N., Jacobs D. S.,Matthee C. A. (2005). A nuclear DNA phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of echolocation and historical biogeography of extant bats (Chiroptera). Molecular biology and evolution 22 (9): 1869-1886. Hutcheon J. M., Kirsch J. A.,Pettigrew J. D. (1998). Base-compositional biases and the bat problem. III. The questions of microchiropteran monophyly. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353 (1368): 607-17. Jones G,Teeling EC (2006). The evolution of echolocation in bats. Trends in Ecology Evolution 21 (3): 149-156. Li G, Wang J, Rossiter SJ, Jones G,Zhang S (2007). Accelerated FoxP2 evolution in echolocating bats. PloS one 2 (9): 1-10. Murphy W. J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S. J., Madsen O., Scally M., Douady C. J., Teeling E., Ryder O. A., Stanhope M. J., de Jong W. W.,Springer M. S. (2001). Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294 (5550): 2348-2351. Springer M. S., Teeling E. C., Madsen O., Stanhope M. J.,de Jong W. W. (2001). Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (11): 6241-6246. Teeling E. C., Madsen O., Van den Bussche R. A., de Jong W. W., Stanhope M. J.,Springer M. S. (2002). Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (3): 1431-1436. Teeling E. C., Springer M. S., Madsen O., Bates P., O'Brien S. J.,Murphy W. J. (2005). A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record. Science 307 (5709): 580-584. Van den Bussche R. A.,Hoofer S. R. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa. Journal of Mammalogy 85 (2): 321-330.
标签: 回声定位
