学术界中，许多学者的职涯与论文发表数量息息相关。虽然一个人的发表多寡不代表他的聪颖程度或对于学术圈的实际贡献，然而许多研究单位、公司，甚至是非营利单位都使用发表文章多寡来比较候选人的好坏。但是一个研究计画可能需要耗费相当长的时间，而研究可以长达十几年。如果不加速研究进度的情况下，我们能如何增加论文发表列表的数量呢? 寻找其他发表的方法。 研究论文不是唯一一种被列为刊物的形式，你可以利用以下不同种类的文章来增加你发表数量。以下是各种不同的论文形式的介绍， 列表中提供每种写作的简短介绍、内容特色、是否由编辑征求、作者数量的统计、文献和字数，同时也准备了几个范例提供参考。 如果你写论文的时候，已经决定好要投哪个期刊的话，可以将该期刊最近的发表文章都看过一次来学习写作风格。除此之外，把期刊的作者须知(guide for authors)读过一次来确认编辑的确切要求。 文稿类别 详细内容 范文 Original Research Papers, including Clinical Cases Studies An article that discusses the details of recent original projects, including their data, results, and findings. This type of work includes references and figures. Word count: ~3,000 words Abstract: Yes References: many journals have a cap of 50-60 references Figures/Tables: ~5-8 Solicited: Usually unsolicited No.of Authors : ~5, though usually no limit Common genetic variation drives molecular heterogeneity in human iPSCs Statin and rottlerin small-molecule inhibitors restrict colon cancer progression and metastasis via MACC1 Water scarcity hotspots travel downstream due to human interventions in the 20th and 21st century The association between Western and Prudent dietary patterns and fasting blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes and normal glucose metabolism in older Australian adults A Trial of Itraconazole or Amphotericin B for HIV-Associated Talaromycosis Hubble Law: Measure and Interpretation Brief Reports/ Case Reports A short manuscript that shares recent, validated findings by focusing on a single, novel concept such as a new approach to therapy or first-time reports of clinical cases. For example, a case report can discuss one to three patients or a single family . Word count: ~1,000-2,000 Abstract: Yes (shorter summary than original research paper abstract) References: 20 Figures/Tables: ~2-3 Solicited: Usually unsolicited No. of Authors : ~5 Buprenorphine for the Treatment of the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Case 13-2017 — A 41-Year-Old Man with Hearing Loss, Seizures, Weakness, and Cognitive Decline Review Articles A paper that summarizes recently published developments on a topic without adding new data. Typically, the explored studies must be no older than six to twelve months, and the authors use an objective approach to providing new insight on the topic. Word count: ~4,000 words Abstract: Yes References: 60-100 (usually contains more references than an original research article) Figures/Tables: ~5 Solicited: Generally solicited, but editors often accept unsolicited materials. Propose a topic to the editors before drafting. No. of Authors: 1-3 Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence Making the Case for Causal Dynamical Triangulations Systematic Reviews/ Meta-Analyses As a comprehensive review of a highly relevant topic, this type of manuscript frequently covers the history of the subject and a survey of approaches and strategies. This exhaustive literature review uses explicit methods and analyzes data from other studies. Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may be used to assign varying weights to the studies analyzed. In essence, a systematic review can be a cost-effective way to answer your research question without launching a new investigation. Word count: 5,000 Abstract: Yes PRISMA statement : Yes References: 100 Figures/Tables: ~5-8 Solicited: Unsolicited No. of Authors: 1-3 A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia Impact of searching clinical trial registries in systematic reviews of pharmaceutical treatments: methodological systematic review and reanalysis of meta-analyses Vitamin C and the common cold For additional examples, see “ Systematic reviews. Some examples. “ Research Letters to the Editor Concise presentation of original, validated findings. Word count: up to ~700 words Abstract: No References: 6 Figures/Tables: 1-2 Solicited: Can be unsolicited No.of Authors : ~3-5 Slush-like polar structures in single-crystal relaxors Trial of Transplantation of HCV-Infected Kidneys into Uninfected Recipients Conservation: Pay countries to stop whaling Letters to the Editor regarding Recently Published Articles A short, reactionary letter regarding an article recently published by the journal. References are generally used to rebut, clarify or concur with claims presented in the published article, and the authors of the study being challenged can respond to the letter. The commenters sometimes use the letters to suggest other implications of a paper’s findings. Word count: ~300-500 words Abstract: No References: 5 Figures/Tables: 0-1 Solicited: Unsolicited No. of Authors: ~3 (some journals allow up to 10) Correspondence: Analytical flaws in a continental-scale forest soil microbial diversity study Case 8-2017: A Zimbabwean Man with a Severe Headache Junior scientists: Senior scientists as allies for equity Conservation: Pay countries to stop whaling Editorials: Opinions and Other Commentaries Various journals have different types of editorials. Clinical journals may focus on policies, ethical issues, and other current global issues that can affect clinical studies. These articles can also suggest new methods (e.g., new technologies and software) and policies that affect the practical aspects of being a researcher. Since these manuscripts aim to enrich the scientific knowledge by providing insights into matters that can affect the readership community, these articles are often solicited by editors. Word count: up to ~2,000 words Abstract: None References: 10 Figures/Tables: 0 Solicited: A journal may have several categories of editorial content, some of which are solicited, while others are not. Even when generally solicited, editors may accept proposals. No. of Authors: 1-3 Reassess dam building in the Amazon Empty rhetoric over data sharing slows science A Tale of Two Doctors — Structural Inequalities and the Culture of Medicine Perspectives/ Theoretical Papers Survey articles that assess theories, models, concepts and their controversies from a more subjective approach . Word count: a wide range of 1,000-7,000 Abstract: Yes References: 10-100 (depending on the article length) Figures/Tables: 1-2 Solicited: Unsolicited but proposals may be accepted No. of Authors: 3 Replication Catastrophe: When a Checkpoint Fails because of Exhaustion Damming the rivers of the Amazon basin The Waiting Game — Why Providers May Fail to Reduce Wait Times Specialized Articles regarding Protocols, Data Sharing and other Methodology-Related Content Research Elements is the trademarked name for Elsevier’s line of specialized short papers on sharing data, software code, developed materials and methods, and video articles. Other publishers carry similar articles, such as Nature ‘s “ Protocols .” This type of manuscript is short and usually peer-reviewed; however, some journals such as Protocols have more robust requirements, which are similar to those for full original research articles. The purpose of these documents is to promote the transparency, reproducibility, and collaboration and may or may not have open access. Word count: 3,000 Abstract: Yes References: depends on the length but can range from 1 to ~50. A minimum requirement may be 1: the study that demonstrates the method or protocol featured in this manuscript. Figures/Tables: 5 Solicited: Varies. Research Elements are unsolicited. Journals such as Protocols publish solicited works. Even if solicited, proposals may be accepted. No. of Authors: 3; one of the authors may need to be an author of the original research paper that applies the method discussed in the protocol paper (e.g., see Nature Protocols requirements ) Biological and chemical strategies for exploring inter- and intra-kingdom communication mediated via bacterial volatile signals mRNA quantification using single-molecule FISH in Drosophila embryos Generation of iPSC line HEL47.2 from healthy human adult fibroblasts Data on blueberry peroxidase kinetic characterization and stability towards thermal and high pressure processing Book Reviews As the category title suggests, this article type focuses on examining relevant books of interest to the journal’s readership. A manuscript may cover a single book or several based on a theme. Word count: 500-700 words Abstract: No References: No Figures/Tables: No Solicited: Solicited, but proposals may be accepted. Some editors have a specific list of books they may have slated for review, so you can ask them if you can participate in the book review process. No. of Authors: 1 Natural history: Thoreau’s debt to Darwin Astronomy: An all-American eclipse Conference Papers/ Conference Proceedings Although conference papers are based on research, they can focus solely on preliminary findings. Additionally, some fields such as computer science highly value conference paper publications. In addition, many universities and institutions may value journal publications more, but the academic community still finds merit in conference papers. In any case, publishing conference papers with organizations can help generate momentum for you as you continue your research. For example, some publications under the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated (IEEE) allow the conversion of conference papers into more substantial journal paper IEEE is also respected for its published conference proceedings. Length: 6 pages Abstract: Yes References 50 Figures/Tables: 5 Solicited: Unsolicited; submissions made in advance of the conference (~6 months minimum) of Authors: Varies but generally 3 May need to be present at conference to present your article A distributed cloud resource management framework for High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications Does Gamification Work? — A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification Estimation of coal consumption rate based on operating parameters For a list of IEEE conferences that accept publications, click here .
使用恰当的动词时态，提高文章可读性 写论文的时候，作者应该要遵守英语语法规则，也要确保格式合乎规范。 这里的合乎规范不单指遵照目标期刊或是所在单位机构的固 定要求，更意指要能够清楚地、准确地将信息传达给读者，包括研究主题、研究时间与你的观点(和引用的他人的观点)。为了能够做到这点，有一个重要的写作原则就是要确保文章中 动词时态（Verb Tense）使用恰当 。动词时态使用恰当，能使上下文衔接自然流畅，帮助读者快速梳理整个文章脉络，提高文章的可读性。 我们该怎样决定使用何种时态呢？ 我的研究都已经完成了，难道我不应该全部使用一般过去时吗？ NO!! 我们应该要以作者的身份，站在具体讨论内容的角度来决定。 作者身份也分很多类型，你可能是一名研究参与者（participant）、研究评论者（critic）或是研究传播者（messenger）等等，不论你是哪种作者身份，都应该与文章保持一些距离，站在一个客观角度来阐述。还有重要的一点就是，你必须考虑按照时间顺序来决定，在特定情况下该使用现在式还是过去式。 另外如果想准确掌握时态的使用，还必须同时熟悉需要遵守的论文撰写格式要求（APA, AMA等等），思考在各种情况下，应该使用哪一种时态是最合理的。 本篇文章将会聚焦于一般期刊和学术机构的研究论文中最常见的时态使用、基本动词使用规则和格式风格，但是除此之外，大家还是要彻底熟悉自己的目标投稿期刊或是所在单位机构所要求的格式。 现在时、过去时和完成时的一般使用规则 首先，在研究论文中有基本三种时态，分别是一般现在时(simple present)、 一般过去时(simple past)和现在完成时(present perfect)。在介绍研究性论文各部分的时态使用之前，先来看看一般论文的时态使用吧。 现在时(simple present) 一般现在时本质的思维特征是：表示从过去到现在直至将来的一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。也就是说，这些动作或状态的发生不限于某个特定的时间，它们可发生在任何时间，包括现在、过去和将来，这一段时间可以近乎无限长（表示客观真理），也可以表示习惯活动。我们用一般现在时来表示：1. 不受时间限制的科学事实、客观真理、言语格言，以及概括、结论、观点等；2. 表示人民日常生活习惯及重复活动。（张满胜：《英语语法新思维》页169） 一般现在时用来阐述一般事实（talk about general facts）、讨论现在的意义与可能的结果（discuss current meanings and implications）和表明未来的应用（suggest future applications）。 一般事实(General fact)为不因时间地点改变的事情，因此讨论一般科学事实时，永远适用现在时。 例:“Insulin and glucagon regulates blood glucose levels.” 可能的结果(implications)跟一般事实非常相近，因此规则也是一样的。 例:“An elevated glucose level indicates a lack of glucagon hormones in the pancreas. 未来的研究(Future research)使用一般现在时来强调，或表明重要性。 例:“Further studies about glucagon receptors are needed .(passive voice) 一般过去时(simplepast) 一般过去时用来讨论在过去某个特定时间与地点所发生的已经完成的事件。最常被用来描述离散事件（discrete events），例如 研究、实验或是观察到的现象。 例:“Scientists in Wales discovered a new enzyme in the liver.” 例:“Protocol X was used to analyze the data.(被动) 现在完成时 (present perfect) 现在完成时在研究论文中被用来描述事件或动作在过去的某个不确定时间点发生，或已经发生了但至今仍持续进行中/最近才完成。这一般在绪论中建立背景信息，来描述研究动机和解释研究目的。 需要注意的是这是在研究论文中最少被使用的过去式，而且要尽量避免使用。建议更多使用一般过去时阐明明确的动作。 例:“Many studies have focused on glucagon as an important regulating hormone.” 例:“Until recently, researchers have analyzed this kind of data using a Chi-Square Statistic.” 例:“Efforts have been made to understand more about this process. (passive) 论文不同部分里，哪种动词时态最合适？ 不得不再次向大家重申：您目标投稿期刊或是所在机构单位推荐或要求的时态使用，永远是最合适的。 不过无论是何种格式要求，它们的共同点都是十分强调论文各章节的连贯性，因此下面为大家介绍的使用规则，在大多数情况下都应该适用。 摘要(Abstract) 摘要部分， 一般 来说 需要使用一般过去时。至于简明的说明句（ concise introductory sentence ），则可以使用现在完成时。不过为了强调研究的重要性时，举例来说，解释世界的现况或你研究的特定地区，你也可以使用一般现在时。 引导句范例(现在完成时):“Recent studies of glucagon and insulin production have led to breakthroughs in medicine.” 建立背景/状况/目的范例(现在时):“Diabetes accounts for a higher number of deaths in the US than previously calculated.” 针对一般的陈述和事实、论文本身或是结果的分析，使用现在时。 事实陈述句范文:“In the US, diabetes is the most common endocrine disease. ” 如果你在陈述一个事实或一个早期/地点的发现，使用简单过去时。 范文:“In 2016, diabetes was the most common endocrine disease.” 绪论(Introduction) 在绪论部分，你可以混合使用一般现在时和一般过去时。 一般现在时用于讨论永恒不变的事实的时候，而一般过去时则用于描述早期的研究发现，可以是你自己本人的，也可以是他人的。 早期研究发现(一般过去时) 范文:“This same research team discovered a similar enzyme in their 2012 study.” 如果该研究发现的日期不明确或不重要，则使用现在完成时。 范文:“Prior research hasindicated a correlation between X and Y. 绪论的结论句，使用一般过去时或现在完成时。 结论句范文(一般过去时):“The Cal Tech glucagon studies were inconclusive. ” 结论句范文(现在完成时):“Prior research in this area has been inconclusive.” 当你在讲述某件已经发生的事情，或是被发现是过去的事情但已经被更正过，则使用过去完成时。 更新的信息(过去完成时)范文:“The Dublon skystudy had determined that X was Y, buta 2012 study found this to be incorrect.” 文献回顾(Literature Review) 文献回顾部分的时态使用有点棘手，因为你必须得同时考虑到：格式要求(APA, AMA, MLA 等其它格式) 和你如何进行文献讨论。 一般过去时通常应用于：研究者的名字为句子主语，然后讨论该研究的方法或结果。 描述研究员的操作范文:“Pearson(1997) discovered a new enzyme using similar methods. 其他常见的动词 使用:investigated, compared , stud ied, analyzed, investigated, found, confirmed , performed, etc. 当你评论另一位研究者的研究，或提出该研究当中提到的结果、讨论或结论时，使用现在时。 讨论另一个研究时使用的范文:“Ryuku(2005) concludes that there are no additional enzymes present in the liver, a finding this current study directly refutes.” 其他常见的动词: stresses, advocates, remarks, argues, claims, posits. etc. 方法论(Method) 方法论部分的时态使用方法，相对上来讲比较清楚。只要在一般过去时和一般现在时之间做出选择即可。 用一般过去时介绍你做了什么，你可能会注意到在描述研究者的操作时，时常使用被动语态。这样的做法能够较强调做了什么事情，而非谁做了这些事情。被动语态虽然在近十几年变成主流，但混合主被动语态来提升文章的可读性是一个相当值得推荐的做法。 研究的方法部分范文:“A glucose molecule was added to the mixture to see how the peptide would respond.”(被动语态) 分析的方法部分范文:The results were analyzed using Bayesian inference.(被动语态) 使用现在时来表示或解释图表、表格和示意图等。 范文:“Table 5showsthe results of this first isolated test.” 范文:“The results of this first isolated testare displayedin Table 5.(被动语态) 结论(Result) 结论部分的动词时态使用规则跟方法论部分有些相似。 使用一般过去时来讨论实际结果 范文:“The addition of 0.02μg of glycogen activated receptor cells. 范文:“Receptor cells were activated by the addition of 0.02μg of glycogen.(被动语态) 使用一般现在时来解释图表、表格和示意图等，句子语态则不可以混合主被动。 讨论(Discussion) 讨论部分涵盖了研究新发现的分析、解释和其意义。 使用一般过去时来总结你自己的发现。 总结我们自己的新发现范文:“The experiment yielded a number of results associated with the processing of glucose.” 使用一般现在时来解释和讨论新发现意义和重要性。 范文:“ synthetic glucagon is two-thirds as effective at decreasing fatty acid synthesis.” 结 论与未来展望 (Conclusions and FurtherWork) 结论和对于未来研究展望通常放在论文最后一句或两句，并提供一些基础但新颖的观点。 使用现在完成时来表示你的陈述说明到当下为止都还有效。 范文:“Results from this study have led to a deeper understanding about how different peptides interact in this enzyme.” 使用一般现在时来表述研究新发现的应用，并对未来研究提出建议。 大范围的应用范文:This study confirms thatendogenous glucagon is even more essential in metabolism than previously thought.” 当讨论到未来需要进行的研究或是准备要实行的研究时，除了一般将来时或一般现在时(或虚拟语气)可以使 用， 一般现在时的被动语态也可以使用 。 对于未来研究的寄望:“Further clinical studies are needed/will be needed/must be carried out/should be carried out to isolate the cause of this reaction.” 遵守以上的动词时态使用规则的话，你的论文可读性就可以大大提升。时态使用恰当，时间顺序更加明确，也就能够更加容易地突出你研究的重点。即便是已经完成论文，你也可以回头继续修改动词时态，只要你多读论文，不断练习，那么你就可以更快速的知道在任何情况下，应该用哪种时态来表现才最合适。
标签: 英语论文润色
