·IJAC微课堂· 对于中国作者而言,英语科技论文写作存在着一座难以跨越的Chinglish大山,这不仅严重影响论文在编辑心中的初印象,无法准确传达研究的意义,还有可能引发读者对研究本身学术价值的质疑。为此,我们特别邀请 IJAC外籍润色编辑、牛津大学博士Matt Hewson ,基于近三年IJAC发表的所有论文,总结出中国作者写作时出现的高频错误,小到词语及从句的应用、大到谋篇布局,每期十分钟,助您轻松避坑,写出native speaker的feel~ 参与随堂活动,还可领取IJAC高定大礼包! 30份限量高定礼包@你 注:以下活动二选一参加,每人仅能领取一次 本次活动截止至2020年7月15日中午12:00 IJAC系列微课堂,已同步上线B站,bilibili搜索 IJAC (UID: 583634554)或 识别下方二维码 找到我们的科研小驿站,所有IJAC原创视频任君观看!在 B站本则视频下方点赞+投币+收藏,一键三连支持小编,截图发送至IJAC微信后台 ,即可免费领取一份价值300元的高定大礼包! 请在以下三题的括号处正确填入a/an/the,在IJAC微信对话框回复你的答案, 小编将在所有回答正确的小伙伴中抽取10位 ,免费赠送价值300元的IJAC高定大礼包! 1. ( ) access schema no longer suffices for RAaggr under the bag semantics. 相关论文: Bounded Evaluation: Querying Big Data with Bounded Resources 2.Object tracking is ( ) very improtant topic. 相关论文: Robust Object Tracking via Information Theoretic Measures 3. ...but the control of multi-sensors is ( ) urgent problem for the robustness and real-time performance of the system. 相关论文: Optimization of Grasping Efficiency of a Robot Used for Sorting Construction and Demolition Waste 哈工大高会军团队: 基于强化学习的多速率系统控制器最优化研究 综述:自主式水下机器人的路径规划算法 【程学旗陈恩红团队】社交网络的传播背景:模拟与建模 高被引Top1团队综述:图像、图形及文本领域的对抗攻击及防御 【精选好文】服务机器人物品归属关系学习新策略 【专题好文】基于神经网络的新型乳腺癌检测框架 综述:用于自由曲面加工的新型计算机数控方法 港科大-微众AI杨强团队:用于生成对话系统的迁移多层注意力网络 美国蒙莫斯大学:基于深度学习的手势识别及无人机控制 陶建华团队:基于半监督梯形网络的语音情感识别 帝国理工学院:自然语言处理中大数据的智能收集与分析 北大王立威团队: 零样本细粒度图像分析新模型 自动化所陶建华团队: 基于真实环境的面部表情分析 英国克兰菲尔德大学: 用于故障监测与诊断的全新多层分析算法 【综述】美外籍院士Brian Anderson: 社交网络中舆论动力学研究进展 2020年7月会议变动汇总 2020年6月会议变动汇总 2020年5月会议变动汇总 2020年4月会议变动汇总 2020年3月会议 科技部新政速览 2020年1-2月会议日历 2020年国际学术会议参考列表 【名校好课】MIT最新深度学习公开课 一款强大的公式编辑器 如何在不平坦的科研路上狂奔? 复杂公式转LaTex:一张图片,三步搞定! 提升科研效率的几款小工具 【主编报告】如何写好一篇学术论文?
Expert: Tighten control over imported cases 评析: 1. case case用法昨天讲过,不再重复: 评析中国日报2020-03-12文章:Imported cases rise as virus ... contained 2. control control是常用词,有多个意思。遇到这种词,不妨把词典里的整个词条通读下。比如: (1)power over sb/sth: The idea is to give localauthorities fullcontrol of their own budgets. (2)limitingor managing sth: The police are experts in crowd control. (3)way of limiting or managing sth(常用复数形式:controls): The country has tightened its border controls. 标题里的control是第三个意思。跟这个control搭配的动词有:implement ~、impose ~、introduce ~;tighten ~;relax ~;lift ~、remove ~。 2. 标题 我们说,句末是强调的重点,所以把要强调的内容放在句末。句子开头、结尾都可以用来强调你想要表达的内容,句子的中间很少有这个功能。我们找信息一般直接找开头或结尾 —— 句子、段落、文章、书稿都是如此。详情请读《简洁的原理》(英文版)法则18,第88页。 这个法则标题同样适用。China Daily昨天报道过境外输入病例(旧信息),今天的报道应该突出control(新信息) 。所以,标题文字最好把controls放在最后。 ○ Zhong Nanshan, a prominent expert in respiratory diseases, said that there still exists the possibility that the COVID-19 outbreak could end in June, but this hinges on all countries taking full and active measures to tackle it. 评析: 1. COVID-19 报道中国之外的疫情,要用世界卫生组织的统一名称COVID19(Corona Virus Disease和2019年的缩写),或用Corona Virus Disease,或第一次用全称后面再提到用Virus或Disease等方式变通表达。翻译就用“冠状病毒”。不要用 “新型冠状病毒肺炎”和 novel coronavirus pneumonia指称我国之外的冠状病毒,这两个名称是我 国卫健委给国内疫情命名的术语 ,不能搞混。钟南山院士用词准确。严谨的措辞是实打实的爱岗敬业。 2. could 这个词表示推测,语气很弱,可以理解为:it is possible, but not probable。 3. tackle tackle的英文释义:deal with sth difficult。注意定义中的difficult。处理棘手的事情才用tackle。 ○ If some countries do not pay full attention to the infectious nature and harm of the disease or intervene forcibly, (the outbreak) may be prolonged, Zhong, one of the leading specialists tackling the outbreak in China, said at a news conference on Thursday in Guangzhou, Guangdong province. 评析: 1. 引号 这段引文少了右引号(希望印刷的报纸上没有漏掉),应该是在Zhong的前面。 2.one of... 第一段里有钟南山院士的介绍:a prominent expert in respiratory diseases。第二段这儿又开始介绍,而且用的是钟南山院士的姓:Zhong, one of the leading specialists tackling the outbreak in China。 这位Zhong是不是另一位医生?钟南山院士是呼吸病学专家,这位Zhong先生是处理这次疫情的专家。如果不是用Zhong,而是用Zhong Nanshan,读者至少知道是同一个人的不同头衔。 这个one of ... 最好合并到第一段里去,或是删掉。钟南山三个字国内外很多人知道;不加头衔,读者也知道是谁。 ○ The virus should become less active in the high temperature in the summer, thus slowing the outbreak. However, should the outbreak extend any longer, it would have an enormous impact on the society and the economy of a country, he said, adding that the previous assessment was based more on the situation in China. 评析: 1. outbreak 这段时间outbreak是个热词。China Daily上误用过。知道下英文释义: the sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease 常见的动词搭配:cause ~、lead to ~;prevent ~ 常见的短语:an ~ of disease;an ~ of war/fighting/hostilities/violence 2.However 少用或不用however开头表示nevertheless的意思。这个词多少都会给人浮夸、不实的感觉。用but、yet都比用however强。 3.impact impact用作名词是所有人都认可的。现在很多教材的选篇或网络文章里经常出现impact作动词用。英语里经常有变名词为动词的做法:Not all are bad, but all are suspect。你也许见过这样的句子:Did you room-change?意思是:Did you change rooms? 详情请读《简洁的原理》(英文版)第160、176页。 (转载自“简洁的原理”公众号)
Imported cases rise as virus basically contained 评析: 1. case 《简洁的原理》(英文版) 提醒写作者慎用in case、in most cases、in every case这类词。这些短语里,case相当于situation。 为什么要慎用?这个标题告诉我们case的意思是“病例”。法律上的案件、案例用case,医院的病例也用case。 用习惯了in case这类的词语,要换胃口一时半会儿还不容易。但至少要做到如果一篇文章里用case表达了“案件”“病例”,就不要再用case表达其他意思。 2. as as是什么意思?Imported cases rise是境外输入病例增加,virus is basically contained是国内疫情基本上控制住了:这两个独立的分句(independent clause)需要一个连词来表示转折关系。as可以表示转折关系,但句式要倒装:Happy as we are, there was something missing. 用什么连词,要看作者想强调哪部分内容:是 importedcasesrise ,还是 virusis basically contained ? 我们知道,一句话里句末是强调的重点,所以把要强调的内容放在句末。具体内容,请读 《简洁的原理》(英文版),第88页。比较上面两个分句,我认为 importedcasesrise 是作者要强调的重点,是作者希望传递给读者的信息。 信息有新旧之分。写文章要以旧带新,用old information带出new information。“以旧带新”就是说旧信息放在前面,新信息放在后面,这样读者才会自然而然地接受不会感到唐突。这是符合认知心理的。上面两个分句哪个信息新哪个信息旧很好识别。表示转折,又要强调后面的成分: (1) Al(though) virusis basically contained,importedcasesrise. (2) Virusis basically contained, butimportedcasesrise. 第一句是表示转折的状语从句,有主从关系,要强调的部分用主句表述;第二句是并列分句。报纸标题要考虑每栏的宽度,用词忌长。用 Virusis basically contained, butimportedcasesrise 作标题吧。 ○ As the waning of the novel coronavirus epidemic continues in China, with the number of daily new cases dropping precipitously to double-digits and hospitals in Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, either closed or opening up with empty beds, experts said the stakes are still high, especially along the country's intricate network of ports and airports. 评析: 这句话很长,但 主干清楚: As the waning of the novel coronavirus epidemic continues in China, the stakes are still high . 句子一简化,就容易看出从句跟主句是矛盾的。 As the waning of ... continues ..., experts said the stakes are still high... 作者想说:“虽然疫情在持续减弱,但专家说风险依然很大。”英文给我们的意思却是:“随着疫情持续减弱, 专家说风险依然很大。 ”作者想要表达的是转折关系;文字给出的却是伴随关系,而且从句、主句之间意思不衔接。文章标题里的as和这儿的as都用错了。 作者还在句子中间用了一个(其实是两个)很复杂的with结构“with + 名词 +动词-ing短语+ and + (with) + 名词 + 形容词短语” : with the number of daily new cases dropping precipitously to double-digits and (with) hospitals in Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, either closed or opening up with empty beds with复合结构 不能乱用 。英语里有很多误用滥用。比如: × Most are youngwith agesranging from18to24. √ Most are young; theiragesrangefrom18to24. 写作时,句子太长可以分开, 先把意思讲清楚,再看看能不能整合: (1) The waning of the novel coronavirus epidemic continues in China, andthe number of daily new cases drops precipitously to double-digits. (2) Hospitals in Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, are either closed or remain openwith empty beds. (3) Experts saidthe stakes are still high, especially along the country's intricate network of ports and airports. 第一句、第二句保留,第三句前面加入一些文字,比如: (1) These arehappy news, but experts saidthe stakes are still high,... (2)Despite theses happy news, experts said the stakes are still high , ... ○ Amid surging infections overseas, the number of imported cases nationwide rose by 10 to 79 as of Tuesday. After days of no new indigenous infections outside Hubei province, Heilongjiang province on Tuesday confirmed a new case in its Greater Hinggan Mountains area-another reminder of the virus's capability to reemerge in seemingly safe regions, according to the National Health Commission. 评析: 这段文字写得不好,没有中心。第一句讲 境外输入病例增加 ,第二句讲黑龙江省又发现一个非境外输入的病例。总共两句话,主题是什么? Amid surging infections overseas给我的期待是,后面要讲海外感染情况,美国怎么样、欧洲怎么样,等等。结果是突然跳到 the number of imported cases。强扭的瓜不甜,删去 Amid surging infections overseas 。 删了也提高不了文章的质量,因为后面又继续跑调,跑到谈国内病例了。 1.as ofTuesday 有一定水平的英语学习者可能会为自己敢用as of而窃喜, 认为是英文 水平高的体现 。 这个短语最早 源自美国,专 只 文件或合同的生效日期 : takes effect as of July 1 。现在时不时会在一些英文里发现as of,很多都是错用或是因错用而蔓延成滥用的例子。除了指 文件或合同的生效日期 这个用法外,其他场合不用为妙。很正式的文件也未必会用as of,比如香港回归的文件:The Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997. 用常见的in、on、from、after、since表示日期的起始时间就很具体也很好——至少比用as of高级 。很多英美有识之士认为,as of is inferior to on。 (转载自“简洁的原理”公众号)
Threat of pandemic 'has become very real', WHO says 2020-03-11 CHEN WEIHUA and AI HEPING 评析: 1. pandemic :a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world 大流行病 epidemic: a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community 流行病;传染病 endemic (in/to ...): regularly found in a particular place or among a particular group of people and difficult to get rid of 某地流行的;某地特有的 这三个词可以用作形容词和名词,endemic用作形容词更多些。 pandemic强调在全国或全球蔓延,epidemic强调在某地区多人同时感染。这三个词里,epidemic最常见,也最常用。 2. very: very已用烂,避之唯恐不及。如果铁了心要用,就先用跟“娘希匹”对等的国骂damn代替看看是否顺耳(参阅《简洁的原理》(英文版),第200页)。删去very,或用frighteningly,如何? Threat ofpandemichasbecome real,或者 Threat ofpandemichasbecome frighteningly real 世界卫生组织官员的原话不能改,改为间接引用就解决问题了。 Italy placed the whole country under an unprecedented lockdown on Tuesday to fight the spread of the novel coronavirus outbreak, while the World Health Organization warned that the threat of a pandemic has become very real as the virus has a foothold in so many countries. 评析: 1. lockdown: the confining of prisoners to their cells, typically to regain control during a riot (多指暴乱期间为控制局势而对囚犯施行的)临时监禁。这个词主要在北美用 。 由这个意思引申出另一个意思:a state of isolation or restricted access instituted as a security measure 隔离;关闭(作为安全措施) 看到lockdown首先想到的是监狱的监禁。词有隐含意思,一定要弄清楚 (参阅《简洁的原理》(英文版),第135页) 。做外宣的朋友尤其要注意,不要盲目从外刊上拿词用:自以为用了个好词,其实却是站错队、表错态。 用 quarantine:a period of time when an animal or a person that has or may have a disease is kept away from others in order to prevent the disease from spreading 检疫;检疫期。可以搭配的动词有:enforce ~;keep sb/sth in ~;put sb/sth in ~。 2. novel coronavirus “新型冠状病毒肺炎”及其英文名 novel coronavirus pneumonia是我国卫健委命名的术语。世界卫生组织给出的命名是COVID19。最早与我国停航的意大利其病例与我国没有关系;意大利一号病例跟武汉市华南海鲜市场的病例同为一代,但该号病例跟我国没有任何接触史。意大利的疫情跟我国无关。意大利的疫情应该用COVID19。 3. spread spread前面用动词fight不太好。可以选用的动词有两类:(1)halt、prevent、stop、tackle;(2)combat、contain、control、curb、limit、reduce。 4. outbreak 能说to fight the spread of the COVID 19 outbreak吗?不行。to prevent the outbreak of COVID19?可以。 5. while while什么意思?我不知道。因为while可以表示and at the same time、whereas、although等多个意思。 参阅《简洁的原理》(英文版),第201 页。 文章首次发表于“简洁的原理”公众号。
词条主要来源于这个列表【A】,解释主要来源于这个网站【B】。欢迎各位补充。 aisle:(大型仓储)超市里放商品的排、走廊、客机里的过道(不确定这第一个a是否算是不发音的,也许ai就可以发i的音类似于pie?见美国版知乎【C】) cnid-:与刺胞有关的(如水母等;来源于希腊语) czar:沙皇(来源于斯拉夫语) gn-:这里举几个例子 gnarled:树(干/枝)扭曲的;多瘤/节的;手(指)粗糙的(可能来源于德语;注意g/k互换)probably a variant of knurled, from Middle English knar knob, knot in wood, protruding mass on a tree (late 14c.), earlier a crag, rugged rock or stone (early 13c.), from a general group of Germanic words that includes English knob, knock, knuckle, knoll, knurl. Gnarl (v.) make knotty, gnarl (n.) a knotty growth on wood, and gnarly (adj.) gnome:1. 生活在地下/土里的类似于小矮人的小精灵。dwarf-like earth-dwelling spirit, from French gnome (16c.), from Medieval Latin gnomus, used 16c. in a treatise by Paracelsus, who gave the name pigmaei or gnomi to elemental earth beings, possibly from Greek *genomos earth-dweller (compare thalassonomos inhabitant of the sea - 与地中海贫血thalassemia有相同词根--海周边的血液病) gnome:2. 金言/警句。short, pithy statement of general truth, 1570s, from Greek gnōmē judgment, opinion; maxim, the opinion of wise men, from PIE root *gno- to know. (这里gno-与know同源,再次注意g/k互换;类似互换还有十分常见的b/p如subscribe/subscription,以及f/ph/gh如sulfur/sulphur-一个相关讨论见【D】简单来说就是希腊语来源的ph为主德语及古英语来源的gh为主,还有b/v互换可能更多见于其他欧洲语言中如Avril在法语里就是April四月的意思--标准qwert键盘里把v和b紧挨着排列的原因?) gnomAD:人群基因组变异频率数据库。估计创造这个词的人/小组想借用nomad(游牧民族,现代人类随着历史发展逐渐扩散到世界的各个角落)的意思,外加不发音的g开头也符合gn-构词法(因此发音为no-mad,而不是gee-no-mad)。当然其全称是The G e nom e A ggregation D atabase【E】。 gnostic:与知识相关的,尤其是神话中魂魄相关的知识。relating to knowledge, especially mystical or esoteric knowledge of spiritual things, 1650s, from Greek gnōstikos knowing, good at knowing, able to discern, from gnōstos known, perceived, understood, earlier gnōtos, from gignōskein learn to know, come to know, perceive; discern, distinguish; observe, form a judgment, from PIE *gi-gno-sko-, reduplicated and suffixed form of root *gno- to know.(对比加上否定前缀a-的不可知论agnostic) gnu:南非一带像牛一样的羚羊(什么鬼。。。)ox-like South African antelope, 1777, gnoo, from Dutch gnoe, used by German traveler Georg Forster (1754-1794) to render Khoisan (Hottentot) i-ngu wildebeest, from Southern Bushman !nu: (in which ! and : represent clicks打响舌). h-:比较常见,如heir, herb, honest, honor, hour等 kn-;比较常见,如knee, knock, knot, know等 mnemonic:助记符。1753, aiding the memory, intended to assist the memory; 1825, pertaining to the memory, a back-formation from mnemonics, or from a Latinized form of Greek mnēmonikos of or pertaining to memory, from mnēmōn (genitive mnēmonos) remembering, mindful, from mnēmē memory, a remembrance, record, an epitaph; memory as a mental faculty, from base of mnasthai remember, from PIE root *men- (1) to think. The noun meaning mnemonic device is from 1858. Related: Mnemonical (1660s). (对比加上否定前缀a-的失忆症amnesia) pneumon-/pneum-:肺,如肺炎pneumonia。pneumo- before vowels pneum-, word-forming element meaning lung, from Greek pneumon lung, from PIE root *pleu- to flow, altered in Greek by influence of pnein to breathe. ps-:这里举几个例子 psalm:赞美诗、圣诗、圣歌。Old English psealm, salm, partly from Old French psaume, saume, partly from Church Latin psalmus, from Greek psalmos song sung to a harp, originally performance on stringed instrument; a plucking of the harp (compare psaltes harper), from psallein play on a stringed instrument, pull, twitch (see feel (v.)). Used in Septuagint for Hebrew mizmor song, especially the sort sung by David to the harp. Related: Psalmodize; psalmody. After some hesitation, the pedantic (学究气的)ps- spelling prevailed in English, as it was in many neighboring languages (German, French, etc.), but English is almost alone in not pronouncing the p-. pseudo-:伪/假的,在科技词汇中比较常见,如伪科学pseudoscience,笔名pseudonym psi:希腊语中的一个字母Psi (/(p)saɪ/; uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ; Greek: ψι psi ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700.维基百科【F】 psoriasis:牛皮癣。1680s, from medical Latin psoriasis, in Late Latin mange, scurvy, from Greek psoriasis being itchy, from psorian to have the itch, from psora itch, mange, scab, related to psēn to rub (see psilo-). psych-:与精神相关(对比与神经相关的neuro-),如心理学psychology等 ptero-:翼/羽毛的。before vowels pter-, word-forming element in science meaning feather; wing, from Greek pteron wing, from PIE *pt-ero- (source also of Sanskrit patram wing, feather, Old Church Slavonic pero pen, Old Norse fjöer, Old English feeer), from root *pet- to rush; to fly.我最熟悉的词恐怕是翼龙pteranodon(家里小孩子小时候会说很多恐龙相关的单词,我跟着学了不少) ptosis:(眼皮)下垂。1743, from Greek ptosis, literally falling, a fall, also the case of a noun, nominal derivative of piptein to fall, from PIE *pi-pt-, reduplicated form of root *pet- to rush; to fly. In English, especially of the eyelid. who:常见词(不确定这第一个w是否算是不发音的,也许wh就可以发h的音,如whole,whore?) wr-:十分常见,如write,wrong,wrist等等。 关于PIE:原始印欧语言/语系Proto-Indo-European language,见维基百科【G】 关于linux/unix里的GNU和GNOME:GNOME is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems. GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment, but the acronym was dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project.见维基百科【H】 最后,我很赞同【C】里得票最高的回答: Sorry, but there are very few “rules” of pronounciation in English, and even those have exceptions. In general, we use ay to sound like say. Once in a while we might use just the a, like Jason, and even less often ai, Like in straight. Spelling in English is really messed up. Our grammar is easy, but our spelling is hard. This is because English is a Germanic language largely infiltrated by Latin, and we also borrow lots of other words we just find use for. We have plenty of words that are just French or Greek words, for example. Some of these end up with an anglicized pronounciation, like hypocrite, and some retain (ree-tayn) their original pronounciation like epitome. You just need to practice with English speakers. Watch movies in English. Talk to people in English and ask them to correct you. In some other language to English transliterations, such as Hebrew, ai or ay is prounounced “I.” But that doesn’t help you with English words. 参考文献 A. https://www.wordnik.com/lists/starts-with-a-silent-letter B. https://www.etymonline.com/ C. https://www.quora.com/Is-there-any-rule-explaining-the-pronunciation-of-ai-in-words-I-know-a-boy-called-Jai-his-family-pronounces-his-name-as-rhyming-with-pie-I-later-met-someone-whose-business-name-is-Jaisyn-but-its-pronounced-like D. https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/74713/why-is-a-ph-or-gh-used-instead-of-an-f-in-commonly-used-english-words-like E. https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/ F. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_(Greek) G. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language H. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
学生用英语写论文不容易,很多时候自己都会感到不满意。因为英语不是我们的母语,遣词造句会很困难。现在的书很多都很厚,国外的图书更是如此,国外的大学教材尤甚。写薄了,风险大,容易露出马脚。 我修订 The Elements of Style 是因为这书薄,全是干货,而且在英语世界经受了半个世纪的考验,已经公认是指导英文写作的“圣经”。只要翻看指导英文写作的书,无论科技写作还是其他类别的写作,都能看到这本书的影子。《纽约客》的资深编辑Mary Norris甚至说:“这本书都深入我们骨髓里去了,还需要专门再说吗?” 借用 美国科学院、美国工程院、美国艺术科学院三院院士,H因子最高的化学家George Whitesides的话: I also suggest you read Strunk and White, The Elements of Style to get a sense for usage. 我还要推荐你读一读斯特伦克和怀特编著的《简洁的原理》 (英文版) ,去寻得遣词造句表达思想的感觉。 如何改好文字顺利发表?结合我修订的《简洁的原理》(英文版),整合我在清北复交公众号上发表的五篇文章,列出个一二三,供大家参考。 一、删去冗词 1. 弱动词 ,如be (am、is、are、was、were、being、been)、have、exist、动词的被动形式(如is believed、was seen)。 (1) His brother, who is a member of the same firm→ His brother, a member of the same firm (2) This is the same idea that was suggested last week.→ This is the same idea suggested last week. (3) In this novel, part of the theme is stated directly in so many words, and part is not so much said in specific words but is more or less hinted at.→ In this novel, part of the theme is explicit, and part is implicit. (4) There is a need for further study of the problem.→ We need to study the problem further. (5) Tomake the most of your investments, it is essential that you understandwhat your goals are and whatyourfinancial temperament is.→ Tomake the most of your investments, you have tounderstand your goals and financial temperament. 2. 沉闷乏味的名词 ,如tion、ment、ence等结尾的名词。做法就是换动词,删名词。 (1) call your attention to the fact that→ remind you (notify you) (2)The inference thatbecausehigh schoolgraduates are morelikely to beemployed than dropouts, the differences may beattributed to the possession of a diploma is suspectsince dropouts and graduates may differ in a variety of waysrelevant to bothgraduationpropects and employment status.→ It is not necessarily the diplomathat makeshigh schoolgraduatesmoreemployable than dropouts; other differences mayaffect boththeir education and their job prospects. 3.介词成串 ,原因就是弱动词和沉闷乏味的名词用得太多。 (1) the question as to whether→ whether (the question whether) (2) in spite of the fact that→ though (although) (3) At the meeting there willbe a report to the stockholders on the progress of theCompany during the past year. Adiscussion period will also take place, during which the stockholders will have an opportunity to discuss matters of Company interest.→ At the meeting the president will report to stockholders on the Company's progress during theyear and then invitequestions and comments. 用例子总结一下修改的捷径: (1)is indicative of→ indicates (2)have an influence on→ influence (3)gives considerations to→ considers (4)is capableof→ can (5)is a benefitto→ benefits (6)by the implemention of the plan→ by implementingthe plan (7)in the creation of→ in creating (8)in the discussion of→ in discussing (9)through the examination of→ throughexamining (10)by addition of→ by adding 二、修改错误的词语顺序 1. 形容词 (1) Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me.→ Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy. (2) Thesuperintendent of theOssining CorrectionalFacilityfoundthe community's desire to preservepart of the prisonamusing.→ Thesuperintendent of theOssining CorrectionalFacility wasamusedby the community's desire to preservepart ofthe prison. (3) More subtlebut equallyimportant, part-timeteachers arestripped oftheirprofessionalidentities.→ This practicehas anothereffect, more subtle but equally important: part-time teachers arestripped oftheirprofessionalidentities. 2. 副词 (1) All the members were not present.→ Not all the members were present. (2) The marathoners submitted their applications to compete immediately.→ The marathoners immediately submitted their applications to compete. (3) The investigator tested the participants using this procedure.→ The investigator tested the participants who were using the procedure. 或: Using this procedure, the investigator tested the participants. 3. 动词短语 (1) Based on this information, we decided to stay.→ With this information, we decided to stay. (2) Driving along the highway, a deer leapted in front of the car.→ As we drove along the highway,a deer leapted in front of the car. (3) We have often seen celebrities waiting in line to buy tickets.→ We have often seen celebrities when we were waiting in line to buy tickets. 4. 同位语 (1) A soldier of proved valor, they entrusted him with the defense of the city.→ A soldier of proved valor, he was entrusted with the defense of the city. (2) One of the most trouble-free house plants, I feel that hoya belongs in every indoor garden.→ One of the most trouble-free house plants, hoya, I feel,belongs in every indoor garden. (3) A resident of Shanghai since boyhood, his interest inantiquities dates back to hissenior year in high school.→ A resident of Shanghai since boyhood, he became interested in antiquities during his senior year in high school. 5. 介词短语 (1) Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation proved irresistible.→ Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible. (2) At the age of 16, her uncle, who was a journalist, advised her, First you have to live, then you will write.→ When she was 16, her uncle, who was a journalist, advised her, First you have to live, then you will write. (3) As a key person in your company, we are taking the liberty of sending you a press release describing our program for the coming year.→ Since you are a key person in your company, we are taking ... 或: Recognizing that you are a key person in your company, we are taking ... 6. 从句 (1) The little girl wore a dress to her friend’s birthday party on Friday that her mother had bought. → On Friday, the little girl wore a dress that her mother had bought to her friend’s birthday party. (2) This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison, who became President of the United States in 1889.→ This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, who became President of the United Statesin 1889. He was the grandson of William Henry Harrison. (3) The bedroom of the villa, which was painted pink→ The villa’s bedroom, which was painted pink 三、调整不平衡的句子结构 1. 词语成双,或多个词语平行 (1) The applicants were all college graduates, of similar socioeconomic background, and interested in business careers.→ The applicants were all collged-educated, similar in socioeconomic background, and interested in business careers. (2) Your cover letter should include information about your present employment and why you want to change jobs.→ Your cover letter should include information about your present employment and explain why you want to change jobs. (3) the French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese→ the French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese (4)会写作的人,如果打破常规,那是为了强调或是为了取得其他特殊效果(比如模仿口语风格)。比如下面这句Lorenz Hart的话: I'm wild again, beguiled again, a simpering, whimpering child again. 这样用的前提是, 首先要懂平行结构 。这跟写作中用残缺不全的句子是一个道理(《简洁的原理》第五章有一节专门讲这个问题,属于高一些的要求)。 2. 连接词 (1) A time not for words but action.→ A time not for words but for action. (2) The company not only dominated the town's business but also the way the residents lived and thought.→ The company dominated not onlythe town's business but also the way the residents lived and thought. (3) She neither saw herself as wife nor mother.→ She saw herself as neither wife nor mother. 3. 其他 (1) New York's taxes are higher than most other states.→ New York's taxes are higher than most other states ' . (2) Our earnings last year were slightly higher than 2016.→ Our earnings last year were slightly higher than in 2016. (3)难点儿的例子 When we go out to lunch, she always plays the fool, like asking for chopsticks in an Italian restaurant.→ When we go out to lunch, she always does something silly, like asking for chopsticks in an Italian restaurant. 四、修改两类错误的关系: 一是模糊不清的主谓关系,二是模糊不清的代词和先行词关系 1. 模糊不清的主谓关系(或逻辑关系) (1) A man with his son are coming up the walk.→ A man with his son is coming up the walk. (2)如果不是考试,none of结构的谓语动词用单数复数都可以; 如果是考试或求职申请,用单数谓语动词 。 None of the students were doing well.→ None of the students was doing well. (3)逻辑关系 Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me.→ Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy. (4)逻辑关系 Based on this information, we decided to stay.→ With this information, we decided to stay. 2. 模糊不清的代词和先行词关系 (1) One of the areas that has suffered most from the economic cutbacks is education. → One of the areas that have suffered most from the economic cutbacks is education. (2) Eva was one of those figures who seems to exist outside history. → Eva was one of those figures who seem to exist outside history. (3) The little girl wore a dress to her friend’s birthday party on Friday that her mother had bought.→ On Friday, the little girl wore a dress that her mother had bought to her friend’s birthday party. (4) If a person wants to succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules of the game.→ A person who wants to succeed in corporate life has to knowthe rules of the game. 或者: If you want to succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules of the game. 或者: To succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules of the game. (5) The doctors wanted to operate at once, but the boy's mother would not allow it.→ The doctors urged an immediate operation, but the boy's mother would not allow it. 或者: The doctors wanted to operate at once, but the boy's mother would not consent. (说明: 《简洁的原理》 (英文版)目前只在清北复交淘宝店和微信小店销售)
LOL laugh out loud BTW by the way AKA also known as FAQ frequently asked questions FYI for your information IDK I don't know IMHO in my humble opinion OMG oh my god DIY do it yourself TYT take your time BRB be right back BTW by the way CUL see you later F2F face to face FWIW for what it's worth FYA for your amusement GDR grinning, ducking, and running GMTA great mind think alike HHOK Ha ha only kidding IOW in other words OBTW oh, by the way OIC oh, I see ROFL rolling on the floor laughing SO significant other TIA think in advance TNX thanks TTFN Ta-ta for now (Ta-ta = bye bye) WB welcome back WRT with respect to WTR way to go
在youtube上面找到了A.J. Hoge的一个讲如何利用电影来练口语的视频。A.J. Hoge名气比较大,代表作是《轻松学英语系列丛书》(英文名:Effortless English),看了美国亚马逊给他的书评,似乎评价还是蛮高的,先不管他的教材是否可以包治百病,练习都得靠自己,他在视频中讲到的这个方法可以值得好好借鉴下,主要是给出了及其详细的步骤。 1. Preparation:How to choose a proper theme 选取贴合现代、本身也比较感兴趣的题材类型。其现代性更贴近生活也更常用。 避免选取晦涩难懂和文化背景非常难理解的电影和剧集。 推荐一部比较好的美剧《摩登家庭》,在American Accent Training一书中也有提到这部剧集。 2. Step one:The most important one 打开中英双字,认真快速地看完整部电影,尽自己最大的努力弄懂视频讲的是什么,再从本集最开始起,只选取一个2~3分钟的场景作为第一个学习片段。 3. Step two:Write down any words or phrases that you don't know 仅打开英文字幕,回播短视频,边读边听,并写下任何不懂的单词、短语。 4. Step three:Find the meaning of those new phrases and new words 借用词典等弄懂这些单词、短语的含义,然后对照含义跟随仅有英文字幕的视频反复地听、读,无需刻意去记,直至弄懂这些单词、短语中的大部分意思,那么第一天的工作就完成了。 5. Step four:Turn all the subtitles off and review your vocabulary list 第二天,打开所选视频,关掉所有字幕,先仔细地听,尤其注意那些新单词、短语,然后对照笔记有目的性地复习,直至所有的内容了然于心。 6. Step five:Copy what the actors say 第三天,依然关掉所有字幕,照着剧中演员所表现的说话方式、肢体语言、情绪等逐句地纵情演绎,反复练习。 其中每播放一句,按暂停,模仿,直至整个短视频结束。 7. Step six:Play and shadow 第四天,打开短视频,运用影子跟读法原理,跟着剧中演员同时不停顿地大声地读,反复练习,若有需要可以打开英文字幕。 在这个过程中可能有点跟不上,没关系,多多练习即可。 ✎注:影子跟读法,指的是跟读者滞后一小段时间,像影子一样在源语后面进行复述。 具体操作就是:当源语在读第二或者第三个单词时,跟读者开始跟读第一个单词,并尽量保证使用与源语完全相同的语速、语调、语气甚至音色。 8. Step seven:Again you're going to shadow it 第五天,打开短视频,仍然运用影子跟读法原理,这次关掉所有字幕,与剧中演员力求保持同步,不停顿地模仿其做过的每件事,如感情、语调、身体姿势等,尤其是其语调,反复练习,一遍、两遍…… 9. Step eight:Record yourself while you shadow it 第六天,按影子跟读法原理跟读并用录音设备录下自己说的,然后将录音与视频进行比对,找出语调、语速等不同之处,有针对性地提高,直至与剧中语音、语速等相差无几,那么一个完整的过程就完成了。 ✎注:自己可以利用录音软件或者录音设备,嫌麻烦的话用微信蛮好,就是在好友中找到自己,然后自己跟自己说话就可以了,而且还有时间记录,还是比较方便的。 10. Step nine:Ready to go to scene number two and repeat all of the steps again 挑选第二个片段,重复以上步骤,第三个片段、第四个片段……直至完成整部电影。 11. The end 用这种方法虽然过程可能持续比较长的一段时间,但是你能记得这部电影的所有词汇、表达方式,你的听说能力得到极大地提升,发音也更加准确、自然、流利。 ✎注:当然不一定要隔天执行这些步骤,自己根据自己的练习时间做调整就是了。 作者:山之石ちゃん https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv1707004/ 一些适合学英语的动画电影: 爱宠大机密 爱丽丝梦游仙境2:镜中奇遇记 冰川时代3 冰川时代5:星际碰撞 超能陆战队 帕丁顿熊 虫虫特工队 穿靴子的猫 飞屋环游记 风中奇缘 疯狂动物城 公主和青蛙 怪兽大学 坏兽大战外星人 怪兽电力公司 海底总动员 花木兰 花木兰2 极地特快 料理鼠王 马达加斯加 马达加斯加2 马达加斯加3 魔发奇缘 闪电狗 神偷奶爸1 神偷奶爸2 狮子王 狮子王2 狮子王3 睡美人 玩具总动员1 玩具总动员2 玩具总动员3 小叮当:夏日风暴 小叮当:永无兽传奇 小黄人大眼萌 星际迷航3:超越星辰 冰河世纪1 冰河世纪2 冰河世纪3 冰河世纪4 冰雪奇缘 丁丁历险记 浪漫的老鼠 圆梦巨人 疯狂原始人 功夫熊猫 功夫熊猫2 功夫熊猫3 怪物史莱克1 怪物史莱克2 怪物史莱克3 怪物史莱克4 里约大冒险1 里约大冒险2 蜜蜂总动员 辛普瑞一家 驯龙高手1 驯龙高手2
内容梗概 在与国外教授、科研或大学行政人员通信时,礼貌规范的英文邮件书写风格会为您专业研究人员的印象加分不少,本文教您如何写一封专业的英文电子邮件。 新毕业生和科研新人可能会对撰写专业邮件感到惧怕,尤其是使用非母语英语时。大多数人都习惯于给友人发送便捷的非正式信息,信息中往往包含俚语和缩略语,缺乏正规的语言结构。但是,在与教授、科研或行政人员通信时,礼貌规范的邮件书写风格会为您专业研究人员的印象加分不少。专业邮件写作所需的两大要点为 语气正式 和 行文简洁 。 语气正式 正式的语气可以传达您对收件人身份的尊重之意,提高邮件的专业性。要避免使用缩略语和俚语,需要时代之以礼貌用语,如 “ please ” 、 “ thank you ” 、“ sorry ”、“ apologies ”、“ if possible ”和 “ at your convenience ” 。专业邮件还应结构规范,正文前后使用相应的文首文末用语。尤其要在邮件开端使用 “ Dear ” ,而不是 “ Hi ” 或类似的非正式问候语,正式的结语有 “ Sincerely ” , “ Thank you ” , “ Best wishes ” , “ Best regards ” 。在特定语境下,尤其是与收件人素未谋面的情况下,称呼对方时应使用头衔和姓氏,(如 “ Ms. Smith ” ” 、 “ Mr. Smith ” 、 “ Dr. Smith ” 或 “ Prof. Smith ” ),而非名字或全名;只有获得允许后,或者收件人在回信中署了名字后,您才可以考虑使用较为非正式的问候语。 行文简洁 您通信的对象可能正忙于教学、科研和 / 或行政工作,因此邮件内容最好简明扼要,以示对对方宝贵时间的尊重。不要开门见山地自我介绍,文末会有您的署名,自我介绍是多余的。如果可能的话,请将正文控制在几句话范围内,说明推荐人(若有),若对方不了解您,则简要介绍自己的背景,阐明来信用意和期许(往往是提出请求),最后为占用对方的时间表达谢意。因此,高效的专业邮件正文长度需控制在 2 至 5 句话之间。邮件主题一栏也应直接显示出您的来信用意。 示例 以一种常见情况为例,一或二年级研究生需要联系教授,了解教授的科研内容,试图加入该教授的科研小组。这种情况尤其会令学生望而却步,特别是学生科研资历尚浅、对方权威性强以及 / 或双方未曾谋面时。以下的英语邮件示例适合这一情况,专业且简明扼要,符合上文给出的建议: Subject: Meeting request Dear Dr. Arc, Dr. Smith recommended that I contact you. I am a first-year graduate student in immunology with an interest in innate immunity. If possible, I would be interested in learning more about your research and potential rotation opportunities in your research group. Please let me know if you would be available to meet sometime next week. Thank you, Stu Dent 我们希望以上这些提示可以帮助您提升邮件的专业性。这些建议适用于一年级研究生以及与期刊编辑通信的教授。若您对撰写专业邮件存在任何疑问,敬请发送邮件至 support@aje.com 。另外,您也可通过微信与我们交流!扫描下方条码即可找到我们。 AJE 祝您一切顺利!
兴趣是最好的老师:LISTEN TO THIS 高级英语听力 要说人生活着一大好处,总是可以自己选择一些体验,比如Something New!选择的事情可大、可小,抛却不太必要的过多功利之心,但只要凭了兴趣,都大差不差。比如,学习英语就是如此:曾经我的硕士同学,非常惧怕考英语四级,但那时硕士毕业必然要考,不然好像不能拿硕士证。于是,每到报名之前,很是恐惧,但等考了不过,平日也无兴趣继续学习,等待的是下一个报名时恐惧的循环。 而自己, 的确对于英语有些兴趣,不是逼着产生的那种,是自然而然产生的。自己刚工作那会,没有多少英语自学资料,好像《新概念英语》最为 风靡。而正统的听力资料除了这套教材,少之又少。自己曾经购买到一本英语学习的资料,带着一盒老外灌注的文本语音。听了后,立即着了迷,感觉简直是天籁之音---那时记着那个老外用浓浓的口音说,学好英语无非是: Listen more,Read more,Speak more,and Write more ! That's All ! 再后来,就有了外语教学与研究出版社的这套英语听力教程-Listen To This 1,2,3册,分别是英语初级、中级和高级听力。由于配着NRR英文新闻的原声磁带,立即着了迷。不惜“花大价钱”,用唯一一次买卖股票挣到的几百元购买了日本的Sony walkman,然后下决心用3年时间,力争学完了这套教材。 那时不是为了考试,就是感兴趣,想听懂、看懂,因此,舍得下功夫,慢慢攻读。后来证明,这种慢,其实没有多少外在的压力,更多的动力来自自己的兴趣。 因此,打下了很好的基础。 以后,不论是阅读第一本长篇英文原著《飘》(1000多页),还是后来参加博士研究生要求的6级考试,是一次过(我没有考过4级,直接要求参加考6级)。正因为,没有多少压力,英语应用的水平慢慢上去了,考试就没有多少负担和压力,水平略高过那个考试,考过就是功到自然成的了。 所以,回忆过去,为了学习英语,听到自然的英文News广播,购买了好几个德生的短波收音机,冬天也在外边听:怀里抱个收音机,外边露个长长的天线,满校园转悠,就为能够听的清晰一点,因为在室内信号不好,滋滋啦啦忽强忽弱听不清楚。 PS:照片是使用的《英语高级听力-Listen to this 3》教材。
buzzfeed可以说是一个比较“污”的网站,但很有意思也能了解美国文化。比如,今天看到related,不解,遂查urban,发现跟同性恋有关。又比如听到“pony or poney”,查不出,问欧美人他们也不懂,因为可能是slang or jargon,但是根据pony的意思,有可能是指提出不合理的要求(因为就算很富裕的家庭也不会轻易答应孩子买个小马驹的要求)。所以,语言离开文化很难理解,文化背景赋予了语言生动的表现力。比如,中文“闷骚”怎么翻译成英语也不能对等,少了表现力。
前几天和实验室的 H 博士聊天,听他讲起了一段今年上半年参加 The European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE) 年会的经历。在会议的茶歇时间, H 博士和一位外国教授聊天,这位外国教授说“中国人的英语听不懂,应该少录用来自中国的文章。”这几天时常想起这句话,今天就对其做一分析。 近年来,随着国家综合国力的提升和对科研的强有力投入,我国的科研工作者做出了越来越多重要而有价值的工作。越来越多的科研人员参与国际会议,与各国同行进行学术交流。王善勇老师就曾在他的科学网博文“ 参加墨尔本会议有感 ”记述了中国学者参加那场国际会议的情况。那场会议是关于岩土力学,岩土能源与岩土资源的。据王老师估计有超过一半的与会人员来自中国。汪晓军老师也曾在他的博文“ 来美参加国际会议,增强了我的信心 ”中记载了他参加第 32 届国际固废处理技术会议的见闻。他说,那场会议的年轻代表不多,而年轻的面孔差不多都是我们中国人。 上述两位老师参加国际会议的见闻都说明参加国际学术会议的中国学者越来越多,甚至占了很大比重。这里虽然只是以这两位老师的见闻为例,我估计在其他的国际学术会议与会代表中,同样有很多中国学者的身影。听实验室的 L 博士说他们学校每年都有好几十人参加 EAGE 或 The Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) 年会。 回到主题,在现在的各大国际学术会议上,有很大一部分的报告人来自中国,他们的母语是汉语,而会议的交流用语是英语。中国学者的英语发音大都不是很地道,有些甚至有较多错误。在这种情况下,就会出现文章开头那位外国教授说的“中国人的英语听不懂”的情况。那么,应不应该少录用中国学者的文章呢?我觉得不应该。 第一,但凡有点名气的国际会议都会有较正规的审稿流程,被录用的会议文章都或多或少有一些创新。被录用的中国学者的论文同样有一些新点子。如果组委会以中国人的英语听不懂为由,降低中国学者的论文录用比率,是违背了会议的目的的。这不利于科学思想的交流与传播。 第二,在会议开始前,每一位代表都会收到会议指南,对于听不懂中国学者的英语的外国学者是可以选择去听其他场次的报告的。不能因为自己听不懂别人的报告,就不允许别人做报告。反过来,如果中国某大学邀请这位外国教授来中国做讲座,台下的听众都是中国人,对这位外国教授的英语听不太懂,这时听众提出“不要这个教授做讲座,因为我们听不懂他的英文。”这显然是不对的。作为听众,我可以选择不去听他的讲座,而没权利不让他做讲座。 第三,中国学者做英文报告虽然在表达上可能会有些错误,但如果你真打算听,并且用心听,配合着 PPT ,你能听得懂大部分内容的。演讲者一般都会把核心内容放在 PPT 上,如果是内行,光看 PPT 就基本能知道演讲者所讲的内容。 虽然我不认同那位外国教授的观点,但提高英语水平确实是很重要的。好的产品也需要好的营销方式才能享誉世界。另外,我们不能因为外国人说他们听不懂我们的英语,就否定自己。遇到这位外国教授类似的情况时,我们没必要抱怨别人,只要清楚我们有选择的自由。
英语中什么时候使用“the”呢,一直傻傻分不清,现在好了,找到一个the的用法说明,而且加了汉语注释,希望能够帮助大家解决这个问题。 The word the is one of the most common words in English. It is our only definite article. Nouns in English are preceded by the definite article when the speaker believes that the listener already knows what he is referring to. The speaker may believe this for many different reasons, some of which are listed below. When to use the 什么时候使用“the” General rules Use the to refer to something which has already been mentioned. 指代上文已经提到过的东西 Examples On Monday, an unarmed man stole $1,000 from the bank. The thief hasn't been caught yet. I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get some bread. There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international travel. Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has not been mentioned before. 在这个地方确定只有一个某东西,即使前面没有提到,如一个厕所,一个意大利饭馆 Examples We went on a walk in the forest yesterday. Where is the bathroom ? Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is across from the Italian restaurant . My father enjoyed the book you gave him. Use the in sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or object. 指代一个确定的人或东西 Examples The man who wrote this book is famous. I scratched the red car parked outside. I live in the small house with a blue door. He is the doctor I came to see. Use the to refer to people or objects that are unique. 指代一个独特的的人或东西,the CEO,天空 Examples The sun rose at 6:17 this morning. You can go anywhere in the world . Clouds drifted across the sky . The president will be speaking on TV tonight. The CEO of Total is coming to our meeting. Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers. 最高级或者序数前面加the Examples This is the highest building in New York. She read the last chapter of her new book first. You are the tallest person in our class. This is the third time I have called you today. Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people. the+adj,某一类人 Examples The French enjoy cheese. The elderly require special attention. She has given a lot of money to the poor . Use the with decades. the +一段时间 Examples He was born in the seventies . This is a painting from the 1820's . Use the with clauses introduced by only the + only的句子 Examples This is the only day we've had sunshine all week. You are the only person he will listen to. The only tea I like is black tea. Proper nouns 特别的名词 Use the with names of geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, canals, and oceans. the +地理区域,河流,山脉,岛屿,隧道,海洋 Examples They are travelling in the Arctic . Our ship crossed the Atlantic in 7 days. I will go on a cruise down the Nile . Hiking across the Rocky Mountains would be difficult. Use the with countries that have plural names the+带复数名称的国家,如s结尾的,还有包含public, kindom, states的 Examples I have never been to the Netherlands . Do you know anyone who lives in the Philippines ? Use the with countries that include the words republic, kingdom, or states in their names. Examples She is visiting the United States . James is from the Republic of Ireland . Use the with newspaper names. 报纸名称 Examples I read it in the Guardian . She works for the New York Times . Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or monuments. 知名建筑,画作,博物馆,纪念碑等 Examples Have you been to the Vietnam Memorial ? We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona Lisa . I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower . I saw King Lear at the Globe . Use the with the names of hotels restaurants, unless these are named after a person. 饭馆和酒店名字,除非他们是人名命名 Examples They are staying at the Hilton on 6th street. We ate at the Golden Lion . Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals. 一家人 Examples We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight. The Browns are going to the play with us. When not to use the 什么什么时候不能用“the” Do not use the with names of countries (except for the special cases above). 国名不加the,除非是上述特殊情况 Examples Germany is an important economic power. He's just returned from Zimbabwe. Do not use the with the names of languages. 语言不加 Examples French is spoken in Tahiti. English uses many words of Latin origin. Indonesian is a relatively new language. Do not use the with the names of meals. 早中晚餐不加 Examples Lunch is my favorite meal. I like to eat breakfast early. Do not use the with people's names. 单独人名不加 Examples John is coming over later. Mary Carpenter is my boss. Do not use the with titles when combined with names. 人名开头的标题不加 Examples Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Do not use the after the 's possessive case 名词所有格不加 Examples His brother's car was stolen. Peter's house is over there. Do not use the with professions 专业不加,工程师,药学,学科不加 Examples Engineering is a well-paid career. He'll probably study medicine. Do not use the with names of shops 商店名称不加 Examples I'll get the card at Smith's. Can you go to Boots for me? Do not use the with years 年份不加 Examples 1948 was a wonderful year. He was born in 1995. Do not use the with uncountable nouns 不可数名词不加 Examples Rice is an important food in Asia. Milk is often added to tea in England. War is destructive. Do not use the with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands 独立的个体山峰,湖泊,岛屿不加 Examples Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska. She lives near Lake Windermere. Have you visited Long Island? Do not use the with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports 城镇、道路、车站、机场不加 Examples Victoria Station is in the centre of London. Can you direct me to Bond Street? She lives in Florence. They're flying into Heathrow.
这篇《 常用 数学运算和符号的英文读法 》整理原文来自于我自己的微信公众号“cluoenglish”,下面是全文内容,希望对理工科需要使用英语进行学习和交流的人有帮助。 关于常用的数学运算和符号的英文读法,其实很早之前我就想整理一下。不过做这个整理比较花时间,尤其考虑到数学中的标记符号特别多且繁杂,而且数学这么大一门学科包含的内容也很多,从最基本的加减乘除到高等数学中的微积分范围特别大。不过这两天我终于下决心把这一篇想整理的内容梳理了一下,一整理出头绪呢,感觉好了些,没那么吓人。然后我从数学中最基本的加减乘除运算开始,把内容分成了六大部分: (1)基本数学运算 (包括加减乘除乘方开方), (2)基本计数方法 (整数、小数、分数和科学计数法), (3)基本数学符号 , (4)数学符号进阶 , (5)常用数学标记 和 (6)数学运算进阶 。基本上是从最简单到复杂。 对于很多直接出国读本科或是研究生的学生来说,由于没有经历过英文环境下的小学和中学教育,可能一开始上数学课或是其它的专业课,很多的数学符号、表达式、公式从教授的嘴里蹦出来都听不懂。虽然拿着专业课本我们能看懂里面的公式、符号,因为毕竟数学也算是一门语言,但是我们却开口讲不出来怎样描述这些数学符号和公式。而且很多的书面上的用词跟老师嘴里讲出来的是不一样的,也就是 英语口语中的数学跟书面上的数学语言有很大差别 。我整理的这篇内容从最基本的加减乘除表达开始,譬如怎么说1+2=3,一直到高等数学里常见的微积分的表达。 以我自己为例,我第一次做助教的时候,写了一个积分公式想讲给学生,就是要表达位移是速度对时间的积分,但是我只知道写出这个公式,却不知道嘴里该怎么说出来,后来就问了办公室的本地学生,他告诉我这个公式可以说成“the distance is equal to the integral of v d t as t goes from zero to t”。我相信很多的人都跟我一样,看得懂很多数学公式,却没法准确用英语表达出来。经历过在这边上课和多次做助教之后,我对怎样在口语中表达这些数学符号和计算公式也越来越熟练。即便如此,在做这一篇整理时,我也还是很认真地参考了很多英语母语的人的表述方法,为了尽量做到准确,对于一些我不确定的表达,我搜索了一些教授的英文讲课视频,采用了最常用接受度最高的表达方式。 在编辑这一篇文章的内容时,一开始我用的Word文档,但我后面发现好多的数学符号和表达式,我好难在Word里面找到对应的,而且一些公式和符号编辑起来也相当费劲。后面我改用了 LaTeX 编辑,再加上用公式编辑器写的数学符号和公式可以直接复制进LaTeX里生成相应的编码,所以整体效率一下提高了很多。 最后写完的LaTeX生成了11页的PDF内容 ,我尽量将格式编辑得好看了些,所以看PDF效果会好很多。如果你需要我编辑的PDF文档,可以在文章后面留言,留下你的邮箱,或者把你的邮箱发公众号消息给我。 我知道数学的范围这么大,我是没法将所有的数学符号和标记法都归纳完全的,而且不同的专业到后面对数学的使用也有不同的偏重,所以我就不做标题党,把标题写成“最全面最权威”,因为全不全面只能是个相对的说法。但是我尽量保证将最基础最常见的数学表达收录进来。不管你的具体专业是什么,我相信只要你掌握了这些最基础的内容并运用熟练,那些专业上更深更复杂的数学表达你也一定能做到随意结合,随心所欲。 (i 8 sum pi) 如果你发现我整理的内容有不对的地方,请留言或发邮件告诉我chengming.luo@foxmail.com,或者你希望增加有关数学的哪方面的内容,也可以邮件联系我。我以后会不定期将这个PDF文档更新。 我希望这篇内容对于那些刚刚开始用英语学习课程的学生有帮助,也能对那些需要使用英语进行教学的老师有帮助,或者对那些需要用英语进行学业或学术交流的人有帮助。我相信数学这门“口语”只要入了门,后面的路会一路顺畅的。 在PDF文档里我增加了 (七)基础代数词汇 和 (八)基础几何词汇 ,这些词汇都是数学里最常使用的词,有一些我也是在整理的过程中才了解到的,对我来说也是生词,不过这也算是我整理过程中的一点收获。 最后希望我整理的这篇内容对你有用,也欢迎你转发或分享给其他有需要的人! (一) 基本运算(加减乘除、乘方、开方) 中文名称 :加法 相关符号 : + 举例 : 1 + 2 = 3 augend + addend = sum 相关词汇 :addition 加法、plus sign 加号、plus symbol 加号、augend 被加数、addend 加数、sum 和 口语表达 : One plus two equals three . 一加二等于三。 One is the augend , two is the addend , and three is the sum . 1是被加数,2是加数,3是和。 The sum of one and two is three . 1与2的和是3。 If you add one and two , you get three . 1加上2,得到3。 We are doing an addition (operation). 我们在做加法(运算)。 中文名称 :减法 相关符号 : - 举例 : 8 - 6 = 2 minuend - subtrahend = difference 相关词汇 : subtraction 减法、minus sign 减号、minus symbol 减号、minuend 被减数、subtrahend 减数、difference 差 口语表达 : Eight minus six equals two . 8减去6等于2。 8 is the minuend , 6 is the subtrahend , and 2 is the difference . 8是被减数,6是减数,2是差。 8, subtract / deduct 6 gives you 2. 8减去6,得到2。 If you take 6 away from 8, you get / are left with 2. 8去掉6,得到/剩下2。 We are doing a subtraction (operation). 我们在做减法(运算)。 中文名称 :乘法 相关符号 :× 举例 : 3 × 4 = 12; multiplier × multiplicand = product ; factor × factor = product 相 关词汇 : multiplication 乘法、multiplier 被乘数、multiplicand 乘数、factor因数、product 积 口语表达 : Three times four equals twelve . 3乘以4等于12。 12 is the product of 3 and 4. 12是3与4的积。 3 multiplied by 4 is 12. 3乘以4等于12。 中文名称 :除法 相关符号 : ÷ 举例 : 8 ÷ 2 = 4 10 ÷ 4 = 2 … 2 dividend ÷ divisor = quotient, remainder 相关词汇 : division 除法、obelus 除号、dividend 被除数、divisor 除数、quotient 商、remainder 余数 口语表达 : Eight divided by two equals four. 8除以2等于4。 10 divided by 4 gives you 2 with a remainder of 2. 10除以4等于2,余数为2。 中文名称 :幂运算 举例 : b n base exponent = power 相关词汇 : exponentiation 幂运算、power operation 指数运算、exponent 指数、base 底、power 幂 口语表达 : b n 可以读作 b to the n -th power , b to the power of n 或者 b raised to the n -th power 当指数为2或3时,即 b 2 和 b 3 通常读作 b squared 和 b cubed 10 3 = 1000 可读作 10 cubed is 1,000. 10 to the third power is 1,000. 或 10 to the power of three is 1,000. 中文名称 :开方运算 举例 : 相关词汇 : root 根、degree 次、radicand 被开方数、square root 平方根、cube root 立方根 口语表达 : The squared root of 9 is 3. The cube root of 8 is 2. 读作 the n -th root of x x 的 n 次方根 (二) 基本计数方法(整数、小数、分数、科学计数法) 中文名称 :整数 举例 : 123; 1234; 12345678 相关词汇 :integer 整数、hundred 百、thousand 千、million 百万、billion 十亿、trillion 万亿 口语表达 : 123 读作 one hundred and twenty-three,非正式可以省读为 one twenty-three 1,234 读作 one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four 或者 twelve hundred and thirty-four,非正式可以省读为 twelve thirty-four 12,345,678 读作 twelve million, three hundred and forty-five thousand, six hundred and seventy-eight( 英语中数字以三位数为一组,每一组三位数前面加一个逗号 ) 中文名称 :小数 举例 : 0.5; 0.33; 10.875 相关词汇 :decimal或decimal number 小数、decimal point 小数点、decimal place 小数位、rounding 四舍五入、round up 上入、round down 下舍 口语表达 :0.5 读作 zero point five 0.33 读作 zero point three three( 注意小数点后面的数字要一个一个念出来 ,不能读成zero point thirty-three) 10.875 读作 ten point eight seven five 1.2735 rounded to 3 decimal places is 1.274. 1.2735四舍五入到三位小数是1.274。 中文名称 :分数 举例 :a/b; 相关词汇 : fraction或fraction number 分数、numerator 分子、denominator 分母 口语表达 : 在口语里通常读作 a over b,要比读作 a divided by b简略 ½,one over two,一般说成one half,同样1/3一般说成one third,1/4 一般说成one quarter或one forth 2/3, two over three, 一般说成two thirds( 注意third后面加s变复数 ),类似地,5/12可以说成five twelfths 1/100 一般说成one hundredth,其它以此类推 中文名称 :科学计数法 举例 : 1.23×10 3 或 1.23E3; 7.21×10 -22 或7.21E-22 相关词汇 : scientific notation 科学计数法 口语表达 :参见幂运算和指数运算的读法,1.23×10 3 可读做 one point two three times/multiplied by ten to the power of three , one point two three times ten to the third 1.23E3 可读作 one point two three times E to the power of three / E to the third 7.21×10 -22 可读作 seven point two one times ten to the (power of) minus twenty-two 或 seven point two one times ten to the minus twenty-second (三) 基本数学符号 以上(一)至(三)的内容属于比较基础的数学运算和符号,接下来进阶到比较复杂的数学符号和运算,一些内容应该是高中或大学阶段才会接触到的,希望对你有帮助。 (四) 数学符号进阶 (五) 常用数学标记 (六) 数学运算进阶 中文名称 :求阶乘 相关符号 : ! 相关词汇 : factorial 阶乘 口语表达 : 5! 读作 five factorial 5的阶乘 5! = 120 The value of five factorial is 120. 中文名称 :求和 相关符号 :∑ 相关词汇 : summation 和、capital sigma notation 大写西格玛标记法 口语表达 : 读作 the summation over k from 1 to 5 of k squared 或 the sum of k squared as k goes from 1 to 5,通常把summation省读为sum 中文名称 :求积 相关符号 : 相关词汇 :the product of a sequence 序列的积、capital pi notation 大写π标记法 口语表达 : 读作 the product of i over i from 1 to 4 或者 the product of i as i goes from 1 to 4 中文名称 :求极限 相关符号 : lim 相关词汇 : limit 极限 口语表达 : 读作 the limit as x approaches zero of f of x The limit of 1 over the absolute value of x as x approaches zero is infinity. 中文名称 :对数运算 相关符号 :log, ln 相关词汇 :logarithm operation 对数运算、base 底、common logarithm 常用对数(以10为底)、natural logarithm 自然对数(以自然数e=2.71818...为底) 口语表达 : 读作 the logarithm of x to base b ,通常口语里把logarithm简称log lnx 读作 the natural log of x 中文名称 :求倒数 相关词汇 : reciprocal 倒数 口语表达 : the reciprocal of 5 is one fifth (1/5) or zero point two (0.2). 中文名称 :求反函数 相关符号 : f -1 相关词汇 : inverse function 反函数 口语表达 : y = f(x) = 2x + 4 Function y equals f of x equals 2 x plus 4. Its inverse function f inverse as a function of y is equal to one half y minus 2, f -1 (y) = y/2 - 2 . 中文名称 :向量点乘 相关符号 : . 相关词汇 : dot product 点积,数量积、scalar product 标量积 口语表达 : 读作 the dot product of vectors u and v 中文名称 :向量叉乘 相关符号 : × 相关词汇 : cros product 叉积、vector product 矢量积,向量积 口语表达 : 读作 the cross product of vectors u and v The cross product of vectors i and j is equal to vector k . 中文名称 :求积分 相关符号 : 相关词汇 : integration 积分运算、integral 积分、definite integral 定积分、 indefinite integral 不定积分、double integral 双重积分 口语表达 : 读作the integral of f of x d x 读作 the integral from t equals 0 to t equals infinity of f of t d t 或者 the integral of f of t d t as t goes from 0 to infinity 中文名称 :求导数,求微分 相关符号 : 相关词汇 : derivative 导数、first derivative 一阶导数、differential 微分 口语表达 : dy/dx 全称为 the derivative with respect to x of y 或者 the derivative of y with respect to x ,简读为d y over d x 读作 the n -th derivative with respect to x of y 中文名称 :求偏导数,求偏微分 相关符号 : 相关词汇 : partial derivative 偏导数、partial differential 偏微分 口语表达 :对于多元函数 f(x, y…) ,关于 x 的偏导数 读作 the partial derivative of f with respect to x 中文名称 :求卷积 相关符号 : * 相关词汇 : convolution 卷积 口语表达 : f(t)*g(t) 读作 the convolution of functions f of t and g of t 终于到最后了,如果你认真从头看到尾了,那么很感谢你的耐心 ,希望你能学到些有用的东西。不过呢,一下子都掌握可能需要花些时间,而且很多表达都是要在使用中慢慢熟练的,如果有时间你可以在网上看一些有关数学的公开课。如果是大学阶段的话,可以看MIT的数学基础课,我只看过Arthur Mattuck教授的微分方程和Gilbert Strand教授的线性代数,两位爷爷级的教授讲的课非常好。相信只要你坚持学完其中一门,有关数学的英语表达都将不是问题!关于这篇文章整理的内容,如果你需要LaTeX编辑的PDF文档,请将你的邮箱留言或发消息给我。 欢迎关注公众号cluoenglishnotes!
河东河西 30 年, Live English ( 6 ):孙子兵法 - Laying Plans 孙子(约公元前545-前470),大约于公元前500年,写出了《孙子兵法》。 阅读《孙子兵法》,英语版对照着文言文版,就像是中国豆腐拌英国 Cheese ,别有风味。 我看的孙子兵法英文版( The Art of War ),是由 Lionel Giles 于 1910 翻译的。 Lionel Giles 和陈独秀、胡适是同时代人,因为翻译《孙子兵法》而一举成名。 Lionel Giles (29 December 1875 – 22 January1958) was a British scholar and translator. 陈独秀 ( 1879 年 12 月 24 日 - 1942 年 5 月 27 日 ); 胡适 ( 1891 年 12 月 17 日 - 1962 年 2 月 24 日 )。 请看中国豆腐拌英国 Cheese ,不但别有风味,而且营养丰富。 孙子曰:兵者,国之大事,死生之地,存亡之道,不可不察也。 Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected. 故经之以五事,校之以计而索其情:一曰道,二曰天,三曰地,四曰将,五曰法。 The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;(4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline. 道者,令民与上同意也,故可以与之死,可以与之生,而不畏危。 The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger. 天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也。 Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, timesand seasons. 地者,远近、险易、广狭、死生也。 Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger andsecurity; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death. 将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也。 The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness. 法者,曲制、官道、主用也。 By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, andthe control of military expenditure. 凡此五者,将莫不闻,知之者胜,不知者不胜。 These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail. 故校之以计而索其情,曰:主孰有道?将孰有能?天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强?士卒孰练?赏罚孰明?吾以此知胜负矣。 Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking todetermine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison,in this wise:-- (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with theMoral law? (2) Which of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom liethe advantages derived from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is disciplinemost rigorously enforced? (5) Which army is stronger? (6) On which side areofficers and men more highly trained? (7) In which army is there the greaterconstancy both in reward and punishment? By means of these seven considerations I canforecast victory or defeat. 将听吾计,用之必胜,留之;将不听吾计,用之必败,去之。 The general that hearkens to my counsel and actsupon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general thathearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such aone be dismissed! 计利以听,乃为之势,以佐其外。 While heading the profit of my counsel, availyourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules. 势者,因利而制权也。 According as circumstances are favorable, oneshould modify one's plans. 兵者,诡道也。 All warfare is based on deception. 故能而示之不能,用而示之不用,近而示之远,远而示之近; Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must makethe enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe weare near. 利而诱之,乱而取之,实而备之,强而避之,怒而挠之,卑而骄之,佚而劳之,亲而离之。 Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feigndisorder, and crush him. If he is secure at all points, be prepared forhim. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek toirritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If hisforces are united, separate them. 攻其无备,出其不意。此兵家之胜,不可先传也。 Attack him where he is unprepared, appear whereyou are not expected. These military devices, leading to victory, mustnot be divulged beforehand. 夫未战而庙算胜者,得算多也; Now the general who wins a battle makes manycalculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. 未战而庙算不胜者,得算少也。 The general who loses a battle makes but fewcalculations beforehand. 多算胜,少算不胜,而况于无算乎! Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and fewcalculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! 吾以此观之,胜负见矣。 It is by attention to this point that I can foreseewho is likely to win or lose.
河东河西 30 年, Live English ( 4 ):党八股和裹脚布 《毛泽东选集》里有篇文章,叫“反对党八股”。 Oppose Stereotyped Party Writing. 里面有一句话,形容一篇文章空洞无物,而且还长篇大论。 毛泽东说这样的文章就像“懒婆娘的裹脚布,又臭又长”。 毛主席语录: 【 Some of our comrades love to write long articles with no substance, very much like the foot-bindings of a slattern, long as well as smelly. 】 Like the foot-bindings of a slattern, long as well as smelly Using poison as an antidote topoison, we shall imitate the form of the stereotyped eight-section essay andset forth the following eight legs, which might be called the eight major indictments. 以毒攻毒: Using poison as an antidote to poison . 毛泽东说党八股有八大罪状: 空话连篇,言之无物。装腔作势,借以吓人。无的放矢,不看对象。语言无味,像个瘪三。甲乙丙丁,开中药铺。不负责任,到处害人。流毒全党,妨害革命。传播出去,祸国殃民。 The first indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it fills endless pages with empty verbiage. The second indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it strikes a pose in order to intimidate people. The third indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it shoots at random, without considering the audience. The fourth indictment against stereotyped Party writing is its drab language that reminds one of a piehsan. The fifth indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it arranges items under a complicated set of headings, as if starting a Chinese pharmacy. The sixth indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it is irresponsible and harms people wherever it appears. The seventh indictment against stereotyped Party writing is that it poisons the whole Party and jeopardizes the revolution. The eighth indictment is that its spread would wreck the country and ruin the people. 由此可见,汉语是最简练的语言。
河东河西 30 年, Live English ( 2 ):成也萧何,败也萧何 说到萧何,自然就关联到韩信。 如果韩信能成为数学家,中国可能就全面发展起来了(类似钱语)。 很可惜,韩信成了大将军。 从古到今,中国的将军多如牛毛,而数学家却寥寥无几。 有韩信不多,无韩信不少。 韩信VS泊松:罐满归油篓,倒打一葫芦 好了,回归正题。“成也萧何,败也萧何”用英语怎么说? 如果你去百度或者 Google ,可得到五花八门的翻译,我觉得他们翻译得都不到火候。 语言(英语或汉语)的灵魂是它所承载的文化。 “成也萧何,败也萧何”。 毫无疑问,这里的“萧何”只是一个符号。翻译的时候,完全可以把“萧何”忽略不计。例如: “萧何” is the be-all and end-all. 这就是“成也萧何,败也萧何”的一种文化翻译。可以用到很多场合。 对于炒股票的人来说,赚钱是因为价格飙升,赔钱是因为价格暴跌。 这又是一个:赚也“萧何“,赔也”萧何“。此时此刻:萧何 = 价格。 The price is the be-all and end-all. 对于炒楼也是一样的, The price is the be-all and end-all. 炒楼赚钱是因为价格飙升,炒楼赔钱是因为价格暴跌。 除非你炒一把之后,洗手不干了。 这也就是说,如果韩信早点离开萧何就好了。
河东河西 30 年: Live English :“革命”和英语 一边做木匠,一边学英语,效果很好。 ^_^ Words 就是原料(如何找到你要的木头?); 首先,把 Words 组装 Sentence ;(不同的木头不同的组装规则) 其次,用 Sentences 组装 Paragraph ; 如果是大件(家具),再用 Paragraphs 组装 Chapter 。 试试看:(做一件家具: A revolution ) A revolution is not a dinner party ; A revolution is not writing an essay ; A revolution is not painting a picture ; A revolution is not doing embroidery ; 这是排比句法,如何组装在一起? A revolution cannot be so refined ; A revolution cannot be so leisurely ; A revolution cannot be so gentle ; A revolution cannot be so temperate ; A revolution cannot be so kind ; A revolution cannot be so courteous ; A revolution cannot be so restrained ; A revolution cannot be so magnanimous ; 又是一串排比句法,如何组装在一起? A revolution is an insurrection ; A revolution is an act of violence ; 还要用 one class overthrows another. 修饰。 木头原料介绍: magnanimous : Very kind and generous towards an enemy or someone you have defeated: restrained : acting in a calm and controlled way 【小跋】:如果你有一点时代背景(1960s-1970s),你可能就知道如何把那些句子组装成一个完整的段落。这段落(Quotations)在当年是家喻户晓,妇孺皆知。
导演: Bram Coppens 编剧: Jim Agnew / Sean Keller 主演: 韦斯·本特利 / 杰米·亚历山大 / 凯姆·吉甘戴 / 亚利桑德拉·布莱肯瑞吉 / 马特·雷迪 / 更多... 类型: 惊悚 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2016-10-11(USA) 片长: 90分钟 IMDb链接: tt3701714 A charming yet troubled man spirals into a rage after being rejected by the woman he initially seduced. 下载地址:(关注微信公众号“时尚军事”,回复“残破的誓言”在线看) http://www.yimuhe.com/file-3155430.html
◎译 名 好邻居/我的邻居是魔鬼 ◎片 名 The Good Neighbor ◎年 代 2016 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎上映日期 2016-09-16(美国) ◎IMDb评分 7.7/10 from 111 users ◎IMDb链接 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2262315/ ◎导 演 Kasra Farahani ◎主 演 詹姆斯·凯恩 James Caan 洛根·米勒 Logan Miller 凯尔·吉克瑞斯特 Keir Gilchrist 劳拉·伊内斯 Laura Innes 艾德文·霍德吉 Edwin Hodge 安妮·达德克 Anne Dudek Bailey Noble 丽丽·莱因哈特 Lili Reinhart 明迪·斯特林 Mindy Sterling Nik Dodani 富田谭玲 Tamlyn Tomita Dean Cameron William Charles Mitchell Billy Khoury 泰德·金 Ted King 好邻居剧情介绍 A pair of mischievous high school kids create the illusion of a haunting on an unsuspecting neighbor. While keeping his every reaction under surveillance| they see much more than they bargained for. 下载地址:(关注微信公众号“时尚军事”,回复“好邻居”在线看) http://www.yimuhe.com/file-3147755.html
汉语作为大汉民族的母语,其本质特征就是:以法典与惯例并行的方式组字成语。 汉语:组字成语;英语:组词成语。双语对接是关键,因此,需要人际乃至人机彼此衔接的智慧能力。 大规模双语本体知识的生产加工对三类双语协同处理的基础理论和基本实践都提出了必须的实用模型: 语言基本分析模型 http://www.xmind.net/m/kcuS 什么是语言? http://www.xmind.net/m/esjW 语和言的关系 http://www.xmind.net/m/8AnL Yu(语) as a general term for a series of units in general linguistics taking Chinese as an example 在汉语中,语言的言(Yan)涵盖:字(Zi)、词(Ci)两种形式。其中,字(Zi)的偏旁部首,可视为言(Yan)的一类结构形态,以此区别于:词(Ci)的字音字形,可视为言(Yan)的另类结构形态。 也就是说,汉语中上述两类结构形态等效于英语中词素这类结构形态。 1 言(Yan) 2 辞(Ci) 3 链(Lian) 4 块(Kuai) 5 读(Dou) 6 句(Ju) 7 段(Duan) 8 篇(Pian) http://www.xmind.net/m/YLyQ 语言 1 (e.g. : Chinese)语 1.1 素、言、辞、链、块,读,句。 2 (e.g.:English)语 2.1 素、词、组,(单、并、复、混)句。 A1 字 A1.1 音、形、虚、实、用、解、释、象 A2 字组
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2016 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 182 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 137 种、 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊 12 种。 2016 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 182 种目录 SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 182 注: ※ SCI、SSCI、AHCI共同收录期刊3种 ★ SSCI 、AHCI共同收录期刊137种 ▲ SCI 、SSCI共同收录期刊12种 1. ★ ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 Semiannual ISSN: 1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ★ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ★ AFRICANA LINGUISTICA 《非洲语言学》 AnnualISSN: 0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM ,3080 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《美国言语病理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1058-0360 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 5. ★ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 2333-9691 ANNUAL REVIEWS,4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, USA, CA, 94303-0897 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 8. APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-6001 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 9. ★ APPLIED LINGUISTICS REVIEW 《应用语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 1868-6311 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. APPLIED PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 《实用心理语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7164 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 11. ★ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 QuarterlyISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ASSESSING WRITING 《写作评定》 Quarterly ISSN: 1075-2935 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 13. ★ ATLANTIS-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OFANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《英美研究西班牙协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLAESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIA INGLESA I, UNIVCOMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 14. ★ AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 15. ★ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA TRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 16. BILINGUALISM-LANGUAGE AND COGNITION 《双语:语言与认知》 Quarterly ISSN:1366-7289 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 17. ▲ BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 《大脑与语言》 Monthly ISSN: 0093-934X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 18. CANADIAN MODERN LANGUAGEREVIEW-REVUE CANADIENNE DES LANGUES VIVANTES 《加拿大现代语言评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0008-4506 CANADIAN MODERNLANGUAGE REV, UNIV TORONTO PRESS, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST,, N YORK,CANADA, ONTARIO, M3H 5T8 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 19. ★ CHILD LANGUAGE TEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. ★ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIVCOMPLUTENSE MADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPO TREJO 3,MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 21. ▲ CLINICAL LINGUISTICS PHONETICS 《临床语言学与语音学》 MonthlyISSN: 0269-9206 TAYLOR FRANCIS INC, 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, USA , PA, 19106 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 22. ★ COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0936-5907 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS QUARTERLY 《沟通障碍季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1525-7401 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 24. ※ COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0891-2017 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. ★ COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. ★ CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ★ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 28. ★ DIALECTOLOGIA ET GEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 AnnualISSN: 0942-4040 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. ★ DIGITAL SCHOLARSHIP IN THE HUMANITIES 《数字人文学术》 Quarterly ISSN: 2055-7671 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ★ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 《专业英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0889-4906 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 32. ★ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ★ ENGLISH TEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 EMERALD GROUPPUBLISHING LTD, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD161WA 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ★ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ★ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. ★ ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN: 0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE , FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. ★ EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 38. ★ FIRST LANGUAGE 《第一语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7237 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 39. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA HISTORICA 《语言史学报》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. FOLIA PHONIATRICA 《发音障碍》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0015-5705 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 42. FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS 《外国语言纪事》 Quarterly ISSN: 0015-718X WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 43. ★ FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ★ GENDER AND LANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, 415, THE WORKSTATION, 15 PATERNOSTER ROW, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND ,S1 2BX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. ★ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 46. ★ HISPANIA-A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH ANDPORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 Quarterly ISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOCTEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA ,MI, 48390 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ★ HISTORIOGRAPHIA LINGUISTICA Tri-annual ISSN: 0302-5160 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ★ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 Semiannual ISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDISANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. ★ INDOGERMANISCHE FORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. INTERACTION STUDIES 《交互作用研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1572-0373 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 51. ★ INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 52. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION ANDBILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 54. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 55. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 QuarterlyISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIONDISORDERS 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1368-2822 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 57. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND THE LAW 《国际言语、语言和法律杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1748-8885 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, 415, THE WORKSTATION, 15 PATERNOSTER ROW, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND ,S1 2BX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 59. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1754-9507 TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 60. ★ INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1750-399X ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS,TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 61. ★ INTERPRETING 《口译》 SemiannualISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. IRAL-INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS INLANGUAGE TEACHING 《国际应用语言学与语言教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1613-4141 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 63. ★ JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0167-6164 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 《儿童语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0305-0009 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 65. ★ JOURNAL OF CHINESE LINGUISTICS 《中国语言学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESELINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, SHATIN, NEW TERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA , HONG KONG,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 66. ▲ JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 《语言交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0021-9924 ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 67. ★ JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ★ JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0925-8558 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 71. ▲ JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 《口吃病杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0094-730X ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 72. ★ JOURNAL OF FRENCH LANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. ★ JOURNAL OF GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. ★ JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 75. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 《语言与社会心理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-927X SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 77. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ▲ JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 《记忆与语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0749-596X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 81. ★ JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 82. ▲ JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 《神经语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0911-6044 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 83. ★ JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESSLTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 84. ★ JOURNAL OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 SemiannualISSN: 0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. ★ JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 86. ★ JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 87. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 《心理语言学研究杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0090-6905 SPRINGER/PLENUMPUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 88. ★ JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN:0929-6174 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. JOURNAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING 《第二语言写作杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1060-3743 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 90. ★ JOURNAL OF SEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 《社会语言学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1360-6441 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 92. ▲ JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH 《 言语语言与听力研究 杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1092-4388 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 93. ★ JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ★ LABORATORY PHONOLOGY 《实验室语音学》 Semiannual ISSN: 1868-6346 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ★ LANGUAGE 《语言》 QuarterlyISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOCAMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA ,DC, 20036-6501 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《语言与交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-5309 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 97. ★ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 98. ★ LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ★ LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 《语言与教育》 BimonthlyISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. ★ LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 QuarterlyISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. ★ LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1606-822X SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 102. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 103. ▲ LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 《语言与口语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8309 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 104. ★ LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1543-4303 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. ★ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. ▲ LANGUAGE COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE Monthly ISSN: 2327-3798 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 107. ★ LANGUAGE CULTURE AND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY 《社会语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0047-4045 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 109. LANGUAGE LEARNING 《语言学习》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8333 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 110. LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY 《语言学习与技术》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1094-3501 UNIV HAWAII, NATLFOREIGN LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, 1859 EAST WEST RD, 106, HONOLULU, USA, HI,96822 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 111. ★ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND,OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. ★ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ★ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annualISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ★ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS 《学校 语言、言语与听力服务》 Quarterly ISSN: 0161-1461 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 116. ★ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. LANGUAGE TEACHING RESEARCH 《语言教学研究》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1362-1688 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 118. ★ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ★ LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. ★ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 AnnualISSN: 1684-4904 BURO VANDIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ★ LINGUA 《语言学》 MonthlyISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. ★ LINGUISTIC APPROACHES TO BILINGUALISM Bimonthly ISSN: 1879-9264 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. ★ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, ONE ROGERS ST, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA,02142-1209 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 124. ★ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 125. ★ LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY Tri-annual ISSN: 1430-0532 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. ★ LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES INTRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Annual ISSN: 0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERPDIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. ★ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 BimonthlyISSN: 0024-3949 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. ★ LINGUISTICS AND EDUCATION Quarterly ISSN: 0898-5898 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. ★ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ★ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. ★ METAPHOR AND SYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. MIND LANGUAGE 《思维与语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0268-1064 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 133. MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL 《现代语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-7902 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 134. ★ MULTILINGUA-JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGECOMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. ★ NAMES-A JOURNAL OF ONOMASTICS 《名词》 QuarterlyISSN: 0027-7738 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ★ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ※ NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER,VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. ★ NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. ★ ONOMAZEIN SemiannualISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIAUNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860, SANTIAGO, CHILE,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. ※ PHONETICA 《语音学》 QuarterlyISSN: 0031-8388 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 143. ★ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annualISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. ★ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN ,18071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ★ POZNAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN: 1897-7499 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ★ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 QuarterlyISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICSASSOC- IPRA, UNIV ANTWERP, STADSCAMPUS (S D222)PRINSSTRAAT 13, ANTWERP, BELGIUM , B-2000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. ★ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. ★ PRAGMATICS AND SOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Quarterly ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. ★ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. ★ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 151. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 《语言与社会应对研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0835-1813 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 152. ★ REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 153. ★ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙 应用语言学 杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0213-2028 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 154. ★ REVISTA SIGNOS 《 标志 杂志 》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 155. ★ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONSLINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 156. ★ REVUE ROUMAINE DE LINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OFLINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURAACAD ROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA, 050711 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 157. ★ RILCE-REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN:0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIVNAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN , NAVARRA,31007 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 158. ★ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学 理论及应用杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0718-4883 UNIVCONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3, CONCEPCION, CHILE,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 159. SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH 《第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0267-6583 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 160. ★ SINTAGMA 《短语》 Annual ISSN:0214-9141 UNIV LLEIDA, PLACAVICTOR SIURANA 1, LLEIDA, SPAIN , E-25003 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 161. ★ SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 《词与语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0037-7031 CZECH LANG INSTCZECH ACAD SCI, USTAV PRO JAZYK CESKY AV CR, V V I, LETENSKA 4, PRAHA 1, CZECH REPUBLIC ,118 51 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 162. ★ SOCIAL SEMIOTICS 《社会征候学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1035-0330 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 163. ★ SOUTHERN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES 《南非语言学与应用语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1607-3614 NATL INQUIRYSERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD, 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTHAFRICA, 6140 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 164. ★ SPANISH IN CONTEXT 《西班牙语的来龙去脉》 Semiannual ISSN: 1571-0718 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 165. ★ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE 《语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0378-4177 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 166. STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《习得第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0272-2631 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 167. ★ SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 《语法与语义》 Annual ISSN: 0092-4563 BRILL, PO BOX 9000, PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS ,NL-2300 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 168. ★ SYNTAX-A JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL ANDINTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 《造句法》 QuarterlyISSN: 1368-0005 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 169. SYSTEM 《体制》 QuarterlyISSN: 0346-251X ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 170. ★ TARGET-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 《目标;国际翻译研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0924-1884 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 171. ★ TERMINOLOGY 《术语学》 SemiannualISSN: 0929-9971 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 172. TESOL QUARTERLY 《 TESOL 季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 0039-8322 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 173. ★ TEXT TALK 《文字和语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1860-7330 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 174. ★ THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS 《理论语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0301-4428 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 175. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 《语言障碍论题》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-8294 LIPPINCOTTWILLIAMS WILKINS, TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, USA, PA,19103 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 176. ★ TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING STUDIES 《翻译与口译研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1932-2798 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING CO, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 177. ★ TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1478-1700 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 178. ★ TRANSLATOR 《翻译者》 Tri-annualISSN: 1355-6509 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 179. ★ VIAL-VIGO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《维戈国际应用语言学杂志 》 Annual ISSN: 1697-0381 UNIV VIGO, CAMPUS DE MARCOSENDE, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, VIGO, SPAIN ,36310 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 180. ★ WORLD ENGLISHES 《世界英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0883-2919 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 181. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIALEKTOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK 《方言学与语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0044-1449 FRANZSTEINER VERLAG GMBH, BIRKENWALDSTRABE 44, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70191 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 182. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0721-9067 DEGRUYTER MOUTON, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index
导演: Richard Cranor 主演: Richard Cranor / Julian Gavilanes / 拉塞尔·霍奇金森 类型: 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 又名: 星叶 / 天人魔叶 IMDb链接: tt3973814 Hikers find a secret grove of extra-terrestrial marijuana and must fight for their lives when they anger the other-worldly forces protecting the plants. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/140396974
地平线系列:小猫日记 Horizon: Little Cat Diaries (2013) 导演: Helen Sage 主演: Dr John Bradshaw / Dr Sarah Ellis / Prof Alan Wilson 类型: 纪录片 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2013-06-14 片长: 30分钟 地平线系列:小猫日记的剧情简介 在《BBC地平线:猫的秘密生活》的基础上,更细致地讲述了四只特定的猫的独特习性。 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/139865008
导演: 尼克·拉夫 编剧: 尼克·拉夫 主演: 史蒂芬·多尔夫 / Eddie Griffin 类型: 喜剧 / 动作 / 科幻 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2015 年 12 月 11 日 (美国) 片长: 86分钟 IMDb链接: tt4733536 Melvin, a reluctant Superhero, lives only for crime, women and drugs - until he realises that the only way he will ever get to see his estranged son is to go straight and fulfil his potential as a crime fighter. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/139864186
导演: Evgeny Afineevsky 主演: Bishop Agapit / Serhii Averchenko / Kristina Berdinskikh / Pavlo Dobryanskyy / Valery Dovgiy / 更多... 类型: 纪录片 制片国家/地区: 英国 / 乌克兰 / 美国 语言: 乌克兰语 / 俄语 / 英语 上映日期: 2015-10-09(美国) 片长: 102分钟 又名: 燃烧的冬天:乌克兰为自由而战 / Winter on Fire: Ukraine’s Fight for Freedom IMDb链接: tt4908644 A documentary on the unrest in Ukraine during 2013 and 2014, as student demonstrations supporting European integration grew into a violent revolution calling for the resignation of President Viktor F. Yanukovich. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/139438127
导演: 布伦丹·考威尔 编剧: 布伦丹·考威尔 主演: Patrick Brammall / 布伦顿·思韦茨 类型: 剧情 / 爱情 制片国家/地区: 澳大利亚 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2015-07-03(悉尼电影节) IMDb链接: tt4018492 Ruben Guthrie is the story of one man not only battling the bottle, but the city that won't let him put it down. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/139437422
导演: 埃利奥特·赫加蒂 编剧: 杰克·怀特霍尔 / Freddy Syborn 主演: 妲露拉·莱莉 / 乔安娜·斯坎伦 / 克拉克·彼得斯 / 杰克·怀特霍尔 / 马修·豪勒 / 更多... 类型: 喜剧 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2015-08-21(英国) 又名: 不良教育电影版 / 不良教育大电影 IMDb链接: tt4660980 Mr Wickers and his class go on one final school trip after they finish their GCSEs. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/138780386
导演: Jennifer Prediger / 杰丝·威克斯勒 编剧: Jennifer Prediger / 杰丝·威克斯勒 主演: 杰丝·威克斯勒 / Jennifer Prediger / 梅根·莫拉莉 / 威尔·福特 / 杰弗里·塔伯 / 更多... 类型: 剧情 / 喜剧 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 片长: 95分钟 又名: Trouble Dolls IMDb链接: tt2977110 This comedy follows two codependent East Village, New York girls, Olivia and Nicole, on the verge of eviction and existential crisis. They're struggling artists, living in a Bohemian apartment. Their electricity has been turned off and they've begun an ill-advised juice fast. To top it all off, they're out of money and too talented to come up with the rent. To solve their problems they go to L.A. to visit Nicole's wealthy aunt, Kimberley, the host of a popular reality TV talent show. As Kimberley convinces the girls to audition, the girls struggle to maintain their friendship as Olivia begins to realize she may not be as dependent on Nicole as she once believed. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/136738145
导演: Kevin O'Neill 编剧: Matt Yamashita 主演: 罗伯特·卡拉丁 / Katie Savoy / Hector Then / 柯南·奥布莱恩 类型: 科幻 / 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014-08-02 IMDb链接: tt3743126 SHARKTOPUS VS PTERACUDA finds an American scientist up to no good (as usual) by creating the half-pterodactyl, half-barracuda: Pteracuda. When the creature inevitably escapes, it's up to Sharktopus to stop him. 下载地址: http://page92.ctfile.com/file/134401163
导演: Boris Aljinovic / Harald Siepermann 编剧: Harald Siepermann / Douglas Welbat 主演: Joshua Graham / Matt Gilbert / Al Parrish / Geoff May / Joe Marth 类型: 喜剧 / 动画 / 冒险 制片国家/地区: 德国 语言: 英语 / 德语 上映日期: 2014-9-25(德國) 片长: 87分钟 又名: The 7th Dwarf IMDb链接: tt2914892 公主被巫婆下咒語,當她十八歲時,會陷入魔咒,與城堡長睡百年,直到她的真愛王子親吻她,才會醒來。在十八歲來臨前,她派她的男友去尋找七矮人來協助,但不幸的,她的男友被惡龍所困。而公主也陷入百年長眠,如此一來,七矮人只能奮力相救其男友,方能及時親吻公主,讓魔咒解除。 下载地址: http://page92.400gb.com/file/133177292
“ Zhilaoshi ” (created by students, translated to Teacher Zhi) , whose real name is Zhichao Shan , is a math teacher in BDFZ and famous for his talent of math and enthusiasm to people. C hildhood On 4 th September,1985, Zhichao Shan was born in Chaoyang, Liaoning province. He lived in a harmonious family with his parents and grandparents. Although his family was poor, his childhood was happy. When he was at the age for primary school, Shan went to a school near by his home. There were 6 grades in the school. Each grade contained 5 single classes, and there were about 66 students in the class which he belonged to. Some of the students were not friendly. Older students had often robbed food from younger students and fought with each other. His headteacher preferred to take more care of those whose families were wealthy and powerful, and often physically punished students according to her will. The society there was terrible. When Shan was young, he was talented in math. ‘ I could tell you the Chinese Zodiac if I knew your age, although I didn ’ t understand number theory at all then . ’ Shan recalled. ‘ I could also calculate very fast. I calculated by mind while my grandfather was using an abacus. Still I was faster than him . I could finish many calculating problems within one minute but they were required to be done in three minutes. ’ Shan was good at all the subjects in primary school. He felt easy to memorize all the facts in textbooks, but writing was always his weak point. His hobby was to read magazines and other interesting books. Later he became a junior school student. He kept his perfect performance, and teachers started to like him. Also o ther students flattered him or became jealousy. He was satisfied by being praised. Finally he got a brilliant score in Senior High School Entrance Examination (SHSEE, for short) , although Chinese and English were always his weak subjects . At that time i n Chaoyang , students ranked in top 720 in SHSEE were designated to one of the top two high schools. Those students who had odd rankings would be designated to one school, while those who had even rankings designated to the other , without freedom of choice . Shan was designated to No.2 Senior School, Chaoyang. Shan was always good at studying and taking exams , often his score was 150 higher or even more than the second student, while the total score was 1050 . Besides math, he was also interested in politics and history . He believed all the things written in textbooks without any doubt. He had none contact with the real society. He studied hard and prepared for College Entrance Examination. Although Chinese and English were his weak subjects , still he was able to be enrolled by Peking University. In college After College Entrance Examination, Shan was enrolled by Peking University. His major was math. Before entering the university, Shan had only one experience to leave his hometown: going to Shenyang to attend Chemistry Competition. E ven so, he spent all his college time in campus and almost visited nowhere in Beijing. He fe els regretted that he ha s lost the chance to know society outside the campus . The math courses in college became much harder than high school, and most students fe lt frustrated in some sense . Shan couldn ’ t understand the teaching , also because most professors wouldn ’ t pay enough attention to the courses. But he studied hard after class by himself, and got very high scores. Whatever, Shan was always good at taking exams . After finish ing the bachelor's degree from Peking University, he pursued a PhD’s degree in the same university. In 2009, he went to Microsoft Redmond, trying to collaborate with a famous professor. Shan had strong belief s in Communism over the years before he went to America, and worshiped Chairman Mao. In the laboratory of Microsoft, he hu ng a Chinese national flag on the door of the office . A Hungarian saw that and started to abuse Communism and made personal attacks on Shan ’ s character continual ly . Shan felt great pain from these abuses , but he also began to realize that there was something wrong with his belief. At the same time, Shan ’ s talen t in math was being questioned, to the extent that he even had trouble getting the doctor ’ s degree. “ I was very depressed, and had even considered suicide. ” Shan recall ed . Then he came back to China without having any research results . His parents who had hoped Shan would have great success were very disappointed about Shan ’ s back . He suffered from deep depression for a long time, and the Department asked some people to take care of him to prevent him from committing suicide. It was a very hard time in his life. Fortunately, finally he succeeded in getting the doctor’s degree. Now I n 2012, Shan came into the Affiliated High School of Peking University and became a math teacher. B ecause he realized the dark side of teachers in Chaoyang, he decided to be a good teacher to change this situation starting with himself. He stuck to his choice in spite of opposition from his parents as people in the small city thought it was humiliating for a doctor in Peking University to be come a high school teacher. W hen he arrived at BDFZ, he joined Yuanpei College directly. H owever, he was still extremely depressed at that time. A t the end of the first semester, his comment from students w as the last one in the whole school, so he was asked to talk with one headmaster and in danger of dismiss al . I n the second semester, only 5 students chose his class. N evertheless, in the following 3 years, he tried his best to improve his own condition by taking medicine and studied better ways to teach students. I n the last year, his classes began to be popular and the condition is much better right now. Also all the students call him “Z hilaoshi ” because there is another teacher who has the same surname Shan teaching geography. “ Z hilaoshi ” has the will to have some contribution s to the society. Teacher as he is, he already has some contribution s . N ow he goes about writing a math textbook in senior high school and plans to finish it in 2 years. B ecause of his disappointment of society 5 years ago, he still feels hard to trust others now , s o he spends most of his spare time reading books. H e says if he has a child in future, he would trust the education in Beijing. T alking about which period of time he would go back to if he had a chance to start a new life, “ Z hilaoshi ” says he would go back to the age of 18 and might still choose a math major based on his love of math and concern of Chinese education. Zhilaoshi evaluates himself as explicit, impulsive and compulsive. H owever, in some students ’ eyes, he has the genuine love of math which most students lack now. He is also enthusiastic to people around him and that ’ s why many students like him. Written by Yuting Xie, Guo Chen, Yuan Zhao, revised by Zhichao Shan
导演: Jesse Baget / Elias Benavidez 编剧: Jesse Baget / Elias Benavidez 主演: Andrea Monier / Damien Monier / Jonathan Nation / Bill Oberst Jr. 类型: 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 片长: 90分钟 IMDb链接: tt5022680 Alone on Halloween| a young woman finds a mysterious VHS tape on her doorstep-a tape that shows a series of gruesome and ghastly tales that appear to be all too real. But these terrifying glimpses of damned souls are not the only horrors that stalk her. A sinister| pumpkin-faced killer is using the videotape as a portal into our reality; and if he makes it through| this twisted trickster seeks only one treat: blood@hdgaoqing.com 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/123087260
同位现象与头衔 按: 这篇作文本来应该早点写的,好在今天想起来了。近来忙于又一个PPT,在浩如烟海的材料中“神游”。此中有“三大”:内容时间跨度大,信息量大,工作量大。能支撑兄弟我的,主要是不间断的自我忽悠:这活儿很重要,很重要,至少对我自己而言。却仍不免 时时 “ 望洋向若而叹 ”,赶紧上岸喘口气——咦,说多了都是“累”...... 一、汉语中同位语或同位现象 最早接触同位语( apposition )或者说同位现象应该是在中学的英语课。我们那时的英语老师很喜欢 系统地讲英语语法 ,而语文老师却 不怎么系统地讲汉语语法 (严格地讲是现代汉语语法),这就很容易让我们误以为一些语法现象是英语或者欧美语言独有的,同位语正是一例。 至于当年英语老师如何讲同位语(应该是在同位语从句里讲的),我已如数奉还了。只好翻翻手头两版“牛津高阶”,有如下两个大同小异的词条解释: 1, apposition /æpə'zɪʃn/ n. (grammar) addition of one word or phrase to another word or phrase as an explanation 同位;同格 :In 'Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother', 'the Queen Mother' is in apposition to 'Queen Elizabeth' . 在 ' 'Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother ' 一语中 ' the Queen Mother '是 'Queen Elizabeth ' 的同位语 。 2, apposition /æpə'zɪʃn/ noun (grammar 语法 ) the use of a noun phrase immediately after another noun phrase which refers to the same person or thing 同位 :In the phrase 'Paris, the capital of France', ' the capital of France ' is in apposition to 'Paris' . 在短语 Paris, the capital of Franc 中, the capital of Franc 是 Paris 的同位语 。 可以看出,第一种解释强调的是 apposition 的功用,而第二种解释强调是 apposition 的结构。 大致以新文化运动为界,汉语形成了古汉语和现代汉语两个系统。按语体分类,有书面语体和口语语体。古汉语的书面语体即文言文,口语语体即古白话文(比如《水浒传》、《西游记》等古典名著里的语体),而现代汉语的书面语体与口语语体统一于现代白话文(可以看作古白话与欧美语言结合的产物)。在现代汉语体系之前,古汉语是无所谓语法理论的(怎么看待《公孙龙子》尤其《指物篇》是另一个值得讨论的问题,按下不表),但这不影响古汉语尤其是文言文中丰富的语法现象。其实现代汉语语法理论就是以文言文为分析对象逐步建立起来的。 汉语语法的奠基之作无疑是马建忠先生的《马氏文通》( 1898 )。马氏语法体系脱胎于拉丁语法,也就说 现代汉语语法体系与现代英语语法体系其实是同源的 。 apposition 这个词的拉丁语源是 appositio, 由两个词根 ad、positio 组成, ad 即 near/toward 之意, positio 即 placement/position 之意,从中也可以看出同位语原本就是一个关于结构或位次的概念。马建忠先生根据拉丁语名词的“六格”( the six cases ,主、属、与、宾、夺、呼)建立了“六次”的概念,“次”取“次序”之意,分为主、宾、篇、正、前、同,当然与“六格”并非一一对应的关系。其中“同次”,即 apposition 之谓 ,据《马氏文通·实字卷·同次三之四》云: 四、同次 凡名代诸字,所指同而先后并置者,则先者曰前次,后者曰同次。至前次、同次,或一名也,一代也,或皆名也,或皆代也,皆可。 同次云者,犹言同乎前次者。同乎前次者,即所指者与前次所指者为一也。凡主、宾、偏三次皆可为同次,则皆得为前次。 ...... 同次之用有三: 一、申言以重所事也。 二、重言以解前文也。 三、叠言以为警叹也。 ...... “同次”的概念后来经黎锦熙、赵元任、吕叔湘、朱德熙(这几位都是语言学界的泰山北斗,本不消多言。专门说一下赵先生 ,小时音乐课学《教我如何不想她》,后来发现他竟然还教数理化!实 乃 Бородин 一流人物; 朱德熙先生也要郑重八卦一下,据说老先生是从西南联大物理学转到中文系的...... )诸先生的发展形成了现代汉语中的同位语概念。当然,在现代汉语语法体系中的同位语(同位现象、同位结构、同位短语)实际是“同次”概念分化而来的,针对同位短语(强调结构位次)和相关的复指短语(强调语义)、偏正短语之间的关系与界定,学者间仍存在分歧和争议。现给出一例,黄伯荣、廖序东先生在《现代汉语》(增订第四版)中将“同位短语”描述为: 多由两项组成,前项和后项的词语不同,所指是同一事物。前项后项共作一个成分,因前后地位相同,故名同位短语;又因前后项有互相说明的复指关系,故又叫复指短语。 ...... 另有一种松散的同位短语,其中可以有语音停顿和标点 。...... 同位短语和联合短语很相似,同作一个成分,但不相同 :1. 同位短语的前后是异名同物,用不同的词表示同一人或事物,联合短语的前后项是异名异物。2.同位短语中不能插入虚词,联合短语可以。3.同位短语是名词性的,联合短语有名词性和其他词性。 二、你到底有几个头衔? 前者 余 昕老师嘱我多举些像“兄弟我”这样的例子。其实就这个结构本身而言,既可以看成偏正结构,也可以看成同位结构或复指结构,至于倒底怎么说更好,让语法学家去吵吵。 兄弟我现在能想到绝佳的一类例子,全在名片、讣告或者墓志铭上,也就是一个人的头衔。现举例说明: (一)名片: 姓名, 学位(不是博士不好意思写), 荣誉称号(院士、学部委员、三八红旗手......), 专业技术职务(职称,有时和荣誉称号混而为一,比如院士、教授级高级工程师、特级教师之类 ), 职务(有时候还要加行政级别,“主任”和“主任”,“校长”和“校长”不可同日而语), 社会兼职(XX委员会/协会/研究会/学会......理事长/理事/会员......), ...... 遇到外国兄弟,还有可能看见 FRS ( Fellow of the Royal Society )一类的;在 pontifical academy of sciences, 还有可能看到利玛窦那样的 S.J.( Society of Jesus )。 还有各种世袭爵位和爵士(已故的戈革先生就获得过 Danish Order of the Dannebrog )或者各种勋章获得者(苏联尤其成体系)。 (二)讣告或墓志铭: 在哪里死,在哪里烧,在哪里埋,在哪里贴讣告...... 伟大的XXXX,卓越的XXXX,杰出的XXXX,久经考验的XXXX,...... 要是在鸭绿江那边,还能看到诸如:天赐的XXXX,世界的XXXX,我们星球的XXXX,...... 其实头衔这事儿,自古皆然,你看《三国演义·第三十七回· 司马徽再荐名士 刘玄德三顾草庐 》说: 玄德来到庄前,下马亲叩柴门,一童出问。 玄德曰:“汉左将军 宜城 亭侯领 豫州 牧皇叔刘备,特来拜见先生。” 童子曰:“我记不得许多名字。” 玄德曰:“你只说刘备来访。” 老刘同志那叫一个正式,寄禄官(左将军)、爵位(宜城亭侯)、职事官(领豫州牧)还有最最重要的是与皇帝的亲戚关系(皇叔),一个都不能少。自汉末魏晋南北朝以来,冗官冗员,名衔繁多(比如“杂号将军”一类),至唐宋遂成定制。比如诸葛亮同志,“丞相”头衔只可作 寄 禄官看,不顶用,关键是后面两个加衔“录尚书事领益州牧”,这就告诉你他老人家是中央地方一把抓!所以自此后,看一位老兄一长串名衔的同位语序列,主要看后面的,比如什么“开府仪同三司”、“同中书门下平章事”、“平章军国重事”(这个厉害,俗称“太上宰相”)、“承旨”、“知制诰”等等。 举个王阳明同志的例子,如果他老人家(晚年)要印名片,完整内容如下: 奉天翊卫推诚宣力守正文臣 新建伯, 特进光禄大夫, 柱国, 南京兵部尚书参赞机务兼都察院左都御史, 总督两广及江西湖广军务 “ 奉天翊卫推诚宣力守正文臣 新建伯”是爵位,系明代伯爵(明代只授公侯伯三级爵位)的第四等(前三等为开国辅运、奉天靖难、奉天 翊运 ), 正一品 ;“ 特进光禄大夫”是文散官第一级,正一品;柱国是勋官第二级,从一品;南京兵部尚书、都察院左都御史是寄禄官,相当于现在的国防部长和最高人民检察院检察长的行政级别,正二品;参赞机务和总督两广及江西湖广军务是职事官,参赞机务负责协同守卫南直隶应天府(南京)而总督即一省或数省军政长官(明制总督主抓军务配两京兵部尚书或左右侍郎的寄禄官衔,巡抚主抓监察配两京都察院各级御史衔),在明代这都是临时差遣的,即不加此衔不能理此事。 当然,老外也没闲着,而且没有最长,只有更长,我们看几个著名的: 1. His Imperial and Royal Majesty Napoleon the First , By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Republic , Emperor of the French , King of Italy , Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt , Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation 这是拿破仑(一世)同志的:帝国与王国的拿破仑一世陛下,承上帝的恩宠与共和国(法兰西第一共和国)宪法,法兰西人皇帝,意大利国王,莱茵联盟 与法兰克福大公国 的保护者,瑞士联邦的仲裁者 原则上欧洲能叫“帝国”和“皇帝”的,其法统要继承自罗马帝国(包括后来的东西罗马),东西罗马相继崩溃后,即需要得到东西教会的支持,比如神圣罗马帝国、奥地利哈布斯堡家族、俄罗斯帝国。拿破仑的 Emperor of the French 是从 Pope Pius VII 手里直接夺的,也就算 象征性得到罗马公教的支持。 2. His Imperial and Royal Majesty William the First, by the Grace of God , German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg , Burgrave of Nuremberg , Count of Hohenzollern ; Sovereign and Supreme Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz ; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen ; Duke of Saxony , of Westphalia , of Angria , of Pomerania , Lüneburg , Holstein and Schleswig , of Magdeburg , of Bremen , of Guelders , Cleves , Jülich and Berg , Duke of the Wends and the Kassubes , of Crossen , Lauenburg and Mecklenburg ; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia ; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia ; Prince of Orange ; Prince of Rügen , of East Friesland , of Paderborn and Pyrmont , of Halberstadt , Münster , Minden , Osnabrück , Hildesheim , of Verden , Cammin , Fulda , Nassau and Moers ; Princely Count of Henneberg ; Count of Mark , of Ravensberg , of Hohenstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld , Sigmaringen and Veringen; Lord of Frankfurt 这是德皇威廉一世的,太长了,兄弟我就不译了。只不过他这个德意志帝国(第二帝国)的 German Emperor ( 日耳曼人皇帝 ) 与神圣罗马帝国(第一帝国)不同,不是教会承认的(宗教改革后,德国是新教势力范围),但他通过普法战争把 Napoleon III 的法兰西第二帝国灭掉了,好比当年日耳曼人灭掉了西罗马帝国。 3 . By the grace of God, the most excellent and great sovereign prince Pyotr Alekseevich the ruler all the Russias: of Moscow, of Kiev, of Vladimir, of Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan and Tsar ofSiberia, sovereign of Pskov, great prince of Smolensk, Tversk, Yugorsk, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarsky and others, sovereign and great prince of Novgorod Nizovsky lands, Chernigovsky, of Ryazan, of Rostov,Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udorsky, Kondiisky and the sovereign of all the northern lands, and the sovereign of the Iverian lands, of the Kartlian and Georgian Kings, of the Kabardin lands, of the Circassian and Mountain princes and many other states and lands western and eastern here and there and the successor and sovereign and ruler. 这是俄罗斯沙皇彼得大帝的,沙皇( царь, Tsar) 源自 Caesar ( 罗马帝国初期与 Avgvstvs 都是 Princeps civitatis 的称号,后来 Caesar 成为继位者和副手的头衔 ), 继承的是东罗马帝国和东正教会的法统。 4. His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, Franz Joseph I, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, King of Lombardy and Venice, ofDalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Illyria; King of Jerusalem etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke ofTuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and of the Bukovina; Grand Prince ofTransylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, ofAuschwitz, Zator and Teschen, Friuli, Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Zara (Zadar); Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, ofKyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the Windic march. 这是茜茜公主她老公奥匈帝国的弗兰茨一世,哈布斯堡家族根红苗正。 那个什么大英帝国的“皇帝”(宗教改革后,也不可能得到罗马公教的承认)头衔是从印度莫卧儿帝国( Mughal Empire )抢来的,而莫卧儿帝国的法统却来自蒙古帝国(即元朝与四大汗国),就不说它了......
冯友兰先生所著《中国哲学简史》中引用 Northrop的一段评价儒学的话语: Northrop also says that there are three possible types of concepts by intuition: The concept of the differentiated aesthetic continuum. The concept of the indefinite or undifferentiated aesthetic continuum. The concept of the differentiation. (Ibid., p. 187.) According lo him, Confucianism may be defined as the state of mind in which the concept of the indeterminate intuited manifold moves into the background of thought and the concrete differentiations in their relativistic, humanistic, transitory comings and goings form the content of philosophy. (Ibid., p. 2.05.) But in Taoism, it is the concept of the indefinite or undifferenliated aesthetic continuum that forms the content of philosophy. (Ibid.) —— from Filmer S. C. Northrop, The Complementary Emphases of Eastern Intuition Philosophy and Western Scientific Philosophy' 红色标注的语句有点费解。 看了国内两位译者的翻译,还是有些费解: 涂又光译文: 诺思罗普还说,用直觉得到的概念又有三种可能的类型: 已区分的审美连续体的概念、不定的或未区分的审美连续体的概念、区分的概念 (同上, 187 页)。照他说, 儒家学说可以定义为一种心灵状态,在其中,不定的 直觉到的多方面的概念移入思想背景 了。而具体区分其 相对的、人道的、短暂的 ' 来来往往 ' 则构成了哲学内容 (同上, 205 页)。但是在道家学说中: 则是不定的或未区分的审美连续体的概念构成了哲学内容 (同上)。 赵复三译文 : 诺斯洛普教授还进一步说到,来自直觉的概念又可以分为三种:“在连续审视中已予区分的概念;连续审视而还未予区分或称不确定的概念;以及区分的概念。” ( 同上书,第 187 页 ) 按照他的意见,“儒家的思想可以界定为一种精神状态,其中 不明确的概念以直觉、多重的运动 构成思想的背景;而 具体的区分的概念则以相对的、人文主义的、过渡性的往复 形成哲学的内容。” ( 同上书,第 205 页 ) 至于道家思想,则是以连续审视而不确定或未区分的概念构成哲学的内容。 ( 同上页 ) 。 请教native English speaker,答复如下: PaulQ Senior Member It is clear that the author composed this whilst sitting in the kitchen, in the dark, pulling words at random out of a thesaurus whilst a rabid monkey claws him below the waist. The Americans have a useful response: “You used a lot of $10 words there, boy…” That aside, I understand it as: Confucianism may be defined as the state of mind in which the concept of the indeterminate intuited manifold moves into the background of thought and the concrete differentiations in the relativistic, humanistic, transitory comings and goings of the manifold and of the background thought form the content of Confucian philosophy. transitory comings and goings' = (in this context) thoughts that just pass through your mind and then disappear and are forgotten. of the manifold and of the background thought - of the unorganized sum of the details provided to the mind * and of the background thought —————————————— Andygc Senior Member Confucianism may be defined as the state of mind in which the concept of assorted word salad moves into the background of thought. And The concrete differentiations in their another word salad comings and goings form the content of philosophy. The clue that the sentence is supposed to contrast Confucianism with philosophy is in the title The Complementary Emphases of Eastern Intuition Philosophy and Western Scientific Philosophy. However it has certainly confused two people here with capable brains, and even though I think it is a sentence intended to contrast the intuitive philosophy of Confucianism with the concrete philosophy of the West, I think that it is not even barely intelligible as a meaningful English sentence. ———————— Kirusha the indeterminate intuited manifold : The messy multitude of sensations intuitively conceived by the mind. You may well be advised to stop getting hung up on this sentence and move on as further context might throw more light on this distinction. 看来原作者 Northrop 用词难以把握,简直是语词中的生拌沙拉(word salad)。居然想搞清楚这些用语的意思,连老外都要揶揄我“那是相当地勇敢了”: Andygc word salad is a collection of words of uncertain meaning. I find this text unintelligible. Even with the help of a dictionary for the words I am not familiar with (for example, manifold having a specific meaning as a noun in Kantian philosophy) I find the structure of the sentence results in an uncertain and confused meaning. As you can see, my initial view was that it was presenting a contrast whereas others thought it was a complex definition of Confucianism. I'm still unsure. You are pretty brave to try to understand this writer if this style continues throughout the book. 希望能得到更为通俗易懂的解说!
如果问我这个问题,我为什么选择用英语发表论文,而不是本国语言?我的原因有三:其一,英文论文在我们学科比中文论文更高大上,更能显示学术水准,在晋升时更受认可;其二,用英语发表论文(SSCI收录),我可以从学校拿到一笔相当于我工资水平的奖金,而用中文发表论文,我几乎拿不到奖金;其三,我希望让我的国际同行知道我在做什么研究,而不仅仅是国内同行。这三个原因对我而言的重要程度是降序排列的。 对于同样的问题,西班牙人的想法却不一样。一项最新研究显示:西班牙人在选择发表所用的语言时,主要取决于研究结果潜在的读者。这项研究的问卷覆盖了西班牙4所大学和1个研究中心,共1717人。作者同时还注意到不同学者的偏好存在较大的差异。 这项研究至少说明两个问题:(1)晋升考核时,用英语还是西班牙语发表论文没有那么重要;(2)用英语发表与用西班牙语发表论文的奖金应该是差不多的(或者都没有奖金)。 附标题与摘要( http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-015-1570-1/fulltext.html ) Why do I publish research articles in English instead of my own language? Differences in Spanish researchers’ motivations across scientific domains Abstract Previous studies have reported the increased use of English as the “lingua franca” for academic purposes among nonAnglophone researchers. But despite data that confirm this trend, little is known about the reasons why researchers decide to publish their results in English rather than in their first language. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of researchers’ scientific domain on their motivation to publish in English. The results are based on a large-scale survey of Spanish postdoctoral researchers at four different universities and one research centre, and reflect responses from 1717 researchers about their difficulties, motivations, attitudes and publication strategies. Researchers’ publication experiences as corresponding authors of articles in English and in their first language are strongly related to their scientific domain. But surprisingly, Spanish researchers across all domains expressed a similar degree of motivation when they write research articles in English. They perceive a strong association between this language and the desire for their research to be recognized and rewarded. Our study also shows that the target scientific audience is a key factor in understanding the choice of publication language. The implications of our findings go beyond the field of linguistics and are relevant to studies of scientific productivity and visibility, the quality and impact of research, and research assessment policies.
导演: Steve Wolsh 编剧: Steve Wolsh 主演: 拉奇兰·布坎南 / Kane Hodder / Bryce Draper 类型: 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2015-03-13(美国) 片长: 90分钟 IMDb链接: tt2207484 After narrowly escaping an ancient burial ground, a group of friends find themselves trapped between two evils, forcing them to fight, die, or go back the way they came. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/91107722
自担任某2区英文SCI期刊助理和特约编辑3个月来受理了差不多40篇稿件,正式录用的稿件占已经裁决稿件的比例大约为27%左右,还有几个小修的稿件如果算进去的话,录用比例估计会达到35%左右。前后邀请了一百多人次的审稿人来评阅稿件,有些审稿人的意见写的很细致,很中肯,给作者修改稿件提出了明确问题,经过改进后应该可以录用;有些审稿意见回来很呆板,生硬,要么录用要么给拒绝。 在前面的博文我也提及到,对于那不疼不痒的审稿意见,如没有创新建议拒绝之类的审稿意见我一般不予采纳,算作无效审稿意见。我觉得,一个合格的甚至优秀的审稿人应该指出所评阅的稿件的亮点,也许这些亮点作者自己也没意识到、另外就是即使稿件有不足,审稿人应该提出改进意见,让作者的稿件能得到提升,甚至为今后的持续研究给出启发。 三个月前本人也投递了一个英文稿件到某四区期刊,3个多月的审稿时间下来,今天收到编辑部的来信,两个审稿人都说没有创新,要求编辑部拒绝。从三行英文审稿意见来看就是汉语式英语,还说我稿件语法错误太多。说没创新就没创新,至少也给出我努力的方向来提高下稿件,难道意思稿件是无可救药了。 拒了就拒了,还说一句:Also the quality of the paper is low and it is a waste of time reading it。 我就纳闷了,这两个审稿人,一个审稿意见三行,一个审稿意见两行,惜字如金啊,真牛逼。 记得某基金评委来我学院做报告,说基金委在收集那些函评意见的时候,把评议人一些非常过激的话语就给删除了,以免刺激项目申请人。我在为期刊裁决稿件的时候,每篇稿件的审稿意见都仔细核对,特别防止审稿人言辞激烈的批评作者(还好到目前我所邀请的上百审稿人没出现这样的情形)来刺激作者。 很多时候,我们都既是作者,也是审稿人,认真对待每篇稿件,自己的稿件也会被他人认真对待,出来混,总是要还的。 拒了就拒了,言辞不要那么傲慢和狂,虽然每个稿件都有不足和需要改进之处。又不是给Nature, Science审稿,呵呵。
导演: Wolfgang Meyer 编剧: Brandon Slagle 主演: Cleve Hall / Britt Griffith / Devanny Pinn 类型: 科幻 / 悬疑 / 冒险 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014-04-15(美国) IMDb链接: tt1663222 A Marine Biologist is assigned to investigate the mysterious deaths of marine life in an inland salt water lake that have been attributed to a creature thought to have been the stuff of legend. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/87729562
我们不妨造一个英语的“羊” 外国人(主要是欧美人)不知道如何表述中国的“羊年”,例如,美国总统就用“ the year of ram, the year of goat, or the yearof sheep ”来翻译羊年这两个汉字。我们的媒体说奥巴马幽默。 在西方语言体系中,绵羊、山羊有着绝然不同的两种象征。绵羊代表着善良,而山羊代表着邪恶。而在汉语的语言环境中,羊代表着吉祥,不管是山羊还是绵羊。这样无论我们用现今的哪一个词来翻译我们中国的羊年都是很不合适的。 语言是交流的工具,我看,我们不妨造一个单词来表述汉语中的羊。我建议这个词可以直接写成yang,虽然这个词已经被“阳”所占领,但是一个英语词汇有好几个意思的也不在少数,而且用yang表示阳的也就若干研究中国古代哲学的学者,所以,我们不妨同时用yang来表示羊。羊年就用the year of yang。在教授外国人汉语,解释成语如亡羊补牢、顺手牵羊、歧路亡羊、挂羊头卖狗肉、羊肠小道、羊落虎口、羊质虎皮、羊狠狼贪、羊毛出在羊身上等等时都可以使用这个由汉语直接音译的yang。因为这些词汇中,羊既可以是山羊也可以是绵羊。当然,我也不反对用更合适的拼音方式。 新的语汇是否能够被外国人接受,要看我们用不用,一开始并不须顾忌人家听得懂听不懂,只要我们用了,用得多了,在必要的时候作了一点解释,人家也就懂了。如今的新词汇多得很,日新月异,一开始我们都不懂,时间长了听的多了就都懂了。
导演 : 萨沙·本奈特 编剧 : 萨沙·本奈特 / Dougie Brimson / Gary Lawrence 主演 : 艾莉森·杜迪 / 詹姆斯·卡沙莫 / 史蒂文·伯克夫 / 丽赛特·安东尼 / Ian Ogilvy 类型: 犯罪 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014-12-12 片长: 94分钟 IMDb链接: tt3157224 When retired East End villain Charlie Archer is murdered by a feral street gang, his brother Ritchie returns to London from Spain to investigate. With the police investigation drawing blank after blank, Ritchie decides to take the law into his own hands and bring his old school justice back to the streets of East London. Rounding up his old firm, he leads a vigilante crusade against the vicious young criminals, using every grizzly method at his disposal to find and punish his brother s killers. They're outgunned and outnumbered, but this firm has never been outclassed yet. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/82108926
导演 : Tomer Almagor 编剧 : Tomer Almagor 主演 : 艾米·西米茨 / Bret Roberts 类型: 剧情 / 爱情 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 IMDb链接: tt2009406 Frankie is an emotional train wreck, careening around the East Los Angeles music scene drinking and getting lost with strangers. Lev is a taciturn and tormented soul. He drives a limo and aspires to work in the music business. Meeting in an after hour seedy night club, they embark on a roller-coaster relationship exploring what love is like for two quiet people who may be damaged beyond repair. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/81534270
类型: 喜剧 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 IMDb链接: tt3766424 Bad Grandpa .5 gives you a whole new perspective on the world of Irving Zisman with bonus scenes and pranks also featuring Spike Jonze as Gloria and Catherine Keener as Irving's wife Ellie, plus a look at the evolution of Johnny Knoxville's naughty alter-ego, the makeup effects, 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/80535387
导演 : John Azpilicueta 编剧 : John Azpilicueta / Ted Grau 主演 : Pablo Hernandez / Jacob Martinez / John Azpilicueta / Bless May 类型: 惊悚 制片国家/地区: 美国 语言: 英语 IMDb链接: tt1290475 After a violent bank robbery, the trio of hoods make their way across East L.A. carrying a blood-soaked bag of money. When word gets out, they must fend off gangs and crooked cops alike as they strive to keep the loot and stay alive. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/80487259
编情偶寄 中式英语闲话之三 按汉语方式摆放在一起的英语词 张 名先鉴 字 少雄 前篇文章(《中式英语闲话,之二》)的英语译稿,很多句子令人费解。不看原文,根本不知道它们想表达什么意思;看原文,又看不出与原文相符的意思。 如,有这么一节(人名用 替代,组织或机构名用 替代,事物名用 替代): In 2011,investigation concerned 1,147 technical equipment of the enterprises engaged in , by the related departments of indicated that, the equipment independently developed in Chinaaccounted for 80 % approximately. Except that were mainly introduced, digested, absorbed, and re-innovated, otherdiscipline fields mainly relied on the original innovation and integrationinnovation. In future, the emphasis of scientific researchwork is to be concentrated on the development of the core technology andequipment as , accordingto China standards. The improved technology system promoted formulation of the technical standardsof products, standardization of engineering construction and operationtechnology, so as to have formed the standard technology system of China with proprietary intellectual property rights, and laid afoundation for China to implementthe strategy of “going abroad”. 原文: 2011 年 有关部门对从事 的多家企业所涉及的 1147 项技术设备进行调查表明,中国自行研发的约占 80 %,除 以引进消化吸收再创新为主外,其它专业领域主要依靠原始创新和集成创新。今后科研工作重点是集中力量自主研发中国标准 等核心技术和装备。 完善的 技术体系促进了 产品技术标准的制定,以及工程建设标准化和运营技术标准化,形成了具有自主知识产权的 技术标准体系,为 路实施“走出去”战略奠定了基础。 中式英语有以下两大特点: 一,按汉语词语搭配方式,将英语词语搭配在一起。如: … to implement thestrategy of “going abroad”. 在很多中式英语使用者与学习者心 中,“实施” 等于 implement , implement 等于“实施”,“实施战略”理所当然地是 implement the strategy 。 二,按汉语句子结构,将英语词语或词组放在一起,组成句子。如: … for China to implement the strategy of “going abroad”. 在汉语中,事物名可以作为“实施”的主语;但是,在英语中, implement 的主语却不能是事物名,而应该是人名、组织或机构名。 其实,解决英语搭配问题,可以查阅英语国家编辑的英语搭配词典,有纸质的,也有在线的。要找在线的,搜搜 collocation dictionary 或 dictionary of collocation, 可以找到很多。用在 strategy 前面的动词,到目前为止,规范的只有: achieve—; administer—;adopt—; advise—; approve—; beguile with—; condemn—; counsel—; direct—; effect—;employ—; execute—; fashion—; frame—; guide—; pilot —; plan—; prescribe—; proceed with—; resortto—; steer—; work out—. 由此看来,能表达汉语“实施”意义的,应该是 employ 或 execute 。 英语句子结构,是跟着动词走的。很多英语词典,尤其是学生词典,动词条目中都带有句子结构指示。哪些动词只能以人名、组织或机构名作主语,也经常有明确指示。 当然,仅仅靠读词典,还不足以消除中式英语。要完全消除中,还需大量的积累阅读与适量的热身阅读。 积累阅读,是平常的一般性阅读。原文书刊,不限领域,不限题材,多多益善。 热身阅读,是临时的针对性阅读。如果要用英语介绍某种事物,先阅读英语国家作者写的对相同事物的介绍。 做对外传播工作,包括汉语英工作,仅有热情与胆量是远远不够的。
导演: Greg A. Sager 编剧 : Geoff Hart / Greg A. Sager 主演 : Ry Barrett / Camille Hollett-French / Jason Martorino / William Foley / Soroush Saeidi / Jo Jo Karume / Katie Uhlmann / Ellie O'Brien / Stephanie Marie Capeling / Kirsten Comerford / Margarita Giliadov / Chelsey Marie / Colin Paradine / Sima Sepehri / Bruce Turner 类型: 恐怖 制片国家/地区: 加拿大 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2014 片长: 97分钟 又名: 前往天国 IMDb链接: tt2701772 A group of strangers wake up in an abandoned hospital to find themselves stalked by a supernatural force with sinister intentions. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/76860803
书名:《简练英语》(Simply English) 作者:西蒙•黑费尔(Simon Heffer) 出版社:兰登书屋(Random House Books) 出版时间:2014年5月 英国的大报都有自己的《写作规范》(style guide),与广为流传的美联社新闻写作手册不同,这些写作规范只关注英语用词、语法、常用词组结构等方面的规范,一般由报纸的资深审校(sub editor)编写,是对本刊记者编辑写作的基本要求。如果你觉得自己的英语写作水平还需要提高,就会发现这些规范很有用。比如我的日常工作就是阅读和写作,平时要写很多对外的邮件和材料,当用词造句没有把握时,有时就会查一下这些写作规范。当然有时候英语的语法规则并不统一,比如“数据”(data)这个词到底是单数还是复数,就有不同看法。英国的《每日电讯报》规定必须当作复数,而《卫报》的说法则是虽然这个词严格说来是复数,但是现在已经没有人会用其单数形式(datum),所以可以当作单数名词使用。 最近在读《每日电讯报》前高级编辑西蒙•黑费尔(Simon Heffer)的新书《简练英语》( Simply English ),有点读《写作规范》的感觉,不过《简练英语》对各种正确用法的解释更详尽,对错误用法的批评更不留情面,作者的主观色彩也更为强烈。黑费尔任职《每日电讯报》期间,经常给本报的编辑记者群发邮件,指出前一天报纸上出现的各种用词和语法错误,把同事教训一顿,成为行内美谈。写这本书时,当然更不需要留情面了。 黑费尔不能容忍的“错误”之一是美国化的英语。英美英语的不同,并不是“颜色”(colour)要不要加字母“u”,或者“裤子”是trousers还是pants这么简单。其差别体现在更细微的地方,比如政客“竞选”职位,美国用 run for office,英国用 stand for office;英国人口中(非公共假日的)“假期”(holidays)是美国人的vacations,而美国人的holidays 常用来指圣诞新年这样的假期;“家乡”美国人说hometown,英国英语应该是 home town等等。 他对一些似乎已经是习以为常的用法也颇为不满,细细读来,让人汗颜。我有时喜欢在句首加一个“Hopefully”,但是认真分析起来,这个副词其实搭配不上句子中的任何一个动词,比如“Hopefully, he will pass the exam successfully.”这个句子我想表达的是“我希望他考试成功”,而不是“他满怀希望地考试成功”。正确的写法是“I hope”或是被动形式“it is to be hoped”。黑费尔显然对这种随便加“hopefully”的用法十分痛恨,他在书中写道:“只有那些把读者当弱智的野蛮作者才会把这种写法当作一种像样的表达方式。”我的另外一个不良习惯:喜欢滥用“非常好”(great)这个词,只要任何我不反对的事情都可能被我称作great,也被他抓住批评。 《简练英语》声讨的语言习惯还包括所谓的“官腔”(official language)和“政客语言”(political language)。“官腔”是指有话不直接说,非要绕三个弯子,如果行文的目的是和普通人沟通,采用“官腔”则完全失去了交流的意义。“政客语言”则是为了让句子显得“有冲劲”、“有目标”、“有包容性”等等而选择了特定的词汇组合,比如“社区”(community)必定是“充满活力”(vibrant)的、任务必定是“挑战”(challenge)、涉及各方必定是“利益相关者”(stakeholder)等等。用多之后,就成为陈词滥调,再没有人关心这些文字到底想说什么。 回到本文开头提到的有关单数复数的讨论,黑费尔当然坚持data是复数,不过他在书中提到的另一个相关问题也很有意思,即机构和组织是单数还是复数?这也是我在平时写商务邮件时经常遇到的问题。他的结论是机构、组织、俱乐部等应该是单数,但是有一些约定成俗的例外,比如“英格兰板球队”传统上是复数。不过呢,在澳大利亚他们被当作单数。这大概也是体现了英语全球化带来的难题吧。 你未必百分之百同意他的看法,但《简练英语》确实是一本既有趣又有用的英语读物。 (《深圳特区报·读与思》稿件)
康德哲学难读,难解,读懂汉语版的难,于是对照德文英文版的读了几段。粘贴在此处,以便以后阅读起来方便些。 哲学中的几个概念:“先验的”(transzendental)、“超验的”(transzendent)、“先天的”(a priori)、“经验的”(empirisch)、“内在的”(immanent)。 1)Kemp Smith《康德〈纯粹理性批判〉解义》:康德使用其专门名词时是这么不谨慎,他时而把先验的用为超验的同义词。 2)牟宗三《中西哲学之会通十四讲》:“超越”(transzendental)和“超绝”或“超离”)(transzendent) 但超越与超离的区别(按:即“先验与超验的区别”),康德本人也常不严格遵守。 3)杨祖陶、邓晓芒:《康德〈纯粹理性批判〉指要》:由于‘先验的’、‘先天的’、‘超验的’在含义上的区别和联系,康德在书中间或也有互用的情况,特别是‘先验的’这个词在阅读时需要联系上下文确定其应有的意义 。 4)国际学界对康德 先天的和先天知识 的标准解释表明,先天的 不是指人类天赋的知识或固定不变的结构,而是指理性天赋的、永恒不变的原则和规则 。这一解释与康德本人的思想基本一致。邓晓芒先生将先天的解释为人类先天的固定不变的结构是不对的。因为在康德那里,知识的结构是按照先天原则和规则在时间中构造的结果。( 袁建新 ) 5) 邓晓芒 : “先验的”与“先天的”这两个术语有一点是共同的,就是它们都是 先于经验的 ; 但先天的只管先于经验,至于先于经验来干什么,它并不考虑;而先验的则是指先于经验(就此而言它也是一种“先天的”) 而又关于经验,它应当考察经验知识是如何可能的,是以哪些先天条件为前提才得以可能的 。 康德先验逻辑”导言Ⅱ节 :并非任何一种先天知识都必须称之为先验的,而是只有那种使我们认识到某些表象(直观或概念)只是 先天地被运用 或只是先天地才可能的、并且认识到何以是这样的先天知识,才必须称之为 先验的 (这就是 知识的先天可能性或知识的先天运用 )。 德文: Und hier mache ich eine Anmerkung, die ihren Einflu ß auf alle nachfolgenden Betrachtungen erstreckt, und die man wohl vor Augen haben mu ß, n ä mlich : da ß nicht eine jede Erkenntnis a priori, sondern nur die, dadurch wir erkennen, da ß und wie gewisse Vorstellungen (Anschauungen oder Begriffe) lediglich a priori angewandt werden, oder moeglich sind, transzendental (d. i. die Moeglichkeit der Erkenntnis oder der Gebrauch derselben a priori) heissen müsse. And here I make a remark which the reader must bear well in mind, as it extends its influence over all that follows. Not every kind of knowledge a priori should be called transcendental , but that only by which we know that -- and how --certain representations (intuitions or concepts ) can be employed or are possible purely a priori . The term 'transcendental', that is to say, signifies such knowledge as concerns the a priori possibility of knowledge, or its a priori employment. Daher ist weder der Raum, noch irgendeine geometrische Bestimmung desselben a priori eine transzendentale Vorstellung, sondern nur die Erkenntnis, dass diese Vorstellungen gar nicht empirischen Ursprungs sind, und die Moeglichkeit, wie sie sich gleichwohl a priori auf Gegenstaende der Erfahrung beziehen koenne, kann transzendental heissen. Imgleichen würde der Gebrauch des Raumes von Gegenstaenden überhaupt auch transzendental sein: aber ist er lediglich auf Gegenstaende der Sinne eingeschraenkt, so heisst er empirisch. Der Unterschied des Transzendentalen und Empirischen gehoert also nur zur Kritik der Erkenntnisse, und betrifft nicht die Beziehung derselben auf ihren Gegenstand. 英文: Neither space nor any a priori geometrical determination of it is a transcendental representation; what can alone be entitled transcendental is the knowledge that these representations are not of empirical origin, and the possibility that they can yet relate a priori to objects of experience. The application of space to objects in general would likewise be transcendental,but, if restricted solely to objects of sense, it is empirical. The distinction between the transcendental and the empirical belongs therefore only to the critique of knowledge; it does not concern the relation of that knowledge to its objects. 中文版p4 注释 相对应的英文: Experience tells us, indeed, what is, but not that it must necessarily be so, and not otherwise. It therefore gives us no true universality; and reason, which is so insistent upon this kind of knowledge, is therefore more stimulated by it than satisfied. Such universal modes of knowledge, which at the same time possess the character of inner necessity, must in themselves, independently of experience, be clear and certain. They are therefore entitled knowledge a priori ; whereas, on the other hand, that which is borrowed solely from experience is, as we say, known only a posteriori , or empirically. Now we find, what is especially noteworthy, that even into our experiences there enter modes of knowledge which must have their origin a priori , and which perhaps serve only to give coherence to our sense-representations. For if we eliminate from our experiences everything which belongs to the senses, there still remain certain original concepts and certain judgments derived from them, which must have arisen completely a priori , independently of experience, inasmuch as they enable us to say, or at least lead us to believe that we can say, in regard to the objects which appear to the senses, more than mere experience would teach -- giving to assertions true universality and strict necessity, such as mere empirical knowledge cannot supply. 对译: G:Und hier mache ich eine Anmerkung, die ihren Einfluss auf alle nachfolgenden Betrachtungen erstreckt , Literally: And here I make a note /comment,its influence on all subsequent considerations, extend Eng: And here I make a remark , as it extends its influence over all that follows. 我在这里要作一个说明,它将影响到所有下面要进行的考察,是必须牢记于心的,这就是: und die man wohl vor Augen haben muss, naemlich: dass nicht eine jede Erkenntnis a priori, well, before, mind, must have namely: that not one/a,each , knowledge, which the reader must bear well in mind, not every kind of knowledge a priori should be called transcendental , 并非任何一种先天知识都必须称之为先验的, sondern nur die, dadurch wir erkennen, dass und wie gewisse Vorstellungen (Anschauungen oder Begriffe ) but only the , thus we Know, that and how certain representations/vision (views or concepts) but that only,by which we know that -- and how --certain representations (intuitions or concepts ) 而是只有那种使我们认识到某些表象(直观或概念) lediglich a priori angewandt werden, oder moeglich sind, transzendental (d. i. die Moeglichkeit only a priori applied are, or are possible, transcendental (ie, the possibility can be employed or are possible purely a priori . The term 'transcendental', that is to say, 只是先天地被运用或只是先天地才可能的、并且认识到何以是这样的先天知识,才必须称之为先验的(这就是知识的先天可能性或知识的先天运用)。 der Erkenntnis oder der Gebrauch derselben a priori) heissen müsse. the knowledge or the use of the same a priori ) must be called. signifies such knowledge as concerns the a priori possibility of knowledge , or its a priori employment. Daher ist weder der Raum, noch irgendeine geometrische Bestimmung desselben a priori Therefore, neither the space, nor any geometric determination , the same a priori Neither space nor any a priori geometrical determination of it is a transcendental representation; 因此不论是空间,还是空间的任何一个几何学的先天规定, eine transzendentale Vorstellung, sondern nur die Erkenntnis, dass diese Vorstellungen a transcendental notion/imagination, but only the knowledge, that these notions the knowledge that these representations 都不是一种先验的表象, 而只有 ……这种 (可能性的) 知识, ,关于这些表象 gar nicht empirischen Ursprungs sind, und die Mouml;glichkeit, wie sie sich gleichwohl a priori not at all , of empirical origin are , and the possibility ,as they are nevertheless a priori are not of empirical origin, and the possibility that they can yet relate a priori 根本不具有经验性的来源、以及何以它们还是能够先天地与经验对象发生关系的 auf Gegenstaende der Erfahrung beziehen koenne, kann transzendental heissen. to objects of experience , relate could , can transcendental,be called . to objects of experience, what can alone be entitled transcendental is . 才能称之为先验的。 Imgleichen würde der Gebrauch des Raumes von Gegenstauml;nden überhaupt auch transzendental sein: likewise ,would be the use of the space to/of ,objects ,in general ,also be transcendental: The application of space to objects in general would likewise be transcendental, 同样,若把空间运用于一般对象,这种运用也会是先验的; aber ist er lediglich auf Gegenstaende der Sinne eingeschraenkt, so heisst er empirisch. but it is only , on objects of sense limited/restricted, as he is called empirically. but, if restricted solely to objects of sense, it is empirical. 但若只是限制于感官对象,这种运用就是经验性的。 Der Unterschied des Transzendentalen und Empirischen gehoert also nur zur Kritik der Erkenntnisse, The difference, of the transcendental and empirical ,belongs therefore ,only to critique of findings/knowledge, The distinction between the transcendental and the empirical belongs therefore only to the critique of knowledge; 所以先验的和经验性的这一区别只是属于对知识的批判的, und betrifft nicht die Beziehung derselben auf ihren Gegenstand. and concerns ,not the relationship , the same ,to its objects it does not concern the relation of that knowledge to its objects. 而不涉及知识与其对象的关系 词典中相关词汇的解释: Transzendentalphilosophie f transcendental philosophy transcendental 超越卓越; 超自然的; 2 形而上的,抽象的 3 (康德哲学的) 先验的,超越的. 先验的 (transzendental) 和 “ 超验的 ”(transzendent) ; “ 先天的 ”(a priori) 、 “ 经验的 ”(empirisch) a priori : relating to what can be known through an understanding of how certain things work rather than by observation /源自拉丁文 'from what is before' ./哲’先验 地 ,自原因推及结果地 ,由一般到具体的 / 推理,演绎;验前; 1 a : deductive : deduction 推演推理演绎 / employing deduction in reasoning b : relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions — compare a posteriori http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ a posteriori 拉丁文 'from what comes after' 1‘哲’后天地 ,经验地 2‘逻辑’归纳地 先验与超验 第二编 先验辩证论/ I.先验幻相 p259 我们在这里的任务不是要讨论经验性的幻相(例如视觉的幻相),这种幻相是在对那些本来是正确的知性规则的经验性运用中出现的,通过它判断力就受到了想象的影响的诱惑。相反,我们所要谈的只是先验的幻相,这种幻相影响着那种根本不是着眼于经验来运用的原理,如果它们用于经验我们至少还会有一种衡量这些原理的正确性的标准。 然而先验幻相甚至不顾批判的一切警告,把我们引向完全超出范畴的经验性运用之外,并用对 纯粹知性 的某种扩展的错觉来搪塞我们。 We are not here concerned with empirical ( e.g. optical) illusion, which occurs in the empirical employment of rules of understanding that are otherwise correct, and through which the faculty of judgment is misled by the influence of imagination; we are concerned only with transcendental illusion , which exerts its influence on principles that are in no wise intended for use in experience, in which case we should at least have had a criterion of their correctness. In defiance of all the warnings of criticism, it carries us altogether beyond the empirical employment of categories and puts us off with a merely deceptive extension of pure understanding . Unser Geschaeft ist hier nicht, vom empirischen Scheine (z. B. dem optischen) zu handeln, der sich bei dem empirischen Gebrauche sonst richtiger Verstandesregeln vorfindet, und durch welchen die Urteilskraft, durch den Einfluss der Einbildung verleitet wird, sondern wir haben es mit dem transzendentalen Scheine allein zu tun, der auf Grunds ä tze einflie ß t , deren Gebrauch nicht einmal auf Erfahrung angelegt ist, als in welchem Falle wir doch wenigstens einen Probierstein ihrer Richtigkeit haben würden, sondern der uns selbst, wider alle Warnungen der Kritik, gaenzlich über den empirischen Gebrauch der Kategorien wegführt und uns mit dem Blendwerke einer Erweiterung des reinen Verstandes hinhaelt. Unser Geschaeft ist hier nicht, vom empirischen Scheine (z. B. dem optischen) zu handeln, our businessishere, not,fromempiricalillusion(for. examplethe optical) to handle/ act, We are not here concerned with empirical ( e.g. optical) illusion, 们在这里的任务不是要讨论经验性的幻相(例如视觉的幻相), der sich bei dem empirischen Gebrauche sonst richtiger Verstandesregeln vorfindet, which in the empirical use, otherwise correct rules of understanding , finds , which occurs in the empirical employment of rules of understanding that are otherwise correct, 这种幻相是在对那些本来是正确的知性规则的经验性运用中出现的, und durch welchen die Urteilskraft, durch den Einfluss der Einbildung verleitet wird, and through which the faculty of judgment is misled by the influence of imagination; 通过它判断力就受到了想象的影响的诱惑。 verleitet - tempts/misled使误解( mislead ) sondern wir haben es mit dem transzendentalen Scheine allein zu tun, we are concerned only with transcendental illusion , / haben mit zu tun, have to do with,deal with 相反,我们所要谈的只是先验的幻相, der auf Grundsaetze einfliesst, deren Gebrauch nicht einmal auf Erfahrung angelegt ist, this,on the principles influence, their use not even/once on experience is applied/lay. which exerts its influence on principles that are in no wise intended for use in experience, 这种幻相影响着那种根本不是着眼于经验来运用的原理, in no wise 决不 als in welchem Falle wir doch wenigstens einen Probierstein ihrer Richtigkeit haben würden, in which case we should at least have had a criterion of their correctness . P-touchstone 试金石 如果它们用于经验我们至少还会有一种衡量这些原理的正确性的标准。 sondern der uns selbst, wider alle Warnungen der Kritik, * but which us selves , against all warnings of criticism , (but it carries us) In defiance of all the warnings of criticism, 然而先验幻相甚至不顾批判的一切警告, / defiance, 蔑视,反抗 gaenzlich über den empirischen Gebrauch der Kategorien wegführt und completely beyond, the empirical use the categories leads away and it carries us altogether beyond the empirical employment of categories and 把我们引向完全超出范畴的经验性运用之外, uns mit dem Blendwerke einer Erweiterung des reinen Verstandes hinhaelt. us with the delusions an extension of the pure understanding holds out . puts us off with a merely deceptive extension of pure understanding. 并用对 纯粹知性 的某种扩展的错觉来搪塞我们。 * Wir haben es mit dem Scheine ... zu tun, der auf Grundsaetze einfliesst, ... sondern der uns selbst wegführt... We are concerned with illusion, which exerts its influence on principles, ... but which carries us altogether beyond... We shall entitle the principles whoseapplication is confined entirely within the limits of possibleexperience, immanent ; and those, on the other hand, which profess to pass beyond these limits, transcendent . In the case of these latter, I am not referring to the transcendental employment or misemployment of the categories, which is merely an error of the faculty of judgment when it is not duly curbed by criticism, and therefore does not pay sufficient attention to the bounds of the territory within which alone free play is allowed to pure understanding. I mean actual principles which incite us to tear down all those boundary-fences and to seize possession of an entirely new domain which recognises no limits of demarcation. T hus transcendental and transcendent are not interchangeable terms. The principles of pure understanding, which we have set out above, allow only of empirical and not of transcendental employment, that is, employment extending beyond the limits of experience. A principle, on the other hand, which takes away these limits, or even commands us actually to transgress them, is called transcendent . If our criticism can succeed in disclosing the illusion in these alleged principles, then those principles which are of merely empirical employment may be called, in opposition to the others, immanent principles of pure understanding. Wir wollen die Grundsaetze, deren Anwendung sich ganz und gar in den Schranken moeglicher Erfahrung haelt, immanente , diejenigen aber, welche diese Grenzen überfliegen sollen, transzendente Grundsaetze nennen. Ich verstehe aber unter diesen nicht den transzendentalen Gebrauch oder Missbrauch der Kategorien, welcher ein blosser Fehler der nicht gehoerig durch Kritik gezügelten Urteilskraft ist, die auf die Grenze des Bodens, worauf allein dem reinen Verstande sein Spiel erlaubt ist, nicht genug achthat; sondern wirkliche Grundsaetze, die uns zumuten, alle jene Grenzpfaehle niederzureissen und sich einen ganz neuen Boden, der überall keine Demarkation erkennt, anzumassen. Daher sind transzendental und transzendent nicht einerlei. Die Grundsaetze des reinen Verstandes, die wir oben vortrugen, sollen bloss von empirischem und nicht von transzendentalem, d. i. über die Erfahrungsgrenze hinausreichendem Gebrauche sein. Ein Grundsatz aber, der diese Schranken wegnimmt, ja gar sie zu überschreiten gebietet, heisst transzendent . Kann unsere Kritik dahin gelangen, den Schein dieser angemassten Grundsaetze aufzudecken, so werden jene Grundsaetze des bloss empirischen Gebrauchs, im Gegensatz mit den letzteren, immanente Grundsaetze des reinen Verstandes genannt werden koennen. p260 我们可以把那些完全限定在可能经验范围之内来应用的原理称为 内在的 原理,而把想要超出这一界限的原理称 为超验的 原理。 但我并不是把这些超验的原理理解为范畴的 先验的 运用或误用,后者只不过是未受到本应由批判而来的束缚的判断力的一个错误,这个判断力没有充分注意到纯粹知性惟一允许它起作用的那个基地的界限;相反,我把它们理解为一些现实的原理,它们鼓励我们拆除所有那些界标,而自以为拥有一个在任何地方都不承认有什么边界的全新的基地。所以 先验的和超验的 并不是等同的。 我们在前面所阐述的 纯粹知性原理只应当具有经验性的运用,而不能具有先验的、即超出经验范围之外的运用 。但一条取消这些限制甚至要求人们跨越这些限制的原理,就叫作 超验的 。如果我们的批判能够做到 揭示这些僭越这些原理的幻相,则前一类只有经验性运用的原理就与后一类原理相反,可以称为纯粹知性的 内在的 原理。 Wir wollen die Grundsaetze, deren Anwendung sich ganz und gar in den Schranken we will, the principles, their application itself entirely and even within the limits We shall entitle the principles whoseapplication is confined entirely within the limits of 我们可以把那些完全限定在……来应用的原理 moeglicher Erfahrung haelt, immanente , diejenigen aber, welche diese Grenzen überfliegen sollen, possible experience holds, immanent, those ,but,that these limits. fly over, should, possibleexperience, immanent ; and those, on the other hand, 可能经验范围之内,称为 内在的 原理,而把 / transzendente Grundsaetze nennen. which profess to pass beyond these limits, transcendent . /profess to. 自称 想要超出这一界限的原理称 为超验的 原理。 Ich verstehe aber unter diesen nicht den transzendentalen Gebrauch oder Missbrauch der Kategorien, I understand but under these not the transcendental use or misuse of the categories, In the case of these latter, I am not referring to the transcendental employment or misemployment of the categories, 但我并不是把这些超验的原理理解为范畴的 先验的 运用或误用, welcher ein blosser Fehler der nicht gehoerig durch Kritik gezügelten Urteilskraft ist, which is a mere error of not properly by criticism restrained judgment, which is merely an error of the faculty of judgment when it is not duly curbed by criticism, 后者只不过是未受到本应由批判而来的束缚的判断力的一个错误, zügeln 1. rein (up)2. control, restrain/ curb, 限制,勒马绳, die auf die Grenze des Bodens, worauf allein dem reinen Verstande sein Spiel erlaubt ist, which, on the border of the land ,on which alone, the pure understanding, game, allowed and therefore the bounds of the territory within which alone free play is allowed to pure understanding. 这个判断力纯粹知性惟一允许它起作用的那个基地的界限 nicht genug achthat; does not pay sufficient attention to/ 没有充分注意到 sondern wirkliche Grundsaetze, die uns zumuten, alle jene Grenzpfaehle niederzureissen und but real principles which expect of us, all those border posts demolish 拆除 and I mean actual principles which incite us to tear down all those boundary-fences 相反,我把它们理解为一些现实的原理,它们鼓励我们拆除所有那些界标, sich einen ganz neuen Boden, der überall keine Demarkation erkennt, anzumassen. isa verynewground, everywhere nodemarcation 划界 recognizes, to claim. and to seize possession of an entirely new domain which recognises no limits of demarcation. 而自以为拥有一个在任何地方都不承认有什么边界的全新的基地。 Daher sind transzendental und transzendent nicht einerlei. Die Grundsaetze des reinen Verstandes, Therefore,transcendentalandtranscendentnot the same. The principlesof the pure understanding, Thus transcendental and transcendent are not interchangeable terms. The principles of pure u- 所以 先验的和超验的 并不是等同的。纯粹知性原理 die wir oben vortrugen, sollen bloss von empirischem und nicht von transzendentalem, which we above expressed , are merely of empirical and not of transcendental , which we have set out above, allow only of empirical and not of transcendental employment, 我们在前面所阐述的只应当具有经验性的运用,而不能具有 先验的 、 d. i. über die Erfahrungsgrenze hinausreichendem Gebrauche sein i.e. beyond the limits of experience out-reaching use.be . that is, employment extend ing beyond the limits of experience. 即超出经验范围之外的运用。 Ein Grundsatz aber, der diese Schranken wegnimmt, ja gar sie zu überschreiten gebietet, heisst transzendent . A principle, of these barriers remove/take away, yes at all, they to exceed ,commands,call A principle, on the other hand, which takes away these limits, or even commands us actually to transgress them, is called transcendent . 但一条取消这些限制甚至要求人们跨越这些限制的原理,就叫作 超验的 。 Kann unsere Kritik dahin gelangen, den Schein dieser angemassten Grundsaetze aufzudecken, Can our criticism then, reach, the appearance this claimed/usurped principle ,uncover If our criticism can succeed in disclosing the illusion in these alleged principles, 如果我们的批判能够做到 揭示这些僭越的原理的幻相, so werden jene Grundsaetze des bloss empirischen Gebrauchs, im Gegensatz mit den letzteren, then those principles which are of merely empirical employment … in opposition to the others, 则前一类只有经验性运用的原理就与后一类原理相反, immanente Grundsaetze des reinen Verstandes genannt werden koennen. immanent principles of pure understanding. / … may be called/ 可以称为纯粹知性的 内在的 原理。 相关链接 纯粹知识与经验的知识之区别 纯粹知性概念的先验演绎 纯粹的知性概念 范畴表 相关原理 语言与音乐 lingo-music
我们上大学的七十年代,英语师资很缺乏,幸好我们系挖来了王知还老师。王老师虽然没留过洋,她的英语造诣很高,无论口语、书面语以及英美文学诗歌。毕竟教会学校出身,后来又是京陵女大高材生。 下面这个小故事说的是英语口语中的语气问题。这种口语常用语中的口气上的微妙区别,很多初学者很难体会。 OK...alright... (73275) Posted by: liwei999 Date: April 07, 2007 06:48PM When I was at college in Class 77, we were lucky to have Miss Wang as our teacher. Most of us did not know the difference between ok/alright and Yes when answering a request. One day, Miss Wang asked Student A: Would you do me a favor ...? A replied, Ok. Miss Wang asked Studet B the same question and B said: Alright. Miss Wang lost her patience: Can you guys be more positive? We were still lost, thinking that we were all positive. Finally, she pointed out: can you say something like 'Yes, I will'?
导演 : Simon Sprackling 编剧 : Chris England 主演 : Michael Beckley / Beth Cordingly / Chris England / Nigel Lindsay / 乔治·麦凯 / Norman Pace / Gina Varela 类型: 喜剧 制片国家/地区: 英国 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2013-11-22 片长: 95分钟 IMDb链接: tt3198544 Greyhawks Rugby Club is under threat from land developers, and Dave's position as chairman is being challenged by an extremely loud Australian. The faithful few have gathered on the morning before the election to watch England in the Rugby World Cup Final and tensions are running high for more reasons than one Why does Jake, the first team prodigy, leave the room every time Jonny Wilkinson takes a kick? Why has Dave stopped drinking? And why have only seven people turned up to watch the game of the century? This sparky and engaging comedy returns to that golden morning in 2003 when the unthinkable happened and England were victorious. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/66869949
导演 : Richie Mehta 编剧 : Richie Mehta 主演 : 吉莲·安德森 / 海利·乔·奥斯蒙 / 卢夫斯·塞维尔 / 维克多·加博 / 约翰·保罗·拉坦 / Sarah Manninen / Sherry Miller / Brandon Firla / Susanna Fournier / Kiara Glasco / 西蒙·雷诺兹 / Laura Miyata / 凯萨琳·布吕耶 / Jonah Wineberg / Rupinder Nagra 类型: 剧情 / 科幻 / 悬疑 制片国家/地区: 加拿大 语言: 英语 上映日期: 2013-07-28(加拿大) IMDb链接: tt2048770 After the disappearance of a young scientist on a business trip, his son and wife struggle to cope, only to make a bizarre discovery years later - one that may bring him home. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/66236689
正好今年的年计划中有阅读原版书籍的任务,本篇正好作为一个参照,开始我的阅读计划。 转载链接: http://www.douban.com/group/topic/52391790/ 楼主是一名应届毕业生 词汇量7000左右(在开始读原版书之前4000+) 最开始读的是Harry Potter系列 读了三本感觉阅读有了质的飞跃 看研究生考试英语还是四六级的阅读遇到长难句都不会很困难 关于方法: 参考《把你的英语用起来》之透析原著法 每2页查一个生词 每次看书之前回顾一下查的单词 选择原版书则是根据自己的兴趣和水平 选择在水平之上稍微难一些的现代小说(狄更斯、简奥斯汀等古典文学用词和语法跟现代有些出入 不适合刚进入原版书的读者) 附上详细透析英语讲解的小站连接: http://site.douban.com/195168/ 关于楼主认为的难度分类: 一星:极为简单,词汇量在3000-4000左右的童书 二星:比较简单,青少年向作品,用词简单,无大量长难句 三星:中等难度,有一些生词不影响阅读 四星:中上难度,熟练掌握考研或六级生词即可驾驭 五星:难,以古典文学为代表,属于楼主每个单词都认识,连起来就不认识的程度= = 目前看完的有: 1.The little prince (小王子) 难度:一星 内容:小王子的故事大家都熟了 观后感:看的第一本原版书,作为个人入门打个基础是最好的选择。阅读起来几乎无障碍,但毕竟西方的语言表达和东方不一样,先有一个适应的过渡是很必须的 2.The wonderful wizard of oz (绿野仙踪) 难度:一星 内容:小萝莉多萝西被大风吹到一个奇异国度(奥兹国)的奇遇记。貌似根据这个改编的电影票房仅次于《乱世佳人》。 观后感:很可爱的一个小故事,善良的小萝莉和一个稻草人,一个铁皮机器人与一个狮子的故事,短小精悍,同样没什么难度,适合小王子之后的过渡。 3.Flipped (怦然心动) 难度:二星 内容:同名电影的原著小说。女主角从小时候就喜欢邻居家新搬来的小男孩,从此一直追逐着他的有趣故事。貌似就是我喜欢你的时候,你不喜欢我,这算不算泄底? 观后感:看完电影特意找来书看的,而且之前了解过难度不是很大。小说要比电影有意思很多,以致我看的时候经常会笑出声来。也是男孩和女孩视角的章节交错进行,画面感很强。强烈推荐。 4.And then there were none (无人生还) 难度:三星 内容:阿加莎克里斯蒂三大奇书之一!也是开创了孤岛杀人模式的第一人。讲述十个人收到邀请函到一座荒岛上,但主人迟迟未出现,在晚宴时突然播放了一曲童谣,然后十个人按照童谣的歌词相继死亡的故事。 观后感:代入感太强!不得不佩服阿加莎克里斯蒂的文字功力,当时每天睡前看这本书,最后连续好几天做恶梦= = 书中的心理描写刻画的淋漓尽致,最后结局也是意想不到!精彩之至!同时也是西方推理小说排行前十的。 5.The house on mango street (芒果街上的小屋) 难度:二星 内容:居住在芝加哥拉美移民社区芒果街上的女孩埃斯佩朗莎生就对弱的同情心和对美的感觉力,她用清澈的眼打量周围的世界,用美丽稚嫩的语言讲述成长,讲述沧桑,讲述生命的美好与不易,讲述年轻的热望和梦想,梦想着有一所自己的房子,梦想着在写作中追寻自我,获得自由和帮助别人的能力。 观后感:不是我的style,楼主不是很喜欢....应该很合妹子们的兴趣吧 6.Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone(哈利波特与魔法石) 难度:二星 7.Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets(哈利波特与密室) 难度:二星 8.Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkab(哈利波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒) 难度:二星 9.Harry Potter Harry and the Goblet of Fire(哈利波特与火焰杯) 难度:三星 哈利波特系列大名鼎鼎,内容就不多说了。四本的观后感放在一起说。 决定看哈利波特原版系列是因为当时在考雅思,一个阅读9分的大牛说,7部哈利波特的原版他看了好几遍。从此提起兴趣。电影还是中文版的内容早已烂熟于心了,所以阅读不是障碍。书中的生词其实是越看越少的,所以HP系列越看越入迷,虽然罗林阿姨7部小说的难度逐级递增,但情节的精彩刺激已经让生词不是障碍,强烈推荐。 10.Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (查理和他的巧克力工厂) 难度:二星 内容:穷孩子查理幸运拿到了可以进入巧克力工厂参观的那张金券,于是奇遇开始了。同名电影是约翰尼 德普主演的,当年大热啊。 观后感:小说是属于童话性质的,在旺卡的巧克力工厂奇幻游历的同时,对于人性的描写也很棒。比如金券可以拿去卖一笔钱能让查理家里生活好一些,但是家人扔支持查理去圆这个梦想。善良的人总是有好报啊。 11.Game of Thrones (权力的游戏) 难度:四星 内容:维斯特洛大陆上的血腥事儿 美剧大热 不多赘述了 观后感:乔治。啊。啊。马丁的文笔不用多说,全书看的很爽,很刺激!POV的全新写法既避免了防止读者从书中推测出剧情走向,也开拓了全书的视角。感觉全书一点废话都没有,完全沉浸进去。原著还是可以完爆美剧的,电视剧删掉了很多情节。强烈推荐! 12-14The Hunger Games (饥饿游戏三部曲) 难度:三星 观后感:看的时候电影还没上映,大一外教老师推荐的,难度适宜,对于想靠原版书提高英语的筒子们,再适合不过了。看完这部还可以提前预知第三部电影的走向,何乐不为~ 15.Pride and Prejudice (傲慢与偏见) 难度:三星 观后感:生词不多,但处于简奥斯汀所在的那个年代,这本书阅读起来肯定要和现代畅销书的感觉是不一样的。当初英语课上,老师问你们最喜欢的小说是什么,大家都说什么哈利波特啊,暮光之城啊,楼主直接一句”Pride and Prejudice“It's a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.当时全班都鸦雀无声....顿时逼格高起来了有木有.....开玩笑。不过简奥斯汀也就这本书略简单了...后面四部至今搁在书房不敢挑战.... 16.Sense and Sensibility (理智与情感) 难度:四星 内容:讲的是一对姐妹,对待爱情方面,姐姐很理性,妹妹很感性。二人因为对待问题和择偶观的不同最后的境遇也不同。 观后感:不愧是简奥斯汀的作品,真的是很赞。看完此书尤其钦佩姐姐的为人处事。BBC也拍了同名电视剧,男主是唐顿庄园里面的大表哥马修主演~应该是早期的作品,但是依旧抢镜。 17.The Great Gatsby(了不起的盖茨比) 难度:三星 观后感:俗话说,理科生看了不起的比尔盖茨,文科生看了不起的盖茨比。哈哈。这本书是在小李子的电影上映前看的,看完再看小李子,觉得他在里面演的太好了。看小说的时候,在描述到盖茨比到尼克家里面约黛西那种紧张与踌躇,真是让人感慨啊。盖茨比又何尝不是作者一生的写照。不过盖茨比的确是很了不起,至少生于贫穷的他没有甘于现状,一直认为自己能成大事,并且最后他也做到了。 2014年阅读记录 18.The fault in our stars(无比美妙的痛苦) 2014.01.14�7�3 难度:三星 内容:讲述的是两个癌症少年相爱的故事。一个害怕被遗忘的男孩Gus,一个怕留下印记让所爱之人伤心的女孩Hazel。一个纽约时报畅销榜首的小说不会太差。 观后感:个人认为比同为New York Times Bestseller的《灿烂千阳》要好一些。 我看完了没什么忧桑的感觉,倒是把故事梗概给我妈讲的时候,把她讲哭了= = 妹子应该会很喜欢这种纯爱故事吧 19.The old man and the sea (老人与海) 2014.01.15�7�3 难度:三星 观后感:海明威的作品用词都很简单,曾经也因此被嘲笑。不过这本书的确很给人力量。Man is not made for defeat.A man can be destroyed but not defeated. 看老人与海,才知什么叫硬汉。有机会再看看海明威其他的作品。 20.《Murder on the orient express》(东方快车谋杀案)2014.01.19�7�3 难度:三星 内容:在暴风雪中,一列东方快车被迫停下,在车上的密闭车厢内死了一名乘客,车上的12名乘客人人都有嫌疑,人人都有作案动机,到底谁才是凶手? 观后感:推理小说就不说过多,防止泄底。不过看了这本书真是大呼过瘾,不愧是AC女王三大奇书之一,想不到的结局,精彩!. 21.《The ABC Murders》(ABC谋杀案) 难度:三星 内容:一个逍遥法外的连环杀手通过字母表一步一步实施犯罪。作为死亡标记,杀手在每个被害人的尸体旁留下一本ABC铁路旅行指南,翻开的那页就是杀人之地。 观后感:阿加莎克里斯蒂为数不多的快节奏推理小说之一,名气虽然不大,但很有意思的一部,这个案件被柯南原封不动的抄袭。貌似是第325-327集。 22.The Naked Face (裸面) 难度:三星 内容:极出名的心理学家在圣诞节的前夕,他的病人莫名其妙被人杀死,紧接着,女助手也被残忍地杀死。而所有的线索都无不指向一个线索:原来是自己引起了他们的死亡,累及无辜。 于是,作为一名心理医生,主人公开始了心理上与情感上的双重大逃亡。他雇佣了私人侦探,却仍难保朝夕,在种种情感的折磨下,差一点就要崩溃了,最后,机场里,一个意大利小男孩的一句话,拯救了一切…… 观后感:Sidney Sheldon的处女作,并且当年就拿下了爱伦坡奖。关于作者多提一句,Sidney Sheldon本人在音乐、电影和电视三大舞台获得最高荣誉奖托尼奖、奥斯卡奖和艾美奖后,又在52岁时跨入小说作家行列,凭借此书获得爱伦·坡奖和《纽约时报》最佳年度Mystery小说奖, 几乎每本小说都是出版不久就登上全美畅销书排行榜,被誉为是”美国的金庸“。他的系列一共19本,因情节紧凑,精彩离奇,并且用词简单,值得一看。 23.Crooked House (怪屋)未完待续...
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2014 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 172 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种: Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 129 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologiaet Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 NaturalLanguage Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 NordicJournal of Linguistics 《北欧语言学杂志》、 Syntax andSemantics 《语法与语义》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie undLinguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊9种,例如: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 《美国言语病理学杂志》、 Brain and Language 《大脑与语言》、 International Journal ofSpeech-Language Pathology 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 等。 2014 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 172 种目录 SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 172 注: ※ SCI、SSCI、AHCI共同收录期刊3种 ★ SSCI 、AHCI共同收录期刊129种 ▲ SCI 、SSCI共同收录期刊9种 1. ★ ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 Semiannual ISSN:1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADORT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ★ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 AKADEMIAI KIADO RT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY,H-1117 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ★ AFRICANA LINGUISTICA Annual ISSN: 0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM ,3080 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《美国言语病理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1058-0360 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 5. ★ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN:0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ★ ANNUAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-6001 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 8. APPLIED PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 《实用心理语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7164 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 9. ★ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 Quarterly ISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. ★ ATLANTIS-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OFANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《英美研究西班牙协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLA ESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIAINGLESA I, UNIV COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 11. ★ AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ★ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA TRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 13. BILINGUALISM-LANGUAGE AND COGNITION 《双语:语言与认知》 Quarterly ISSN: 1366-7289 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 14. ▲ BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 《大脑与语言》 Monthly ISSN: 0093-934X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 15. CANADIAN MODERN LANGUAGEREVIEW-REVUE CANADIENNE DES LANGUES VIVANTES 《加拿大现代语言评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0008-4506 CANADIAN MODERNLANGUAGE REV, UNIV TORONTO PRESS, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST,, N YORK,CANADA, ONTARIO, M3H 5T8 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 16. ★ CHILD LANGUAGE TEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 17. ★ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPOTREJO 3, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 18. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS PHONETICS 《临床语言学与语音学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0269-9206 INFORMAHEALTHCARE, TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC2A 4LQ 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 19. ★ COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0936-5907 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS QUARTERLY 《沟通障碍季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1525-7401 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 21. ※ COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0891-2017 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA ,MA, 02142 1. ScienceCitation Index 2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 3. SocialSciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 22. ★ COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. ★ CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 24. ★ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. ★ DIALECTOLOGIA ET GEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 Annual ISSN: 0942-4040 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. ★ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 《专业英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0889-4906 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 28. ★ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. ★ ENGLISH TEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 UNIV WAIKATO, SCHEDUCATION, PRIVATE BAG 3105, HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ★ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ★ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 32. ★ ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN: 0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE, FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142 ESTUDIOSFILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ★ EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ★ FIRST LANGUAGE 《第一语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0142-7237 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. ★ FOLIA LINGUISTICA HISTORICA 《语言史学报》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. FOLIA PHONIATRICA Bimonthly ISSN: 0015-5705 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 38. FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS 《外国语言纪事》 Quarterly ISSN: 0015-718X WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 39. ★ FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Semiannual ISSN: 0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. ★ GENDER AND LANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annualISSN: 1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, UNIT S3, KELHAM HOUSE, 3 LANCASTER STREET, SHELFIELD, ENGLAND , S3 8AF 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. ★ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annual ISSN:1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 42. ★ HISPANIA-A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 QuarterlyISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOCTEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA ,MI, 48390 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 43. ★ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 SemiannualISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDISANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ★ INDOGERMANISCHE FORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. INTERACTION STUDIES 《交互作用研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1572-0373 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 46. ★ INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL,60637-2954 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION ANDBILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 51. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIONDISORDERS 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1368-2822 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 52. ★ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND THE LAW 《国际言语、语言和法律杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:1748-8885 EQUINOX PUBLISHINGLTD, UNIT S3, KELHAM HOUSE, 3 LANCASTER STREET, SHELFIELD, ENGLAND , S3 8AF 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 54. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 《国际言语语言病理学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1754-9507 INFORMAHEALTHCARE, 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10017 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 55. ★ INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Semiannual ISSN: 1750-399X ST JEROME PUBLISHING, 2 MAPLE ROAD, WEST,BROOKLANDS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND , M23 9HH 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ★ INTERPRETING 《口译》 Semiannual ISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 57. ★ JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0167-6164 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 《儿童语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0305-0009 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 59. ★ JOURNAL OF CHINESE LINGUISTICS 《中国语言学报》 SemiannualISSN: 0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESELINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, CENTRE EAST ASIAN STUDIES, SHATIN, NEWTERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA, HONG KONG, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 60. ▲ JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 《语言交流障碍杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0021-9924 ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 61. ★ JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. ★ JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-8558 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 63. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. ★ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 65. ▲ JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 《口吃病杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0094-730X ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10010-1710 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 66. ★ JOURNAL OF FRENCH LANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 67. ★ JOURNAL OF GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ★ JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 《语言与社会心理学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-927X SAGE PUBLICATIONSINC, 2455 TELLER RD,THOUSAND OAKS, USA ,CA, 91320 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 71. ★ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 72. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. ★ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. ▲ JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 《记忆与语言杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0749-596X ACADEMIC PRESS INCELSEVIER SCIENCE, 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, USA , CA, 92101-4495 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 75. ★ JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. ▲ JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 《神经语言学杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN:0911-6044 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 77. ★ JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESSLTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ★ JOURNAL OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 Semiannual ISSN:0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ★ JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ★ JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 81. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 《心理语言学研究杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN:0090-6905 SPRINGER/PLENUMPUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 82. ★ JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0929-6174 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 83. JOURNAL OF SECOND LANGUAGE WRITING 《第二语言写作杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1060-3743 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 84. ★ JOURNAL OF SEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS 《社会语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1360-6441 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 86. ▲ JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH 《 言语语言与听力研究 杂志》 BimonthlyISSN: 1092-4388 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 87. ★ JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 88. ★ LANGUAGE 《语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOCAMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA ,DC, 20036-6501 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《语言与交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 0271-5309 PERGAMON-ELSEVIERSCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND ,OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 90. ★ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHSWELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. ★ LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 92. LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES 《语言与认知过程》 MonthlyISSN: 0169-0965 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 93. ★ LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 《语言与教育》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ★ LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social SciencesCitation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ★ LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1606-822X INST LINGUISTICS ACAD SINICA, NO 130, SEC 2, ACADEMIA RD, NANKANG,TAIPEI, TAIWAN, 11529 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. ★ LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 97. ▲ LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 《语言与口语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8309 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 98. ★ LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN:1543-4303 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ★ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. ★ LANGUAGE CULTURE AND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY 《社会语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0047-4045 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 102. LANGUAGE LEARNING 《语言学习》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8333 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 103. LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY 《语言学习与技术》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1094-3501 UNIV HAWAII, NATLFOREIGN LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER, 1859 EAST WEST RD, 106, HONOLULU, USA, HI,96822 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 104. ★ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题》 Semiannual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. ★ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. ★ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annualISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 107. ★ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS 《学校 语言、言语与听力服务》 Quarterly ISSN:0161-1461 AMERSPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC, 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, USA ,MD, 20852-3279 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 109. ★ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 110. LANGUAGE TEACHING RESEARCH 《语言教学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1362-1688 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 111. ★ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. ★ LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ★ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 Annual ISSN:1684-4904 BURO VAN DIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ★ LINGUA 《语言学》 Monthly ISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. ★ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 QuarterlyISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA ,MA, 02142 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 116. ★ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. ★ LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES INTRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 AnnualISSN: 0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERPDIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 118. ★ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0024-3949 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ★ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. ★ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ★ LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC COMPUTING 《文学与语言计算》 Quarterly ISSN: 0268-1145 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. ★ METAPHOR AND SYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. MIND LANGUAGE 《思维与语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0268-1064 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 124. MODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL 《现代语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-7902 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 125. ★ MULTILINGUA-JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. ★ NAMES-A JOURNAL OF ONOMASTICS 《名词》 QuarterlyISSN: 0027-7738 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHSWELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. ★ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. ※ NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 QuarterlyISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. ★ NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. ★ ONOMAZEIN SemiannualISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860,SANTIAGO, CHILE, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 133. ※ PHONETICA 《语音学》 Quarterly ISSN:0031-8388 KARGER,ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded 2. SocialSciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 134. ★ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. ★ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN, 18071 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ★ POZNAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN:1897-7499 VERSITA, SOLIPSKA 14A-1, WARSAW, POLAND, 02-482 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. ★ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICSASSOC- IPRA, IPRA SECRETARIAT, PO BOX 33, ANTWERP 11, ANTWERP, BELGIUM ,B-2018 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ★ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. ★ PRAGMATICS AND SOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Semiannual ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. ★ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. ★ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB28RU 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 《语言与社会应对研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0835-1813 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 143. ★ REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. ★ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙 应用语言学 杂志》 AnnualISSN: 0213-2028 ASOC ESPANOLA LINGUISTICA APLICADA, UNIV RIOJA, DEPT FILOLOGIASMODERNAS, C-SAN JOSE DE CALASANZ, S-N, LOGRONO, SPAIN, 26004 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ★ REVISTA SIGNOS 《 标志 杂志 》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE ,00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ★ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONSLINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. ★ REVUE ROUMAINE DE LINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OFLINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志 》 QuarterlyISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURA ACADROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA ,050711 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. ★ RILCE-REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN: 0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIV NAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN, NAVARRA, 31007 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. ★ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学 理论及应用杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0718-4883 UNIV CONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3,CONCEPCION, CHILE, 00000 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH 《第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0267-6583 SAGE PUBLICATIONSLTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND ,EC1Y 1SP 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 151. ★ SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 《词与语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0037-7031 CZECH LANG INSTCZECH ACAD SCI, USTAV PRO JAZYK CESKY AV CR, V V I, LETENSKA 4, PRAHA 1, CZECH REPUBLIC ,118 51 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 152. ★ SOCIAL SEMIOTICS 《社会征候学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1035-0330 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 153. ★ SOUTHERN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES 《南非语言学与应用语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1607-3614 NATL INQUIRYSERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD, 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTHAFRICA, 6140 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 154. ★ SPANISH IN CONTEXT 《西班牙语的来龙去脉》 Semiannual ISSN: 1571-0718 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 155. ★ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE 《语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0378-4177 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 156. STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《习得第二语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0272-2631 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA ,NY, 10013-2473 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 157. ★ SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 《语法与语义》 Annual ISSN:0092-4563 EMERALD GROUPPUBLISHING LTD, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD161WA 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 158. ★ SYNTAX-A JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL ANDINTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 《造句法》 Quarterly ISSN: 1368-0005 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 159. SYSTEM 《体制》 Quarterly ISSN: 0346-251X ELSEVIER SCI LTD,THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 160. ★ TARGET-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 《目标;国际翻译研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0924-1884 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 161. ★ TERMINOLOGY 《术语学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0929-9971 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 162. TESOL QUARTERLY 《 TESOL 季刊》 QuarterlyISSN: 0039-8322 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 163. ★ TEXT TALK 《文字和语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1860-7330 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 164. ★ THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS 《理论语言学》 Quarterly ISSN:0301-4428 WALTER DEGRUYTER GMBH, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 165. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 《语言障碍论题》 Quarterly ISSN:0271-8294 LIPPINCOTTWILLIAMS WILKINS, 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, USA , PA, 19106-3621 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 166. ★ TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING STUDIES 《翻译与口译研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1932-2798 JOHN BENJAMINSPUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 167. ★ TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1478-1700 ROUTLEDGEJOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON,ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 168. ★ TRANSLATOR 《翻译者》 SemiannualISSN: 1355-6509 ST JEROME PUBLISHING, 2 MAPLE ROAD, WEST,BROOKLANDS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND , M23 9HH 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 169. ★ VIAL-VIGO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《维戈国际应用语言学杂志 》 Annual ISSN: 1697-0381 UNIV VIGO, CAMPUS DE MARCOSENDE, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, VIGO, SPAIN,36310 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 170. ★ WORLD ENGLISHES 《世界英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0883-2919 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ,07030-5774 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 171. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIALEKTOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK 《方言学与语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0044-1449 FRANZSTEINER VERLAG GMBH, BIRKENWALDSTRABE 44, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70191 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 172. ★ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0721-9067 MOUTON DEGRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. SocialSciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index
辅音几乎是人类特有的(仅仅是几乎),当然比元音复杂。因为解剖构造的限制,各种语言使用的辅音大致差不多,所以才会有老师教学生用汉语拼音念英文。 除了许多语言中的抖小舌头,非洲的一个狩猎部落还有一种特别的语言:吧嗒大舌头 ---- 这动作我们只有呼唤宠物或啧啧称奇时才用。狩猎时要相互交流信息,喘着粗气说话会打草惊蛇,吧嗒舌头显然更隐蔽。 还好,英语中没有什么特别的辅音,中国人发音一般没问题 ---- 发音有问题的,多不是结构或功能问题,而是听力或习惯问题。我们的普通话,缺几个音,相应的发音就容易混淆、替代: v-w θ -s e-z 。还有,许多人把末节的 l 发成“儿”,明显地舌头打弯太重。 和元音的性质不同,辅音不存在“连续体”,要么是这个,要么是那个, s 和 z 就是不同, s 和 θ 也不同, s 和 也不同。当然,即使用了替代物,只要在说连续的句子 ---- 而不是念单词 ---- 一般也没大问题。如果你不是要去当英语主播,问题不大,别人能听懂你说什么就行。 至于一些习惯,或被称为“规则”,就更不用去计较。 S 还是 z ,或 z 还是 s ,或 f 还是 v ,英美人也不是严格按字典的音标念。有的人连单个的辅音都念不准(比如上面提到的几个),却斤斤计较 -ed 在什么情况下念 d ,在什么情况下念 t 。 以前讲过,类似的“规则”,其实仅仅是因为方便而形成的习惯。比如 study 中的 t ,念成 t 就比较困难。同样,你自己试试 worked , k 后面发 t 方便,还是发 d 方便。在单词的最后,清音后面直接发一个轻轻的清音,肯定要比跟着浊音更容易。 有的老师们,对开始说的“缺失”的替代完全不在乎,却强力推行规则,似乎就有点本末倒置了。
上小学时,甚至到中学,一直觉得自己家乡的土话(虽然觉得声调跟普通话有些差别)是比较标准的,是很接近于标准普通话的。比如说,把把“四”中的 s 发成 θ ,把“字”中的 z 发成 e ,全然觉察不到。 为什么会这样?当然是因为无知:除了听广播,再没听到另外的口音;等到上初中,听到邻村的发音略有不同,就嘲笑他们“土舌子”,更觉得自家村话标准。 为什么会这样?无知和盲目自信,就像孩子总认为自己妈妈是标准的美女。孤陋寡闻与自负相辅相成,“故意”忽略了自家土话和普通话的差别,即使一些明显的发音差异也觉察不到;无知和自负堵塞了耳朵。 等走的更远,听了更多人讲话,比如听了河北人、东北人、北京人讲话,才知道谁说话更接近普通话,才能注意到各地方言发音的明显或微妙差异。骄傲使人落后,在语音方面,盲目的自信也一样。 汉语的元音很少,就五个,不容易混淆,而英语不同。上次说了,元音组合是一个连续体,没有严格的规定嘴巴裂开多宽,舌头向后索到什么程度,才是标准。 一专业的英语教师给现场观众教一句英语“ I love you ”:发成 l ʌ v ?太土老帽啦, ləv 才能体现柔情。类似的“柔情”,有时是一直的习惯,比如, BBC 有的主持人有的就一直用 ə ,或者,把 aʊ 后一半发成 əʊ 。这,可能是儿童时期发音的遗迹。 语气不同,当然也影响发音的强弱,比如清晰短促的 ʌ 用在 but 中,因为这个词经常用在喘气后的句首,表示转折强调,就会拖腔类似 a 了。 不同的场合、不同的语速、不同的情境,发音总不会一直是“标准的”。即使是英美的播音员,如果要求他们像央视主播一样标准,他们或许也不会说话了 ---- 大概跟 VOA 的 Special English 差不多吧。 上面提到的 ə ,就有点万能, i 或 ʌ念轻一点似乎就自然成了ə ;再轻一点,就干脆省了。 有人学了英语,学了标准发音 ---- 当然,老师也不一定是“标准的”。然后,听了谁念的不同,就立刻觉得错了,或者说不标准。等他听的多了,听了不同的人,听了不同的国家的人(比如英、美、澳、加等国就明显不同),就会发现有的元音,有着明显的差异: æ 偏向于 a ? eɪ 怎么也成了 a ?啊!不标准。。。
本文说说音标的具体问题。 全世界的主要语言,元音构成差不多。为什么会这样?“元”,原始,本源。初生的孩子能发出的音,就是元音, a~a~ao~ao~ ,没有辅音。辅音,需要一些特定的发音器官的动作,比如舌头,嘴唇的辅助。我们的发音器官本来不是天生用来发音的,是用来呼吸和吃饭的,原始状态(比如别的哺乳动物)能发出什么音就怎么发,本来是不需要辅助的,即,没有所谓的辅音。有人说猫咪的“喵 ~ ”,山羊的“咩 ~ ”,都有 m 这个辅音;其实,您仔细听听,根本就没有 m 这个辅音。 除了人类,有一种狒狒,叫做 Gelada ,是唯一经常使用辅音的猿猴,它们会用嘴皮子配合发音,听起来像是老头子在吧唧嘴。有人说,这就是人类语言的雏形。语言的进化,使用辅音是必须的关键的一步。 通俗地说,不用舌头和嘴皮子配合发出的音,就是元音。用料比较省的语言,就这几个音 a i u e o ,这似乎是典型元音的必然。您想想,不用舌头和嘴皮,还能发出什么音?这几个音,就是口腔开口大小和扁圆程度不同能发出的几个代表性的音。当然,这几个音之间或之外,还有无穷的可能性,就像七色光是连续光谱的人为划分。国际音标中的 ʌ æ ə 等几个音,也是类似的连续体的一部分。 元音就是元音,不用辅助。有不少人,把 i 音等同于汉语中的“一” ---- 这就不对了,“一”的发音包含了 j 这个辅音(大概要咬着呀顶着舌头把);也有的人,把 u 音等同于汉语的“屋”,这也不对,“屋”的发音包含了 w 音(需要嘴皮子的开合吧)。如果这两个音搞不清楚,就说明分不清什么是元音,什么是辅音。 复合元音?根本可以不理,仅仅是两个元音连起来,婴儿的嚎哭就有复合,狼嚎也有。 辅音,要复杂一些,先不说了。
前面讲了很多--只讲道理,这里从从一个笑话开始: 英语语文课上,造句,学生刚开口“I is”,老师就大叫闭嘴,不是说过I后面要am吗?学生立即改口: I am the ninth letter of the alphabet. 可笑?不仅仅是调料,生硬地让学生使用规则--甚至仅仅是别人的习惯,成了英语课的主食。规则,许多是习惯性延伸--当然,所有的语言现象都是习惯。有的习惯,还没被定义为语言的“规则”,就不应该逼学生必须那样。比如,以元音发音开头的词前面的不定冠词,用an,而不用a,就是因为这样发音更符合人类发音器官的生理惯性;不信?您自己试试看。这个,成了规则,就遵守吧。--有的老师会根据开头笑话的逻辑出题目,让这个“技术”变成学生考分的陷阱,比如,让学生在字母H前加不定冠词。 还有的,并没有写进规则,只是习惯。比如,两个辅音,后一个是清音常常变成浊音。这个,也符合发音器官的运动--是不是与生物学有关,您也可以自己试试看哪个方便。举例说明?s后面发t音,很不舒服吧;再试试s后面跟着p,p通过嘴皮子爆破,似乎就更容易一点。所以,同一个人讲话,把s后面的t发成d,而s后的p依然清晰地发成p--而不是b。 有的老师,就会觉得上面的习惯是必须的,如果把Australia念成“奥斯吹利亚”,就是错误--必须念成“奥斯锥利亚”。好听?一点不见得。甚至,有人把许多英美人习惯的连读也当成龟腚,你不连起来读一句话,就是错误--这样,本身连每个单词就发不完整的小学生念出来,肯定很滑稽--邯郸学步。
Englishes 及英语英文的自我提高 Englishes and Self-Actuation in English 摘要 Abstract 英语的提高主要依靠自己,而 学 英语当中夹进了汉语就变成了汉化的掺了假的英语学习。本文通过针对广大中国的英语学员在学习英语的过程中被引导来遵循的某些错误的方法同思考,提出了学好英语的若干条忠告。 关键词: 英语,学好,忠告,汉化。 The Oneness of the English language and an English language learner in China can hardly be achieved, especially when true and genuine English is watered down by Chinese characters. In an effort to remedy some of the wrong-doings and wrong-thinkings regarding how to learn English well in China or for the Chinese native speakers, this article ventures a dozen pieces of applicable advice for those who are dying to want to learn English to a level comparable to that of a well-educated native English speaker. Keywords:English, to learn well, advice, sinologise. 引言 Introduction 先要让事实说话。有一套风靡全球的原来用英文出版的书,作者是 J. K. Rowling ,该书数版本曾全球同日发行,且其中的某些本已被翻译成希腊文及拉丁文 (Rowling, 2003, 2007) ,足见其影响之广。 读者应可猜到是什么了。其中一本的书名是 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone / Sorcerer’s Stone( 欧洲、美洲版本不同 ) 。 然而,就是这么短的一个书名,网上公布的一名‘外语讲座名师兼教授’的 ppt 居然给写成了 Harry Patter and the Philosopher’s Stone , Potter 和 Patter 可不是一个东西,这错了的两个字母 a 同 o 在 QWERTY 键盘上可是‘相距甚远’,风马牛不相及,本不该出错,张冠李戴的,除非用 Dvorak 键盘。而这位出错的‘名师兼教授’居然是在大讲如何自学英语。不算其 ppt 中其他观念上的错误,此拼写错固然可以算作是‘手误’或者‘指误’,弗洛伊德 Sigmund Freud 的门生便一定要说是‘脑误’了,虽然有可能是‘别人之误’,但是,要想学对了不容易,学错了那还不容易吗?况且是‘名师兼教授’的推荐的错误,跟着学的一定是大有人在! 还有一位也是‘外语讲座名师兼教授’的,在二十多年前的八十年代就在中央电视某频道上‘教导’过当时的广大电视观众如何学好英语,稳稳当当一板一眼地说出过错误的英文,诸如 sth. is important, useful, and everyday 一类的话,不知道伊当时通过电视骗到了多少人,或者说当时有多少人上了当,无从统计,到现在也没改过来的大概也少不了。 本文也会有错误,但是跟着本文犯错误的是凤毛麟角,在某些愿意‘跟’的文化圈子中,跟并且愿意跟着‘名师兼教授’们犯错误的可是多如牛毛,恒河沙数。 本文以上面的两个实例开头,首先提出要想学好英语的第一份忠告,‘不要相信名人,只能相信明人’,不是明人不做暗事的明人,而是真正明白的明人,能够兼不做暗事当然更好,而‘名人’则未必是‘明人’,即不见得明白,更不见得不做暗事。 有句话说得好 An expert is someone who knows some of the worst mistakes that can be made in his subject and how to avoid them. (Werner Heisenberg) 。然而,在某些只能谈‘过五关’而绝对不能 提 ‘走麦城’的亚文化中,一位‘名师兼教授’即使被尊称为 expert 也不会认真去谈自己的 worst mistakes 的,甚至连任何在学习英语的过程中出现过的哪怕是别人的 worst mistakes 都不会去谈,隐恶扬善嘛!更不会同别人分享如何去 avoid worst mistakes ,甚至还有很多根本不是本人的 subjects 也要横插一杠子的,于是,借着‘名声’招摇撞骗、顺手牵羊的也大有人在,没看明白上当的也自然大有人在了,原因就是自己不明白,要想明白地看明白骗子,智力没超过骗子,就不见得很容易了。 还是当年发明等号 (=) 的英国教育家 Robert Recorde 实心实意,即有自知之明,也有知人之智,他说得好: authority often times deceiveth many men (Record, 1574). ,名人骗子骗起人来,上当者可不是一两个、三四个,而是 many 。当然也不能全怪 authority ,只可惜 many men 没达到一定的认识水准,甚至智力开发不足,没有时间提高自身水平,‘名人’同‘明人’是‘非明人’同‘非名人’分辨不出来的,‘明人’摆在面前不但基本不认识,‘名人’八竿子打不着竟然也全都认识,愿意围着转只好顺便上‘名人’的当了。用英文说就是: Sorting out the sheep from the goats is skilled business, which demands great ruthlessness and objectivity. ,特别是分辨出 those who see advanages in disguising themselves as the real people or celebrities or authority. ,能够做到这点的普通人士确实还真不多。 人固然莨莠不齐在所难免, Human nature hasn’t changed that much during the past 2,000 years (Crystal, 2004, p. 14). ,整明白人已经很费劲了,最好不要连‘物’也学不明白,或者干脆被教坏了。 为了真正希望学好英语的人士,本文提出第二份忠告,‘人语合一’,‘你既英语’,‘英语既你’,这是在学习英语的全部过程中要做到的,而且是从正面考虑的。在学习汉语时的‘人语合一’当然只能是‘你既汉语’,‘汉语既你’了,自不待言。对于英语来说,所有的‘英语国家一般人’都能做到‘人语合一’这一点,因此,这并非过分的要求,确是忠告,并且是最高境界。 第三份忠告是你同英语中间要‘毫无障碍’,这同‘人语合一’很接近,但是主要是从负面考虑的,要做到没有任何障碍,更为具体。要想学好英语,任何不是英语的东西都是障碍,汉语绝对是障碍之一,且问题最大,只好后面单独谈。也不要翻译,翻译也是障碍,因为学翻译比学语言还要难很多倍。几倍?八倍! 上面两点是‘教育’同‘监狱’有区别的基本目标,即教育的第一目标是要教会‘学什么’,比如‘学会英语英文’达到‘人语合一’,而第二目标就是要教会‘不学什么’,比如‘不学非英语非英文’达到‘消除障碍’。或者说教育的第一目标是要教会‘做什么’,而第二目标就是要教会‘不做什么’。很简单,也很容易理解。监狱的基本目标同教育的基本目标只不过顺序不同,监狱的第一目标正好是教育的第二目标,而其第二目标正好是教育的第一目标。如果负面的太多,当然就像监狱而不像教育了。 第四份忠告是坚决不要学所谓‘系统语法’,只有英语本身达到较高的水平才考虑直接用 English 来学习 English grammars 。对待语法要采取‘现用现学’的方式,需要一点就学一点,累计多年逐渐学习,需要将英语学成接近‘英语国家一般人’的水平,不是学成‘只能用汉语讲解甚至白话 English grammar 的语法专家’。远在三十年代林语堂用英文写的语法不过是为了教 Chinese students 用来学习 English 的 (Lin 林语堂 , 1982 重印本 ) ,不是为了造就‘用汉语白话英语语法的人才’的。然而,后来有人‘画蛇添足’地将其翻译成了中文 (Lin 林语堂 , 1941) ,居然是为了‘替一层读者添加学习的兴趣和增进了解的程度’,看来这‘一层读者’,而且是很厚的一层,从四十年代起就只能用只会用‘中文’达到这个目的了,用英文来‘添加兴趣’同‘增进了解’要是不把英文翻译成中文来读那是没戏的。林语堂有生之年也许想过:既然是我自己写的,还不如当初我直接用中文写了,这是瞎折腾什么?就像称作 Sir Winston Churchill 的丘吉尔先生当年听说演他的演员赚了大钱后说:‘要是知道演我能赚钱,还不如我亲自演。’ 有关‘系统语法’后面还有详述。 在此举个语法中‘名师兼教授’们用来骗过很多人的例子,当然,他们也不全是故意的,他们也是被他们前面的‘名师兼教授’们骗出来的,骗习惯了,笔者自然也在被骗之列,所以在此说点不骗人的大实话。英文当中有 3 个词,可以算两个半词,其词类的名称叫做 article ,不管是 definite, indefinite, 还是 zero 。不知何年何月何日起,这个 article 被翻译成了‘冠词’,而‘冠词’这么个东西在‘中文’当中是根本没有地方可‘冠’的,翻译成中文除了骗人学个没用的东西还能干什么呢?再说,知道了‘冠词’还是没有学会 article ,字都不会更很难谈如何在 English 中学习使用这两个半 articles 了!不如直接学会 article ,当个 English 字来学,而没有必要去记那么个中文、英文里全没办法用的两个汉字‘冠词’,至少也算学了一个英语字,学一个算一个!这便引出了下面的第五份忠告。 叫做 William Shakespeare 的英文大文豪莎士比亚当年有句名言,说那么个玩意儿不叫 roses 而叫别的,还不是一样 sweet (A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.) ,学习英语时最好保持这种态度。对于 articles 直接叫它们 articles 不就会了个 English 字吗!非叫它们‘冠词’想‘冠’在汉语哪儿呢?另外, article 这个字语法里用,生活中用,法律文件中也用,用 English 来记是一个东西,用中文来记至少变成三个东西,把一个当成三个来学来记,累不累?难不难? 第五份忠告是,不论任何学习英语的环境,‘重金’也好,‘免费’也好,只要是谈有关英语的任何概念,比如什么‘完成时’,‘进行时’,‘基数词’,‘十四行诗’,等等,如果不用英语而用汉语,就一定要离开那个环境,少受点儿骗,一定要找个纯用英语的环境,哪怕陈述用汉语,关键术语用 English 的环境也勉强可以,当然汉语越少越好了,最好根本没有,根本不用,事实上,汉语对学好英语也没用。道理很简单,会说会写 sonnet 至少叫做会那个 English word ,尽管不一定会写一首 sonnet ,可是会说会写‘十四行诗’只能叫会四个中文字,不但一点 English 也没学会,四个‘原来早就会’的汉字却又复习了一遍! 另外,读者诸君不妨认真想一想,所有的关键的‘专业术语’都给您老人家翻译成中文了,连中文当中原本没有的东西都给翻译出来了,又用汉语白话给了您老人家,原文的英文却不见得‘白话给您老人家’,您老人家想用‘英文’来读‘英文专业书’,您老人家能吗?就算您老人家读过了‘英文专业书’,是不是您老人家用汉语总结比用英语好得多了,那能叫学英语吗?用这种方法给您老人家白话的,希望您老人家读懂英文吗?希望您老人家学会英文吗?无怪乎英文当中 teach 变来变去都成了 cheat !上当而不自知者,多如牛毛,恒河沙数,有什么办法? 具体举个例子,教 IELTS 的有很多家,有些还是‘名师兼教授’,如果把 IELTS 读成‘雅思’就离那家远一点,不然很可能就被‘哑死’了而不自知;要是读成‘爱尔词’还差不多可以考虑,因为后者更接近原文的真实发音,接触更接近原文的发音才有可能将英语学得更好一点儿,甚至才有可能学会,至少说出来更好听一点儿,更准一点儿。这份忠告可以叫做‘屏蔽汉语’,完全是针对汉语的,最好彻底屏蔽汉语。只要是专业术语,只要是英文当中有的,绝对不用汉语。既然目标是学习英语你却复习‘原来早就会’甚至‘生来就会’的汉语中文汉字干什么?折腾什么呢? 说穿了,所有的中国人或者汉语中文为母语的人士来学习英语英文只有唯一的两种结果,根本没有第三种可能,或者说二者间的无数种可能。一种是把英语英文学成英语英文,另一种是把英语英文学成汉语中文。读者诸君不妨自己分析分析自己到底想达到哪种结果?或者已经达到了哪种结果?甚至现在想改正都难了!甚至已经来不及改正了! 下面本文详细陈述这样几个方面的忠告:英语环境,先说后听,少学语法,先写后读,两种阅读,工具为‘用’,学有所用,晚谈翻译。 英语环境 很多人认为‘英语环境’是外在的,要重金去找,实际上‘英语环境’首先是内在的,要亲自来造,其次才是外在的;所谓内在的就是自己,自己才是自己的‘英语环境’,不是别人,除非你想让你周围的人都同你讲英语。在中国一则可能性很小,就目前而论 (2009 年 ) ,周围的人不叫你全疯起码也叫你半疯,二百五,背后还叫你‘假洋鬼子’,你不顾面子别人还顾。在外国要是自己把自己当‘外人’,可能性也不大,顾起面子可能性就更不大。再则多年养成的被‘名师兼教授’们教成的甚至是骗成的习惯是‘听见英语想汉语’及‘读到英文想中文’。这种方法顶多修练成‘原装英翻译成蹩脚汉’的水平,想要玩儿明白英语,费劲着呢! 首先要而且必须达到‘听见英语想英语’及‘读到英文想英文’并保持一贯始终,直到英语英文接近同等级别的‘英语国家一般人’的水平,即中国的高中毕业生达到英语国家 G12 毕业的英语水平,中国的学士达到英语国家‘白吃了’的英语水平,硕士对等‘骂死它’,博士对等‘打狗头’,嬉皮士对等嬉皮士,等等,才可以叫做在自己的‘英语环境’中学习了英语。这种心态可是任何‘别人’帮不上忙的,只有自己亲自养成。关心英语学习的人士当然会从旁提醒,也只能提醒,比如家长、教师、亲朋、好友等等一些真正希望你学好英语英文的人士。有了这种心态之后才能够,要是自己愿意努力的话,主动寻找一切外在的‘英语环境’,甚至渐渐达到‘英语国家一般人’在学习一切知识时的态度,即‘听见任何语想英语’及‘读到任何文想英文’的境界,也即不论听到什么语,读到什么文都一概想英语英文的境界。因为只有用正确的英语想才可能说出正确的英语,写出正确的英文!用汉语想,有门儿吗? 正像目前绝大多数‘汉语国家一般人’将不论什么语通通学成汉语一样,能做到将不论什么语都学成无懈可击的英语就算学在‘自创的’英语环境中了,当然既要 accuracy 又要 fluency ,进而才能玩儿 flexibility ,而且只能慢慢来, 不可操之过急的。最终玩出来 creativity 。英美人说了写了二十几年 English ,不过如此,也有错误,想‘疯狂两年就超过’本族语使用者,不是做梦,大概就是吃错药了,而且吃了很多! 先说后听 这个道理很简单,会说一定会听,会听可不一定会说,要是把 English 听成了汉语,会说的 English 就更少了!再者,自己会说的自己一定能听懂,不论是标准的伦敦音,还是标准的南腔北调,自己都应该听懂。因此,自己会说的越多,自己能听懂的越多,自然自己能听懂别人的也越多了。不过,练过了南腔北调后一定要认真练练标准的伦敦音,美音一般公认难学,除非有机会活在那个美音的环境里,至于音到底‘美不美’又另当别论。练成标准的伦敦音主要是为了照顾别人的耳朵,有些人不愿意照顾别人的耳朵,甚至连自己的耳朵都照顾不过来,因为自己的嘴巴已经照顾不过来了,当然也无可奈何。打个比方,把 mouse 说成 louse 是口腔有问题,把 louse 听成 mouse 是耳朵有问题,但是自己说出 louse 却亲自听成 mouse 不但是耳朵甚至脑子都可能有问题!所以,一定要说对,才有机会听对!说对的多,听对的机会才会大。 口语不是背诵出来的,那叫背书,不叫口语。 请随便哪位,中国的‘名作家’,任何一位,得奖的也可以,请来从头到尾背一背其自己的不少于五万字的作品,一次背出,一字不差,没有一位能背出来!但是要是请这位‘名作家’演讲的话,参加什么“千家论坛”,那真是口若悬河,河泻千里,唾液横飞,飞流直下,四个小时不停,八个小时不断! 因此,口语应该是自然说出来的,张嘴‘白话’出来的,不是背出来的。请记住下面这两条‘外语学习公理’:用正确的英语思维一定能说出正确的英语,用正确的汉语思维绝对说不出任何英语!用汉语思维就是把脑袋‘撕’破了也思维不出英语来!要想自然说出正确的英语来,必须练成养成‘正确的英语思维’,或者说绝对不能用‘正确的汉语思维’,汉语思维不管多么正确,哪怕是汉语大师加国宝外带‘名师兼教授’级别的汉语思维,对英语来说可是一点用处也没有,在想要说出正确的英语时更是绝对如此,绝对没用!要是用汉语思维就能思维出英语来,所有的中国人还需要学习英语吗?这道理应该很明显,不用找大理论、大权威、大名人来证明的。 所谓口语教材不是什么以‘适用’为标准选出来的,而且也没有任何适用于各种学员的口语教材,张三要谈计算机,李四要谈物理,王五要谈化学。口语是看有什么需要,要用,不是适用。有一位中国的教计算机的教授,为了用英语开计算机的课程,将英文的计算机教材朗读了 10 遍,用英语开课后反应非常好。那种英语计算机教材绝对不‘适用’于口语,但是有这种需要,要用它,就要把它变成口语! 如果学习英语的目的是到各种各样的用英语的国际会议上去大放‘绝’词,需要的‘口语’就是该会议的论文宣读了,也应该朗读 10 遍的。听众就你放出来的‘绝’词用他们熟悉的南腔北调提出几个英语的问题,你也得听懂吧?同时,你也得用人家听得懂的无懈可击的英语回答吧?会说七、八种不同的南腔北调的英语,甚至走板晃腔没调说不定更好! 连北京的某些什么‘大街’ ( 这里读‘大该’ ) 上的‘贩子英语’都是自然说出来的!他们会自然说的他们一定听得懂!他们能听懂的却不一定会说。 少学语法 除非想当‘用汉语白话英语语法的名师兼教授’,否则,需要一点语法就学一点语法,多一点都不学,学无所用,等于白学。碰到一个问题只解决一个问题,解决一个问题就是一个问题,而且,应该用英语解决,没有必要浪费精力时间用中文‘通读’英语语法,甚至用中文‘读通’英语语法,成为用汉语白话英语语法的‘专家’!不过,所有的‘语法术语’一定要用英文的,一则是学了英文,二则可备未来之需。这就同某些证书考试一样,本来 80 分就可以拿到证书了,结果你考了个满分 100 分,尽管非常值得祝贺,实际上却等于浪费了 20 分,这 20 分的时间精力都白费劲了,而且取得这 80 分之上的 20 分经常比拿那 80 分还费劲,干点什么别的不好,说不定再拿个什么证书都够用了。 再者,英语语法是‘英语国家一般人’所实际使用的语言所总结出来的,不是 ‘从汉语’总结出来的,更不是‘用汉语’总结出来的!如果自己真对英语语法感兴趣,等水平达到了‘英语国家一般人’同等级别,何妨直接用 English 来学习学习 English grammars ?有时间学几本几十本都成,目前值得通读的大概只有两本,至少又是一次学习真正‘英语’的机会,而不是‘掺了假’的夹杂着中文的《英语语法》,除非是读一本用 English 来讲解中文语法的语法书,还可以顺便学习学习英文,复习复习中文。 笔者在 2007 年曾经有幸访谈过几位在中国拿到了大学英语本科毕业证的学生,都是 B.A.s( 很光棍的 ) ,正在攻读 M.A.s, M.Ed.s ,等等。而其母校新校也绝非野鸡大学,都是很有点名气的。笔者提了个问题,问他们是否‘通读’过任何英文原本原文的专业书,‘不翻译成汉语式地’读过,当然包括 English grammars 了,得到的回答很干脆:‘没读过’。 首先要学好英语英文,直接用英语思、说、写、听、读、梦;进一步才是学成英语专家,而且是直接用英语读、说、听、写的专家,然后才是直接用英语讲解,分析英语的英语语法专家,而不是只会用汉语来张嘴白话英语语法的半吊子‘英语语法专家’! 先写后读 同‘先说后听’的道理一样,会写一定会读,会读可不一定会写,要是把 English 读成了中文,会写的 English 就更少了!另外,自己会写的自己一定能读懂,不论是标准的莎士比亚级别的英文,还是标准的沙土比娅级别的不知所云,自己都应该读懂。因此,自己会写的越多,自己能读懂的越多,自然自己能读懂别人的也越多了。不过,练过了写不知所云后一定要认真练练标准的当代英文,莎士比亚级别的英文连‘英语国家一般人’都要依靠注解才能读懂。练成标准的当代英文主要是为了照顾别人的眼睛,有些人不愿意照顾别人的眼睛,甚至连自己的眼睛都照顾不过来,当然也无可奈何。也打个比方,把 mouse 写成 louse 是手有问题,把 louse 读成 mouse 是眼睛有问题,但是自己写出 louse 却亲自读成 mouse 不但是眼睛甚至脑子都可能有问题!所以,一定要写对,才有机会读对! 英文是字母文字,声形关系要远远优于中文,尽管不一定优于法文、德文,但是绝对优于中文,会说当然就会写,除非立志作文盲。因此前面提到的‘先说后听’也可以改为‘先说后写’,会说就会听,会说的越多,能听懂的越多,会说就会写,会说的越多,会写的也越多,不是文盲自然会说就会写,而会写的越多,能读懂的也一定越多。 实际上,很少有人写,不论是母语还是非母语。道理很简单: 张嘴侃山多省事, 疾书奋笔太劳神。 吹牛练个白话蛋, 汉语腾飞烂英文。 不过,一定有需要写的时候。 I have nothing tosay. I have to say something. I have something to say. I have everything tosay. 如果抱着 I have nothing to say. 的心态就什么语什么文都不用学了,倒不如: 语盲文盲皆可做, 舒舒服服混一生, 无事闲来吹天地, 管它南北与西东! 多省事,费那个劲干什么? 学习英文写作的目的是,至少,应该是,在全英的课堂上学了全英的课程后,全英地用英文写作业;为了参加几乎全英的国际会议而写出全英的会议论文;全英地写出硕士论文,全英地写出博士论文,全英地写出本专业英文杂志能够刊载的专业论文;对于有些有志于英文写作的人士,则可能是全英地写出英文的小说,英文的诗集,英文的随笔,英文的杂感等等。对于希望在英语英文环境中工作的人士,还不得不全英地写出工作报告,备忘录,日常工作记录,求职申请,电子邮件,也许还包括情书,还有对于任何不满的现象,向各个部门写出 letters of complaints ,等等,等等。 对于写出全英的作业来说,几乎是没有什么可以模仿的,而模仿同学可能成为剽窃。尽管目前可以从网上购买别人的作业,甚至可以花钱请别人代写作业,蒙混过关有可能,提高自己则不易,总归是要露馅的,在‘明人’面前就更容易露馅。 而且,很多模仿的人士所走的错路是去模仿文学大家的作品,那是很难的。非要去模仿英文小说家怎么写小说,而自己的英文还没有到英文小说家那个水平,容易吗?自己应该清楚自己还不是莎士比亚,不过是沙土比娅,英文要学到莎士比亚的水平才能写出莎士比亚级别的英文,沙土比娅只能写出沙土比娅级别的英文。应该先去模仿自己正在学习的熟悉的东西,最好是每天都用的东西,同自己的现有水平比较接近,又稍稍高一点的东西,太高了是根本模仿不了的。翻译成中文再模仿当然简单了,可是那又只能叫‘模仿中文’,不叫‘模仿英文’。 比如说自己正在学习物理学,就应该模仿国际通行的有关物理专业的出版物的写法,格式,篇章,段落,用句,用字等等,然后自己亲自写它几十篇出来。 两种阅读 中国学习字母语言文字的阅读不同于其他母语本身也是字母语言文字的学员学习另一种字母语言文字的阅读,因为中文不是字母文字,‘汉语国家一般人’对字母文字不敏感,读不带任何汉字或调号的汉语拼音 Hanyu Pinyin 都比读汉字费劲, ruguo ni shizai buxin, qing ni duyiduzhejuhua shiyishi 。于是,在阅读字母文字时不得不实现多重目标,其中最主要的目标是要变成声音,不是变成汉语,不是变成中文,而是变成声音,英语的声音,克服中文的‘见字知义’的习惯并养成一种全新的‘听音知形’及‘听音知义’的符合字母语言输入的习惯,当然是‘听英语音知英语义’了,不是‘听英语想汉译’。从字母文字的阅读理论中脱胎出来的主要适用于母语本身也是字母语言文字的学员学习另一种字母语言文字的所谓‘精读’同‘泛读’之分别在中国并非实用。 ‘泛读’,‘贩毒’,这叫什么翻译词儿!不过要是没学好,一定没学对,或者没教对,同后者也差不多!中毒了,毒反了,毒错了,不是读错了。 ‘汉语国家一般人’阅读字母文字要变成声音才能做到会说,会写,会听,会读。前面说过,会说就会听,会说就会写,会写就会读。既然到了‘读’,正好完成一个循环,一切字母文字要尽量变成声音。因此,对于‘汉语国家一般人’来说读英文只有两种读法,一种是 sounded reading ,或者叫 oral reading ,本文偏重前者,另一种是 silent reading 。需要变成声音的以便养成英语语感的一定要朗读,就像前面提到朗读计算机教本 10 遍那样。不需要变成声音的才用另一种读法 silent reading ,当然可快可慢,可跳可断,什么 skimming, scanning, 甚至 skipping 都可以,只要不读成中文,随便点也没关系。 最关键的,不论是 sounded 还是 silent ,都必须用英文来理解英文,要是把英文读成了中文,那就白读了,白折腾了,还不如等着别人把英文翻译出中文来,或者用什么网上软件翻译出来,直接去读中文好了,费劲学英文又全部变成中文那才是典型的‘瞎折腾’。不过,对于真正想学好英语英文者,本文建议,‘说’字母语言既然是第一位的,会说,会听,会写,会读,何妨加大朗读量? 工具为‘用’ 工具本为人所用,绝非造物骗人钱。目前流行的所有《汉英词典》,《英汉词典》,所有的,错误没有百出,至少也有千出,至多那就没边没沿没法儿说了,为什么?道理很简单,《汉英词典》里一个中文词对应三个英文词,请问到底哪个英文词对?实际上哪个英文词都不对,只有那个中文词对!《英汉词典》里一个英文词对应三个中文词,请问到底哪个中文词对?实际上哪个中文词都不对,只有那个英文词对!本文读者难道还没有发现‘把一个变成三个’更难吗?不是多多益善,不要贪心不足,一个就是一个 ,而且只应该是原文的那一个! 如果对此难于理解,没有关系,再换一种说法,每个中文词本身都对,用在中文的语境中更对;每个英文词本身也都对,用在英文的语境中更对,只有‘中英配对儿’不对,‘英中配对儿’也不对,中文用在英文中不对,英文用在中文中也不对,把中文学成了英文不对,把英文学成了中文也不对,盖因为不同语言绝对没有百分之百的绝对‘等值’或‘对等’!配到了一起成不了‘绝对儿’,却让大多数学员‘绝了对儿’,自己同英语‘对’不上了,被套在‘汉英对应’或者‘英汉对应’中出不来了。当然出不来了,因为根本就没有不同语言文字的‘对应’! 如果用‘概率’及‘极限’的观点,高中水平的数学,来思考一下,用这种‘英中配对儿学习法’仅仅考虑‘一英对一中’的方式学习英语英文,则‘英中配对儿’对了的概率永远是一,而‘配错’的概率则成倍增长。比如学到第5,000 个英文词、短语、句子等的时候,‘英中错配’的概率是学第一个英文概念的4,999 倍!很容易整个‘绝了对’儿! 不仅仅‘中英配对儿’不对,有时候‘英英配对儿’都不对。英文本身的 television 在词汇学中也是被当作 hybrid word 来看的,前半截是 Greek ,后半截是 Latin ,不是 hybrid 是什么?《汉语外来词词典》 ( 刘正埮 , 高明凯 , 麦永乾 , 史有为 , 1984) 的英文书名是 A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Wordsin Chinese ,外来词就被该词典分成了两部分,连中文本身都有很多 Hybrid Words ,不过就是对学好英语英文毫无帮助而已。而且,用‘英中配对儿法’最容易学成的是 hybrids ,也就是专业学术文章尊称做 interlanguage 的,不过叫起来好听一点儿,而已,而已。 如果在学中文,自然用《汉汉词典》,如果在学英文,也应该用《英英词典》,这本来没有什么需要辩解的,而且保证没有‘中英配对儿’的高‘配错概率’,不用去找大理论、大权威、大名人来证实,倒是可以看看下面的大问题。 在《牛津中阶英汉双解词典》 (Steel, 2005) 中, adhesive 这一个英文词本来只有八个字母,却被翻译成了三个中文词,一共变成了九个汉字,除了原来的‘黏合剂’,竟然又增加了‘黏着剂’,‘接合剂’两个,这还不算中文的笔画!一英对三中,双向便是二三得六,看似不错,多多益善!如果参考一下更早的《化学名词合订本》 ( 中国化学会化学名词研究委员会 , 1953) ,还可能再增加一个,‘胶黏剂’,变成八对组合!本文请问一下:到底是记住 adhesive 一共只有 8 个字母的一个英文词容易,还是记住至少 6 对英汉/汉英组合容易,即‘ adhesive =黏合剂’,‘ adhesive =黏着剂’,‘ adhesive =接合剂’,‘黏合剂= adhesive ’,‘黏着剂= adhesive ’,‘接合剂= adhesive ’?既然用双解,谈翻译,就应该是至少两种语言的双向的翻译,而不应该是单向的英译汉,对不对?本文再请问:到底是写八个英文字母容易,还是再加写九个汉字容易;到底是在键盘上打出八个英文字母容易,还是再接着打出九个汉字容易;到底是说出八个英文字母的三个音节容易,还是说出六对组合英文中文加在一起三十六个音节容易?本文再强调问一遍,到底是一个词容易,还是六对组合容易? 这六对甚至八对组合还不算中文本身的同义词同英文本身的同义词,再加上由翻译产生的同义词,记错了可就不知道翻译到哪里去了!张冠给李戴,马嘴配驴头。该词典序言居然认为一个英文词被新增了两个中文译词是好事,真是咄咄怪哉! 而且,以这种‘一英配三中’的方式来学习英语英文的话,‘配错’的概率猛增三倍!当然,‘配错概率’的含义不是‘一定配错’,而是‘极有可能配错’。 哪位学过英语的不是一个英语词查过好几遍《英汉词典》,等于复习了好几遍汉字了!那个英语词一定会当作英语用吗,用在无懈可击的英语里面吗?非常不见得!复习了好几遍汉字还是没学会一个英语词,对不对? 问题解答 :对本文前次的几份《草稿》有读者提问说有的成人学员用《英英词典》不懂怎么办?对此,简单来说只能找更简单的《英英词典》来用,就是说《英英高词典》太难了,用《英英中词典》,不行用《英英低词典》。英文有句话说 nothing comes from nothing ,必须有一定的英文知识作为基础,没有这个基础当然很难。而且问题更具体些则更好回答,本文只能提出一个大概的解决方案。首先,阅读难度一般不要超过 5% ,即平均连续 20 个词中只能出现一个生词,如果达到 10% 就最好放弃,容易产生 frustration, 或者叫 feel frustrated ,既然难受就别读!其次,难度控制在 5% 至 10% 时就要用英文‘义在句中’的特点,根据以往学过的英文句型先猜字义,不是‘见字找汉译’,而是猜英文字义,而且绝对不要猜成‘汉译’。同时还要克服中文的‘见字知义’的中文习惯。再其次,觉得想要学会一个生词,经过了猜字的阶段后再用《英英词典》来证实自己的猜测正确。《英英词典》不是用来查词义的,而是用来证明自己猜测正确的,不是证明自己错误,而是证明自己正确,如果 80% 都是证明自己错误就不要学了。还有一点要注意,不要把一个英文字当作一个单位,而一定要当作半个单位,四分之一个,甚至更小的单位,‘义在句中’是说至少一个句子才是一个意义单位,一个英文的由两个 spaces 隔开的词经常什么都不是,只是一堆字母,不能在一堆字母中找意思,找错了,读任何 text 要看 context 才能猜意思。如果说中文‘见字知义’则英文是‘见字无义’,见句才有义。有时候句子都不够用,还要看段落! 学有所用 不要学什么‘英语日常用语’,每日不用的‘英语’是不可能成为‘日常用语’的,因为很多人的‘日常用语’在中国铁定是汉语,甚至是本地方言!这还用找大理论、大权威、大名人证明吗?每日说英语的地方才需要练习‘英语日常用语’,而且不想练也得练,不练不容易存活!当然,每日说英语的地方也有很多‘使劲长’但是‘不长进’的语盲、文盲,全世界都有,也莫可如何。 况且,‘日常用语’的含义是很宽的,养狗的‘日常用语’是几乎八小时‘狗语’,对人讲听者一般不但不会高兴,甚至有可能老拳相向;工作中用的‘工语’ (workplace speech) ,不能回家同老伴孩子用,他们不但不屑一听,还当面说你神经病。 在中国应该而且最容易学习的莫过于专业英语了,基本上一词一义,是专业词义,不是日常词义,也根本不必知道日常词义,是英语的词义,不是汉语的词义;句型简单、单一、固定,读他几十篇专业文章就可以模仿着写了,如果全能用 English ‘白话’出来更好,可以直接用英语参加‘千家论坛’了。实在不行也可以真正用英文,不翻译成中文式地,不理解成中文式地,再读他几百篇,将自己的深思熟虑的研究成果,要是碰巧有的话,不是剽窃别人的成果,用英文写下来同全世界分享分享,才可以叫做学有所用。 说不定能顺便‘中’个 Nobel Prize 或其他什么奖的,直接用英文写作中的,不是别人翻译后中的,就更是学有所用,简直都可以拿英文来‘光’汉语的‘宗’‘耀’中文的‘祖’了! 晚谈翻译 只有在两种或多种语言水平接近时才有资格谈翻译,就像一个笑话讲的,高科技将猪从一头放进去,那一头可以吃的熟透了的肠子就出来了;可是如果再将可以吃的熟透了的肠子从另一头放进去,猪却从另一头出不来,就没有资格谈翻译了。单向翻译根本就不够翻译,顶多叫‘蹩脚胡翻瞎译’,如果英文不过是英语国家小学毕业水平,却要翻译英文哲学家的作品,大概不可能。中文哲学家的水平不等于英文哲学家的水平,两回事。 最好是多门语言都用得恰到好处,而翻译作为至少两门语言同文化的艺术实际上要更难一些,难八倍。‘晚谈翻译’,甚至在学习英语的全部过程中要‘免谈翻译’。因此,绝大多数学习英语的‘汉语国家一般人’根本不需要翻译,也不会翻译,甚至根本不到练翻译的程度。在学习英语的全部过程中,为了不浪费时间精力,既不要练习‘英译汉’也不要练习‘汉译英’,非要翻译则只练习一种翻译,即‘英译英’! 而且,翻译永远没有‘对’的,只有不同程度的‘错’,只有原文对!除非原文不是人话!再请用前面提到的‘配错概率’思考一下,到底是‘配错’容易,还是‘配对’容易! 英国人美国人难道不翻译吗?他们也是时时刻刻在翻译的。我们来看看他们实际上在翻译什么: 他们所谓的翻译,主要在英语英文中进行,听的时候,将别人的英语口语翻译成自己懂得的英语口语;读的时候,将英文文字翻译成自己懂得的英文文字,如果还想讲给另外的人听的话,还得翻译成自己会用的英语口语;说的时候,将自己听过的英语,读过的英文,翻译成对方能够懂得的英语口语;写的时候,将自己听过的英语,读过的英文,翻译成读者能够懂得的英文文字。 即使是这样在英语英文中读、说、听、写地翻译来翻译去,折腾来折腾去,英国人美国人说、写的时候也有错误。中国的英语学习者又把根本同英语英文毫无关系的汉语中文掺杂了进来,扯了进来,希望通过正确的汉语口语变幻出正确的英语口语,通过正确的中文文字变幻出正确的英文文字,甚至认为‘突破’一下子,‘疯狂’一阵子就行了,那可能吗?就算是可能的话,加上‘配错概率’,又有多大的可能性? 对于任何一位想要出国,在完全没有汉语中文的环境中学习英语英文课程的学生,以及绝大多数的‘用英语英文’学习各种课程的学生,不论是为了‘深造’、‘浅造’还是‘使劲造’顺便‘胡造’,不论是‘学习先进技术’还是‘弘扬伟大文化’,在中国用中文背了两万个英文词,有什么用吗?大概只有英文部分的两万有用,中文部分那两万几乎没用,背了十万中文词就更没用了,白费时间。在模仿他人写出来的英文文章时,翻译成中文再模仿也没有什么用。即使要模仿,应该模仿的是英文,应该对照的是英文同英文对照,应该比较的还是英文同英文比较。不是对照比较中文,更不是用中文写了再胡乱翻译成英文,网上很多的中国硕士、博士的中文论文的英文摘要就是这个胡乱翻译的水平的英文。 做个简单的数学计算。如果比较两篇英文文章,双向比较只需要比较两次 ,单向比较只需要比较一次 ,挑出一个好的,要是能挑出来的话,跟着学就是了。要是其中的一篇翻译成了中文,三篇文章双向比较要比较六次 ,单向比较也要比较三次 ;如果两篇都翻译成中文的话,四篇文章双向比较要比较十二次 ,单向比较也要比较六次 ,累不累呀!要是学习 40 篇英文文章,光比较英文,而且是单向比较,都不一定比较得过来(780 次),再加上中文比较,最后,中文记得多,英文剩得少!白费劲!英文白学了! 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》 (Hornby Wehmeier, 2004) 里面有句话:‘原文中的搭配,一经翻译,又往往会改弦易辙,面目全非’。这说明了什么?这恰恰说明了经由翻译产生的严重问题,英文原文中的搭配本来根本没有任何问题,弦也不曾改,辙也没有易。而中文呢?中文本来也没有问题,面也很全,目也不非。但是,有些人偏偏鼓吹翻译来翻译去的方法,由英文翻译成中文,才一定可能将英文中的原装的正确的无懈可击的搭配‘改弦易辙,面目全非’,以至于再将中文翻过去译成英文时,更是‘改弦易辙’两次,‘面目全非’翻番,问题是由翻译产生的,不是英文本身产生的,也不是中文本身产生的。英文没错,中文没错,‘配对儿’俩全错! 这些鼓吹翻译来翻译去的人士难道是故意想翻译出些问题来,还是处心积虑准备好了让学习者在其翻译过程中生出些问题?甚至于根本就不想让学英文的学会英文? 在计算机行业有个概念,叫做 GIGO ,就是 Garbage in, garbage out. ,这个概念用在‘掺合着汉语’的英语学习上最合适。就算原装的 English 不是 garbage ,无懈可击,搭配没错,而在 in 的过程中,大概 English 连 in 都还没有达到,就被学员习惯性地把原装的 English 变成了汉语中文,连 English 本身都有‘对’、‘错’之分,而汉语中文对于 English 来说连‘对错’都谈不上, The problem is, it is not even wrong. 。汉语对于 English 来讲根本就毫无用处,毫无帮助!那么,到了应该有无懈可击的东西 out 的时候会是什么东西 out 就非常明显了,不是 garbage ,才怪! 说了这么多,道理很简单,你的母语是汉语中文,简直会得不得了,熟得不得了,没有不会的,四会全才,八级全通,比汉语大师还大师,比中文博导还博导,就饭吃的都是汉语中文,输入输出都非常通顺,口若悬河,夸夸其谈,出口成章,下笔千言,或者叫‘键盘一动万言生,哪管他似懂非懂?’。《四库全书》正背如水,倒背如流,《中国大百科全书》正背,倒背更是不在话下。既然为了学习英语英文,别说,甚至有些还真想学好,不是学坏,而是学好英语英文,学成英语英文,你再把英语英文又翻译成 ( 原来早就会的! ) 汉语中文,甚至还有些还翻译成了古汉语,折腾什么呢?大概是《四库全书》背完了,实在是没有什么中文可背的了,背过了中文的东西还嫌不够,所以要倒背由各种外文翻译出来的中文!这种学习外文的方法,结果是 : 外文学了三十门, 中文练了八十遍! 中文练得顶呱呱, 外文全都靠边站! 结论 Conclusion 师父领进门,修行在个人,当然此‘师父’不是彼‘师傅’。千万不要看很多的师傅明明自己都找不着门,学生们、家长们还要居然心甘情愿地出重金给师傅买一扇门,甚至买几扇门,现在购买方便,网购,还可以‘预定门’,‘邮购门’,外带送门上门,那可就太惨了!当然了,愿意给‘师傅’买门的也不知道原来‘师傅’根本就找不着门!能够认识到师傅根本就找不着门的也是凤毛麟角。要给‘师傅’买来了而且还要送到眼前‘师傅’才刚刚睁开双眼,单眼,看见门! There are no stronger links than those between sufferers from the same illness, even when that illness is ignorance. 。 学好英语的主要工作不是在科班,不是在教室,更不是花大价钱,完全可以‘免费’学成,‘无门自通’,特别是“重金之门”,主要还是在自己,只要不把自己当外人,而把自己真正当作‘英语’,甚至把自己当作真正的英语,相信自己就是英语,英语就是自己,才有可能学好英语。 本文提出的几项真正想要学好英语英文的忠告不过是‘打油歪词’一首: 名人不信做明人,汉语尽快屏蔽; 障碍消除殆尽,系统文法晚习; 多说注定多听懂,多写读来更易; 阅读一定多出声,只用英文工具; 又说又写方为用,务必免谈翻译; 师傅无门师傅找!省点银子给自己; 环境并非外在,踏破金鞋又何必? 英文境界几重天,最高人语合一。 参考书目 References Crystal, D. (2004). The Stories ofEnglish . London, UK: Allen Lane. Hornby, A. S., Wehmeier, S. (2004). 牛津高阶英汉双解词典 Oxford Advanced Learner'sEnglish-Chinese Dictionary ( 石孝殊 , 赵翠莲 , 向小林 , 邹晓玲 , 马红旗 , 王升印 王玉章 , Trans. 6th ed.).Beijing, China 中国北京 ; Oxford: 商务印书馆 The Commercial Press; Oxford UniversityPress 牛津大学出版社 . Lin 林语堂 ,Y. (1941). 汉译开明英文文法 TheKaiming English Grammar ( 张沛霖 , Trans.): 开明书店 . Lin 林语堂 ,Y. (1982). Kaiming English Grammar 开明英语文法 . 中国北京 Beijing, China:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 外语教学与研究出版社 . Record, R. (1574). The Pathewaie toKnowledge: containyng the first principles of geometrie, as thei maie mosteaptly bee applied vnto practise, bothe for vse of instrumentes geometricall,and astronomicall: and also for proiection of plattes in euery kinde, andtherefore muche necessarie for all sortes of mennepp. 184). Available from http://gateway.proquest.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003res_id=xri:eeborft_id=xri:eebo:citation:99854993 Rowling, J. K. (2003). Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis (P. Needham, Trans.). London:Bloomsbury. Rowling, J. K. (2007). Harrius Potter et Camera Secretorum (P. Needham, Trans. 1st U.S.ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Children's Books: Distributed to the trade byHoltzbrinck Publishers. Steel, M. (2005). 牛津中阶英汉双解词典 Oxford Intermediate Learner'sEnglish-Chinese Dictionary ( 严维明 , 陈文浩 , 朱伟光 洪涛 , Trans. 3rd ed.). 中国 Beijing,China 中国北京 ; Oxford: 商务印书馆 The Commercial Press; Oxford UniversityPress 牛津大学出版社 . 中国化学会化学名词研究委员会 . (1953). 化学名词合订本 . 中国北京 Beijing,China: 中国化学会 . 刘正埮 , 高明凯 , 麦永乾 , 史有为 . (1984). 汉语外来词词典 ADictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese . 上海 : 上海辞书出版社 .
王应宽 Wang Yingkuan Beijing, China Mar 4, 2014 国际科技语言 VS.全国语法日 今天是美国全国语法日。 Happy National Grammar Day! 刚看到今天(March Fourth) 是美国全国语法日,专门庆祝关于使沟通成为可能的语言的集会,提醒人们要学好用好语法,写得好,说得好。尽管很多人不喜欢甚至讨厌语法规则,但正因为语法奠定了相互沟通和理解基础。语法是人们相互交流的基本协议和规则,但规则也不是一成不变的。对我们学习外语的人来说,难的不是规则本身,往往是规则的例外。规则的例外太多,以致语法规则似乎不起作用了。There is no rule without exceptions, 说的就是“凡规则皆有例外”。而且这些规则的例外也经常考试的知识点。试想,如果没有语法规则,像美国佬这么崇尚自由,而不愿遵守语法规则,随心所欲,爱怎么说就怎么说,别人理解起来就困难了。对我们这些学英语(外语)的人挑战也就更大了。 平时交流中,大家也可能感觉到,美国人口语交流比较随意,不是太注重语法的规范性。我曾听说英国人批评美国人毁坏了他们女王的英语(Queen's English)!! 看来这个全国语法日很有必要,至少可以提醒那些Lazy and Poor Speakers and Writers注意一下他们的语言。 有趣的是,最近看到网上讨论现在世界的科技语言是什么?大家知道二战以前,科技的通用语言是德语。随着德意志帝国战败后,科技经济下滑,伴随美英的强大,英语成为了国际主流的科技语言。那么今天世界的科技语言是什么呢?有人调侃是糟糕的英语Bad English! 仔细一想,还觉得颇道理。咱们当英文学术期刊编辑的,每天收到世界各国的英文稿件,除了那些英语为母语的作者写的是Good English, 而大多数非英语国家的作者的英语在英语是母语的人看来都是Bad English。据估计,占全世界总人口15%的人讲英语,但英语为母语的人仅占世界总人口的5%( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language )。随着科技全球化,为了国际交流,世界各国操着糟糕英语写作科技论文的人越来越多,而审稿专家、编辑又没有修改好没有一篇文章的英语,很多存在英文问题的文章进入学术传播体系,于是糟糕的英语就成了世界科技语言了!尽管兴起了很多英语学习培训机构和科技英语修改编辑服务公司,但这些努力似乎还不足以让Bad English成为当今国际交流的通用科技语言! 在此调侃一下。虽然我一直很重视学习语法,但还是经常犯语法错误,或者在编辑加工中经常看不出或修改不好Bad English中的语法错误。借着山姆大叔的这个全国语法日,好好再学学语法吧。 资料链接: Grammar Day. http://www.daysoftheyear.com/days/grammar-day/ Celebrate Grammar Day by crossing your I’s, dotting your T’s, and making sure that you’re correctly punctuating and structuring your sentences. Watch those apostrophes! National Grammar Day Language is something to celebrate, and March 4 is the perfect day to do it. It's not only a date, it's an imperative: March forth on March 4 to speak well, write well, and help others do the same! See more at: http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/national-grammar-day#sthash.elojYLq9.dpuf http://expertedge.journalexperts.com/2014/03/04/happy-national-grammar-day/ Today is National Grammar Day in the United States. It’s a day to celebrate the conventions of language that make it possible to communicate with others. Although grammar “rules” can be quite annoying, they lay the foundations for mutual understanding. A basic protocol for writing enables all speakers of a given language to interact, but rules are not immutable. Things that were once considered incorrect are now frequent (such as the split infinitive or the singular they ). As with all things in life, moderation is key. So for today, march forth to write well and speak well! Take a moment to help your colleagues with their writing. Or just reflect on some terms and grammatical peculiarities that interest you or infuriate you.
◎译 名 : 星尘天使 ◎片 名 : Angels in Stardust ◎国家地区 : 美国 ◎I M D B : tt3384904 / IMDb ◎风 格 : 剧情 / 喜剧 ◎发行年份 : 2014 ◎上映日期 : 2014年2月21日(美国) ◎语 言 : English ◎Ratings : 8.1/10 from 28 users ◎文件格式 : Web-DL 1080p.mkv ◎片 长 : 100分钟 ◎文件大小 : 3.62GB ◎导 演 : William Robert Carey ◎编 剧 : William Robert Carey ◎主 演 : 艾丽西亚·希尔维斯通 / 阿曼达·米夏卡 / 比利·伯克 / 艾米莉亚·罗斯·布莱尔 / 钱德勒·马西 ◎简 介 An imaginative teenage girl, living in a mystical and dangerous community built on a deserted drive-in movie lot along the Texas/Oklahoma border, struggles to realize her potential, and escape the world she was born into. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/58189025
◎片 名 RoboCop ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 动作 / 科幻 / 惊悚 / 犯罪 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 中英字幕 ◎IMDB评分 Ratings: 6.7 /10 from ◎IMDB链接 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1234721 ◎文件格式 720 X 294 ◎文件大小 1CD 1.68G ◎片 长 110min ◎导 演 何塞·帕迪里亚 José Padilha ◎主 演 乔尔·金纳曼 Joel Kinnaman ....亚历克斯·墨菲/机械战警 Alex Murphy / RoboCop 塞缪尔·杰克逊 Samuel L. Jackson ....帕特·诺瓦克 Pat Novak 加里·奥德曼 Gary Oldman ....丹尼特·诺顿 Dr. Dennett Norton 艾比·考尼什 Abbie Cornish ....克莱拉·墨菲 Clara Murphy 迈克尔·基顿 Michael Keaton ....雷蒙德·塞拉斯 Raymond Sellars 杰伊·巴鲁切尔 Jay Baruchel ....波普 Pope 杰基·厄尔·哈利 Jackie Earle Haley ....马托克斯 Maddox 詹妮弗·艾莉 Jennifer Ehle ....Liz Kline 埃美·加西亚 Aimee Garcia ....Kim 迈克尔·威廉姆斯 Michael K. Williams ....Officer Jack Lewis 玛丽安·吉恩·巴普迪斯特 Marianne Jean-Baptiste ....Karen Dean Zach Grenier ....Senator Dreyfuss Melanie Scrofano ....Guitarist's wife Marjan Neshat ....Sayeh Douglas Urbanski ....Mayor of Detroit 约翰·保罗·拉坦 John Paul Ruttan ....David Murphy WBBrown II ....AC Freeman Tommy Chang ....Korean Store Owner Evan Stern ....Walter Karrel Raven Cinello ....Mom Paul Sun-Hyung Lee ....Omni Tech Mark Baldesarra ....Police Sergeant Joe Vercillo ....208 Aaliyah Cinello ....Little Girl Maura Grierson ....Kelly Peter Yan ....Iranian Terrorist Meysam Motazedi ....Arash Brian Cranstone ....Forklift Operator Tazito Garcia ....Football player (uncredited) 迪索·拉莫斯 Diezel Ramos ....S.W.A.T Team member (uncredited) ◎简 介 新版《机械战警》依照原版的故事背景,依旧设定在工业城市底特律,但故事年代已由之前设定的2020年变为了2028年,并且故事格局也明显扩大。在片中,乔尔·金纳曼饰演的好丈夫,好父亲,好警察——墨菲在与底特律日益猖獗的犯罪东征的过程中惨遭爆炸,严重受伤。于是接受了进行军火开发的机器人公司OmniCorp的改造,成为了半人半机器的“机械战警”,并继续战斗在抵抗犯罪的前线。然而有一点被所有人忽略的是:尽管名为“机械战警”,却仍然是一个人类在机械的武装下进行战斗,影片展现的就是机械战警“出口转内销”过程中引发的暴力及思考。 幕后花絮 曾经成功执导过《精英部队》系列的巴西导演/编剧何塞·帕迪里亚在2011年3月已经签约将掌镜这部新《机械战警》。“我一直努力去拍出最好的作品,”何塞·帕迪里亚说,“如果我可以用一年去拍一部电影,那我会去这样做的。但我现在不确定可以这样做,因为我没拍过大预算的影片。只要你给我预算,不管是多还是少,我都会尽力把这些钱在银幕上呈现出来。” 剧情仍着眼公司控制人 说到影片的剧情,导演透露了新版《机械战警》的故事 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/58156044
◎译 名 芭比之珍珠公主/ 芭比娃娃之珍珠公主 ◎片 名 Barbie: The Pearl Princess ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 动画/家庭 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 无字 ◎评 分 ---- ◎链 接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 720p.bluray.x264.mkv ◎视频尺寸 1280x720 ◎文件大小 1CD 3.12G ◎片 长 73Min ◎上映日期 2014-02-19(美国)2014年3月20日 德国 ◎导 演 Terry Klassen ◎主 演 Katie Crown ... (voice) Patrick Gibtvbtlmore ... (voice) Peter New ... (voice) Mark Olivbtvbter ... (voice) Patricia Pabtvbtttenden ... (voice) Kelly Sheridan ... (voice) Rebecca Shoicet ... (voice) ◎简 介 Barbie stars as Lumina, a mermaid who dreams of being a prinbtvbtcess. As long as she can remember, she's had a magical power that makes pearls dance and glow! Lumina, and her best friend Kuda, a pink seahorse, embark on an adventure to a majestic mer-kingdom. There, she uses her powers to help her friends prepabtvbtre for the Royal Ball. Lumina thenbtvbt discovers that her magical pearls are the key to unlocking her trubtvbte destiny and ultimately saving the kingdom. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57519676
◎译 名 奔跑 ◎片 名 Run ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 动作/爱情 /惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB评分 6.5/10 from 66 users ◎文件格式 x264 + DTS ◎视频尺寸 1920x720 ◎文件大小 1CD 3.25 GB ◎片 长 1h 30mn ◎导 演 Simone Bartesaghi ◎主 演 Eric Roberts ... Jeremiah William Moseley William Moseley ... Daniel Lombardi Adrian Pasdar Adrian Pasdar ... Mike Lombardi Kelsey Chow Kelsey Chow ... Emily Baltimore Edoardo Ballerini Edoardo Ballerini ... Luke Jon Freda Jon Freda ... Mr. Palermo Joseph Perrino Joseph Perrino ... S.G. Owens Albert Valladares Albert Valladares ... Police Officer Frank Fortunato Frank Fortunato ... Mr. Baltimore Saul Stein Saul Stein ... Steward Nordon Craig Henningsen Craig Henningsen ... Mark Baltimore Brian Distance Brian Distance ... Officer O'Donnell Anthony L. Gurino Anthony L. Gurino ... Thug Elise Falanga Elise Falanga ... Mrs. Baltimore Liz Thomas Liz Thomas ... High School Student ◎简 介 RUN is a fast-paced, action/thriller, which centers on a streetsmart, 17-year-old named Daniel who practices Parkour and is both heroand thief. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57519176
◎译 名: 基哥们 ◎片 名: Date and Switch/Gay Dude ◎国家地区: 美国 ◎年 代: 2014 ◎类 别: 喜剧 ◎语 言: 英语 ◎字 幕: English ◎评 级: R ◎I M D B: 6.7 ◎链 接: http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎豆 瓣: N/A ◎上映日期: 2014-02-14(美国) ◎文件格式: 720p.web.dl ◎文件大小: 2.81 GB ◎片 长: 1hr 31m ◎导 演: Chris Nelson ◎编 剧: Alan Yang ◎主 演: 萨拉·海蓝德 盖瑞·科尔 梅根·莫拉莉 ◎简 介: Two guys who make a pact to lose their virginity before prom find their friendship tested when one of them comes out of the closet. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57515233
◎译 名 冰雪战士 ◎片 名 Ice Soldiers ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 加拿大 ◎类 别 动作/科幻 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 中字 ◎IMDB评分 5.2/10 from 97 users ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 brrip.mkv ◎视频尺寸 720×300 ◎文件大小 1CD 1.55G ◎片 长 95Min ◎导 演 斯特拉·古纳逊 Sturla Gunnarsson ◎主 演 多米尼克·珀塞尔 Dominic Purcell / 亚当·比奇 Adam Beach / 迈克尔·艾恩塞德 MichaelIronside / Gabriel Hogan / Camille Sullivan / Benz Antoine / 雷欧·巴奈扎Raoul Bhaneja ◎简 介 A scientist discovers the bodies of three frozen geneticallymodified Russians buried in the Canadian North. Upon thawing them out herealizes he has unleashed a deadly threat to Western society and muststop them at all costs. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57356797
◎译 名 缝合 ◎片 名 Stitch ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎链 接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎片 长 1hr 34m ◎导 演 Ajai ◎主 演 Edward Furlong ... Marsden Shawna Waldron ... Serafina Diane Salinger ... Landlady Laurence Mason ... Pirino Shirly Brener ... Colline Douglas Tait ... Demon Tiffany Martin ... Lilly ◎简 介 The psychological horror film Stitch focuses on a young couple who, after the death of their child, submits to a ritual with the help of another couple designed to help them let go of their pain and grief. However, things go awry, and soon a supernatural force is physically marking the foursome in ways that they will never forget. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57243253
◎译 名 血色冬季 ◎片 名 Crimson Winter ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 剧情/幻想 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB评分 5.8/10 from 21 users ◎IMDB链接 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2014198 ◎文件格式 X264 + DTS ◎视频尺寸 1920x720 ◎文件大小 1CD 4.37GB ◎片 长 1hr 46m ◎导 演 Bryan Ferriter ◎主 演 Bryan Ferriter ... Elric Nick Milodragovich ... Dylan Kailey Michael Portsmouth ... Roxanne (as Kailey Portsmouth) Ryan Pfeiffer ... Guiscard Brandon Day ... Achille Dave Noel ... Will Paulie Rojas ... Isabelle Keith Carlson ... John Jordyn Auvil ... Rohesia Jordan Auvil ... Rohesia Brent Bailey ... Fearghas Keith Carlson ... John Benjamin Dawley-Anderson ... Kurt Brandon Day ... Achille Patrick Gorman ... Oracle ◎简 介 Humans massacred their race, wrote them out of history, andpushed them into myth... Now in the midst of a Vampire civil war, anexiled Vampire prince has escaped into the mountains of the new America,building a hidden army for revenge against his family. Years later, inthe dead of winter, a group of grad students start their research on thedisappearance of wildlife in those very mountains. When they come closeto the truth, they begin the fight for their own survival. As the fightescalates, the Vampire prince descends upon the conflict. He is forcedto visit his dark past as the fates of the student's are decded. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57148161
◎译 名 死亡黑夜 ◎片 名 Dead of the Nite ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 英国 ◎类 别 恐怖/惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 中字 ◎IMDB评分 6.2/10 ◎链于 接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 X264 + AC3 ◎视频尺寸 1280x720 ◎文件大小 1CD 3.27 GB ◎片 长 92分钟 ◎导 演 S.J. Evans ◎主 演 Joseph Millson / Cicely Tennant / Claudio Pacifico ◎简 介 When a group of ghost hunters investigate the infamous JerichoManor, they soon realise it's not just ghosts that go bump in the night!As people get murdered, the survivors need to discover who or what'skilling them before it's too late. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57147816
◎译 名 将错就错/对的错误 ◎片 名 The Right Kind of Wrong/Sex and Sunsets ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 加拿大 ◎类 别 爱情 ◎语 言 英语 ◎IMDB评分 6.1/10 from 563 users ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 1080p mkv ◎文件大小 3.07G ◎上映时间 22013-09-12(多伦多电影节) ◎片 长 97分钟 ◎导 演 耶利米·S·谢奇克 ◎编 剧 Megan Martin / Tim Sandlin ◎主 演 凯瑟琳·欧哈拉 / 瑞恩·柯万腾 / 莎拉·坎宁 / 威尔·萨索 / 克里斯汀·哈格 / 雷恩·麦帕林 / Barb Mitchell / 詹姆斯·A·伍兹 / Jennifer Baxter / 雷欧·巴奈 扎 / Christopher Russell / Andrea Stefancikova ◎简 介 In this romantic comedy, The Right Kind of Wrong, Leo Palamino is a failed-writer-turned-dishwasher made famous for his many flaws and shortcomings in a blog called Why You Suck, a huge Internet success written by his ex-wife. Then Leo meets Colette, the girl of his dreams... on the day she is marrying the perfect man. And so, the ultimate underdog story begins as Leo, a fearless dreamer, risks all to show Colette and the whole wide world all that is right with a man famous for being wrong. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57143358
◎译 名:海豹巡逻队 ◎名 称 : SEAL Patrol/BlackJacks ◎国家地区 : 美国 ◎I M D B : http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎风 格 : Action ◎发行年份 : 2014 ◎上映日期 : 2014-02-11(USA) ◎语 言 : English ◎评 级 : R ◎文件格式 : Web-DL 1080p ◎种子标签 : 1080p, DL, H264, PublicHD, SEAL Patrol 2014, WEB, Web-DL ◎制作小组 : PublicHD ◎片 长 : 80分钟 ◎文件大小 : 2.89GB ◎导 演 : Nicolas Aaron Mezzanatto ◎编 剧 : Nicolas Aaron Mezzanatto Joshua Ringle ◎主 演 : Kristina Anapau James C. Burns Tina Casciani Courtney Compton Jose Luis Cordovez Roark Critchlow Josh Daugherty Brett Donowho Danny James Angel McCord Rich McDonald James C. Morris Will Newman Daniel O'Meara Eric Roberts ◎简 介 After losing contact with a clandestine energy research facility, a powerful venture capitalist contracts a private team of elite military operatives to retrieve a physicist who holds the key to an unprecedented alternate energy source. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57141156
◎译 名 甘兹菲尔德困扰 ◎片 名 The Ganzfeld Haunting ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 恐怖/惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB评分 (voting begins after release) ◎链于 接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 X264 + AC3 ◎视频尺寸 1280x5441 ◎文件大小 1CD 2.49 GB ◎片 长 1h 26mn ◎导 演 Michael Oblowitz ◎主 演 Taylor Cole ... Becket Ryan Donowho ... Eliot Kimberly Estrada ... The Operator Mikayla Figueroa ... Young Molloy Toby Hemingway ... Graves Cody Howell ... Young Eliot Holt McCallany ... Detective Murphy Dominic Purcell ... Detective Malone Rico Simonini ... Officer Pozzo Zoe St. John ... Young Lucky Hannah Victoria Stock ... Young Becket Carson Sione White ... Young Graves Laura Wiggins ... Molloy Rumer Willis ... Lucky Billy Zane ... Father ◎简 介 In a world where past meets present and the present gets lost in time, reality is blurred for 5 College psychology students who are pushing all boundaries during an ESP experiment over a lost weekend... Memories, dreams, past, future...Can they forget what they cannot remember??? - For those 5 students a new kind of terror awaits. Senses are dazed as they meet their destiny. The present collides with a past shared secret in an erotic psychological thriller. Is anything real??? An American New Wave Horror Film that will blow your mind... 在当今世界,过去与现在,现在得到又失去的时候,一切实际上都是模糊的,在一个放荡的周末,大学五级 心理系学生在一个ESP实验中谁正在超越所有界限......回忆,梦想,过去,未来......可他们忘了,他们好象什么 都不记得了? - 对于那些学生一种新的恐怖在等待。感官,因为他们满足其命运被茫然。过去的共享秘密存在碰 撞。任何事情是真实的吗???一个美国新浪潮恐怖电影,将让你让你痴狂而意乱情迷... 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/57000717
◎译 名 欲望的爱 ◎片 名 Lust for Love ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 喜剧 ◎语 言 英语 ◎IMDB评分 5.2/10 from 231,556 users ◎链 接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎片 长 1hr 25m ◎上映日期 2014-02-07(美国) ◎导 演 Anton King ◎主 演 弗兰·克朗茨菲丽西亚·戴碧儿·加勒特迪辰·拉奇曼安维尔·乔卡亚米勒克尔·劳丽 ◎简 介 Astor's happy tenacity spoils his one chance at love with his lifelong crush Mila. Convinced he needs more experience with women to win her back, he engages her ex-best friend Cali to teach him how to woo women. (一次遇然的机会,阿斯特(Astor)强烈地爱上了美眉米拉( Mila)。他深信需要更多对女性丰富的经验来迎得她的爱,他找到米拉以前最好的朋友卡尔(Cali),求教他如何来吸引女性。) 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56652723
◎译 名 卡布拉毒战阿拉莫/阿拉莫决战吸血怪兽 ◎片 名 Chupacabra.vs.the.Alamo ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 动作/科幻/恐怖 ◎语 言 英语 ◎Silubs评分 --/10 from 231,556 users ◎Silubs链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎片 长 1h 27mn ◎导 演 特里英格拉姆 ◎主 演 埃里克·埃斯特拉达,妮可·穆尼奥斯,朱莉娅·本森 ◎简 介 San Antonio, Texas. The bodies of various drug cartel members are turning up mangled and drained of blood. Tough DEA agent Carlos Seguin discovers that the grisly murders are being committed by a pack of chupacabras, which are lethal predatory creatures of local legend. Carlos, his feisty new partner Tracy Taylor, wayward estranged son Tommy, and several others make a desperate last stand against the bloodthirsty beasts at the famous fort The Alamo. 在这里,有着传说中的怪物--吸血怪兽, 黑帮、警察、毒贩汇聚在德克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥市,一方面他们要为了自己与彼此互相厮杀,而另一边传说中的吸血怪兽可能出现... 贩毒组织成员的尸体缺胳膊少腿正在流血....。美国缉毒局(DEA)特工卡洛斯·塞甘发现恐怖的谋杀正是由吸血怪兽(chupacabras)所为,这是当地传说中的一群致命捕食性生物。卡洛斯、新搭档特雷西·泰勒、任性的儿子汤米....在著名的要塞阿拉莫与嗜吸血怪兽拼死进行最后的抵挡..... 阿拉莫(英语Alamo,西班牙语álamo)是美国德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥附近一座由传教站扩建成的要塞。在德克萨斯独立战争中曾起到重要作用。 卓柏卡布拉(Chupacabra)是西班牙文,意思就是吸饮山羊血的东西(山羊吸血怪、吸血怪兽) 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56614393
◎译 名 偷盗艺术/偷窃的艺术 ◎片 名 The Art of the Steal/The Black Marks ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 加拿大 ◎类 别 喜剧 ◎语 言 英语 ◎Silubs评分 --/10 from 231,556 users ◎Silubs链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎片 长 1h 30mn ◎导 演 乔纳森·索博尔 ◎主 演 埃里克·埃斯特拉达,妮可·穆尼奥斯,朱莉娅·本森 ◎剧 情 凯瑟琳·温妮克 / 杰伊·巴鲁切尔 / 库尔特·拉塞尔 / 马特·狄龙 / 特伦斯·斯坦普 / 戴文·博斯蒂克 / 克里斯·达玛托普拉斯 / 杰森·琼斯 / 肯尼斯·威尔什 / 尤金·里皮斯基 Crunch Calhoun (Russell), is a motorcycle daredevil and semi-reformed art thief, agrees to pull off just one more heist with his brother, Nicky (Dillon). When Crunch get his old team back together to steal a priceless historical book, the plan leads into another riskier plan formed by Nicky. The two brothers don't realize that each of them have their own hidden agenda and their plans go awry. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56612149
电影简介 自从与玛戈(米兰达·卡斯格拉夫 Miranda Cosgrove 配音)、伊迪丝(达娜·盖伊 Dana Gaier 配音)和阿格蕾丝(埃尔希·费舍 Elsie Fisher 配音)三个可爱的小女孩实现宿命的邂逅,曾经的大坏蛋格鲁(史蒂夫·卡瑞尔 Steve Carell 配音)可真彻底转型了,他金盆洗手,转而化身为慈祥可亲的爸爸和做得一手烂口味布丁果冻的商人。当然凡事没有尽善尽美的,在此期间,憧憬大坏蛋传奇人生的老搭档纳法利欧博士(拉塞尔·布兰德 Russell Brand 配音)离他而去,另谋高就。某天,格鲁被身怀绝技却鲁莽的特工露西·王尔德(克里斯汀·韦格 Kristen Wiig 配音)绑架,原来露西所在的集团研制出可以改变生物基因的药物,可他们位于南极的实验室被神秘窃贼偷走,因此才委托有过坏蛋经验的格鲁做卧底。 经过一番考虑,格鲁接受了这项任务,带着超萌的小黄人们,和露西组成了爆笑连连的追凶搭档…… 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56610880
◎译 名 终极信仰 ◎片 名 King's Faith ◎出品年代 2013 年 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 剧情 ◎上映日期 2013年4月26日 美国 ◎影片级别 Singapore G13 | USA G-13 ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎IMDB评分 6.8/10 (208 votes) ◎导 演 Nicholas DiBella ◎主 演 Lynn Whitfield ... Vanessa Crawford Wilson ... Brendan James McDaniel ... Mike Kayla Compton ... Natalie Brandon Correa ... Eli Nicholas Americus Marino ... Zack Michael Leadbetter ... Sheedy Edsel Q. Patterson ... Rish Mike Brownyard ... Lex Christopher Jon Martin ... Russell Andrew Bartucca ... Arresting Officer Anthony Bartucca ... K9 Officer Fiona Criddle ... Hannah Stephen Dodd ... Pastor Harper ◎内容简介 When eighteen-year-old Brendan King attempts to leave his turbulent gang life behind him, his past continues to threaten his new-found faith, family, 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56321682
◎译 名 维丽蒂的夏天 ◎片 名 Verity's Summer ◎出品年代 2013 年 ◎国 家 英国 ◎类 别 剧情 ◎语 言 英语 ◎上映日期 2013-03-05(英国) ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎IMDB评分 6.4 /10 (208 votes) ◎导 演 Ben Crowe ◎主 演 Indea Barbe-Willson / James Doherty / Martin McGlade ◎内容简介 When a stranger comes to town 16-year-old Verity must confront the secrets surrounding her father's time in Iraq... secrets which may tear her family apart. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56320919
◎译 名 血雨腥风 ◎片 名 Blood Shed ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 恐怖 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件大小 708.68 MB ◎片 长 1hr 39m ◎导 演 Patrick Hasson Juan Carlos Saizarbitoria ◎主 演 Bai Ling ... Lucy Vida Guerra ... Khara Bree Essrig ... Samira Lauren Aboulafia ... Paulina Jillisa Lynn ... Evette Cuete Yeska ... Tattoo Artist Trent Haaga ... Eckardt Brandon Ratcliff ... Trace Cherie Daly ... Jezebel Lia Chapman ... Santeras Brandon Barrera ... Colleague Rileigh Chalmers ... Little Girl Richard Azurdia ... Rotund Mexican Jorge Jimenez ... Thin Mexican Molly Hawkey ... Nurse 2 ◎简 介 Loosely based on the true events of a homeless loner who moves into aself-storage facility inhabited by a community of bizarre squattersuntil they are locked in for the night with a deranged female who huntsthem down in search of her lost child. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56320668
◎片 名 the book of esther ◎译 名 以斯帖记 ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 美国 ◎电影类型 剧情 ◎语 言 英语 ◎iMDB评分 3.8/10 (136 votes) ◎片 长 89min ◎上映日期 ◎导 演 David A.R. White ◎编 剧 Timothy Ratajczak ◎演 员 Jen Lilley, Jennifer Lyons, Robert Miano, Thaao Penghlis, Marco Khan, Mark Irvingsen, David Pires, Hadeel Sittu ◎简 介 When Ester becomes King Xerxes’ queen, her Cousin Mordecai and that despicable Haman engage in a dangerous game of intrigue for control of the young Persian King Xerxes. It’s not secret that Haman plans to exterminate the Jews, but Haman’s plan include something horrible for Mordecai and his people. It is up to Mordecai’s cousin Esther to win the affection of the King, unmask Haman’s treachery and save the Jewish people. Can Esther convince her husband to spare her people – even though she may be putting her own life at risk? 她 , 一名犹太女孤——哈达莎(Hadassah), 在冥冥之中命运的安排下,变成为以斯帖(Esther)王后,并以其高尚情操和过人美貌赢得了英勇的波斯国王薛西斯(Xerxes)的欢心,曾经经历的底层生活使以斯帖更具备了在达官贵族中难得体现出的聪慧勇敢和博爱精神,并以其智慧和勇气在危难时刻将整个濒临灭绝的犹太民族从阴谋诡计当中拯救出来,成为了一名千古传颂的女英雄,为主做见证。 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56124637
◎译 名 醉饿游戏 ◎片 名 The Hungover Games ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 喜剧 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB评分 (voting begins after release) ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 X264 + AC3 ◎视频尺寸 1920x720 ◎文件大小 1.23 GB ◎片 长 1h 25mn ◎导 演 Josh Stolberg ◎主 演 Ross Nathan ... Bradley Ben Begley ... Ed Herbert Russell ... Zach Rita Volk ... Katnip Tara Reid ... Effing Robert Wagner ... Liam Jamie Kennedy ... Justmitch / Tim Pistol / Willy Wanker Kyle Richards ... Heather Kirsty Hill ... Topless Girl Kayden Kross ... Chastity Bruce Jenner ... Sportscaster Skip Martin Klebba ... Fruito Camille Grammer ... Tanya Jonathan Silverman ... Chineca Lame Brandi Glanville ... Veronica ◎简 介 After Doug?s bachelor party in a rundown motel outside of LasVegas, our hung-over partiers, Bradley, Ed, and Zach wake up in astrange room in an even stranger world? without Doug. After meeting thespoiled and immature Effing and the gruff, alcoholic Justmitch, ourheroes put the pieces together and realize they are on a train headedfor the deadly Hungover Games. It?s a fight for survival in the Arena asour guys go toe to toe against various Pop Culture Districts, includingThe Superhero District, The Middle Earth District, the Puppet District,and the Johnny Depp District. Will Bradley, Ed, and Zach find Doug andget him back for the wedding? 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56123236
◎译 名 机器人战警 ◎片 名 Android Cop ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 美国 ◎类 别 科幻/动作 ◎语 言 英语 ◎IMDB评分 -- ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 mkv ◎视频尺寸 1920x720 (X264 @ 23.976fps) ◎文件大小 4.36G ◎片 长 1h 28mn ◎导 演 Mark Atkins ◎主 演 Michael Jai White, Charles S. Dutton, Kadeem Hardison ◎简 介 In the year 2045, a Los Angeles Police Department detective and his new android partner enter the Zone, a forbidden section of the city plagued with an unknown disease. There, they discover the source of the illness and attempt to stop it using the android's advanced technology and weaponry. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56122563
◎译 名:社会梦魇 ◎片 名:Social Nightmare ◎国 家:美国 ◎语 言:英语 ◎字 幕: 中字 ◎评 级: N/A ◎文件大小: 1.36GB ◎影片类型:喜剧 ◎导 演:Mark Quod ◎编 剧:Anna Rasmussen ◎主 演:Daryl Hannah / Chloe Bridges / Kirsten Prout ◎时 长:91分钟 ◎IMDB链接: http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎影片简介: An A-student's life is turned upside-down when inappropriate status updates and photos appear on her online profile. She claims she is being set up| but no onebelieves her. Her only solace during this crisis is her mother| although even she admits that she's not looking forward to being all alone once her daughter leavesfor college. Now she must figure out who is hacking her profile before her reputation and chance to get into a good college are ruined. Maybe it's her ex- boyfriend|a jealous friend competing for the same scholarship or someone far more dangerous than she could have ever imagined. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/56039322
◎译 名: 反社会超人 ◎片 名: Antisocial ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家: 加拿大 ◎语 言: 英语 ◎影片类型: 恐怖 ◎时 长: 90分钟 ◎上映时间: 2013-07-31(Fantasia电影节) ◎导 演: Cody Calahan ◎编 剧: Chad Archibald / Cody Calahan ◎主 演: Michelle Mylett / Cody Thompson / Adam Christie / Ana Alic / Romaine Waite / Ry Barrett ◎影片简介: Five university friends gather at a house party to ring in the NewYear. Unbeknownst to them, an epidemic has erupted outside, causingoutbreaks around the world. With nowhere else to turn, they barricadethemselves indoors with only their phones, laptops, and other techdevices. They use their devices to research the possible cause of thisoutbreak. Information and video footage over flow their computers asthey descend further into the cause and the ensuing chaos. As the virusspreads, the mood in the house changes from fear to paranoia. Who issafe? Who can they trust? Reality becomes blurred as they slowlydiscover the source of the virus causing the sickness...and there is nogoing back. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/55963307
译 名: 人类 片 名: The Human Race 年 代: 2013 國 家: 美国 類 別: 动作/科幻/恐怖 IMDB評語: 6.0/10 from 2,218 users IMDB鏈接: http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 導 演: 保罗•豪格 Paul Hough 主 演: Paul McCarthy-Boyington ....Justin Eddie McGee ....Eddie Trista Robinson ....Deaf Female T. Arthur Cottam ....Deaf Male Brianna Lauren Jackson ....Veronica Fred Coury ....Yellow Jersey B. Anthony Cohen ....The Priest Noelle Locke ....Stressed Out0 Jim Reid ....War Vet0 Ian Tien ....Shio Lau Richard Gale ....Evil Brother Luke Y. Thompson ....Orange Vest Jonica Patella ....Homeless Trip Hope ....Jim Phillips (as A.K. Walker) Tiana Smith-Jones ....Dorothy Katie Marengo-Compton ....Amy Amir Khanbabaei ....Ali 多米齐安诺•阿克安格尼 Domiziano Arcangeli ....Gypsy Creep Creepersin ....The Blob Tracey Adlai ....Festival Founder Lisa 'George' Bell ....Business Woman) Marco Capem ....Enigma Runner Holly Clapham ....Sarah Gray Sean Decker ....Johnny Ratchet Megan Frances ....Out Of Breath Runner Greg L. Glass ....Male Runner' 簡 介: Eighty people from totally diverse backgrounds suddenly find themselves in an undisclosed location where they are expected to compete in a race with simple rules, If you are lapped twice, you die. If you step off the path, you die. Race… or die. Many will start but only one may cross the finish line alive. Eighty individuals are chosen by an anonymous being, who instantly disappears from where they were to appear on a path, prepared for the race. Each person hears the same message in their own language, with their own voice, and instantly needs to race and survive. People of different sexes, different ethnic backgrounds, and different physical capacities are thrown in. Will it be survival of the fittest or a show of humanity。 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/55846361
◎译 名 : 血型未知 ◎名 称 : blood Type: Unknown ◎发行年份 : 2013 ◎国家地区 : 美国 ◎连 接 : http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎语 言 : English ◎文件格式 : Web-DL 720p ◎片 长 : 90分钟 ◎文件大小 : 2.88GB ◎上映日期 : 2014-01-07(USA) ◎导 演 : Doug Penikas(道格·佩尼卡斯) ◎编 剧 : Doug Penikas ◎主 演 : Charan Prabhakar Chelsea Switzer Chuck Manus Doug Penikas Eddie Miller Henry LeBlanc Jenna Kanell Leanna Pareja Mario E. Garcia Meranda Walden Rae Latt Ryan Barr Sean Spence Serge Savinovic William Stone Mahoney 道格·佩尼卡斯 ◎简 介 A wannabe novelist living under the shadow of her smothering parentsfinds herself captured in a four centuries old secret when she attendscollege and falls for the bad boy with an unknown blood type. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/55541461
Dragonwolf 龙之狼 Motionpictures 2013年 2013年10月7日英国 UK:18 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2164468/ http://www.homexue.net/read.php?tid-25166.html 美国/泰国 动作 RaimundHuber KazuPatrick Tang ... Mozart JohanKirstbtvbten ... Julius MachaPolivka ... Mary DavidWinters ... Brutus GukSrisawat ... Umiko StephenThomas ... Right Hand Man BonnieZellerbach ... Juliet SunantaYousagoon ... Anna Maria JanissaCharoenrach ... Young Umiko VincentKinne ... Vinnie BrahimAchabbakhe ... Josef RussellGeobtvbtffrey Banks ... Markus DavidBuenobtvbt ... Trio 2 GeoffreyGiuliano ... Brutus (voice) 一位年轻的母亲为了救活自己的儿子跟魔鬼巫师做了交换,巫师让她拿自己的灵魂去交换儿子的生命。母亲含泪答应,儿 子也被救活。但同时,她也要履行跟巫师的约定...... (TheDevil's Cauldron, a city where depravity and violence has forged a society inwhich only the lethal and callous can survive, two young men who possess theintellect and ferocity to flourish, carve a name for themselves as the...) 弥漫着暴力和堕落的魔鬼之城,使得整个社会沉浸于寡恩薄义与冷酷无情之中。素有“最致命杀手”之称的两兄弟却坦然 面对这些不法分子。然而一神秘女子借助花言巧语介入两兄弟之间,进而导致两兄弟反目为仇,魔鬼之城彻底陷入崩溃边缘…… 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/55143610
◎译 名 合理怀疑 ◎片 名 Reasonable Doubt ◎年 代 2014 ◎国 家 德国/加拿大 ◎类 别 犯罪/惊悚 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 N/A ◎IMDB评分 6.3/10 from 12 users ◎IMDB链接 http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎文件格式 H264 + AC3 ◎视频尺寸 1908x788 ◎文件大小 1CD 2.67 GB ◎片 长 1hr 31m ◎导 演 彼得·休伊特 Peter Howitt ◎主 演 Samuel L. Jackson ... Clinton Davis Dominic Cooper ... Mitch Brockden Erin Karpluk ... Rachel Brockden Gloria Reuben ... Detective Blake Kanon Ryan Robbins ... Jimmy Logan Dylan Taylor ... Stuart Wilson Philippe Brenninkmeyer ... DA Jones Lane Styles ... Emma John B. Lowe ... Judge G. Mckenna Jessica Burleson ... Secretary Dean Harder ... Terry Roberts Kelly Wolfman ... Dr. Brown Will Woytowich ... Desk Sargeant David Duncan ... Court Bailiff Chris Witkowski II ... Francis Mulligan ◎简 介 Up-and-comingDistrict Attorney, Mitch Brockton is involved in a fatal hit-and-run,but Clinton Davis, is found with the body and charged with murder.Believing that Davis is innocent, Brockton is compelled to throw thetrial. Soon after, Brocton's perfect life begins to unravel as herealizes that the man he set free is hiding a secret that will destroyhim. 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/54918802
◎名 称 : 黑暗王子 The Dark Prince ◎其他名称 : Dracula: The Dark Prince ◎国家地区 : 美国 ◎I M D B : http://www.pipipan.com/u/2200472 ◎风 格 : 动作, 奇幻 ◎发行年份 : 2013 ◎上映日期 : 2013-10-15(USA) ◎语 言 : 英语 ◎评 级 : R ◎文件格式 : Blu-Ray 720p X264 ◎片 长 : 99分钟 ◎文件大小 : 4.37GB ◎导 演 : 皮尔瑞·雷金纳德·迪奥 ◎编 剧 : Nicole Jones-Dion Steven Paul 皮尔瑞·雷金纳德·迪奥 Pearry Reginald Teo ◎主 演 : Ben Robson Holly Earl Kelly Wenham Luke Roberts Stephen Hogan 强·沃特 ◎简 介 1453年,土耳其人在君士坦丁堡崛起,他们入侵罗马尼亚,勇敢的国王德古拉(卢克·罗伯茨 Luke Roberts饰)将王国大权交给挚爱的妻子,自己则亲自率领大军迎战入侵者。与此同时 ,王国内发生政变,他的妻子在叛乱中惨遭杀害。得胜归来的德古拉悲愤交加,他由此背叛上帝,化身为背负着悲剧和残酷宿命的吸血鬼。不知多少年后,十字军女孩艾莉娜(凯丽·温汉 姆 Kelly Wenham饰)和同伴护送某个神秘宝物来到德古拉伯爵管辖的森林,而另一伙身着铠甲、周身散发着邪魔气息的人尾随而至。这些人正是德古拉的手下,他们抢夺了十字军的宝物 “圣光使者”,并虏获了艾莉娜。可当德古拉见到艾莉娜的第一眼,竟发现这个女子与他的新娘长得一模一样…… 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/54918367
◎译 名 维京传奇:最黑暗的一天 ◎片 名 A Viking Saga: The DarkestDay ◎年 代 2013 ◎国 家 英国 ◎类 别 动作/惊悚/冒险 ◎语 言 英语 ◎字 幕 中文 ◎IMDB评分 3.9/10 from 502 users ◎文件格式 BD-RMVB ◎视频尺寸 1280 x 720 ◎文件大小 1CD ◎片 长 1h 26min ◎导 演 ChrisCrow ◎主 演 Gareth John Bale ...Apostle Ian Dicks...Saxon Warrior Richard Elfyn ...Older Hereward Lindsey Fickling ..Saxon Warrior PaulGamble ...Saxon Warrior Huw Garmon ..Atelic Christopher Godwin ...Athelstan GarethGroombridge ...Saxon Warrior Ioan Hefin ...AmbushingBowman Aled Humphreys ...Naked Monk Rob Jackson ...Saxon Warrior Richard James...Apostle 迈克尔·吉普森 Michael Jibson ..Hamal Paul Jibson ...Yngvarr Mark Lewis Jones...Aethelwulf ◎简 介 Inspired by true events. Cast into a violentand bloody world of murder, Hereward, a novice monk, must deliver the HolyGospel of Lindisfarne - a book of great beauty and power - to the safety of theIona monastery, while being pursued by a Viking death squad hell- bent on itscapture. On his way to the monastery, he meets a fierce and skilled swordsmanwho answers his prayers and dedicates his life to protecting Hereward while hedelivers the book. In the midst of their journey, they are confronted by Vikingsready to kill in order to get what they want, leaving Hereward and his protectorat their mercy. 创作灵感来自真实事情,Hereward是一个生存在充溢暴力、血腥和屠戮的世界的修道士。他的职责是护送Holy Gospel of Lindisfarne平安抵达 Lona修道院,而此时正有一名海盗堵截他。在他去往修道院的途中,他遇到了一位愿意用生命维护他护送这本书的顶尖剑客。在他们前行的道路上要面对的准备杀死他们夺走那本书的海盗…… 下载地址: http://www.400gb.com/file/54846396
下班乘公交回,路上听 BBC Radio ,正好有个关于英国人是否需要学外语的访谈,还有现场的听众连线。 有个老太太,听口音是本地人,说根本不用,英语现在是世界语言,而且表达很简洁,比如去超市购物, Buy 1 get 1 ,哪有其他语言可以这样简单明了啊。我真想告诉她,中文就是“买一送一”同样简洁的,而且还有“买一送 365 ”更吸引顾客的:买一件衣服送一本日历。 还有个人持不同意见,说当然要学,比如中文,学会了就能与地球上 1/5 的人进行交流了,我一听这个很靠谱,很增我民族自信心。这个人最后还秀了几句中文,不过,我一句没有听懂,最后一琢磨,他学的是粤语吧,并不是普通话。 还有个小伙子明显是来捣乱的,打进电话说,我在其他国家生活了三年,我会熟练说外语的,主持人连连追问 Which country which language ,这个小伙子一本正经的说我到澳大利亚会说澳大利亚语,主持人连忙挂断电话。这是冷笑话吗? 说说我的一些感触。 其实英语并不复杂,我在的办公室就是个大杂烩:英国人、法国人、芬兰人、哥伦比亚人、马来西亚人,如果加上其他办公室的,估计可以踢个世界杯。如果不说俚语,日常交流是没有问题的,毕竟就那些常用词汇和表达。但是你无论如何也融不进真正的英伦文化。因为俚语才是真正文化的载体。 语言是交流的工具,如果不是为了应试,大可不必太在意语法。想想从中学起就开始学那哑巴式英语,必须记清楚 Make of 和 Make from 的区别,到了临场,谁还在意你用的 of 还是 from ,只要能听懂。习惯了见面打招呼说 How are you 和 Nice to meet you ,然后回答 Fine, thank you, and you? 当老外见面说 How are you doing 或者 What’s up 时,反而不知道怎么接下一句了。批判下应试教育的八股遗风。 中国话也是如此,推行普通话是有利于各地交流的,这也是我能和说国语的台湾小强可以顺畅交流的原因,但吴侬软语、沪杭闽粤又何尝不是真正华夏文明几千年的积淀?凡事有利有弊吧。中文是典型的象形文字,四大文明古国里唯一没有历史断茬的文明和文字(部分原因是国人擅长窝里斗,且极少主动侵略别人,此处不表),这足以值得我们骄傲吧。中文表达的意境是其他语言达不到的或是不能比拟的,比如“桃花依旧笑春风”,再怎么“信达雅”的翻译也很难让老外理解这是表达“哭”的意思。这就是中文魅力吧。 同时,消灭一个民族最好最快的方式就是消灭他们的语言。都德的《最后一课》展现的情节,其实就是爱护自己文字的爱国者的炽热情怀。半个世纪前的日据东三省和台湾时期,说汉语的大中华同胞曾经被强迫过学日语、说日语,这对于学说话的孩子由语言侵袭带来的奴化效果比其他一切都更有效。当然反抗的也有很多,电影《赛德克巴莱》就是史诗般的再现,历史上这个抗日事件是非常出名的,近年来披露的蒋介石日记中也曾提及,以示民族气节。不过蒋可能忘了,国军退据台湾时也曾经强烈推行过国语,那些在学校说客家台语的曾有杀头之祸,足见统治者都是近似的思维方式。 语言其实是民族强盛和经济强势的体现。英语流行因为 200 年前他们是日不落,不过真苦逼了现在为着英语四六级的大学生们,不管任何专业,英语都是必修的,哪怕你是古代汉语专业。英国人说英语没有英式和美式之分,只有英语和外语之分,这足见一个没落贵族的气节。只是语言应该是发展的,美加澳新都有自己本土化的英语,别太小家子气了啊大不列颠的子民们。不过,要说祖上阔过,我天朝那真曾经睥睨四方蛮夷过,不输罗马和波斯之类的辉煌。梦回汉唐盛世,余秋雨在散文里描写的长安曾是各方文明的虔诚崇拜者,那时候如果能到长安定居真是无上荣光啊,起个中文名就行,还不用技术移民、打分落户,就是现在的纽约、巴黎、伦敦拿绿卡的感觉吧。 客观的说,每种语言都有自己的独特魅力。英语单词没有象形功能,但以英语为母语的人,逻辑性更严谨和发达,在数学符号表达方面是我们汉语如何也做不到的精妙,这可能也是近代科学技术基本都发源于欧美的原因;同时,英语发音的特点决定其用于音律歌唱时非常有优势,因为所有单词都可以连读、弱读和拆合,这是我们以音节表达的方块字所不能实现的。而且,掌握者多的语言,并不见得就一定有优势,电影《风语者》就是一个明证,懂的少可以当做军事密码传递情报, So cool !中文是酷毙了,呵呵,这句就是典型的英文中式化。别气馁,咱们汉语很多词汇也是响彻全球的,比如大妈( Dama )、比如山寨( Shanzhai ),对了还有 Long time no see ,现在是国际标准问候语。 语言的魅力还在于其承载的幽默性。 Sheldon 在美剧 Big Bang 里有一集去看医生,护士让他填申请表( Application ), Sheldon 非常不屑的说,我是做理论( Theoretical )物理的,谁要做应用的( Application ),如果你不懂英语,如何不明白此中的笑点在哪。汉语的幽默更多,表达复杂情绪更精准,网上有很多意淫中国强大,全世界都要考汉语六级的,题目都出好了,比如这一道: 小明挤公交碰到小华,小华说:挤你妹啊!问挤的到底是谁: A. 小明; B. 小华; C. 小明的妹妹; D. 素质。
在一个学英语的群里有人问到这个,顺手写了一堆例句,总结在这里吧。都是初中英语语法的内容。 用: 一般现在时,一般过去式,一般将来时,现在完成时这四个时态的肯定形式,否定形式,疑问形式,和被动语态形式造句 句子:Kimi吃苹果 一般现在时+肯定:Kimi eats apple. 一般现在时+否定:Kimi dosen't eat apple. 一般现在时+疑问:Dose Kimi eat apple? 一般现在时+被动:Apple is eaten by Kimi. 一般过去时+肯定:Kimi ate apple. 一般过去时+否定:Kimi did not eat apple. 一般过去时+疑问:Did Kimi eat apple? 一般过去时+被动:Apple was eaten by Kimi. 一般将来时+肯定:Kimi will eat apple. 一般将来时+否定:Kimi will not eat apple. 一般将来时+疑问:will Kimi eat apple? 一般将来时+被动:Apple will be eaten by Kimi. 一般将来时+肯定:Kimi will eat apple. 一般将来时+否定:Kimi will not eat apple. 一般将来时+疑问:will Kimi eat apple? 一般将来时+被动:Apple will be eaten by Kimi.
书名:《英语历史上的100个地方》(A History of the English Language in 100 Places) 作者:比尔•卢卡斯(Bill Lucas)、克里斯托弗•马尔维(Christopher Mulvey) 出版社:Robert Hale 出版时间:2013年7月 上个星期我去都柏林参加了国际健康经济学协会(ISPOR)的欧洲年会,会上看到一张用来展示研究成果的海报,主题是跨国健康状况问卷调查的验证。健康状况调查是一种很有用的研究方法,但是如果要做跨国比较研究,就得保证不同国家参与者看到的问卷内容必须一致,而且这种一致性必须十分精确,于是这里就需要有个验证过程,涉及一些语言学的方法。如果英语的问卷翻译成了德语或中文,然后需要验证,这很容易理解,但是这张海报的作者们研究的语言学验证,是在加拿大、澳大利亚、南非这三个国家进行的,也就是说,即使是在英语国家,同样的单词或表达方式,在不同的地方,其意义已经开始出现分化。 英语目前是当之无愧的世界语言,一般估计全世界有15-20亿人会说英语,其中至少一半以上人英语不是母语。在以英语作为母语的国家之间,却并不存在一种统一的英语标准。在中国学英语的,都知道有英国英语和美国英语,初学者可能只会察觉到发音的不同,渐渐就会发现更多的差别。其它说英语的国家,包括上面海报中提到的加拿大、澳大利亚和南非,再加上美国、爱尔兰、新西兰、印度、新加坡、还有一些加勒比国家等等,都有自己特色的英语,从语音、单词和语法上都有或多或少的独特性,有些变化程度已非常大。去年我曾在这里介绍过一本由华裔作家凯莉•杨(Kerry Young)创作、以华人在加勒比岛国牙买加的生活为题材的小说 《袍》(Pao) ,用的就是“牙买加英语”,大部分情况下没有时态、没有单复数、没有主动被动句,读起来需要一段时间才能适应。可以说,世界上每个说英语的地方,都在发展自己版本的英语。 最近在英国出版的一本新书《英语历史上的100个地方》( A History of the English Language in 100 Places ),就是通过世界上的100个地方,讲述了英语的起源、发展、传播以及演变的过程。本主的两位作者分别是英国温切斯特大学(University of Winchester)的教授比尔•卢卡斯(Bill Lucas)和克里斯托弗•马尔维(Christopher Mulvey),两人同时还是一个“英语项目”(The English Project)的发起人,致力推广对英语的研究。 英语是一种相当年轻的文字,目前最早的文字纪录是在公元475年,当时用的还是卢恩(Runes)字母。在公元6世纪,大批基督教僧侣来到英国,他们开始用拉丁字母记录当地人的语言,为了准确记录当地人的发音,他们还发明了新的字母,这就是古英语的起源。从11世纪开始,诺曼人占领了英国南部300年,英语中因此吸收了大量法语,然后变形融合,成为中古英语,可以说法语是对英语影响最大的语言。在16世纪,当现代英语逐渐成形的时候,在发音、单词和语法上已有了很大的改变。 这一时期也是英语开始向海外传播的开始,本书中的第27个地方詹姆斯敦(Jamestown)就是英国殖民者在北美建立的第一个定居点。200多年后的1828年,美国人韦伯斯特(Webster)出版了第一本美国英语字典,标志着美国英语有了自己的标准。在大英帝国鼎盛时期,地域辽阔、科技文化领先,于是英语中涌现了许多来自于新兴科技、体育、文艺方面的词汇。英语报刊对英语使用有相当的影响,它们一方面在用法上不断创新,一方面推广了标准用法,直到今天,《泰晤士报》和《纽约时报》的英语还被认为是最标准的英语。在英语发音上,20世纪上半叶的BBC为我们提供了标准的英国英语发音,即所谓的公认发音(received pronunciation),1926年BBC甚至还出版过发音指南,告诉读者“田园生活”(idyll)和“南安普顿”(Southampton)等等该怎么发音。 当英语在世界上广泛传播时,英国的影响力却在渐渐缩小。现在BBC已不再推广公认发音,BBC新闻播音员基本上还是说标准的英国英语,但是在其他主持人身上,你常常可以听到各个地方的口音。然而作为一种语言,英语依然活力十足,本书的第94个地方是爱丁堡的尼科尔森大街(Nicholson Street),这里是JK•罗琳(JK Rowling)创作《哈利波特》(Harry Potter)的地方,这套小说在青少年中引发的阅读狂热,显示了英语旺盛的生命力。 在21世纪,英语面临的挑战来自东方,本书中的第99个地方是北京,在中国目前有超过2亿人会说英语,到了2050年,是越来越多的中国会说英语呢,还是越来越多人会把汉语作为第二语言? 英语作为一种世界通用语的地位,至少在今后几十年还难以撼动,只是这种英语,已渐渐不再是“英国人的语言”。 《深圳特区报·读与思周刊》稿件
1、科学概念的翻译问题 提及不同自然语言之间的翻译,几乎都是将“信达雅”作为译文质量评价的最高标准。何谓“信”、“达”、“雅”?这个翻译标准是由清末新兴资产阶级启蒙思想家严复提出的。他在《天演论》中的“译例言”讲到:“译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。”“信”指意义不背原文,即是译文要准确,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不要随意增减意思;“达”指不拘泥于原文形式,译文通顺明白;“雅”则指译文时选用的词语要得体,追求文章本身的古雅,简明优雅。 不同自然语言之间的翻译,分科学类书籍翻译和文学、艺术等非科学类书籍翻译。就“信达雅”这个标准而言,文学书籍翻译远比科学书籍翻译容易做到。这是因为,不论哪类书籍都是由句子组成,句子又是有词组成。虽然,各个民族生活的地理位置和文化习俗不同,但是,情感发展过程是类似的,因此,用来描写人类情感的文学所需要的概念,在各个民族的自然语言之中,多半能够互相对应得上。但是,科学概念则不然。因为,科学是诞生于欧洲文艺复兴之际,科学书籍早期是时兴用拉丁语写,伟大的英国科学家牛顿的不朽名篇《自然哲学的数学原理》最初就是用拉丁文写的。虽然时过境迁,现在科学著作和论文,国际上普遍采用英语写,但是,英语是拉丁语的后裔。换句话说,科学概念早期是用拉丁语表达,当今是用英语表达。 科学诞生及发展的历史,给非拉丁语系的民族学习及研究科学,带来了语言方面的困扰---本民族自然语言往往找不到和英语能够对应的科学概念。 于是,英语版的科学著作,翻译成本民族自然语言的时候,必然会出现失真,故翻译需要遵循的“信”就实现不了。如果“信”都不能实现,“达”和“雅”自然就不可能实现。 学习过计算机《操作系统》这门课程的国人,几乎最初都被“进程”及“线程”这类概念弄糊涂。其实,即使是“操作系统”这个概念,如果仅仅是“望文生义”,也难以明白这个计算机科学概念到底说的是什么意思。不过,针对同一个科学概念,例如“线程”来说,英语远比汉语容易理解。本来计算机就是美国人发明的,《操作系统》这类技术和教材,也是美国人最早提出的。“线程”这个概念,原本是用英语“Thread”表述的,后来被中国大陆科学家翻译成“线程”。但是,这类翻译都是生搬硬套式翻译,而不是什么“信达雅”式翻译。为什么这么讲呢? 首先,我们看看牛津英语大词典对“Thread”的解释多达20好几个词义,其中与计算机科学“Thread”这个概念相关的词义有: (1)“Each of the lengths of yarn which form the warp and woof of a woven fabric; hence, any one of these as an ultimate constituent of such a fabric, and thus of one's clothing; the least part of one's dress” (2)“A single element interwoven with others in any composite fabric, mental, moral, social, political, or the like.” (3)“A thread in various mythological or legendary tales (esp. that of Theseus in the Cretan Labyrinth) is mentioned as the means of finding the way through a labyrinth or maze: hence in many figurative applications: That which guides through a maze, perplexity, difficulty, or intricate investigation” (4)Some continuous or persistent feature which runs through the pattern of anything, or combines with other features to form a pattern or texture. 其次,辞海对“线”这个字的内涵的解释: (1)用两股或两股以上的单纱或丝一次或多次合并并加拈而成的细长制品。 (2)细长如线的食物 (3)路线 (4)线索 辞海对“程”这个字的内涵的解释: (1)古度量名。十发为程,十程为分,十分为寸。 (2)度量总名 (3)计量,考核 (4)法式,规章 (5)呈现 (6)进度,期限 (7)道里,路途 但是,将汉字“线”和“程”,组成一个新词“线程”,如论如何都不能从字面上推测或者联想出计算机操作系统里面的“Thread”这个概念。下图是英语的“Thread”与汉语的“线”和“程”词义之间对比示意图: 图1 “Thread”与“线”和“程”词义之间的对应 从上图可以看出,因“Thread”有多大20个词义,“线”或“程”的词义均较少,并且,只有少许几个词义,“Thread”才和“线”对应得上。英语中的科学概念,很多时候就是借用自然语言的概念转义而成,而这些自然语言(英语)的概念,在汉语中没有对应的概念,因此,计算机科学概念“Thread”无法让汉语的翻译达到“信”这个标准。 以上的例子,是因英语和汉语词之间的词义不同,导致科学概念无法翻译。其实,还有一种是因文化原因导致科学概念也无法翻译。例如“atom”、“entropy”等科学概念,因文化原因无法让汉语的翻译达到“信”这个标准。原子物理学中的“atom”概念,汉语翻译成“原子”,但是英语中的“atom”概念可以上溯至古希腊哲学家德谟克利特(Democritus)的哲学理论,而汉语的“原子”不能实现科学传统的回溯。对于“entropy”这个概念,最初由克劳修斯(Clausius)于1865年创造的。字尾tropy源于希腊文,是转变之意。词头en是源于energy(能量)的词头。“1923年,德国物理学家普朗克(I.R.Planck)来南京第四中山大学(即中央大学前身)讲学,我国著名物理学家胡刚复教授(时任南京第四中山大学自然科学院院长)担任翻译。胡刚复教授根据entropy意为热量与温度之商,而且这个概念与火有关,就在商上另加火旁,首次创造了中国字典中从未有过的新字‘熵’。此字含义极其妥帖,沿用至今。” 。其实,胡刚复教授这个翻译,仍然没有达到严复提出的“信”的这个翻译标准。克劳修斯采用“entropy”来命名热机循环过程中的能量分布状态,这个词字面上就蕴藏能量转换的含义,但是,这个含义因翻译成汉语的“熵”而丢失。可以说,胡刚复教授这个翻译,只是达到了“形似”,而非“神似”。科学中像“atom”、“entropy”这类概念,一般都与古希腊文化传统相关,因此,生搬硬套翻译成汉语后,必然丢失这类科学概念蕴藏的古希腊文化及科学传统。 2、科学教材问题 科学的源头在古希腊,诞生于欧洲文艺复兴,这些都是历史事实,无法争辩。当今科学水平权重的版图是欧美加日本,这可以从近几年来荣获诺贝尔自然科学奖的科学家的国籍分布可以看出。科学国际会议一般均采用英语交流,科学刊物也是英语刊物占绝大多数。英语成为科学工作者的语言这一趋势,会越来越普遍,不可以逆转。从上面的讨论可以得知,汉语表达的科学,相对于英语表达的科学,已经“失真”或者“变味”了。这个语言翻译导致的无法克服的失真,带来了相关科学学习及研究的致命缺陷。对于正在崛起的中国,提出了一个非常尴尬的问题:学习科学应该采用英语学习的吗?如果我们不能克服民族主义情节,仍然继续坚持采用汉语来学习科学的话,那么,在与欧美科学研究竞争这场没有硝烟的战争中,欧美科学家是徒手行军,而中国科学家要背负很沉重很沉重的包袱慢行。本来中国科学研究就没有传统,起跑线上已经落后欧美上百年之久,再加上这个语言包袱,那么,与欧美科学家科学研究竞争,中国科学家不会有什么胜算。当然,有些糊涂的“爱国者”看到这里会争辩说,汉语翻译成英语一样会“失真”或者“变味”。这个观点诚然是对的,但是,笔者要反问一句,洋人学习唐诗宋词,到底是直接用汉语学习给力,还是采用用英语翻译再学习给力的呢?答案是不言而喻的。同理,中国人学习洋人的科学,只能用英语学习才是最给力的! 笔者在这里自不量力地呼吁:中国科学教育必须彻底改革,从小学开始采用英语教授科学!只有这样,唯有这样,中国科学研究在未来才可能实现“赶英超美”这个目标!如果中国科学研究不能实现“赶英超美”这个目标,任凭中国经济多么繁华、中国文化多么被国人和洋人喜爱,这样的崛起仍然经不起“风吹雨打”! 参考文献: 1、信达雅: http://baike.baidu.com/view/645992.htm 2、傅献彩等著(南京大学化学化工学院),《物理化学》(上册),高等教育出版社,2005年7月第5版,p142
Use the Right Word 摘抄(8)--“懵了”,英语怎么说? 武夷山 都表示“决定性、结论性”的意思,有conclusive; decisive; determining。下面这个例句可见后两个词的差异: Nomatter how many decisive victories (决定性的胜仗)Justinian wan, thesplit of East and West into two alien cultures was the determining factor(关键决定因素)in his ultimate failure to re-unite the Roman Empire. definitive 这个词则兼具结论性和决定性的含义。 其反义词有:inconclusive,indeterminate, provisional, tentative. 都表示“屈尊、屈服”之类的意思,有:condescend,这是意识到与对方的地位差别而做出的姿态;stoop,弯腰、屈服,如今指不体面的屈服;unbend(变得随意),对原来持强硬态度、现在软化下来之行为的赞许;patronize,也是屈尊,但含有轻视对方的意思;tolerate. 其反义词有:accept,respect, revere. 都表示“自信、泰然”之类的含义,有:confidence,强调某人基本乐观的特征;self-confidence;aplomb,泰然自若,强调主体的无疑、无忧;self-possession,自持;poise,强调持重;savoir faire,强调本能上明白该怎么处理;self-assurance,可以用作褒义或贬义;smugness,指因自己拥有特殊地位而产生的虚荣心;cockiness,自大,俚语用法。 其反义词有:anxiety,diffidence, doubt, hesitation, shyness, timidity. 都表示“拘禁”,有:confine,关禁闭;gaol,监禁;imprison,比较正式;incarcerate,关进监狱,该词最为正式;intern,拘留,但该词不一定含惩罚意味。 其反义词有:emancipate,free, liberate, release. 都表示“困惑、迷茫、错愕”,有:confuse; bewilder,比confuse感情色彩更强,加上了感情不安的因素;confound,使......完全困惑,甚至是有意使之困惑;dumbfound,懵了,懵到张口结舌的程度;nonplus,是理智者面对不理智者的那种吃惊,那种不知所措。 其反义词有:clarify,encourage, hearten, help, reassure. 相关阅读: Use the Right Word 摘抄( 1 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-730965.html 。 Use the Right Word 摘抄( 2 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-736166.html 。 Use the Right Word 摘抄( 3 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-736671.html 。 Use the Right Word 摘抄( 4 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-737916.html 。 Use the Right Word 摘抄( 5 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-738495.html 。 Use the Right Word 摘抄( 6 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1557do=blogid=739386 . Use the Right Word 摘抄( 7 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1557do=blogid=740223.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below gives presents the perceptions of Chief ExecutiveOfficers and their partners as to the main sources of stress on the CEOlifestyle. Using theinformation in the table, describe and compare the ways CEOs and theirpartners perceive pressures in the CEO lifestyle.. Write at least 150 words. Perceptions ofpressure on the CEO lifestyle – top ten rated sources of stress (percentages) Factors perceived to produce stress Perceptions of CEOs Perceptions of spouses/partners Time pressures and deadlines Demands of work on private life Demands of work on relationship with family Work-related travel Work overload Interpersonal relations Long working hours Taking work home Inadequately trained subordinates (assistant) 52 48 45 39 37 25 24 24 24 60 23 29 57 62 21 62 32 17 Perceptions ofpressure on the CEO lifestyle – top ten rated sources of stress 1 .对图表进行简要的介绍 ( 引入段 ) 图表的主题是什么 ? It is commonly said that men an womensee things differently. The information in this table tends to support thisview, as the perceptions of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and their partnersshow significant differences on a number of issues. 2.阐述图表的基本内容 (主体段) (1)确定图表显示的总趋势, 并以此作为写作重点。 (2)以图表的数据信息为依 据,发展段落。 Thethree main sources of stress as far as CEOs were concerned were: time pressuresand deadlines (52%), the demands of work on private life (48%) and the demandsof work on the relationship with the family (45%). The four main sources ofstress nominated/ suggested by their partners were: work overload (62%), longworking hours (62%), time pressures and deadlines (60%), and work-relatedtravel (57%). Time pressures and deadlines are tangible factors that bothgroups were very aware of. However, spouses tended to be more specific inidentifying work overload, long working hours, and work-related travel asproblems, compared to CEOs who focused on more general “demands of work”. 3.依据图表信息作一结论或提出建议 (结尾段) 注意以下几点:(1)对数据进行分析后才能作 出结论。 (2)建议应与结论相符并具有 可操作性。 The biggest difference is in thenumbers nominating long working hours as a source of stress: 62% ofspouses/partners, compared to only 24% of CEOs. It seems reasonable to assumethat most CEOs enjoy their work, and generally don’t mind the long hours, whereastheir spouses and partners don’t appreciate this situation at all! 全文如下: It is commonly said that men an womensee things differently. The information in this table tends to support thisview, as the perceptions of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs)and their partners show significant differences on a number of issues. The three main sources of stress as far as CEOs wereconcerned were; time pressures and deadlines (52%), the demands of work onprivate life (48%) and the demands of work on the relationship with the family(45%). The four main sources of stress nominated/ suggested by their partnerswere: work overload (62%), long working hours (62%), time pressures anddeadlines (60%), and work-related travel (57%). Time pressures and deadlinesare tangible factors that both groups were very aware of. However, spousestended to be more specific in identifying work overload, long working hours,and work-related travel as problems, compared to CEOs who focused on moregeneral “demands of work”. The biggest difference is in thenumbers nominating long working hours as a source of stress: 62% ofspouses/partners, compared to only 24% of CEOs. It seems reasonable to assumethat most CEOs enjoy their work, and generally don’t mind the long hours, whereastheir spouses and partners don’t appreciate this situation at all!
Writing About Your Research: Verb Tense CONSISTENCY OF VERB TENSE helps ensure smooth expression in your writing. The practice of the discipline for which you write typically determines which verb tenses to use in various parts of a scientific document. In general, however, the following guidelines may help you know when to use past and present tense. If you have questions about tense or other writing concerns specific to your discipline, check with your adviser. USE PAST TENSE. . . To describe your methodology and report your results. At the time you are writing your report, thesis, dissertation or article, you have already completed your study, so you should use past tense in your methodology section to record what you did, and in your results section to report what you found. We hypothesized that adults would remember more items than children. We extracted tannins from the leaves by bringing them to a boil in 50% methanol. In experiment 2, response varied. When referring to the work of previous researchers. When citing previous research in your article, use past tense. Whatever a previous researcher said, did or wrote happened at some specific, definite time in the past and is not still being done. Results that were relevant only in the past or to a particular study and have not yet been generally accepted as fact also should be expressed in past tense: Smith (2008) reported that adult respondents in his study remembered 30 percent more than children. (Smith's study was completed in the past and his finding was specific to that particular study.) Previous research showed that children confuse the source of their memories more often than adults (Lindsey et al., 1991). (The research was conducted in the past, but the finding is now a widely accepted fact.) To describe a fact, law or finding that is no longer considered valid and relevant. Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were the weaker sex, but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender. (Note the shift here from past tense to present .) USE PRESENT TENSE. . . To express findings that continue to be true. Use present tense to express general truths or facts or conclusions supported by research results that are unlikely to change - in other words, something that is believed to be always true: Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Galileo asserted that the earth revolves the sun.(The asserting took place in the past, but the earth is still revolving around the sun. Note also that no source citation is needed here since it is a widely known and well-accepted fact that Galileo made this assertion.) Sexual dimorphism in body size is common among butterflies (Singer1982).(Note how this statement differs from one in which you refer to the researcher's work in the sentence: Singer (1982) stated that sexual dimorphism in body size is common among butterflies. Here you use past tense to indicate what Singer reported, but present tense to indicate a research result that is unlikely to change.) We chose Vietnam for this study because it has a long coastline. (Use past tense to indicate what you did , but present tense to indicate you assume that the length of Vietnam's coastline is unlikely to change.) We used cornmeal to feed the fingerlings because it provides high nutritional content at a relatively low cost. (Past tense reflects what you did , but present tense indicates that neither the nutritional content nor the cost of corn meal is likely to change.) To refer to the article, thesis or dissertation itself. Use the present tense in reference to the thesis or dissertation itself and what it contains, shows, etc. For example: Table 3 shows that the main cause of weight increase was nutritional value of the feed. (Table 3 will always show this; it is now a fact that is unlikely to change, and will be true whenever anyone reads this sentence, so use present tense.) To discuss your findings and present your conclusions. Also use present tense to discuss your results and their implications. Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggest that feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock. (Use past tense to indicate what you found , but use present tense to suggest what the result implies.) Sources: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Ed. The Comprehensive Guide to Writing in the Health Sciences, University of Toronto. 来源: http://cgi.stanford.edu/~dept-ctl/tomprof/posting.php?ID=1009
The corals analyzed in this study were selected from a broad geographic and depth range, so that each specimen grew at a unique combination of temperature, salinity, and pressure.Therefore, direct quantitative comparison of coral d11B to the seawater borate d11B-pH curves (typically defined for 25 1C, 1 atm, and S¼35) is problematic. Nevertheless, for visual presentation purposes only, we plot the new D. dianthus data against ambient pH at each of the coral sampling locations (Fig. 2),
在英语国家,对下雨感受最深的,莫过于英国人。英国属于“海洋性温带阔叶林气候”,以天气多变、雨多雾多闻名世界。英国一年的降雨量(rainfall)有1000多毫米,面向大西洋的北部和西部山地,一年里有300多天都被雨水浸泡着。所以英国人说,他们“只有天气没有气候”。 因为多雨,英国人对雨的研究也比较早,比较深。用实验证明了地球上的水不断地蒸发到空中变成降雨回到陆地和海洋的水循环理论的哈雷,持之以恒地收集记录降雨量数据长达40年,现代气象学上的先驱西蒙,提出来雨滴(raindrop)其实不是人们想象中的泪滴形而是扁平的科学家菲利浦,冒着生命危险飞上万米的高空,根据他们自己的观察数据得出了一个重要结论——空气湿度随着海拔高度的增加逐渐下降的科学家格理夏,设计出沿用至今的革命性的修路方法——把路基筑得比地面要高,铺上碎石子让雨水渗透到地下而不损毁路面的商人麦卡农,他们都是英国人。所以英国人自己有一个笑谈——如果说我们英国人真地懂什么,那就是下雨这件事了。 因为多雨,英语语言中关于雨的说法格外地丰富。有人做过统计,关于雨的说法大概有几百种。 雨也是古往今来,中国的文人墨客,迁客骚人笔下永恒的主题之一。浪漫的中国诗人,千百年来,关于雨的作品连篇累牍,不胜枚举。如“天街小雨润如酥(The royal street are moistened by a creamlike rain-《早春呈水部张十八员外》韩愈)” 以及“巴山夜雨涨秋池(The night rains on Mount Pa swell the autumn pool.-《夜雨寄北》 李商隐) ”等就是脍炙人口的名句。下面我们看看,这些中国诗人笔下的雨用英语该如何表达呢? 南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中――微雨 唐代诗人杜牧的这首《江南春》中的雨,是一种细如发丝,如牛毛的微雨,落在我们身上,我们几乎感觉不到。中文中的淡烟疏雨,烟雨空濛说的就是这种感觉。英语中用形容词slight,gentle, soft, fine rain来表示。如: A gentle rain is falling on the grass.(细雨洒在草地上。) A soft rain fell like tears.(轻柔的雨有如落泪。) 动词则用drizzle,sprinkle, 就好像浇花,烫衣服时喷水一样,试比较: We drizzle the lawn. (我们在草地上洒水.) Sprinkle clothes before ironing. (烫衣服的时候洒水.) It drizzles on and off.(牛毛细雨时下时停). It's just sprinkling. (只是在下毛毛雨而已。) 一位英国的网友在描述自己家乡的雨的时候说:“It rains a lot in Cornwall, England, and we get a lot of fine stuff we call Mizzle, a mixture of mist, and drizzle. Like misting, for a slight rain.”这个Mizzle,恐怕是与中文中的“烟雨”的意思最接近的。 青箬笠,绿蓑衣,斜风细雨不须归――小雨 唐代诗人张志和的渔歌子中的细雨,要穿蓑衣,带斗笠,很明显就是小雨了。在英语中气象用语用light,little rain 小雨。如: The weather will consist of sunshine interchanging with periods of light rain.( 天气将是晴天和小雨相间。) 零星小雨用scattered rain,例如: We have to cancel the track and field contest because of the scattered rain. (因为零星的降雨所以我们必须取消田径赛) 口语里面, 因为It rained cats and dogs last night这个俚语表示下倾盆大雨,所以有人很有创新地把下小雨说成:It rained puppies(小狗)and kittens(小猫),或者说:It rained roaches (蟑螂) and ants (蚂蚁)。 表示雨下小了,用relent 或者 let up这个词,如: The rain relented a little.(雨下小了。) The rain is beginning to let up. (雨渐渐小了。) 春潮带雨晚来急,野渡无人舟自横――阵雨 这首唐代诗人韦应物的《滁州西涧》中的雨,是突然而来又突然停止的阵雨或者骤雨。夏天气流对流强烈,是阵雨最容易发生的时候。英语中有很多中说法:shower,a sudden downpour, a cloud-burst或者a sharp rain。比如: A sharp rain was beating against the window-panes.(急雨敲窗。) 也可以叫a bout of rain,就像拳击比赛,一次一个回合。 热带地方的雷雨( a tropical thunderstorms) 也是一种典型的阵雨,常随季候风 (monsoon)而来,故称monsoon rain. 在澳大利亚北部热带地区雨季时,每天上午八点,中午十二点,下午四点半左右,都会准时下雨,人们把它叫公务雨(Public Service Rain),因为这正是政府公务人员上下班的时间。 英语中天气预报对阵雨分得要细一些:occasionally heavy showers:间有大骤雨; cloudy with occasional showers:天阴而间有阵雨;cloudy with scattered showers:天阴而间有局部阵雨;fine apart from isolated showers:晴,但有局部阵雨;AM Showers:上午阵雨; AM T-Storms:上午雷暴雨;Few Showers:短暂阵雨;Light Rain Shower:小阵雨;Scattered Strong Storms:零星强烈暴风雨;Scattered T-Storms:零星雷雨。 黑云翻墨未遮山,白雨跳珠乱入船――暴雨 苏轼这首《望湖楼醉书》中所描述的暴雨,英语中一般可用heavy, hard rain。如: It's raining really hard. We're having a heavy rain. 表示暴雨,还有其他的一些说法。如:a hard slanting rain (斜降的暴雨);a pluvial rain (大雨、大量的雨) ;a copious rain (大雨,copious,丰富的);a gully-washer(倾盆大雨大暴雨,gully 是暴雨冲刷出的沟);a driving/ pounding rain(倾盆大雨,driving 和 pounding是重重地打击);a drenching rain(drench 是让人湿透的意思);a torrential rain( 似急流的雨);rainwater cascading down the window(大雨倾泻而下)。 中文里常形容下雨像是用倒的一样, 这在英文里也有同样对等的downpour 这个词如: After lightning and thunder came a heavy downpour. (雷电过后,大雨倾盆而下。) The rain continued to pour 一个十分口语的讲法就是 It's really coming down out there.,也是形容雨下得很大, 像是用倒的一样。 It Rained Cats and Dogs(倾盆大雨)可能是中国学生最熟悉的一个表述法,这个俚语的由来有很多版本, 但是现在人们普遍认为,它的起源可能同17世纪使用的地下排水系统有关,当时排水系统的排水能力极其有限。一旦下起暴雨,死猫死狗之类的小动物死尸随污水蔓延出来。如此狗和猫便与瓢泼大雨扯上了关系,人们也据此杜撰了 rain cats and dogs这一短语。后来出现了很多的类似的说法:rain hippos(河马),rain pitchforks(干草叉)and hammer handles(锤柄),rain hearts and livers(肝脏), rain buckets(桶),rain bucket loads等等。 人们偶尔也会用pissing rain 或者piddling rain 来说大雨,这两个词原意是小孩口语中撒尿的意思。 度日冥茫吹冻雨,欲晴撩乱起凉风――冻雨 宋朝诗人刘攽在《海陵》中所写的冻雨,可能实际上讲的是冷雨,我们可以理解为A cold rain。比如:A cold rain was drizzling down.(冷雨蒙蒙的下个不停.) 在水文学 (hydrology) 上,降水 (precipitation) 可分为几种: rain, snow, sleet 和 freezing rain. rain 和 snow 大家都知道, 不必多说, 而 sleet 呢? 指的则是冰雹,是没有结晶的冰粒,不像雪花有着不可思议的六角形结晶。还有 freezing rain 指的是冻雨,形成的原因是雨水的温度早就低于零度,却因为缺少结晶的条件所以没有凝结成冰晶,但是一降到地面就立刻冻住了, 这就是 freezing rain,在初冬的时候常会见到这种情况。例如: We had 3 inches of snow and sleet last week. 上个星期下了三英的雪和冰雹。 天气预报上说的Snow / Rain Icy Mix是指的冰雨夹雪。 东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴――太阳雨 唐朝诗人刘禹锡在《竹枝词》中描述的是边出太阳边下雨的情形。对中国人而言,下太阳雨或许是一种好兆头,但对美国人而言,他们觉得这是一种异象,并不是件好事。所以当他们小时候好奇地问父母为什么会一边下雨一边又出太阳呢,他们的爸妈就会告诉他们:The devil's beating his wife. (魔鬼正在打他的老婆。) 在英语中,晴天下雨还有个很有意思的说法,叫“monkey's wedding”(猴子的婚礼)。 看下面例句: I rushed to grab my camera and managed to get a few shots of this monkey's wedding before it was all over我抓起照相机,趁着雨停之前抓拍到了几张晴天下雨的照片。) 有趣的是很多国家对晴天下雨这个现象都有类似的说法。 韩语说”老虎要结婚了”;日语里说“狐狸要结婚了”;阿拉伯语说“老鼠要结婚了”;保加利亚语说“狗熊要结婚了”;土耳其语说“魔鬼要结婚了”。 好雨知时节,当春乃发生――喜雨 唐朝诗人杜甫的这首《春夜喜雨》,表达了他在及时的春雨之后愉悦的心情。久旱之后,一场及时雨称为a welcome rain,或者是good/friendly/timely/much-needed rain/shower,所以杜甫说“好雨知时节(Good rain knows its time right)”,中国人也常说“久旱逢甘雨(to have a welcome rain after a long drought)”,奇怪的是美国人却把这种雨叫“you bloody beauty(血美人)”。 小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花――雨声 浪漫的中国诗人喜欢听雨,除了陆游的这首《临安春雨初霁》,我们还可以读到:“夜阑卧听风吹雨,铁马冰河人梦来”,“悲欢离合总无情,一任空阶点滴到天明”。下雨的声音,英语中有些拟声词来描述,如drip(点滴),dripping(滴落、滴下),pitter-patter(啪嗒啪嗒声),drumming(重重打击声),splash(激溅声)Pattering(淅淅沥沥)等等。例如: we were buffeted by the wind and rain。(buffet 冲击声) the rain splashed on/against the window。(splash激溅声) the drums of the rain against my window。(drum 重击声) We heard the drip, drip, drip of the rain. (我们听到滴答滴答的雨声。) The drumming on the roof is heard all night。(终夜听到大雨打在屋顶上的声音。) 在雅虎网站上,一位外国网友很形象地说: It's Bangladesh out there。孟加拉的英文名字,念起来很像大雨叮叮咣咣敲击屋顶的声音,很是贴切,惟妙惟肖。 淫雨霏霏,连月不开――雨季 这是宋代诗人范仲淹,在《岳阳楼记》中记述洞庭湖地区梅雨季节的情形。这个梅雨季节,在英语中我们可以直接用raining season 或者 rainy season 表示。有趣的是,在澳大利亚北部,人们把雨季的第一场雨叫芒果雨(Mango Rain),因为在当地芒果成熟的时节正逢雨季来临。 热带雨林(tropical rainforest)地区当阳光直射的时候,就是雨季(raining season / rainy season / the rains)了,对应的还有旱季(drought),旱季的时候也许还需要人工降雨(rain making)。 下雨的时间的长短,则有 a little while (落一下子),all day (整天)等: It has rained all the week . (下了一个礼拜的雨了。) It has been raining for three days . (一连三天不断地在下雨。) We have been without rain for a long time . (好久没有下雨了。) 雨量的多少,一般用(a ) little, much, a lot of, a great deal of 来修饰。比如: Little rain falls in a desert. (沙漠中几乎是不下雨的。) We have had a great deal of rain this spring. (今年春季下了不少的雨。) 断断续续的雨可以说:an intermittent rain,occasional rains ,rained off and on。表示连续的下雨则可以用下面的方法:a constant (continuous) rain ,steady rain,a fitful of rain。我想你能很容易的猜出a rain of congratulations 是“一连串得祝贺”的意思。 纵使晴明无雨色,入云深处亦沾衣――淋雨 《山行留客》中,唐代诗人张旭捉摸客人不是不想欣赏春山美景,面是担心下雨淋湿了衣衫,淋雨的事情却是经常发生在我们的生活中的。 在英国有三件雨具(rainwear)是必备的,雨伞(umbrella),雨衣(raincoat 或 shicker),雨鞋(rain shoes, boots, rubbers, galoshes)。雨披(rain cape),雨帽(rain hat)等,都是可防雨的(water proof)。英国的绅士们出门不管下不下雨总要戴上帽子拿把雨伞,大街的商铺,超市的门口,各种样式的雨伞便摆得到处都是,就像香烟和糖果一样随手可取。没有带雨具,就会被雨淋到(get caught), 比如说外面下着大雨, 你一回家就有人问你, Did you get caught in the rain? 中文里人们常说淋成了落汤鸡,英文里常用 I am soaked 。 It's raining cats and dogs out there so I am soaked. (雨下得很大,我淋成了落汤鸡。) They were soaking wet and dripping when coming home. (他们好像从水缸里出来的样子,回到家来一身都在滴水。) 还可以用drench这个词,比如: They were caught in a downpour and were all drenched to the skin.(他们出门遇到大雨,淋得透湿。) The campers were drenched with (或 by )rain. (露营的人被雨淋得透湿。) 可是有人却满不在乎,喜欢在雨中行走: I walked home in the rain yesterday. (我昨天淋雨走路回家。) He tramped in the mud and slush of the roadway through the pouring rain. (他在倾盆而降的大雨中踏着满道泥泞,漫步而行。) 其他的一些相关的说法: The sports meeting was rained off twice.运动会因雨被迫取消了两次。因雨比赛、表演等延期而继续有效的票叫rain-check。 It is raining in. 漏雨了 水光潋滟晴方好,山色空濛雨亦奇――雨晴 苏轼在他的《饮湖上初晴后雨》中描述了西湖雨霁后美丽景色。我们可以用下面的说法: The rain has abated. (雨停了。) The rain has passed\ over (= off) and the sky cleared up.(雨过天晴.) A summer rain often from a rainbow。(夏季的雨常使彩虹出现。) When the sun shines through a light rain, it makes a rainbow。(太阳射过细雨时,便有彩虹出现。) 因为彩虹远在天边,所以at the end of the rainbow往往用来比喻在可望而不可即的地方,比如: In the past this city was at the end of the American rainbow, and the roads into the city were crowded with dreamers of every kind. (曾几何时,这座城市是美国人夙望得偿之所,通向该城的道路上挤满了各种各样满怀梦想的人) 大雨之后地上有积水(puddle),一不当心,I stepped in a puddle. (踏进一潭水中。) 所以要Look out for the puddles! (当心别踩到积水。) 宜未雨而绸缪,毋临渴而掘井――下雨的谚语 雨是忧伤,浪漫的。在苏格兰高地的荒原里,乌云低垂、小雨淅沥的气氛,的确是适合艾略特和亚当·斯密们沉思的。英语中和雨有关的一些谚语,反映了这种哲思。 未雨绸缪Don't have thy cloak to make when it begins to rain, 或者说 save / lay up against a rainy day; rain or shine 不论雨晴、不论发生什么事情。例如: I know you are my best friend, rain or shine. 我知道你在任何情况下都是我最好的朋友。 It never rains but it pours.不雨则已,一雨倾盆。祸不单行。 英语中有谚语: Red clouds in the east, rain the next day. 想必这是英国农民看云测晴雨的经验谈。 通常云和天气有密切关系,而在谚语中常用以喻人生遭遇,如:After clouds, calm weather. 一语,来自After a storm comes a calm weather. 亦作After black clouds comes clear weather, 正是我们说的“雨过天晴”,用来喻情况由坏转好。 西方还有这样一个谚语:All clouds bring no storms.(亦作no rains),字面意思是“即使乌云密布,也不一定会下雨”。这个谚语常用以提醒我们世事发展未必定如预见。比如老板对伙计发脾气,有人安慰伙计道:Don't worry. All clouds bring no storms!老板发怒,不会炒鱿鱼的!晴雨难测,谁都难说明天如何。
http://iask.sina.com.cn/b/9286782.html?from=relatedn 英语标点符号的名称: .period 句号 ,comma 逗号 :colon 冒号 ;semicolon 分号 !exclamation 惊叹号 ?question mark 问号  ̄hyphen 连字符 ' apostrophe 省略号;所有格符号 — dash 破折号 ‘ ’ single quotation marks 单引号 “ ” double quotation marks 双引号 ( ) parentheses 圆括号 square brackets 方括号 《 》 French quotes 法文引号;书名号 ... ellipsis 省略号 ¨ tandem colon 双点号 " ditto 同上 ‖ parallel 双线号 / virgule 斜线号 & ampersand = and ~ swung dash 代字号 § section; division 分节号 → arrow 箭号;参见号 + plus 加号;正号 - minus 减号;负号 ± plus or minus 正负号 × is multiplied by 乘号 ÷ is divided by 除号 = is equal to 等于号 ≠ is not equal to 不等于号 ≡ is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号 < is less than 小于号 > is more than 大于号 ≮ is not less than 不小于号 ≯ is not more than 不大于号 ≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号 ≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号 % per cent 百分之… ‰ per mill 千分之… ∞ infinity 无限大号 ∝ varies as 与…成比例 √ (square) root 平方根 ∵ since; because 因为 ∴ hence 所以 ∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于,成比例 ∠ angle 角 ⌒ semicircle 半圆 ⊙ circle 圆 ○ circumference 圆周 π pi 圆周率 △ triangle 三角形 ⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于 ∪ union of 并,合集 ∩ intersection of 交,通集 ∫ the integral of …的积分 ∑ (sigma) summation of 总和 ° degree 度 ′ minute 分 ″ second 秒 # number …号 ℃ Celsius system 摄氏度 @ at 单价 http://www.mecil9.com/archives/38.aspx Apr Posted by: 9 in: 读书 + plus 加号;正号 - minus 减号;负号 ± plus or minus 正负号 × is multiplied by 乘号 ÷ is divided by 除号 = is equal to 等于号 ≠ is not equal to 不等于号 ≡ is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号 < is less than 小于号 > is greater than 大于号 ≮ is not less than 不小于号 ≯ is not more than 不大于号 ≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号 ≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号 % per cent 百分之… ‰ per mill 千分之… ∞ infinity 无限大号 ∝ varies as 与…成比例 √ (square) root 平方根 ∵ since; because 因为 ∴ hence 所以 ∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于,成比例 ∠ angle 角 ⌒ semicircle 半圆 ⊙ circle 圆 ○ circumference 圆周 π pi 圆周率 △ triangle 三角形 ⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于 ∪ union of 并,合集 ∩ intersection of 交,通集 ∫ the integral of …的积分 ∑ (sigma) summation of 总和 ° degree 度 ′ minute 分 ″ second 秒 ℃ Celsius system 摄氏度 { open brace, open curly 左花括号 } close brace, close curly 右花括号 ( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号 ) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号 () brakets/ parentheses 括号 close bracket 右方括号 [] square brackets 方括号 . period, dot 句号,点 | vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线 ampersand, and, reference, ref 和,引用 * asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号,乘号,星,指针 / slash, divide, oblique 斜线,斜杠,除号 // slash-slash, comment 双斜线,注释符 # pound 井号 \ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符,有时表示转义符或续行符 ~ tilde 波浪符 . full stop 句号 , comma 逗号 : colon 冒号 ; semicolon 分号 ? question mark 问号 ! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语) ' apostrophe 撇号 - hyphen 连字号 -- dash 破折号 ... dots/ ellipsis 省略号 " single quotation marks 单引号 "" double quotation marks 双引号 ‖ parallel 双线号 ampersand = and ~ swung dash 代字号 § section; division 分节号 → arrow 箭号;参见号
《The perfect swarm--The science of complexity in everyday life》一书(Basic Books,2011),作者L.Fisher旁征博引,甚至连中国古典也有所引用。博主看着觉得好玩,尝试了把这些文字又“出口转内销了”一把。 Sec. 1, p.17-19 : 下面括号中的内容是我尝试翻译的: Buddhist Eight-Fold path ( 修行八途 ) Right View ( 正视 ) Right Intention ( 正愿 ) Right Speech ( 正言 ) Right Action ( 正行 ) Right Livelihood ( 正信 ) Right Effort ( 正力 ) Right Mindfulness ( 正念 ) Right Concentration ( 正化 ) Sec. 2 p.34 作者在这里引用了老子《道德经》: " A leader is best when people barely know his exists…when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will say ‘We did it ourselves' ", 可作者在附录里说他翻遍了《道德经》英文版,没找到原话,只找到一条比较相近的 “A good leader does not exercise authority. THis is the value of unimportant.” 作者用的英文版来自:Tao Te Ching chapter 68, http://www.chinapage.com/gnl.html#68 作者没找到,我就一时兴起,帮他这个忙了: 1、作者原文中的引用,来自于《道德经》第十七章:“ 太上,不知有之。。。功成事遂,百姓皆谓,我自然。 ”,作者用的《道德经》英文版是这样翻译这句话的:“The best rulers are scarcely known by their subjects;。。。。When the best rulers achieve their purpose Their subjects claim the achievement as their own.” 2、作者附录中的那句话中文是这样的:“ 善用人者,为之下。 是谓不争之德 ” “善用人者”和“太上,不知有之” 在中文的意思还是明显不同的,但 《道德经》通篇 的基本思想差不多, 老外翻译起来也只是大概其意思差不多,于是乎作者可能也有些迷糊了。
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2013 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊 189 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种: Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 129 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of English Linguistics 《英语语言学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Journal of Germanic Linguistics 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Language Problems and Language Planning 《语言问题与语言计划》 、 Language Sciences 《语言科学》、 Language Variation and Change 《语言的演变》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 Natural Language Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 Natural Language Semantics 《自然语言语义学》 、 Phonology 《语音学》 、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 AHCI 收录语言与语言学期刊 57 种:例如: AAA- Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 《美国与英国语言、历史、文化研究论文集》、 Anglia; Zeitschrift fuer englische Philologie 《英语语言学》、 Beitraege zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 《德国语言文学史论文集》、 German Quarterly 《德语季刊》、 Historiographia Linguistica 《编史语言学》、 Journal of English and Germanic Philology 《英语与德语语文学杂志》、 Lingua e Stile 《语言与文体》、 Modern Language Review 《现代语言评论》、 Meta 《译者杂志》、 Neophilologus 《新语言学》、 Papers on Language and Literature 《语言与文学文集》 、 Philological Quarterly 《语文学季刊》、 Revue de Linguistique Romane 《罗曼语语言学杂志》、 Russian Linguistics 《俄罗斯语言学》、 Sprachwissenschaft 《语言学》、 Studia Neophilologica 《新语文学研究》、 Transactions of the Philological Society 《语义学学会汇刊》、 Zeitschrift fuer Germanistische Linguistik 《德语语言学杂志》、 Zeitschrift fuer Romanische Philologie 《罗马语系语言学杂志》、 Zeitschrift fuer Slawistik 《斯拉夫语杂志》等。详细 2013 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊请看附件。 2013 年 AHCI 收录语言与语言学学科期刊 189 种目录 ARTS HUMANITIES CITATION INDEX LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 189 注: ★ SCI、SSCI、AHCI共同收录期刊3种 ▲ SSCI 、AHCI共同收录期刊129种 1. AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK 《美国与英国语言、历史、文化研究论文集》 Semiannual ISSN: 0171-5410 GUNTER NARR VERLAG, DISCHINGERWEG 5, TUBINGEN, GERMANY , D 72070 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 2. ▲ ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 《语言与文化的跨越》 Semiannual ISSN: 1585-1923 AKADEMIAI KIADO RT, PRIELLE K U 19, PO BOX 245,, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY , H-1117 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 3. ▲ ACTA LINGUISTICA HUNGARICA 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1216-8076 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 4. ▲ AFRICANA LINGUISTICA 《非洲语言学》 Annual ISSN: 0065-4124 ROYAL MUSEUM CENTRAL AFRICA-BELGIUM, 13 LEUVENSESTEENWEG, TERVUREN, BELGIUM , 3080 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 5. ▲ AMERICAN SPEECH 《美国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0003-1283 DUKE UNIV PRESS, 905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA , NC, 27701 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 6. ANGLIA-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENGLISCHE PHILOLOGIE 《英语语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0340-5222 MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG, PFRONDORFER STR 6, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72074 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 7. ▲ ANNUAL REVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《应用语言学年评》 Annual ISSN: 0267-1905 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA , NY, 10013-2473 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 8. ARCHIV FUR DAS STUDIUM DER NEUEREN SPRACHEN UND LITERATUREN 《语言和文学研究文献》 Semiannual ISSN: 0003-8970 ERICH SCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G, BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 9. ▲ ARGUMENTATION 《论证》 Quarterly ISSN: 0920-427X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 10. ▲ ATLANTIS-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ASSOCIATION OF ANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES 《 西班牙 英美 研究 协会 杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-6124 ASOC ESPANOLA ESTUDIOS ANGLO-NORTEAMERICANOS-AEDEAN, C/O DEPT FILOLOFIA INGLESA I, UNIV COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, FAC FILOLOGIA, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 11. ▲ AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《澳大利亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0726-8602 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 12. ▲ BABEL-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA TRADUCTION-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION 《巴伯尔:国际翻译 杂志 》 Quarterly ISSN: 0521-9744 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 13. BEITRAGE ZUR GESCHICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE UND LITERATUR 《德国语言文学史论文集》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0005-8076 MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG, PFRONDORFER STR 6, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72074 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 14. BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY ACADEMIA SINICA 《 中央研究院 历史语言 研究所 通报 》 Quarterly ISSN: 1012-4195 ACAD SINICA-INST HISTORY PHILOLOGY, EDITORIAL COMMITTEE, TAIPEI, TAIWAN , 11529 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 15. ▲ CALIDOSCOPIO Tri-annual ISSN: 1679-8740 EDITORA UNISINOS, DIVISAO DE PERIODICIOS, CAIXA POSTAL 275, SAO LEOPOLDO, BRAZIL, RS 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 16. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS-REVUE CANADIENNE DE LINGUISTIQUE 《加拿大语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0008-4131 UNIV TORONTO PRESS INC, JOURNALS DIVISION, 5201 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, TORONTO, CANADA , ON, M3H 5T8 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 17. ▲ CHILD LANGUAGE TEACHING THERAPY 《儿童语言教学与疗法》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0265-6590 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC1Y 1SP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 18. ▲ CIRCULO DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA A LA COMUNICACION 《应用语言学通讯》 Quarterly ISSN: 1576-4737 UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, CIUDAD UNIV, OBISPO TREJO 3, MADRID, SPAIN, 28040 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 19. ▲ COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0936-5907 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 20. COLLOQUIA GERMANICA 《德国语言文学论坛》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0010-1338 FRANCKE VERLAG, DISCHINGERWEG 5, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72070 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 21. ★ COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS 《计算语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1530-9312 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA, 02142 1. Science Citation Index 2. Science Citation Index Expanded 3. Social Sciences Citation Index 4. Arts Humanities Citation Index 22. ▲ COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0958-8221 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 23. ▲ CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 《语料库语言学与语言学理论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1613-7027 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 24. CRITICA HISPANICA 《西班牙评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 0278-7261 CRITICA HISPANICA, DUQUESNE UNIV, DEPT MODERN LANGUAGE, 201 DES PLACES, PITTSBURGH, USA , PA, 15282 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 25. DEUTSCHE SPRACHE 《德语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0340-9341 ERICH SCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G, BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 26. ▲ DIACHRONICA 《历史语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0176-4225 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 27. ▲ DIALECTOLOGIA ET GEOLINGUISTICA 《方言学与地方语言学》 Annual ISSN: 0942-4040 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 28. EIGSE-A JOURNAL OF IRISH STUDIES Annual ISSN: 0013-2608 NATL UNIV IRELAND , 49 MERRION SQ, DUBLIN, IRELAND , 2 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 29. ▲ ELT JOURNAL 《英语教学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0951-0893 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 30. ▲ ENGLISH LANGUAGE LINGUISTICS 《英语及语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1360-6743 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 31. ▲ ENGLISH TEACHING-PRACTICE AND CRITIQUE 《英语教学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1175-8708 UNIV WAIKATO, SCH EDUCATION, PRIVATE BAG 3105, HAMILTON, NEW ZEALAND , 00000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 32. ▲ ENGLISH TODAY 《今日英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0266-0784 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA , NY, 10013-2473 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 33. ▲ ENGLISH WORLD-WIDE 《世界英语》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0172-8865 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 34. ▲ ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS 《语言学研究》 Annual ISSN: 0071-1713 UNIV AUSTRAL CHILE , FAC FILOSOFIA HUMANIDADES CASILLA 142 ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS, VALDIVIA, CHILE 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 35. ▲ EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES 《欧洲英语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1382-5577 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 36. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SCANDINAVIAN STUDIES 《欧洲斯堪的纳维亚研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 2191-9399 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 37. ▲ FOLIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学报 ; 欧洲语言学会学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0165-4004 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 38. ▲ FOLIA LINGUISTICA HISTORICA 《语言史》 Annual ISSN: 0168-647X MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 39. FORUM ITALICUM 《意大利研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0014-5858 FORUM ITALICUM, CENTER FOR ITALIAN STUDIES STATE UNIV OF NEW YORK, STONY BROOK, USA , NY, 11794-3358 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 40. FRANCAIS MODERNE 《现代法语》 Semiannual ISSN: 0015-9409 CONSEIL INT LANGUE FRANCAISE, 11 RUE NAVARIN, PARIS, FRANCE, 75009 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 41. ▲ FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE 《语言的功能》 Semiannual ISSN: 0929-998X JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 42. ▲ GENDER AND LANGUAGE 《性别与语言》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1747-6321 EQUINOX PUBLISHING LTD, UNIT S3, KELHAM HOUSE, 3 LANCASTER STREET, SHELFIELD, ENGLAND , S3 8AF 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 43. GERMAN QUARTERLY 《德语季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 0016-8831 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 44. ▲ GESTURE 《手势》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1568-1475 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 45. ▲ HISPANIA-A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE TEACHING OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE 《西班牙》 Quarterly ISSN: 0018-2133 AMER ASSOC TEACHERS SPANISH PORTUGUESE, INC, 900 LADD RD, WALLED LAKE, USA , MI, 48390 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 46. HISTORIOGRAPHIA LINGUISTICA 《编史语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0302-5160 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 47. ▲ HUMOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMOR RESEARCH 《幽默》 Quarterly ISSN: 0933-1719 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 48. ▲ IBERICA 《伊比利亚》 Semiannual ISSN: 1139-7241 AELFE, UNIV JAUME I, FAC CIENCIES HUMANAS SOCIALS, DEPT ESTUDIS ANGLESOS, CAMPUS RIU SEC, S-N, CASTELLO, SPAIN, 12071 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 49. IBEROROMANIA 《伊比利亚罗马语系》 Semiannual ISSN: 0019-0993 MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG, PFRONDORFER STR 6, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72074 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 50. ▲ INDOGERMANISCHE FORSCHUNGEN 《印度日尔曼语言研究》 Annual ISSN: 0019-7262 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 51. ▲ INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS 《文化交流实用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1612-295X MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 52. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS 《国际美洲语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0020-7071 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL, 60637-2954 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 53. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM 《国际双语教育与双语使用杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1367-0050 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 54. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM 《国际双语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1367-0069 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC1Y 1SP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 55. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS 《国际语料库语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1384-6655 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 56. ▲ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY 《国际词汇学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0950-3846 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 57. ▲ INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINER 《口译及翻译培训师》 Semiannual ISSN: 1750-399X ST JEROME PUBLISHING, 2 MAPLE ROAD, WEST, BROOKLANDS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND , M23 9HH 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 58. ▲ INTERPRETING 《口译》 Semiannual ISSN: 1384-6647 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 59. ▲ JOURNAL OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0167-6164 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 60. ▲ JOURNAL OF CHINESE LINGUISTICS Semiannual ISSN: 0091-3723 JOURNAL CHINESE LINGUISTICS, CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG, CENTRE EAST ASIAN STUDIES, SHATIN, NEW TERRITORIES, PEOPLES R CHINA, HONG KONG, 00000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 61. ▲ JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《比较日耳曼语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1383-4924 SPRINGER, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA , NY, 10013 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 62. ▲ JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN LINGUISTICS 《东亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-8558 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 63. JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND GERMANIC PHILOLOGY 《英语与德语语文学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0363-6941 UNIV ILLINOIS PRESS, 1325 S OAK ST, CHAMPAIGN, USA , IL, 61820-6903 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 64. ▲ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 《学术英语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1475-1585 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 65. ▲ JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 《英语语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0075-4242 SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, USA , CA, 91320 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 66. ▲ JOURNAL OF FRENCH LANGUAGE STUDIES 《法语研究杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0959-2695 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 67. ▲ JOURNAL OF GERMANIC LINGUISTICS 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-5427 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 68. ▲ JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL PRAGMATICS 《历史语用论杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1566-5852 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 69. ▲ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND POLITICS 《语言与政治杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1569-2159 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 70. ▲ JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND EDUCATION 《语言、特性及教育杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1534-8458 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 71. ▲ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY 《语言人类学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1055-1360 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 72. ▲ JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0022-2267 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS , NEW YORK, USA , NY, 10013-2473 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 73. JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS 《文学语义学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0341-7638 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 74. ▲ JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 《多种语言及多种文化发展杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-4632 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 75. ▲ JOURNAL OF PHONETICS 《语音学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0095-4470 ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND , NW1 7DX 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 76. ▲ JOURNAL OF PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0920-9034 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 77. ▲ JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR CULTURE 《礼貌研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1612-5681 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 78. ▲ JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS 《语言实用学杂志》 Monthly ISSN: 0378-2166 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 79. ▲ JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS 《定量语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0929-6174 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 80. ▲ JOURNAL OF SEMANTICS 《语义学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-5133 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 81. ▲ JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION 《国际语音学会志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0025-1003 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 82. KRITIKA KULTURA Semiannual ISSN: 2094-6937 ATENEO DE MANILA UNIV, SCH HUMANITIES, DEPT ENGLISH, LOYOLA HEIGHTS, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES , 1108 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 83. ▲ LANGUAGE 《语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0097-8507 LINGUISTIC SOC AMER, 1325 18TH ST NW, SUITE 211, WASHINGTON, USA , DC, 20036-6501 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 84. ▲ LANGUAGE HISTORY 《语言与历史》 Semiannual ISSN: 1759-7536 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 85. ▲ LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 《语言掌握》 Quarterly ISSN: 1048-9223 PSYCHOLOGY PRESS, 27 CHURCH RD, HOVE, ENGLAND , EAST SUSSEX, BN3 2FA 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 86. ▲ LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 《语言与教育》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0950-0782 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 87. ▲ LANGUAGE AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 《语言与不同文化间的交流》 Quarterly ISSN: 1470-8477 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 88. ▲ LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 《语言与语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1606-822X INST LINGUISTICS ACAD SINICA, NO 130, SEC 2, ACADEMIA RD, NANKANG, TAIPEI, TAIWAN, 11529 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 89. ▲ LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0963-9470 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC1Y 1SP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 90. ▲ LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT QUARTERLY 《语言评价季刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1543-4303 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 91. ▲ LANGUAGE AWARENESS 《语言知识》 Quarterly ISSN: 0965-8416 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 92. ▲ LANGUAGE CULTURE AND CURRICULUM 《语言、文化与课程》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0790-8318 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 93. ▲ LANGUAGE MATTERS 《语言问题:非洲语言研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1022-8195 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 94. ▲ LANGUAGE POLICY 《语言政策》 Quarterly ISSN: 1568-4555 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 95. ▲ LANGUAGE PROBLEMS LANGUAGE PLANNING 《语言问题与语言计划》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0272-2690 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 96. ▲ LANGUAGE SCIENCES 《语言科学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0388-0001 ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OXON, OX5 1GB 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 97. ▲ LANGUAGE TEACHING 《语言教学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0261-4448 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 98. ▲ LANGUAGE TESTING 《语言测验》 Quarterly ISSN: 0265-5322 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND , EC1Y 1SP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 99. ▲ LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE 《语言的演变》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0954-3945 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 100. LANGUE FRANCAISE 《法语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0023-8368 LAROUSSE, 17 RUE DE MONTPARNASSE, PARIS, FRANCE, 75006 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 101. ▲ LEXIKOS 《词汇学》 Annual ISSN: 1684-4904 BURO VAN DIE WAT, PO BOX 245, STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA, 7599 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 102. LILI-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LITERATURWISSENSCHAFT UND LINGUISTIK 《文学与语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0049-8653 J B METZLER, POSTFACH 10 32 41, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70028 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 103. ▲ LINGUA 《语言学》 Monthly ISSN: 0024-3841 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV , PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1000 AE 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 104. LINGUA E STILE 《语言与文体》 Semiannual ISSN: 0024-385X SOC ED IL MULINO, STRADA MAGGIORE 37, BOLOGNA, ITALY , 40125 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 105. LINGUA NOSTRA 《我们的语言》 Semiannual ISSN: 0024-3868 CASA EDITRICE G C SANSONI SPA, LIC SPA, VIA DUCA DI CALABRIA, 1-1, FLORENCE, ITALY , 50125 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 106. ▲ LINGUISTIC INQUIRY 《语言学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0024-3892 MIT PRESS, 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, USA , MA, 02142 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 107. ▲ LINGUISTIC REVIEW 《语言学评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-6318 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 108. ▲ LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA NEW SERIES-THEMES IN TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Annual ISSN: 0304-2294 ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS-ASP, UNIV PRESS ANTWERP DIV, RAVENSTEINGALERIJ 28, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM , B-1000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 109. ▲ LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 《语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0862-8432 VERSITA, SOLIPSKA 14A-1, WARSAW, POLAND, 02-482 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 110. ▲ LINGUISTICS 《语言学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0024-3949 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 111. ▲ LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY 《语言学与哲学》 Bimonthly ISSN: 0165-0157 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 112. LINGUISTIQUE 《语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0075-966X PRESSES UNIV FRANCE, 6 AVENUE REILLE, PARIS CEDEX 14, FRANCE, 75685 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 113. ▲ LITERACY 《读写能力》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1741-4350 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 114. ▲ LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC COMPUTING 《文学与语言计算》 Quarterly ISSN: 0268-1145 OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND , OX2 6DP 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 115. META 《译者杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-0452 PRESSES UNIV MONTREAL, PO BOX 6128, SUCCURSALE A, MONTREAL, CANADA, QUEBEC, H3C 3J7 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 116. ▲ METAPHOR AND SYMBOL 《隐喻与象征》 Quarterly ISSN: 1092-6488 PSYCHOLOGY PRESS, 27 CHURCH RD, HOVE, ENGLAND , EAST SUSSEX, BN3 2FA 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 117. MODERN LANGUAGE REVIEW 《现代语言评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-7937 MODERN HUMANITIES RES ASSN, KINGS COLLEGE STRAND, LONDON, ENGLAND , WC2R 2LS 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 118. MODERN PHILOLOGY 《现代语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0026-8232 UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, USA , IL, 60637-2954 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 119. ▲ MULTILINGUA-JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL AND INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION 《多种语言杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-8507 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 120. MUTTERSPRACHE 《本国语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0027-514X GESELLSCHAFT DEUTSCHE SPRACHE, SPIEGELGASSE 13, WIESBADEN, GERMANY, D-65183 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 121. ▲ NAMES-A JOURNAL OF ONOMASTICS 《名词》 Quarterly ISSN: 0027-7738 MANEY PUBLISHING, STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS, ENGLAND , W YORKS, LS3 1AB 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 122. ▲ NARRATIVE INQUIRY 《记叙文探究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1387-6740 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 123. ▲ NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC THEORY 《自然语言与语言理论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0167-806X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 124. ★ NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING 《自然语言工程》 Quarterly ISSN: 1351-3249 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Science Citation Index Expanded 2. Social Sciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 125. ▲ NATURAL LANGUAGE SEMANTICS 《自然语言语义学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0925-854X SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 126. NEOPHILOLOGUS 《新语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0028-2677 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 127. NEUPHILOLOGISCHE MITTEILUNGEN 《现代语言》 Quarterly ISSN: 0028-3754 MODERN LANGUAGE SOC, HALLITUSKATU 11, HELSINKI, FINLAND , SF-00100 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 128. ▲ NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS 《北欧语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0332-5865 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 129. OCEANIC LINGUISTICS 《大洋洲语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0029-8115 UNIV HAWAII PRESS, 2840 KOLOWALU ST, HONOLULU, USA , HI, 96822 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 130. ▲ ONOMAZEIN Semiannual ISSN: 0717-1285 PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, FAC LETRAS, AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860, SANTIAGO, CHILE, 00000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 131. PAPERS ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 《语言与文学文集》 Quarterly ISSN: 0031-1294 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, BOX 43-A, EDWARDSVILLE, USA, IL, 62026-1434 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 132. PERSPECTIVES-STUDIES IN TRANSLATOLOGY 《展望:翻译学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0907-676X ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 133. PHILOLOGICAL QUARTERLY 《语文学季刊 》Quarterly ISSN: 0031-7977 UNIV IOWA, ENGLISH PHILOSOPHY BLDG DEPT PUBLICATIONS LOU EICHLER, IOWA CITY, USA , IA,52242 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 134. ★ PHONETICA 《语音学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0031-8388 KARGER, ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, BASEL, SWITZERLAND, CH-4009 1. Science Citation Index Expanded 2. Social Sciences Citation Index 3. Arts Humanities Citation Index 135. ▲ PHONOLOGY 《语音学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0952-6757 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 136. ▲ PORTA LINGUARUM Semiannual ISSN: 1697-7467 UNIV GRANADA, UNIV GRANADA, GRANADA, SPAIN , 18071 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 137. ▲ POZNAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS 《波兹南当代语言学研究 》 Quarterly ISSN: 1897-7499 VERSITA, SOLIPSKA 14A-1, WARSAW, POLAND, 02-482 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 138. ▲ PRAGMATICS 《语用学》 Quarterly ISSN: 1018-2101 INT PRAGMATICS ASSOC- IPRA, IPRA SECRETARIAT, PO BOX 33, ANTWERP 11, ANTWERP, BELGIUM , B-2018 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 139. ▲ PRAGMATICS COGNITION 《语言实用学和认知》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0929-0907 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 140. ▲ PRAGMATICS AND SOCIETY 《语用学与社会》 Semiannual ISSN: 1878-9714 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 141. ▲ PROBUS 《国际拉丁语和罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0921-4771 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 142. ▲ RECALL 《计算机辅助语言学习》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0958-3440 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND , CB2 8RU 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 143. ▲ REVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 《认知语言学评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 1877-9751 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 144. REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA ESPANOLA 《西班牙语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0210-9174 CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS, VITRUVIO 8, MADRID, SPAIN, 28006 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 145. ▲ REVISTA ESPANOLA DE LINGUISTICA APLICADA 《 西班牙 应用语言学 杂志 》 Annual ISSN: 0213-2028 ASOC ESPANOLA LINGUISTICA APLICADA, UNIV RIOJA, DEPT FILOLOGIAS MODERNAS, C-SAN JOSE DE CALASANZ, S-N, LOGRONO, SPAIN, 26004 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 146. ▲ REVISTA SIGNOS Tri-annual ISSN: 0718-0934 EDICIONES UNIV VALPARAISO, CASILLA 1415, VALPARAISO, CHILE, 00000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 147. REVUE BELGE DE PHILOLOGIE ET D HISTOIRE 《比利时哲学与历史杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-0818 REVUE BELGE PHILOLOGIE HISTOIRE, C/O BIBLIOTHEQUE ROYALE DE BELGIQUE, BOULEVARD DE L EMPEREUR 4, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, B-1000 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 148. REVUE DE LINGUISTIQUE ROMANE 《罗曼语语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-1458 SOC LINGUISTIQUE ROMANE, UNIV SCI HUMAINES 25 RUE DU MARECHAL-JUIN, STRASBOURG CEDEX, FRANCE, F-67084 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 149. REVUE DES LANGUES ROMANES 《罗曼语语言杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0223-3711 REVUE DES LANGUES ROMANES, UNIV PAUL VALERY, BP 5043,, MONTPELLIER-CEDEX, FRANCE, 34052 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 150. ▲ REVUE FRANCAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUEE 《法国应用语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 1386-1204 PUBLICATIONS LINGUISTIQUES, 15 RUE LAKANAL, PARIS, FRANCE, 75015 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 151. REVUE ROMANE 《罗曼语评论》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-3906 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 152. ▲ REVUE ROUMAINE DE LINGUISTIQUE-ROMANIAN REVIEW OF LINGUISTICS 《罗马尼亚语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0035-3957 EDITURA ACAD ROMANE, CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCURESTI, ROMANIA , 050711 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 153. RHETORIC REVIEW 《修辞评论》 Quarterly ISSN: 0735-0198 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 154. ▲ RILCE-REVISTA DE FILOLOGIA HISPANICA 《语言学 杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN: 0213-2370 SERVICIO PUBL UNIV NAVARRA, PIO XII, 53, PAMPLONA, SPAIN , NAVARRA, 31007 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 155. ▲ RLA-REVISTA DE LINGUISTICA TEORICA Y APLICADA 《 语言学 理论 及应用杂志 》 Semiannual ISSN: 0718-4883 UNIV CONCEPCION, FAC HUMANIDADES ARTE, CASILLA 160-C, CORREO 3, CONCEPCION, CHILE, 00000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 156. ROMANCE PHILOLOGY 《罗曼语语言学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0035-8002 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS, BEGIJNHOF 67, TURNHOUT, BELGIUM , B-2300 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 157. RUSSIAN LINGUISTICS 《俄罗斯语言学》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0304-3487 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 158. ▲ SLAVISTICNA REVIJA 《语言学报》 Semiannual ISSN: 0350-6894 SLAVISTICNA DRUSTVO SLOVENIJE, SLAVISTICNA REVIJA, ASKERCEVA 2-II, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA , 1000 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 159. ▲ SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 《词与语文学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0037-7031 CZECH LANG INST CZECH ACAD SCI, USTAV PRO JAZYK CESKY AV CR, V V I, LETENSKA 4, PRAHA 1, CZECH REPUBLIC , 118 51 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 160. ▲ SOUTHERN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS AND APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES 《南非语言学与应用语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 1607-3614 NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD, 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, 6140 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 161. ▲ SPANISH IN CONTEXT 《西班牙语的来龙去脉》 Semiannual ISSN: 1571-0718 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 162. SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0344-8169 UNIVERSITATSVERLAG C WINTER HEIDELBERG GMBH, POSTFACH 10 61 40, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-69051 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 163. STUDI E PROBLEMI DI CRITICA TESTUALE 《原文评论的研究与问题》 Semiannual ISSN: 0049-2361 CASA RISPARMIO, VIA CASTIGLIONE 8, BOLOGNA, ITALY, 40124 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 164. STUDIA LINGUISTICA 《语言学研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0039-3193 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 165. STUDIA NEOPHILOLOGICA 《新语文学研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 0039-3274 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 166. ▲ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE 《语言研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0378-4177 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 167. STUDIES IN PHILOLOGY 《语文学研究》 Quarterly ISSN: 0039-3738 UNIV NORTH CAROLINA PRESS, BOX 2288, JOURNALS DEPT, CHAPEL HILL, USA , NC, 27515-2288 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 168. ▲ SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 《语法与语义》 Annual ISSN: 0092-4563 EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD16 1WA 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 169. ▲ SYNTAX-A JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 《造句法》 Quarterly ISSN: 1368-0005 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 170. ▲ TARGET-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 《目标;国际翻译研究杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0924-1884 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 171. ▲ TERMINOLOGY 《术语学》 Semiannual ISSN: 0929-9971 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 172. ▲ TEXT TALK 《文字和语言》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1860-7330 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 173. ▲ THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS 《理论语言学》 Quarterly ISSN: 0301-4428 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 174. TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 《语义学学会汇刊》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0079-1636 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 175. ▲ TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING STUDIES 《翻译与口译研究》 Semiannual ISSN: 1932-2798 JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY, PO BOX 36224, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS , 1020 ME 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 176. ▲ TRANSLATION STUDIES 《翻译研究》 Tri-annual ISSN: 1478-1700 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXFORDSHIRE, OX14 4RN 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 177. ▲ TRANSLATOR 《翻译者》 Semiannual ISSN: 1355-6509 ST JEROME PUBLISHING, 2 MAPLE ROAD, WEST, BROOKLANDS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND , M23 9HH 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 178. VERBUM Semiannual ISSN: 1585-079X PAZMANY PETER CATHOLIC UNIV, FACULTY HUMANITES, PPKE BTK INST ROMANISTICS, PILISCSABA, HUNGARY , EGYETEM U 1, 2087 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 179. ▲ VIAL-VIGO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS 《维戈国际应用语言学杂志 》 Annual ISSN: 1697-0381 UNIV VIGO, CAMPUS DE MARCOSENDE, SERVICIO PUBLICACIONES, VIGO, SPAIN , 36310 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 180. ▲ WORLD ENGLISHES 《世界英语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0883-2919 WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, USA , NJ, 07030-5774 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 181. YIDDISH-MODERN JEWISH STUDIES 《依地语》 Quarterly ISSN: 0364-4308 YIDDISH, QUEENS COLLEGE, N S F 350, 65 30 KISSENA BLVD, FLUSHING, USA , NY, 11367 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 182. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ASSYRIOLOGIE UND VORDERASIATISCHE ARCHAOLOGIE 《亚述学和西亚地区考古学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0084-5299 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 183. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DEUTSCHE PHILOLOGIE 《德国语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0044-2496 ERICH SCHMIDT VERLAG, GENTHINER STRASSE 30G, BERLIN-TIERGARTEN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 184. ▲ ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIALEKTOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK 《方言学与语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0044-1449 FRANZ STEINER VERLAG GMBH, BIRKENWALDSTRABE 44, STUTTGART, GERMANY, D-70191 1. Social Sciences Citation Index 2. Arts Humanities Citation Index 185. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GERMANISTISCHE LINGUISTIK 《德语语言学杂志》 《德语语言学杂志》《德语语言学杂志》 Tri-annual ISSN: 0301-3294 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10785 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 186. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KATALANISTIK 《罗马尼亚语杂志》 Annual ISSN: 0932-2221 ALBERT LUDWIGS UNIV, ROMANISCHES SEMINAR, PLATZ DER UNIVERSITAT 3, FREIBURG IM BREISGAU, GERMANY, D-79085 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 187. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ROMANISCHE PHILOLOGIE 《罗马语系语言学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0049-8661 MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG, PFRONDORFER STR 6, TUBINGEN, GERMANY, D-72074 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 188. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK 《斯拉夫语杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0044-3506 AKAD VERLAG GMBH, PALISADENSTR 40, BERLIN, GERMANY, D-10243 1. Arts Humanities Citation Index 189. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT 《语言学杂志》 Semiannual ISSN: 0721-9067 MOUTON DE GRUYTER, GENTHINER STRASSE 13, BERLIN, GERMANY, 10785 1. Social Sciences Citation Index
刚看到嵇老师的博文《 你有没有用对 It's a good question? 》 一下子,咋有点三观尽毁的感觉?貌似这句话太常见了。到底什么时候用 It's a good question?或者说,学术会议上 It's a good question啥意思? 这个问题本身 is a good question! 好在我基本不用这个,上周学校的summer school就听到各种颜色的人的不少的good question。我一般都是理解成一种语气缓冲,并不一定是表扬,而是像一种客气用语。我个人更多的用well,昨天的答辩我觉得就用了不少的well~ 因为examiner问了问题之后,往往需要整理一下思路/语气回答。所以well一下,也好接话。我很少用it is a good question, 是因为我觉得这句话太长了,而且有点语气大的感觉(至少不太适合对examiner来说)。再者不管怎么地,还是有点夸赞味道的,你老是乱七八糟的夸别人能不让人家觉得烦嘛。事实上,任何语句一次交谈中反复说都不妥(要不别人理解成你的口头语了)。只要用的频率不多,我不觉得有什么问题。 但是,当遇到难 的 问题,需要找些找些中间话来说(调整思路,思考答案),比如:(well) that/it is a good question, I confused myself even severals times ~~~~ 巴拉巴拉的讲,意思 你说的问题很好,我能明白,我之前也常常迷惑,甚至说到上周有个人还问我这个问题来着,说来话长之类,然后话语一转: please allow me to answer your question shortly。等等吧,有些人为了思考答案,峰回路转好几句在哪儿找话,一来避免冷场,二来也显得自己不是很笨一下子答不上来(暗示:我不是答不上来,我会给你一个很好的答案的,让我先说明一些情况)。 反正,总之英国佬说话客套的地方很多,虽然很绅士显得polite,都成'毛病'了。听他们讲话,你要知道重点部位否则你不懂什么意思,其他的可听可不听。比如我在这边监考的时候,有几次本土学生举手示意我过去问啥事,他们一顿说自己的情况,比如:他的视力不是太好,因为什么什么;或者,他的今天少带了一只笔,现在的这支笔没有水了写不清了..... 最早的时候,我心想,你举手示意让我过来就告诉我这个事吗?我可以说句我知道了然后就走开嘛? 其实那孩子的意思是:你能帮他打开灯或者窗户,甚至调动座位吗?或者,你能提供一支笔或帮他借只笔吗? 我最早的时候不习惯,甚至不知道如何应对,常常直接问:what can i do for you? 心想,哥哥你就说你想干啥吧,别绕圈子呀(事实上,想想咱们跟老外讲汉语岂不也是这样,你想表达’学校新建的篮球场很不错,下午玩玩去‘等地道的意思,你最好还是直接问:下午打篮球,篮球,好不好? 哈哈哈~~ 就跟当年日本人讲:八路,八路的有?!部分用词最好强调一遍)。。 但是在一个礼貌的角度来看,直接要求别人帮你开灯或者借笔并不礼貌(毕竟你是监考官嘛,所以跟上面的问题一样说话还跟身份有关),至少英国文化里面是这样不能轻易要求别人做什么,一定是请求。他们更愿意听到你先问:may i switch on the light 之类的反应之后,他们来一句很干脆的: yes please。 丫的绕弯子,想让'老子'开灯还不直说, 这不是特例,很普遍。~~就是英国人直接说话,有时候也加个冒,比如让走的时候把门带上,常说一句:can you help me close the door please 其实这句话直接说,can you close the door, please? 就可以了,跟help you 有啥必要关系吗? 哈哈,最后来个经典的英国笑话,看看绕弯子的英国佬。 一个英国人 一天晚上,一个英国人从他住的旅店房间里走出来。来到走廊上,叫旅店的服务员给他拿一杯水来。服务员按他的要求做了。英国人回到了他的房间里,几分钟后 他又来到走廊上,让服务员再给他送一杯水。服务员又给他送了一杯水。每隔几分钟。英国人就走出房间重复他的要求。 半小时之后.这位感到惊讶的服务员决定问问房客要这些水干什么,英国人不谎不忙地回答:”没什么.只不过是我的房间里起火了。“
我很幸运。因为我母亲英语不错,所以我从来没觉得英语能难倒我。(但是我母亲在大学时对数学不太感冒,我则想进杭大数学系。) “陈琳是教育部《国家英语课程标准》专家组组长,北京外国语大学教授。陈琳主张学习英语一定要背诵,我非常赞同这个观点。摘录一篇陈琳的论文<怎样自学英语>,与学英文的同学参考、共勉。” http://www.ltyz.net/xueke/chongzhongyingyu/chenlin.html “英语自学者不可能在每次遇到英语问题时都去请教英语老师或其他懂英语的人,而词典之类的工具书却可以与人朝夕相伴。学会使用英语词典,人们就可以独立工作,独立解决英语学习中遇到的各种难题,因此,英语词典对于学习英语的人来说极其重要 。” 当然,现在网上学英语很方便,至少对我来说是这样。 (I input my questions in English, and search for answers. The Net has never failed me.) “很多打算自学英语的朋友以前或多或少都有些英语基础,正因为如此,许多人看不起最基础的教材。实际上如果你能将《新概念英语》二、三册学得很熟,应付一般 的英语考试已经绰绰有余了了;如果你能背诵《新概念英语》二、三册中的一些课文,且对每一篇课文都能了然于胸,则参加四、六级及研究生入学考试时也不会费 很大的功夫 。” http://jiaoxue.baike.com/article-41253.html
小孩子学学这样的英语歪诗挺好 武夷山 爱德华 . 李尔( Edward Lear , 1812 - 1888 )是著名的英国科学绘图艺术家,也是喜欢写歪诗的人。他 19 岁时,就因为将鹦鹉鸟画得栩栩如生而被称为绘图艺术家了。后来,英国德比伯爵请他到府上,为自己搜集的大量动植物标本绘图。这一阶段,李尔比较孤独,因为伯爵的来往宾客都是贵族,与他不是一个阶层的。于是,他有时候为伯爵的孙辈孩子们画些画,写些儿歌,以打发时光。后来,他将那些儿歌类的小诗发表了,但不敢用真名,而长期采用笔名。他担心,若别人知道了那些无厘头歪诗是他写的,不免毁了自己作为科学绘图家的名声。 2011 年,瑞典 Kristianstad 大学师资教育学院的硕士生玛格丽特 . 华莱士 . 尼尔森完成了自己的硕士论文。她这篇论文的基本想法是,既然天下的孩子都喜欢押韵、重复的声音,那么,李尔的无厘头英语诗歌说不定对瑞典孩子学习英语有帮助呢。她从李尔的《胡言乱语字母歌》(附在下面)中整理出词汇,让两组小学四年级的同学来学习。第一组孩子通过学习这首诗,知道了英语单词的押韵是怎么回事,他们就自发地去寻找相互押韵的单词。另一组孩子只用常规方法去学习记忆单词。结果发现,接触了《胡言乱语字母歌》的这组孩子对英语单词的掌握要更好。 家长们,如果你们的孩子正在学习英语,也不妨让他们读读、背背这首(以及李尔写的其他)好玩的诗歌,我相信对于其提高英语水平一定有帮助。 参考资料: Anna Lena Phillips , Serious Nonsense , American Scientist, 2013 , January-February issue, P 28 Nonsense Alphabet A was an ant Who seldom stood still, And who made a nice house In the side of a hill. Nice little ant! B was a bat, Who slept all the day, And fluttered about When the sun went away. Brown little bat! C was a camel: You rode on his hump; And if you fell off, You came down such a bump! What a high camel! D was a duck With spots on his back, Who lived in the water, And always said 'Quack!' Dear little duck! E was an elephant, Stately and wise: He had tusks and a trunk, And two queer little eyes. Oh, what funny small eyes! F was a fish Who was caught in a net; But he got out again, And is quite alive yet. Lively young fish! G was a goat Who was spotted with brown: When he did not lie still He walked up and down. Good little goat! H was a hat Which was all on one side; Its crown was too high, And its brim was too wide. Oh, what a hat! I was some ice So white and so nice, But which nobody tasted; And so it was wasted. All that good ice! J was a jug, So pretty and white, With fresh water in it At morning and night. Nice little jug! K was a kite Which flew out of sight, Above houses so high, Quite into the sky. Fly away, kite! L was a lily, So white and so sweet! To see it and smell it Was quite a nice treat. Beautiful lily! M was a man, Who walked round and round; And he wore a long coat That came down to the ground. Funny old man! N was a net Which was thrown In the sea To catch fish for dinner For you and for me. Nice little net! O was an orange So yellow and round: When it fell off the tree, It fell down to the ground. Down to the ground! P was a polly. All red, blue, and green,-- The most beautiful polly That ever was seen. Poor little polly! Q was a quail With a very short tail; And he fed upon corn In the evening and morn. Quaint little quail! R was a rabbit, Who had a bad habit Of eating the flowers In gardens and bowers. Naughty fat rabbit! S was the sugar-tongs, Nippity-nee, To take up the sugar To put in our tea. Nippity-nee! T was a tortoise, All yellow and black: He walked slowly away, And he never came back. Torty never came back! U was an urn All polished and bright, And full of hot water At noon and at night. Useful old urn! V was a veil With a border upon it, And a ribbon to tie it All round a pink bonnet. Pretty green veil! W was a watch, Where, in letters of gold, The hour of the day You might always behold. Beautiful watch! Y was a yew, Which flourished and grew By a quiet abode Near the side of a road. Dark little yew! Z was a zebra, All striped white and black; And if he were tame, You might ride on his back. Pretty striped zebra! Edward Lear
我收藏的英语歌片( 11 ) 武夷山 1. Don’t Blame Me ,故事片 Shoot The Moon 插曲 2. Life is Just A Bowl of Cherries, 1931 年创作的流行歌曲 3. Besame Mucho, 墨西哥音乐家 Consuelo Velázquez 创作于 1940 年的著名歌曲,歌名的意思是“多吻吻我”。 4. Misty, 标准的爵士乐歌曲,创作于 1954 年。 5. It’s Only A Paper Moon, 1933 年创作的流行歌曲,很快被用于音乐剧 Take A Chance 之中。 6. Over The Rainbow , 1939 年问世的故事片《绿野仙踪》插曲,由剧中人物多萝西演唱。 7. Stormy Weather ( Keeps Rainin’ All The Time ), 1933 年问世的音乐剧 Cotton Club Parade 选曲 8. I’d Like To Teach The World To Sing , 1971 年震撼播出的可口可乐电视广告片中的歌曲 9. Yes! We Have No bananas , 1922 年问世的百老汇音乐剧 Make It Snappy 选曲 10. Button Up Your Overcoat , 1928 年创作的流行歌曲,由于 1929 年被歌唱生涯如日中天的女歌星 Helen Kane 演唱而名声大振。 11. Someone To Watch Over Me, 选自格什温兄弟创作的音乐剧 Oh,Kay !,非常好听。 12. Love Walked In ,格什温兄弟作词作曲,作曲在先, 1930 年完成,填词在后, 1937 年才完成。 13. Embracable You ,格什温兄弟 1928 年的作品,是为一部轻歌剧创作的一支选曲,但剧本未发表。曲调优美。 14. Prima Donna, 音乐剧《歌剧院的幽灵》选曲。歌名是意大利语,原意“第一夫人”,常指歌剧的女主角。 15. All I Ask Of You ,音乐剧《歌剧院的幽灵》选曲,非常好听。 16. Nobody Does It Better ,选自故事片 The Spy Who Loved Me。 17. The Rain In Spain ,音乐剧 My Fair Lady 选曲,该剧根据萧伯纳的《皮格马利翁》改编。剧中人 Higgins 要把穷姑娘 Eliza 培养成能进入主流社会的贵妇人,训练科目之一是英语发音, The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain 这句话就是训练 这个双元音的发音。 18. On A Clear Day You Can See Forever ,创作于 1929 年的同名音乐剧选曲。 19. You Are My Sunshine , 1939 年创作的流行歌曲,好听。 20. Blue Moon ,音乐故事片 Words And Music 插曲。 相关阅读 李泳,西班牙的雨, http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-279992-696676.html 。
讲 英语 难,用英语吵架更难。虽说人在国外总是想尽办法以和为贵,但要真跟人家吵起来怎么办?还是让我们一起来看看一些比较文雅的骂人以及吵架的方式吧。 1 、I'm so fed up with your BS。Cut the crap。我受够了你的废话,少说废话吧。 美女(美国的女人)是不喜欢说shit这个不雅的字的,所以她们就说shoot,或是BS(=Bull shit)来表示她们还是很有气质的。Cut your crap是当你听到对方废话连篇讲个不停时,你就可以说Cut the crap相当于中文里的废话少说。 2 、Hey!wise up!放聪明点好吗? 当别人作了什么愚蠢的事时,你可以说Don't be stupid或是Don't be silly但是这是非常不礼貌的说法。比较客气一点的说法就是wise up它就相当于中文里的放聪明点。你也可以用坚酸刻薄的语气说。Wise up,please。然后故意把please的尾音拉得长长的。也有人会说Hey!grow up。意思就是你长大一点好不好?例如有人二十岁了却还不会自己补衣服,你就可以说Hey!grow up。这根wise up是不是也差不多呢? 3 、Put up or shut up。要吗你就去做,不然就给我闭嘴。 有些人就是出那张嘴,只会出意见,此时就可以说Put up or shut up要注意的是Put up字典上是查不到“自己去做”的意思,但是见怪不怪,很多笔记本上的用法都是字典上查不到的。比方说今天你在写程式,有人明明不懂却喜欢在一旁指挥你,这时候你就可以说Put up or shut up。有时为了要加强shut up的语气,老美会把它说成shut the fack up这句话常在二人火气很大时的对话中可以听到,例如电影The house on the haunted hill女主角身陷鬼屋之中,其它人又七嘴八舌时,她就很生气地说了一句shut the fack up。 这句话也让我想到一句成语walk the walk,talk the talk也就是说到就要作到,有点像是中文里知行要合一的意思,或是只说walk the talk也可以。 转播到腾讯微博 4 、You eat with that mouth?你是用这张嘴吃饭的吗? 别人对你说脏话,你就回敬他这一句,言下之意,就是你的嘴那么脏,你还用这张嘴吃饭。还有一种说法You kiss yourMomma with that mouth就是说你也是用这脏嘴亲你妈妈的吗?所以下次记得如果有老美对你说脏话,记得不要再Fack回去,保持风度,说一句You eat with that mouth就扯平了。 5 、You are dead meat。你死定了。 我们说你完蛋了,可以说You are dead或是像这样说You are dead meat意思都是一样的,比如说你跟别人说过不淮碰我的东西,但有人他就是老爱用你的东西,下次要是再被你抓到,你就可以说You are dead meat。 6 、Don't you dare!How dare you!你好大的胆子啊! 这句话跟中文里“你好大的胆子”是一样,可以在二种场合说,第一种是很严肃的场合,比如说小孩子很调皮,讲又讲不听,父母就会说Don't you dare那意思就是这个小孩要当心点,不然等会就要挨打了。另一种场合是开玩笑,比如有人跟你说我跟某网友约会去了,你说Don't you dare就有点开玩笑的语气。(你不怕被恐龙给吃了吗?) Dare 在英文里还有许多有趣的用法,例如You dareme或是I double dare you还有一种游戏叫Truth or Dare。 转播到腾讯微博 7 、Don't push me around。不要摆布我。 这个词很有意思,把你推来推去,作摆布解释,如果有人指挥你一下作这个一下作那个,你就可以用这一句Hey!Don't push me around。通常当我讲Don't push me around时,我还会想到一个字bossy。Bossy就是说像是老板一样,喜欢指挥别人。例如You are so bossy。I don't like that。 这句话也可以单讲Don't push me或是Don't push me any further还有一句根push有关的成语,叫push the button意思就是,指使操纵。例如I know why you are doing this,someone is pushing your button! 8 、Are you raised in the barn?你是不是乡下长大的啊? 这句话是形容一个人没教养,但是是比较开玩笑的语气。比如说有人坐没坐像,你就可以对他说这一句。Barn原指仓。我翻成乡下比较能跟中文的意思结合。老美常用barn或是backyard来形容一个人没有教养或是没有文化,像是那天在电视上听到一句No backyard language in my house就是说,在我的家里不准讲粗话。 9 、You want to step outside?You want to take this outside?你想要外面解决吗? 老美跟我们一样,要是二个人一言不合吵起来了,可能就有人要说这一句了。指的就是要不要出去打架啦。还有一些我听过类似的用法,例如Do you want to pick a fight。你要挑起争端吗?或是This mean swar这就意谓着跟我宣战。 10 、You and what army?You and who else?你和哪一路的人马啊? 要是有人跟你说Do you want to step outside就回他这一句吧。意思是说,是喔……那你找了多少人马要来打架啊?有时候电视里出现这句对白的时候,还会打出一排军队的计算机动画,非常地有意思。还有一句话也很好玩,叫Who's side are you on这就是在快要打架时,你问人家说,你到底是站在哪一边的? 转播到腾讯微博 英语吵架百句经典! 1 、You make me sick!你真让我恶心! 2 、What’s wrong with you?你怎么回事? 3 、I’m very disappointed。真让我失望。 4 、Go to hell。去死吧。 5 、You’re a jerk!你是个废物混球! 6 、Don’t talk to me like that!别那样和我说话! 7 、Who do you think you are?你以为你是谁? 8 、What’s your problem?你怎么回事啊? 9 、I hate you!我讨厌你! 10 、I don’t want to se eyour face!我不愿再见到你! 转播到腾讯微博 11 、You’re crazy!你疯了! 12 、Are you in sane/crazy/out of you rmind?你疯了吗? 13 、Don’t bother me。别烦我。 14 、Knock it off。少来这一套。 15 、Get out of my face。从我面前消失! 16 、Leave me alone。走开。 17 、Get lost。滚开! 18 、Take a hike!哪儿凉快哪儿歇着去吧。 19 、You piss me off。你气死我了。 20 、It’s none of yourbusiness。关你屁事! 转播到腾讯微博 21 、What’s the meaning of this?这是什么意思? 22 、How dare you!你敢! 23 、Cut it out。省省吧。 24 、You stupid jerk!你这蠢货! 25 、You have a lot of nerve。脸皮真厚。 26 、I’m fed up。我厌倦了。 27 、I can’t take it anymore。我受不了了! 28 、I’ve had enough of your garbage。我听腻了你的废话。 29 、Shut up!闭嘴! 30 、What do you want?你想怎么样? 转播到腾讯微博 31 、Do you know what time it is?你知道现在都几点吗? 32 、What were you thinking?你脑子进水啊? 33 、How can you say that?你怎么可以这样说? 34 、Who says?谁说的? 35 、That’s what you think!那才是你脑子里想的! 36 、Don’t look at me like that。别那样看着我。 37 、What did you say?你说什么? 38 、You are out of your mind。你脑子有毛病! 39 、You make me somad。你气死我了啦。 40 、Drop dead。去死吧! 转播到腾讯微博 41 、Don’t give me your shoot。别跟我胡扯。 42 、Don’t give me your excuses/No more excuses。别找借口。 43 、Nonsense!鬼话! 44 、You’re a pain in the ass。你这讨厌鬼。 45 、You’re an asshole。你这缺德鬼。 46 、You asked for it。你自找的。 47 、Get over yourself。别自以为是。 48 、You’re nothing to me。你对我什么都不是。 49 、It’s not my fault。不是我的错。 50 、You look guilty。你看上去心虚。 转播到腾讯微博 51 、I can’t help it。我没办法。 52 、That’s your problem。那是你的问题。 53 、I don’t want to hear it。我不想听! 54 、Get off my back。少跟我罗嗦。 55 、Give me a break。饶了我吧。 56 、Who do you think you’re talking to?你以为你在跟谁说话? 57 、Look at this mess!看看这烂摊子! 58 、You’re so careless。你真粗心。 59 、Why on earth didn’t you tell me the truth?你到底为什么不跟我说实话? 60 、I’m about to explode!我肺都快要气炸了! 转播到腾讯微博 61 、What a stupid idiot!真是白痴一个! 62 、I’m not going to put up with this!我再也受不了啦! 63 、I never want to see your face again!我再也不要见到你! 64 、 That ’s terrible 。真糟糕 ! 65 、Just look at what you’ve done!看看你都做了些什么! 66 、I wish I had never met you。我真后悔这辈子遇到你! 67 、You’re a disgrace。你真丢人! 68 、I’ll never for give you!我永远都不会饶恕你! 69 、Don’t nag me!别在我面前唠叨! 70 、I’m sick of it。我都腻了。 转播到腾讯微博 71 、Don’t you dare come back again!你敢再回来! 72 、Stop screwing/fooling/messing around!别鬼混了! 73 、Mind your own business!管好你自己的事! 74 、You’re just a good for nothing bum!你真是一个废物!你一无是处! 75 、You’ve gone too far!你太过分了! 76 、I loathe you!我讨厌你! 77 、I detest you!我恨你! 78 、Get the hell out of here!滚开! 79 、Don’t be that way!别那样! 80 、Can’t you do any thing right?成事不足,败事有余。 转播到腾讯微博 81 、You’re impossible。你真不可救药。 82 、Don’t touch me!别碰我! 83 、Get away from me!离我远一点儿! 84 、Get out of my life。我不愿再见到你。从我的生活中消失吧。 85 、You’re a joke!你真是一个小丑! 86 、Don’t give me your attitude。别跟我摆架子。 87 、You’ll be sorry。你会后悔的。 88 、We’re through。我们完了! 89 、Lookatthemessyou’vemade!你搞得一团糟! 90 、You’ve ruined everything。全都让你搞砸了。 转播到腾讯微博 91 、I can’t believe your never。你好大的胆子! 92 、You’re a way too far。你太过分了。 93 、I can’t take you any more!我再也受不了你啦! 94 、I’m telling you for the lastti me!我最后再告诉你一次! 95 、I could kill you!我宰了你! 96 、That’s the stupidest thing I’ve ever heard!那是我听到的最愚蠢的事! 97 、I can’t believe a word you say。我才不信你呢! 98 、You never tell the truth!你从来就不说实话! 99 、Don’t push me!别逼我! 100 、Enough is enough!够了够了! 转播到腾讯微博 101 、Don’t waste my time anymore。别再浪费我的时间了! 102 、Don’t make so much noise。I’m working。别吵,我在干活。 103 、It’s unfair。太不公平了。 104 、I’m very disappointed。真让我失望。 105 、Don’t panic!别怕! 106 、What do you think you are doing?你知道你在做什么吗? 107 、Don’t you dare come back again!你敢再回来! 108 、You asked for it。你自找的。 109 、Nonsense!鬼话!
我收藏的英语歌片( 10 ) 武夷山 1. Fight For California ,加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的正式战歌 2. When Vandy Starts To Fight !美国范德比尔特大学橄榄球队的战歌 3. Hail To The Redskins ,华盛顿市橄榄球队印第安红人队的战歌。我们英语老师是印第安红人队的忠实球迷。比如,某次约定的英语课时间正赶上电视转播印第安红人队的比赛,她还是会坚持给我们上课(授课地点就是她家),但是会要求丈夫在另一间屋盯着比赛实况,并不时过来禀报战况。 4. Do-Re-Me, 音乐剧《音乐之声》插曲 5. Oh ! How I Hate To Get Up In The Morning ,欧文 . 伯林作词作曲 6. There’s No Business Like Show Business ,欧文 . 伯林作词作曲 7. Angel Of Music ,音乐剧《歌剧院的幽灵》选曲 8. The Birth Of The Blues , 1926 年创作的流行歌曲 9. Mood Indigo , 1930 年问世的标准爵士乐歌曲 10. San Francisco ,同名故事片插曲,剧中人在旧金山大地震造成的废墟中演唱这首歌曲 11. Follow Me ,约翰 . 丹佛作词作曲 12. People,1964 年百老汇音乐剧 Funny Girl 选曲,芭芭拉 . 史翠珊主演,由该剧改编的故事片获奥斯卡最佳故事片奖 13. Young At Heart , 1953 年问世的流行歌曲 14. The Night They Invented Champagne ,故事片 Gigi 插曲 15. I Left My Heart In San Francisco ,创作于 1954 年的流行歌曲 16. Love Is Here To Stay ,故事片《一个美国人在巴黎》插曲 17. Of Thee I Sing ,哥哥伊拉 . 格什温作词,弟弟乔治 . 格什温作曲 18. Stay As Sweet As You Are 创作于 1934 年 19. On The Sunny Side Of The Street , 1930 年创作的百老汇音乐剧 Lew Leslie 选曲 20. You’re The Cream Of My Coffee ,故事片 Hold Everything 插曲
我收藏的英语歌片( 9 ) 武夷山 1. Castle On A Cloud ,音乐剧 Oliver !选曲。有一次,教我们唱英语歌曲的老师对我说:“ Yishan ,你把你们最喜欢的歌曲开一个单子,以后我们可以集中练习这些歌”。于是,我几乎不假思索地列了 10 首歌,排在第一位的应该就是这首“云端的城堡”,因为我觉得太好听了。老师扫了一眼单子,说:“奇怪,怎么你们中国人喜欢的歌都有点悲伤( sad )”。这时我再回过头看看这 10 首歌,确实没有一首是兴高采烈的。但是,我不知道我的个人口味能否代表其他中国人。 2. A Wonderful Guy, 音乐剧《南太平洋》选曲 3. A Cock-eyed Optimist ,音乐剧《南太平洋》选曲 4. Tammy ,故事片 Tammy and The Bachelor 插曲,很好听。 5. Let’s Call the Whole Things Off , 选自 1937 年问世的音乐喜剧片 Shall We Dance 。 6. Edelweiss, 雪绒花,音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲 7. Maria ,音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲 8. Sixteen Going On Seventeen ,音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲 9. My Favorite Things ,音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲 10. The Sound Of Music, 音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲 11. Easter Parade , 1948 年问世的同名音乐故事片插曲 12. A Real Nice Clambake, 音乐剧 Carousal 选曲 13. IF I Loved You ,音乐剧 Carousal 选曲 14. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious ,迪斯尼动画片 Mary Poppins 插曲,这个生造的词成为最长的英语单词,表示“难以置信”。 据说( http://baike.baidu.cn/view/3204737.htm ): 本词由 super (非常,超越), cali (美丽), fragilistic (易碎的), expiali (补偿)和 docious (可教育的)五个字根组成 ,大意可以解释为 “ 用易碎的美丽补偿可教育性的缺失( Atoning for educability through delicate beauty ) ” 。其实按照英语词法,应当将其视为 supercalifragilistic 和 expialidocious 两个分开的单词,原因有二:其一, -istic 是后缀,标志着词的结束; ex- 是前缀,标志着词的开始。其二, supercalifragilistic 的 c 处于 expialidocious 的 e 之前,按照发音法则,不应当发 /k/ 的音。 15. The Sweetheart Of Sigma Chi ,创作于 1911 年。 16. Big “ C ”,加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的战歌,创作于 1913 年。我们老师从该校获得社会学硕士学位。 17. Palms Of Victory ,加利福尼亚大学的另一首战歌 18. Notre Dame Victory March ,美国圣母大学的战歌 19. The U. Of M. Rouser ,明尼苏达大学的战歌 20. On Wisconsin, 威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校橄榄球校队(威斯康星獾熊队)的战歌
我收藏的英语歌片( 8 ) 武夷山 1. I’d Do Anything, 故事片 Oliver! 选曲,歌词、曲调都很幽默风趣,例如,女孩和男孩之间有这样的问答(即歌词):你可以给我的鞋绣上花边吗?什么都行!能把你的脸涂成蓝色的吗?什么都行!能为我抓一只袋鼠吗?什么都行!能为我走到廷巴图(博主注:马里的一个地方,即“天尽头“的意思)吗?行,而且走去还得走回来! 2. It’s A Fine Life ,故事片 Oliver! 中 Nancy 的唱段。 3. They Say It’s Wonderful ,欧文 . 柏林作词作曲 . 4. Let’s Go Fly A Kite, 1964 年问世的音乐故事片 Merry Poppins 选曲 5. There’s A Rising Moon , 1954 年问世的故事片 Young At Heart 插曲。 6. You Are The Sunshine Of My Life ,这是著名歌唱演员 Stevie Wonder 1973 年推出的一只独唱歌曲,该曲为他赢得了格莱美奖。 7. The Rainbow Connection , 1979 年问世的一部木偶音乐片的插曲,由剧中的一只青蛙演唱。 8. Tomorrow ,百老汇音乐剧 Annie 选曲 9. In The Good Old Summertime, 1949 年问世的音乐故事片插曲。 10. Singin’ In The Rain, 音乐剧《雨中曲》主题歌。 11. Star Dust , 1929 年创作的老歌,还被译配为法语歌曲。 12. April Showers , 1999 年问世的一部同名故事片的插曲,故事以一次中学校园枪击案为背景。 13. A Foggy Day , 1937 年的故事片 Damsel In Distress 插曲,乔治 . 格什温作曲 14. It’s a Lovely Day Tomorrow, 欧文 . 柏林作词作曲 15. Scales And Arpeggios, 迪斯尼动画片 The Aristocats 插曲 16. The Music Of The Night, 音乐剧《歌剧院的幽灵》选曲,词曲水平皆臻上乘。 17. Think Of Me ,音乐剧《歌剧院的幽灵》选曲,词曲水平皆臻上乘。 18. A Little Fall Of Rain ,世界著名音乐剧《悲惨世界》选曲,作曲: Claude-Michel Sch nberg (大名鼎鼎的勋伯格) 19. Drink With Me ,音乐剧《悲惨世界》选曲,作曲: Claude-Michel Sch nberg 20. Do You Hear The People Sing ?音乐剧《悲惨世界》选曲,作曲: Claude-Michel Sch nberg
刘亮明 长沙矿物宝石博览会这几天在湖南会展中心举行,听说展品很丰富。今天跑去一看,果不其然,非常值得一看。 只是立在门口的牌子,可不值得一看,写着: “ 观 众出口设在二楼 The audience export set on the second floor” 难道观众也能出口,可不能开这个国际玩笑。这里写的英语可不是瞎子带 的 墨镜,只为装样,这个展览会上可有不少国外的参展商。 门口立的指示牌 展品 展品 展品
英论阁 Enago 博文目录 中式英语有一个学名,Chinglish ,也被称为带有汉语特色的英语。有汉语背景的人读起来要好理解一些,但在老外看起来可能半天摸不着头脑。中式英语因为其不英不汉,半英半汉,常常会显得不伦不类。但是这种不伦不类又常常是幽默的来源,有些中式英语一旦理解了其中的味道,又常常会觉得忍俊不禁。 中式英语的产生主要是东西方文化差异以及思维方式上的差异造成的 。这种差异是已经形成的,而且基本上是无法消除的。这里只是想从主观跟客观上来说说中式英语的产生。 从主观上来说,我们无法把中文表达正确的翻译成英文,就是因为我们缺少这部分的知识。自己不懂,但是又不愿意拉下面子去请教别人。于是就很努力的思考,掰出一个自己觉得对的表达方式来。这种情况在一些机关出现的机会是比较大的。一般来说,这些单位机构齐全,有啥事情都是自己内部搞定。所以在偶尔要出一些英文文件的时候,即使没有很专业的员工,也不愿意去找专门的机构来翻译。结局就是单位内部找一个貌似很懂的人来完成。受限于办事者的能力,出现中式英语的可能性是比较大的。比如上海地铁河南中路站的“先上后下、文明乘车”就被翻译为“After first under on, do riding with civility ”,比如公园里面的“足下留情,小草常青”被翻译成“Your careful step keeps tiny grass variably green ”这个很难相信是一个专业的翻译机构给出的。而这种问题的出现,本来是可以避免的。 还有是客观原因。比如一些小公司或者小餐馆,眼看着WTO 了,也想搞个英文的网站或者招牌挣点外汇去。但是成本有限,或者小县城里面周围找不到懂的人,就只能就着初中英语课本对照翻译了。想想老外估计只要是字母,都能看得懂,理解得了的。还有连初中课文都找不到了,还好不是还有翻译网站嘛。于是就有个餐厅招牌叫做Translate server error 的,给金山词霸坑的。^ ^ 不过从吸引眼球角度上看,说不定这家餐厅的生意还更好呢。 当然,自从全民小学初中都开始学英语以来,全国人民的英语水平那是蹭蹭的往上涨了,现在更加流行的是汉语的英语化跟英语的娱乐化,既体现了咱们的创造力也体现了恶搞精神,下面是一些挺有意思的中式英语 ,看完也只敢晕晕一笑。 How are you? How old are you? 怎么是你,怎么老是你? You ask me ,me ask who ? 你问我,我问谁 Heart flower angry open 。 心花怒放 One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car died! 关于一场车祸的描述 Horse horse tiger tiger 。 马马虎虎 Good good study, day day up. 好好学习,天天向上 No three no four. 不三不四 Know is know, no know is no know. 知之为知之,不知为不知 If you want money, I have no; if you want life, I have one! 要钱没有,要命一条 Go past, no mistake past. 走过路过,不要错过 As far as you go to die. 有多远,死多远 We two who and who? 咱俩谁跟谁? 郭剑晶, 中式英语产生的原因分析 http://book.sina.com.cn/cul/2009-05-12/1420255899.shtml --- 英论阁 Enago 作者讨论 : www.enago.cn 上一篇: 参考文献与影响因子 下一篇:待续 ... 英语论文修改 英论阁 Enago 博文目录
我收藏的英语歌片( 7 ) 武夷山 1. On The Street Where You Live, 音乐剧 My Fair Lady 选曲。 2. My Funny Valentine , 1937 年问世的音乐剧 Babes in Arms 选曲。 3. People Will Say We’re In Love ,音乐剧《俄克拉荷马》选曲。 4. It Might As Well Be Spring , 1945 年的故事片 State Fair 插曲。 5. Some Enchanted Evening ,音乐剧《南太平洋》选曲 6. Who Can I Turn To ,音乐剧 The Roar Of The Greasepaint----The Smell Of The Crowd 选曲。 (以下第 7 到 15 首都是爱尔兰风格的歌曲。很多美国人都是爱尔兰人后裔。) 7. My Wild Irish Rose , 1947 年问世的同名故事片中的一首插曲。 8. The Minstrel Boy ,《行吟歌手》,曲调取自一首古老的爱尔兰民歌。这首歌曲在 19 世纪初的时候,在美国非常流行。 9. I’ll Take You Home Again , Kathleen ,创作于 1875 年。尽管这首歌创作于美国,但人们时常将其认作爱尔兰歌曲。 10. Cockles and Mussels, 由于这首歌唱的是都柏林市的水产市场,深受百姓喜爱,它简直成了都柏林市的“市歌”,尽管官方从未宣布过。 11. Sweet Rosie O’Grady, 1943 年问世的同名音乐故事片中的插曲,片中由贝蒂 · 格莱伯扮演的女主人公是一位美国歌手,她想通过嫁给英国贵族而出人头地。 12. When Irish Eyes Are Smiling, 这首歌的两位词作者之一 Chauncey Olcott 和曲作者都生于美国,但都对爱尔兰有很深的感情。 13. How Are Things In Glocca Morra, 音乐剧 Finian’s Rainbow 选曲,是一首思乡曲。 14. Look To The Rainbow ,音乐剧 Finian’s Rainbow 选曲 15. That’s An Irish Lullaby ,这是一首经典的爱尔兰歌曲,创作于 1914 年,由于美国大歌星 Bing Crosby 于 1944 年演唱此歌而大为流行。 16. Always ,欧文 . 柏林作词作曲,是为其后来的妻子写的。创作这首歌后,未来的岳父母才允准了他俩的婚事。非常非常优美的歌曲。 17. The Girl That I Marry ,欧文 . 柏林作词作曲。 18. Candle On The Water ,迪斯尼动画片 Pete’s Dragon 插曲。 19. Be Back Soon ,故事片 Oliver! 插曲。 20. Oom-Pah-Pah ,故事片 Oliver! 插曲,歌名是象声词,相当于汉语的“蹦嚓嚓”,舞步声也。
Acta Orthopaedica Acta Orthopaedica Belgica Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Archives of Osteoporosis Arthroscopy BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Bone Bone Joint Research Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Current Orthopaedic Practice Current Osteoporosis Reports Der Unfallchirurg European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery Traumatology European Medical Device Manufacturer European Spine Journal Foot Ankle International Foot and Ankle Clinics Foot and Ankle Surgery HAND HSS Journal (Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery) Indian Journal of Orthopaedics International Journal of Shoulder Surgery International Musculoskeletal Medicine International Orthopaedics Journal of Arthroplasty Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Journal of Children's Orthopaedics Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) Journal of Knee Surgery Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy Journal of Orthopaedic Science Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma Journal of Orthopaedics Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Journal of Spinal Disorders Techniques Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Nature Neuro-Orthopedics New England Journal of Medicine Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics Ortheon Medical Orthopaedics and Trauma Orthopedic Clinics of North America Orthopedic News Orthopedic Product News Orthopedic Special Edition Scoliosis Seminars in Arthroplasty Shoulder Elbow Spine Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review Techniques in Foot Ankle Surgery Techniques in Knee Surgery The American Journal of Sports Medicine The Bone Joint Journal The Foot The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery The Journal of Bone Joint Surgery The Journal of Foot Ankle Surgery The Journal of Hand Surgery The Knee The Lancet The Spine Journal
我收藏的英语歌片( 6 ) 武夷山 1. June Is Bustin’ Out All Over ,音乐剧 Carousel 选曲 2. Every Time We Say Good Bye , 1944 年的音乐喜剧 Seven Lively Arts 选曲 3. When I’m Not Near The Girl I Love , 1947 年的音乐剧 Finian’s Rainbow 选曲 4. Consider Yourself, 哥伦比亚影业公司的故事片 Oliver 插曲 5. Who Will Buy ,哥伦比亚影业公司的故事片 Oliver 插曲,非常好听! 6. Blue Skies ,欧文 . 柏林作品,创作于 1926 年。 7. Lazy, 欧文 . 柏林作品,创作于 1924 年,由于玛丽莲 . 梦露在故事片 There’s No Business Like Show Business 中表演了这首歌而更加流行。 8. You’d Be Surprised, 欧文 . 柏林作品,创作于 1919 年。 9. Cheek To Cheek, 欧文 . 柏林作词作曲,为故事片 Top Hat 创作的插曲。 10. Be Careful , It’s My Heart, 欧文 . 柏林作词作曲, 1942 年 Bing Crosby 演唱的版本最为有名。 11. Give Me Your Tired , Your Poor ,歌词是 Emma Lazarus 女士的一首诗,欧文 . 柏林作曲 12. God Bless America ,欧文 . 柏林作词作曲,美国家喻户晓的歌曲 13. Can’t Help Lovin’ That Man, 1927 年的音乐剧 Show Boat 选曲 14. Love And Marriage, 三幕话剧 Our Town 的插曲。 1955 年, NBC 电视台播出了这部话剧,著名歌星 Frank Sinatra 演唱了这首歌,使之名声大噪。后来,有部电视剧也用这首歌做片头曲。 15. Mame , 1966 年面世的百老汇同名音乐剧 Mame 选曲, Jerry Herman 作词作曲 16. Hello Dolly , 1964 年面世的百老汇同名音乐剧中的选曲, Jerry Herman 作词作曲。 17. Gigi , 1958 年问世的同名喜剧歌舞片 Gigi 的插曲,改编自一部法国小说。 18. I Enjoy Being A Girl , 1958 年问世的音乐剧 Flower Drum Song (花鼓戏)中的选曲,该剧表现一位在美华人女子的爱情故事,其间有文化冲突。该剧不怎么成功,但这首歌非常成功。 19. Come Tome, Bend To Me , 1947 年问世的音乐剧 Brigadon 选曲,该剧深受欢迎,连演了 581 场! 20. Music ! Music ! Music !( Put Another Nickel In ), 20 世纪 50 年代特别火的一首爵士风格流行歌曲。
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a comple
我收藏的英语歌片( 5 ) 武夷山 1. With A Song In My Heart , 1929 年的音乐剧 Spring Is Here (春天来了)选曲。 2. Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away) ,乔治 . 格什温作曲,由于被选用于 1929 年的音乐剧 Show Girl 中而为更多人所知晓。 3. Oh, What A Beautiful Mornin’, 音乐剧《俄克拉荷马》选曲,非常优美。 4. My Gentle Harp (我轻柔的竖琴) , 爱尔兰著名诗人、歌手、歌词作者托马斯 . 摩尔( 1779-1852 )作词,曲调是爱尔兰民间小调。 5. Climb Ev’ry Mountain ,音乐剧《音乐之声》选曲,剧中的修女演唱的,非常好听。 6. I’ll Never Say No, 米高梅故事片 The Unsinkable Molly Brown 插曲。 7. Play A Simple Melody , 1914 年问世的音乐剧 Watch Your Step 选曲。 8. No Two People ,好莱坞 1952 年推出的音乐故事片《汉斯 . 克里斯蒂安 . 安徒生》插曲。 9. Prayer Of Thanksgiving (感恩节祈祷曲),古老的荷兰民歌 10. At Christmastime , 1944 年问世的唱片《挪威之歌》中的一首歌曲。 11. We Wish You A Merry Christmas, 英国民歌,轻快、欢快的风格。 12. Shine On Harvest Moon ,同名故事片中的插曲 13. September Song ,音乐剧 Knickerbocker Holiday 选曲,由剧中一位老人演唱。 14. Indian Summer , 1993 年问世的一部同名言情故事片的插曲。 15. Autumn Leaves (秋叶),原为法国歌曲, 1945 年创作。 1947 年,原曲配上了英语歌词。 16. Autumn In New York , 2000 年同名故事片中的插曲,该片由陈冲导演。 (我们老师教给我们的英语歌,是分别按歌曲问世年代、歌曲主题、作曲家等不同方式组织的。大家可以看出, 13 、 14 、 15 、 16 号歌曲都是咏秋的。) 17. Early Mornin’ Rain (清晨雨),词曲作者是 Gordon Lightfoot ,著名的加拿大音乐家,此歌创作于 1964 年。 18. Leaving On A Jet Plane, 约翰 . 丹佛作词作曲。 19. Home On The Range (牧场上的家),非常好听。据说这首歌 1911 年就问世了,但 20 年间无人关注。又据说,富兰克林 . 罗斯福当选为美国总统那天晚上,有一帮报社记者跑到罗斯福家门口唱这首歌,后来此歌才红起来。 20. Mister Snow ,音乐剧 Carousel 选曲。
我收藏的英语歌片( 4 ) 武夷山 1. Love Me Or Leave Me ,美国 20 世纪 20 年代的一首流行歌曲。 2. You Made Me Love You , 1913 年问世的老歌,后来,它由于用在百老汇滑稽剧《蜜月快车》中而流行起来, 1973 年问世的音乐剧 Irene 再次将这首歌曲编入。 3. It All Depends On You , 1926 年问世的流行歌曲。 4. I Could Write A Book , 1940 年问世的音乐剧 Pal Joey 的选曲。 5. White Christmas, 白色的圣诞节,流行全世界的圣诞歌曲。 6. Silent Night! Holy Night !平安夜 7. O Little Town of Bethlehem , 1868 年问世的圣诞歌曲 8. Joy to the World! The Lord Is Come, 圣乐之祖韩德尔 1742 年为此歌作曲。非常好听。 9. It Came Upon the Midnight Clear, 歌词是一首诗,是美国马萨诸塞州的一位牧师于 1849 年创作的, 1850 年被谱上曲,成为著名的圣诞歌曲。 10. On Come , All Ye Faithful ,原为 17 世纪或 18 世纪间就问世的一首拉丁语圣歌, 1841 年译为英语。非常优美。 11. I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day, 这首歌的词作者是著名诗人朗费罗。 12. Jingle Bells ,铃儿响叮当 13. Deck the Hall with Boughs of Holly, 这首圣诞歌曲采用了古老的威尔士曲调。 14. The Christmas Song ,这是 1944 年创作的圣诞歌曲,相对较晚,非常好听。 15. Silver Bells ,故事片 The Lemon Drop Kid 插曲 16. “ Oh Holy Night ”,这是由法语圣诞歌曲译为英文的,原歌名为 Cantique No l 。 17. Gesu Bambino ,这是意大利语的圣诞歌曲,歌名意思是“婴儿耶稣”,创作于 1017 年,后来被译为英文,在英语世界也很受欢迎。 18. The Twelve Days Of Christmas, 圣诞节十二天,歌词很幽默,很长,每次唱得我们累死了。歌词的意思是 : 从圣诞节第一天数起,每一天,我的心上人送给我什么什么礼物 …… 唱到多数礼物的名称时 , 都是非常快的,唯独唱到“ 5 个金戒指”时速度放慢,这里也总是我们唱歌时的一个情绪高峰 ----5 个金戒指,令人神往啊! 19. We Three Kings of Orient Are, 创作于 1857 年的圣诞歌曲,非常好听。 20. Angels We Have Heard On High ,这首圣诞歌曲的歌词原为法文, 1862 年译为英文。
我收藏的英语歌片( 3 ) 武夷山 1. The Varsity Drag , 20 世纪 20 年代的音乐剧 Good News 选曲 2. Happy Days Are Here Again, 也是 20 年代的老歌 3. I Really Don’t Want To Know , 50 年代流行的老歌。从歌词来看, 60 年代的著名反战歌曲 Blowin’ In the Wind 似乎有模仿这首歌的痕迹。 4. Puff ( The Magic Dragon ),这是我 80 年代随 CCTV 《星期日英语》节目学会的歌曲之一,老师也把它教给我们。 5. The Times They Are A-changing ,这是 Bob Dylan (即 Blowin’ In the Wind 的作者)于 1964 年发行的第三张唱片的主打歌曲。 6. I Don’t Know How To Love Him, 音乐剧 Jesus Christ Superstar 选曲,是剧中一位妓女的唱段,她觉得耶稣跟一般人不一样。 7. Come Back With The Same Look In Your Eyes ,著名作曲家 Andrew Lloyd Webber 的作品。 8. Anything For You , 1987 年问世的流行歌曲。 9. As Long As He Needs Me ,英国故事片 Oliver 插曲,据说这是在美国走红的第一部英国戏。 10. Close To You , 1963 年问世的流行歌曲。 11. Yesterday , 20 世纪 60 年代的一首流行歌曲。 12. Let It Be Me ,原歌词是法语,后来,重新填写了英语歌词的这首歌出现在 1957 年播出的电视连续剧 Climax! 中,大大走红。 13. Secret Love ,故事片 Calamity Jane 插曲。 14. More Than You Know ,这首歌在 40 年代之前就问世了,但到了 40 年代经改编后才流行。 15. Sophisticated Lady ,1932 年问世的标准爵士风格歌曲。 16. Don’t Get Around Much Anymore ,也是一首标准的爵士风格作品,曲子 1940 年问世, 1942 年有人配上了歌词并安上了新名字。 17. I’m Getting’ Sentimental Over You, 1932 年问世的歌曲。 18. Old Devil Moon , 1947 年推出的音乐剧 Finian's Rainbow 中的一段唱。 19. I’m In The Mood For Love, 1935 年问世的一首流行歌曲。 江苏卫视《非诚勿扰》中的一位女嘉宾刘五朵被牵手后,快活地对孟非说:“孟爷爷,我要去谈恋爱了!”若把她这句话用英语来表达,就可以近似翻译成 I’m in the mood for love. 20. Moonlight Serenade (月光小夜曲), 这首流行歌曲是先有曲子,后配歌词, 1939 年问世后立刻好评如潮。
注:图表来自经济学人网站,文字是我写的,目的是雅思练写作,挂在这里希望大家不吝指出错误(单词用法、语法)并提出修改建议(更好的表达方法)。 明日更新下一篇! Daily chart The week in charts Mar 8th 2013, 14:28 by Economist.com 1.查哥的意外之财! This line graph above illustrates Venezuela's oil revenue variation during Chavez's 12 year tenure, comparing with that of his predecessor. In general, the curve graph reveals that the oil revenue, bulging rapidly during 2000-2012, contrasts profoundly with its 1987-1999 counterpart. During the first three years, that is, the year 2000-2003, oil revenue starting with 43 billion dollars or so experienced a slightly drop while its counterpart witnessed a marginal increase, and until 2003, the curves intersected at 30 billion dollars. For the next five years, the oil revenue of the Chavez administration jumped sharply, and finally, in 2008 reached nearly 90 billion dollars as climax. Meanwhile, the oil revenue between 1990-1995 almost leveled off at 22 billion dollars, which accounted for only a quarter of the peak number in 2008. From 2008-2009, oil revenue plummeted to 58 billion dollars because of the influence of the depression. Since 2009, oil revenue rebounded and soared up to 110 billion dollars around the year 2012. By contrast, oil revenue of the year 1995-1999 just fluctuated around 23 billion dollars. TIPS: 百度百科 乌戈·查韦斯,全名乌戈·拉斐尔·查韦斯·弗里亚斯(Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías,1954年7月28日—2013年3月5日)是第53任的委内瑞拉总统。身为玻利瓦尔革命的领导人,查韦斯提倡他对于“21世纪社会主义”的理想、拉丁美洲的整合和反帝国主义。除此之外,他也大力批评新自由主义的全球化以及美国的外交政策。2012年10月8日,查韦斯赢得委内瑞拉总统选举,顺利连任。2013年3月5日(当地时间,北京时间3月6日),乌戈·查韦斯因病去世,享年58岁。 查韦斯一上台就把前任佩雷斯的亲美政策抛到爪哇国。他从不放弃攻击美国的任何机会,从布什政府发动的伊拉克战争,到美国倡导建立的美洲自由贸易区,都被他毒舌相加,令人怀疑他是否含有仇美血统。美国攻打伊拉克,他说这是要争夺中东石油;美国推动美洲自由贸易区,他说是想利用各国开放市场的机会为美国资本开路,让拉美各国的经济严重依附美国。 最让美国恼火的是,查韦斯与卡斯特罗关系非同寻常。他们两人同声提出,美洲国家联合起来反对美国的自由贸易区,而取代以一个旨在改变拉美国家广大贫苦人民生活的“美洲国家替代发展计划”。这还不是全部,在拉美山河一片红、左派力量坐大的趋势下,查韦斯还公开邀请玻利维亚的古柯农组织领袖莫拉莱斯、尼加拉瓜桑蒂诺民族解放阵线的奥尔特加、萨尔瓦多法拉本多·马蒂民族解放阵线头目韩达尔等与他一起上《你好,总统》的电视节目,大谈左翼政党的理想,试图将“玻利瓦尔思想”传播到整个拉美。 美国政府虽然恼火,但却受制于人。委内瑞拉是美国的第四大石油供应国,实在不好反目。美国油轮仅需一个星期就可以把委内瑞拉石油运到美国本土,而从波斯湾运油则要耗去一个多月。查韦斯相信,他掐住了美国的七寸,只要稍微发力,美国就会窒息。所以,他经常把石油作为武器,向布什政府挥来挥去。例如在2005年9月5日,他就对美国有线新闻网(CNN)记者声威赫赫地警告:“要是他们用战舰、谍报人员、炸弹和海军等等手段来攻击我们,你最好忘掉石油。” 查韦斯还在各种场合不断揭露美国中情局酝酿了暗杀他的计划。他多次公开说,如果哪一天他突然死了,那肯定是美国人干的,“国民们,你们一定要记住这一点”。
小白鼠的话:周耀旗老师的这篇文章是我在刚上研一看到的。当时我对科研信心勃勃,所以找了很多科研写作方面的资料看。我看完周老师的这篇文章,觉得这些观点闻所未闻却又非常有道理。于是还做了笔记。不巧的是,由于没有经过写作的实战,这些观点很快被我抛之脑后,并且渐渐将自己定位成无法写好科研论文的人。现在觉得我的科研写作还有救,于是找来这些资料学习。结合之前写作经历,这篇文章给人醍醐灌顶的感觉,遂存入博文中。 来源: http://emuch.net/html/200805/818967.html 周耀旗 印地安那大学信息学院印地安那大学医学院计算生物学和生物信息中心 以此文献给母校中国科技大学五十周年校庆 前 言 我的第一篇英语科技论文写作是把在科大的学士毕业论文翻译成英文。当我一九九零年从纽约州立大学博士毕业时,发表了20 多篇英语论文。但是,我对怎样写高质量科技论文的理解仍旧处于初级阶段,仅知道尽量减少语法错误。这是因为大多数时间我都欣然接受我的博士指导老师Dr. George Stell和Dr. Harold Friedman 的修改,而不知道为什么要那样改,也没有主动去问。这种情况一直持续到我去北卡州立大学做博士后。我的博士后指导老师Dr. Carol Hall建议我到邻近的杜克大学去参加一个为期两天的写作短训班。这堂由Gopen 教授主办的短训班真使我茅塞顿开。第一次,我知道了读者在阅读中有他们的期望,要想写好科技论文,最有效的方法是要迎合他们的期望。这堂写作课帮我成功地完成了我的第一个博士后基金申请,有机会进入哈佛大学Dr. Martin Karplus 组。在哈佛大学的五年期间,在Karplus 教授的指导下,我认识到一篇好的论文需要从深度广度进行里里外外自我审查。目前,我自己当了教授,有了自己的科研组,也常常审稿。我觉得有必要让我的博士生和博士后学好写作。我不认为我自己是写作专家。我的论文也常常因为这样或那样的原因被退稿。但是我认为和大家共享我对写作的理解和我写作的经验教训,也许大家会少走一些我走过的弯路。由于多年未用中文写作,请大家多多指正。来信请寄: yqzhou@iupui.edu 。欢迎访问我的网站: http://sparks.informatics.iupui.edu 。 导 言 通常来讲,研究生和博士后从他的导师那儿得到研究方向。经过多次反复试验,得到一些好的结果。接下来他们需要对得到的数据进行总结和分析,写成论文。好的结果是一篇好论文的前提。但是对相同的结果,一篇精写的论文会更容易被高档杂志接受。而写得不好的论文很可能被退稿。论文的数量和质量是学生和导师事业发展的敲门砖。不成文,便成仁,是学术生涯的写照。 很多学生以为当结果到手的时候研究就结束了。他们写的草稿,常常把原始数据放在一起,没有对方法和数据进行详细分析,没有对当今论文的评述。事实上,写作是研究不可分割的一部分。此刻是弄懂方法的成功与失败,寻找结果的解释及其隐含的意义,以及与其他相关研究进行比较的时候。 我们为什么需要在写作上如此认真努力?原因很简单。一个研究结果只有在被别人使用时才有意义。而想被别人使用,文章必须能引起其他科学家的兴趣,而且得保证其他人能看懂并可以重复和再现你的结果。只有可以被理解的研究才会被重复,也只有可以被再现的工作才能导致别人的引用和跟踪。而你的论文被引用的数量常常用来衡量研究的影响力。从某种角度看,写作就像是把你的工作成果推销给其他的科学家。 为了更好的推销,科学论文必须满足它独特的顾客:由聪明能干的科学家组成的尖端读者。它必须能先说服(通常也是竞争对手的)同行们,因为他们的评审是文章在发表前的第一道关口。同时,它也必须满足一般读者的要求。为了达到这个目标,我们首先要理解他们需要什么? 读者需要什么? 你的文章的潜在读者可能有刚进入这领域的新手:大学生和研究生,也有专家(潜在审稿人)。他们对你的领域会有不同程度的了解。因此,写文章的时候应该力求简单到可以被新手理解,同时深刻到可以引起专家的兴趣。 所有的科学家(不论是学生还是他们的导师)往往都很忙。大量期刊杂志使他们不可能仔细阅读每一篇论文。他们通常希望能在最短时间内找到文章最重要的信息。典型的情况是如果文章标题不吸引人,他们或许就会跳过这篇论文。如果文章的摘要没有包含重要的新方法或新结果,他们不会去读这篇文章。即使已经决定要读的论文,他们也会跳过很多段落直接去找自己最感兴趣的地方。因此,保证文章的结构能使读者很快找到所需的信息非常重要。文章的关键在于结构,不在于语法。语法错误易改,结构错误则往往让人无从下手,不知所云。我审过一些国内同行的论文,结构问题很常见。 总之,一篇文章只有在不需太多努力就可以理解的情况下才会被广泛地引用。文章清晰的关键就是使读者能在他们想找的地方找到他们需要的东西。这也就是说,要想让读者不费力理解你的论文,你必须费力去满足他们的期望。 读者期望什么? 读者对句子的期望 1. 读者希望在句子的开始看到熟悉的信息。句子是文章的最小功能单元。最容易理解的句子是整句都在说读者知道的东西。但这对科技论文是不可能的,因为只有新的东西才会被发表。事实上科技论文通常会包含很多新术语,所以一个容易理解的句子应该从读者熟悉的信息(或刚刚提过的)开始而以新信息结束,并在它们之间平滑地过渡。好文章的所有句子都应该这样从旧到新地平滑过渡。写好一句开头的金科玉律是问问你自己:“我以前有没有提过这个概念?”大多数文章很难读是因为很多新概念在没有被介绍之前就使用了。例如:Samples for the 2-dimensional projection of kinetic trajectories are shown in Figure 7. The coil states are loosely gathered while the native states can form a black cluster with extremely high density in the 2-dimensional projection plane. 这里从第一句到第二句信息无法流动。“The coil states”不知道是从何而来的。读者会发现下面改动后的句子更容易明白。 Kinetic trajectories are projected onto xx and yy variables in Figure 7. This figure shows two populated states. One corresponds to loosely gathered coil states while the other is the native state with a higher density. 在这个新段里,新插入的第二句使每句均能从旧信息出发到新信息结束。第一句与第二句之间以“Figure ”相连而第二句与第三句之间以“two states”相连。而新信息“coil states ”则出现在第三句的最后。整段环环相连,成为一个整体。再看一个例子: The accuracy of the model structures is given by TM-score. In case of a perfect match to the experimental structure, TM-score would be 1. 在第二个句子里,旧信息“TM-score”被埋在中间,被新信息“a perfect match to experimental structure ”打断了。这里建议修改如下: The accuracy of the model structures is measured by TM-score, which is equal to 1 if there is a perfect match to the experimental structure. 科技写作中的最大问题就是新旧信息顺序颠倒。新信息和旧信息对作者来说可能不是很好区分,因为他非常熟悉所有的信息。为了避免这种问题,不管什么时候,每当你开始写新句,你应该问问自己,这些词前面有没有被提到过。一定要把提到过的放前面,没提过的放后面。 2. 读者想在主语之后立刻看到行为动词。对一个说明谁在做什么的句子,读者需要找到动词才能理解。如果动词和主语之间相隔太远,阅读就会被寻找动词打断。而打断阅读就会使句子难以理解。这里有个例子: The smallest URFs (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetrip hosphatase (ATPase) subinit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. 同样的句子,将动词放在主语之后: The smallest of the URFs is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subinit 6 Gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. 这样新的句子就更加平衡了。尽量避免过长的主语和过短的宾语。这就像头重脚轻的人很难站稳。短的主语紧跟着动词加上长的宾语效果会更好。 3. 读者期望每句只有一个重点,这个重点通常在句尾。比较下面两个句子,我们可以感觉到他们着重强调不同的东西。 URFA6L has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. Recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene has a corresponding animal equivalent gene URFA6L. 很明显,前面的句子是关于一个最近发现的酵母基因,而第二句则着重强调了它有一个和动物一致的基因。另外一个例子: The enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC) has been determined by direct measurement. 这个句子看起来好像是在强调“direct measurement ”。这不太像是原作者的目的。颠倒一下会使句子更加平衡。 We have directly measured the enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC). 新的句子更简单而且更短,同时避免了头重脚轻的症状。总之,句尾是读者对该句最后的印象。把最好的,最重要的,和想要读者记住的东西放在句尾。 读者对段落的期望 每一个段落都应该只讲一个故事。在一段里表述多个观点会使读者很难知道该记住什么、这段想表达什么。一段的第一句要告诉读者这一段是讲什么的。这样读者想跳过这段就可以跳过。一段的最后一句应该是这段的结论或者告诉读者下一段是什么。段落中的句子应该由始到终通过逻辑关系连接,实现由旧信息到新信息的流动。比如这一段: The enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC) has been determined by direct measurement. dG and dC were derivatized at the 5 and 3 hydroxylith triisopropylsilyl groups to obtain solubility of the nucleosides in non-aqueous solventsand(sw)to prevent the ribose hydroxyls from forming hydrogen bonds. From isoperibolic titration measurements, the enthalpy of dC:dG base pair formation is -6.650.32 kcal/mol. 很难知道作者在这段里想表达什么。从这段的起始和结束看来,焓(enthalpy) 应该是他想表达的重点。下面是重新组合后的段落。 We have directly measured the enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC). dG and dC were derivatized at the 5 and 3 hydroxyls with triisopropylsilyl groups; these groups serve both to solubilize the nuclides in non-aqueous solvents and to prevent the ribose hydroxyls from forminghydrogenbond(eos)s. The enthalpy of dC:dG base pair formation is -6.650.32 kcal/mol according to isoperibolic titration measurements, 首句描述了整段的主题。原段里的第一句颠倒是为了1) 使新信息“dG ”和“dC” 在句子最后并强调它们。2) 更好地跟下面一句衔接。原段里的第二句被分成两部分,这样每一部分只表达了一个观点。最后一句时总结整段。再看另一个例子: Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slipacross the fault, then the recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic main shocks must be modified. 在这个例子里,前两句共同阐明了积累张力的速度(Rate Of Strain Accumulation)。然而,第一句里的旧信息并没有放在第二句的开始。读者读到第三句的时候通常就不明白这段到底要讲什么了。更清晰的描述应该如下: Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates of strain accumulation at the boundaries of tectonic plates are approximately uniform. Therefore, nearly constant time interval(at first approximation) would be expected between large ruptures of the same fault segment.(s), the recurrence time may vary; the basic idea of periodic main shocks may need to be modified if subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault. 新段现在着重阐明了地震的发生频率。下划线标明了以前描述过的旧信息。很明显,新旧信息的连接是理解这段的关键。从旧信息到新信息的流动是使读者轻松阅读的最佳方式。写文章的目的不是去测试读者的阅读能力,而是考验作者的表达能力。不能怪人没看懂,只能怪自己没写清楚。常常听到这样的抱怨:那审稿人连这都不懂! 审稿人也可以说:连这个也写不清楚。 读者对图表的期望 一些没有耐心的读者会直接通过图表来判断一篇文章是否值得一读。怎样能使读者不需读正文就能理解图表是至关重要的。对于表来说,由于我们是从左向右阅读的,我们熟悉的信息应该出现在左边而新的信息出现在右边。例如,下面列出的表1和表2是仅仅调换了两列。比较一下那个表格更易理解。 表1: Temp (°C) Time 25 0 27 3 29 6 32 12 32 15 表2: Time Temp (°C) 0 25 3 27 6 29 12 32 15 32 显然因为我们更熟悉时间作为独立变量,表2就比表1容易读些。制表的另一条规则是把最好的留在最后。也就是最能使人感兴趣的结果应该放在最右边一列或在最后一行,因为这些地方是读者结束阅读并能留下印象的地方。下面的例子比较了各种方法的精度。最后一行展示了现在得到的结果。 表3: Benchmark SALIGN Lindahl PROSPECTOR 3 LiveBench 8 Method Alignment MaxSub MaxSub MaxSub SPARKS 53.1% 325.9 529.0 38.3 SPARKS2 54.9% 341.0 591.0 40.7 This work 56.6% 349.2 601.9 42.2 对于图,我们至少应该对所有的标签(数字、座标和说明)使用大的黑体Helvetica 字体。只画出重要的区域。尽量不用彩色就能使曲线达到最大的区分(彩色的图很贵)。 …… 这是我喜欢的一个图。它说明了一些画图的原理。对你的工作用实线而对别人的工作用点画线。间隔使用实心和空心符号来使曲线之间的不同更加明确。详细说明X和Y座标,标题不用缩写。 审稿人要什么? 文章在发表前必须经过审稿人的评审。他们一般是相关领域的专家甚至是你的竞争者。他们会尽力寻找你文章中的毛病。有时,由于不同的观点和竞争的需要,审稿人或许会试图阻止你的文章发表。因此,文章必须写得理由充足。在被别人挑剔之前,自己必须首先鸡蛋里挑骨头,预先回答审稿人的可能质疑。 怎样满足审稿人? 1).只提出“一”个中心命题。论文里的观点太多,不但不好写,问题也容易多,读者也不易记住你要说什么。 2).在这个中心命题的基础上,用一个迷人(但绝不夸张)的标题来吸引审稿人的兴趣。无偿审稿使审稿人只审批感兴趣的论文。如果你不能引起审稿人的兴趣,那最好不要发表那篇文章。编辑们有时候会很郁闷,因为找不到有兴趣的审稿人。 3).合理解释每一个参数,合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节。程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么,而不是凑数据。没理由要找理由,有理由要强调。 4).问问你自己是否提供了足够重复你工作的所有细节。审稿人(或读者)越容易再现你的工作,他就越可能接受你的文章。当然,审稿人并不会真正去重做你的工作,但你必须通过你的描述使他相信可以重做。 5).必须有说服力!尽量做彻底而不是半成品的工作!用多方面测试来证明你的中心命题。要使文章像律师证明无罪官司,预先回答一切可能提出的疑问。 6).引用所有重要的研究工作,特别是经典力作。写作的时候要再做全面文献检索。 文章的结构 为了达到这些目标,写科学论文的时候必须遵照一定的框架结构。 典型的科学论文包括标题、摘要、引言、方法/实验步骤、结果、讨论、致谢,和参考文献。这样的结构是用来帮助读者快速找到他们感兴趣的信息。把信息放错地方会使读者糊涂。常犯的错误是混淆事实(结果)和解释(讨论)。讨论是对结果的解释及说明它的意义,而不是重复结果的描述。 一篇论文是从摘要,引言开始,这里建议从方法和结果部分开始写,因为你对方法和结果最熟悉,此外只有更好地理解方法和结果,才能确定中心命题。而标题,引言和讨论的写作都需要中心命题。我们应该从最熟悉的事情开始,就像读者从他们最熟悉的地方开始理解一样。 方法/实验步骤 如果文章是关于新的方法、技术或算法,要非常详细地写它的新颖之处。要用有逻辑的、合理的方式来描述它。这会帮助读者抓住新方法的要领。如果这个方法使用参数,则要把每一个参数(或参数的取值)合理化,或者是以前用过的,或者可以从物理或数学推导出来,或者通过了广泛的测试及优化。如果无法保证它的合理性,那就必须描述改变它会造成的影响(实际的结果应该在结果部分或讨论部分,方法部分仅包含影响的描述)。如果没有测试它们的合理性,你应该解释为什么(做的代价太贵了?太费时间了?或者需要延期到将来做)。 对于新方法的发展,你同样需要设计不同的方法来测试。让人信服就需要做尽可能多的测试。你所能找到或设计的测试越多,你的工作就越会被其他人所接受和使用。 当完成了方法部分以后,问一问自己以下的问题:1) 新的术语是不是都定义了?2) 如果你是第一次读这部分,你能否得到重复整个工作的所有信息?记住,不要隐藏任何窍门或使用的捷径。人们如果不能重复你的结果的话就不会相信你的论文。永远不要弄虚作假!别人不是傻子,一山更比一山高,聪明的大有人在。如果你伪造数据,心存侥幸不会被人发现。如果真的没人发现的话,那就是没有任何人想重复或使用你的结果,那只能说明你的结果根本不值得发表,毫无意义。若要人不知,除非己莫为,这是千真万确的真理。 结果部分 当你开始写结果部分时,先考虑一下结果的意义。也就是说,你理解你的结果吗?这些结果是不是告诉了你更深刻的东西?你能从很多不同角度来理解结果吗?你能设计证明或者反驳你的一些解释的新测试吗? 如果你发现了新现象,你必须证明你的结果不是你方法制造出来的(讨论部分的一个好内容)。它可以在不同的条件下重复吗?如果你发展了一个新方法,你必须证明这个方法的重要性。它是否改进了现有的方法?你的结果部分必须用不同的角度或多重测试来支持新发现或验证新方法的重要性。 一旦你对结果有更好的理解,你需要决定卖点,也就是说这篇文章最有意义的一个观点是什么?确定这篇文章的中心命题之后要组织所有的段落来证明、支持它,用数据(有必要的话再加数据)来证明它。同时也要排除其它可能性。放弃与中心命题无关的数据,即使这些数据是很辛苦得来的。 标 题 当你有了中心命题之后,就该决定文章的标题了。标题可以为你的方法,你的结果或结果的隐含意义做广告。标题是用一句话来概括你的文章。应该把最重要,最吸引人的信息放进标题。比如,标题“Steric restrictiin proteifolding: an alpha-helix cannot be followed by a contiguousbeta-strand”主要突出了结果。另一方面,标题“Interpreting the folding kinetics of helical proteins” 突出了结果的含义。用标题“Native proteins are surface-molten solids: Application of the Lindemann criterion for the solid versus liquid state” 的话,同时突出了方法和结果的含义。注意标题“Native proteins are surface-molten solids” 是结果的解释,而不是结果本身。用既广泛又具体的标题,这样才能吸引更多的读者。 引言部分 中心命题和标题都决定了以后,就该写引言了。第一件该做的事就是围绕中心命题来收集所有相关文献。搜索并研究所有最近和相关的文章(通过对中心命题关键字的搜索或用引用索引)。确认你有所有最新的论文。引用所有重要的文章。如果你不引用别人的文献,别人也不会引用你的!如果你想谁引用你的工作,你要先引用他的。你引用的文章越多,他们越可能阅读并引用你的文章。因为人们更加关注引用他们的论文。仔细读你所引用的文章,避免引用错误。在引用上,不要偷懒。 引言的第一句最难写,因为它决定了你整个引言的走向。我的办法是把第一句和文章的标题连起来。在第一段以最基本和常见的术语来定义标题里用的一些术语。从这个术语,引入研究的领域和它的重要性。第二段应该对这个研究领域作一个鉴定性的论述。如果中心命题是关于解决一个问题的方法。这一段就应该指出这个当前研究中现存未解决的问题。描述解决这个问题的难度或挑战。第三段引入你提出的办法和它大致会带来什么效果。你可以大略地描述你的结果和它的含义。这里有个例子。 Assessing secondary structure assignments of protein structures by using pairwise sequence-alignment benchmarks, the secondary structure of a protein refers to the local conformation of its polypeptide backbone. Knowing secondary structures of proteins iessential for their structure classification, understanding folding dynamics and mechanis(s)ms, and discovering conserved structural/functional motifs. Secondary structure informatiis also useful for sequence and multiple sequence alignment, structure alignment,andsequ(on)ence to structure alignment (or threading). As a result, predicting secondary structures from protein sequences continues to be an active field of research fifty six years after Pauling and Corey first predicted that the most common regular patterns of proteibackbones are the α-helix and the β-sheet. Prediction and application of proteinsecon(n)dary structures rely on prior assignment of the secondary-structure elements from a given protein structure by human or computational methods. Many computational methods have been developed to automate the assignment of secondary structures. Examplare DSSP,STRIDE, DEFINE, P-SEA, KAKSI,P-CURVE, XTLSSTR,SECSTR,SEGNO,(es)and VoTAP. These methods are based on either the hydrogen-bond pattern, geometric features, expert knowledge or their combinations. However, they often disagree on their assignments. For example, disagreement among DSSP, P-CURVE, and DEFINE can be as large as 25%. More beta sheet is assigned by XTLSSTR and more pi-helix by SECSTR than by DSSP. The discrepancy among different methods is caused by non-ideal configurations of helices and sheets. As a result, defining the boundaries between helix, sheet, and coil is problematical and a significant source of discrepancies between different methods. Inconsistent assignment of secondary structures by different methods highlights the need for a criterion or a benchmark of “standard” assignments that could be used to assess and compare assignment methods. One possibility is to use the secondary structures assigned by the authors who solved the protein structures. STRIDE, in fact, has been optimized to achieve the highest agreement with the authors’ annotations. However, it is not clear what is the criterion used for manual or automatic assignment of secondary structures by different authors. Another possibility is to treat the consensus prediction by several methods as the gold standard. However, there is no obvious reason why each method should weight equally in assigning secondary structures and which method should be used in consensus. Other used criteriinclude helix-capping propensity, the deviation from ideal helical and sheet configurations,and(a)structural accuracy produced by sequence-to-structure alignment guided by secondary structure assignment. In this paper, we propose to use sequence-alignment benchmarks for assessing secondary structure assignments. These benchmarks are produced by 3D-structure alignment of structurally homologous proteins. Instead of assessing the accuracy of secondary-structure assignment directly, which is not yet feasible, we compare the two assignments of secondary structures in structurally aligned positions. We assume that the best method should assign the same secondary-structure element to the highest fraction of structurally aligned positions. Certainly, structurally aligned positions do not always have the same secondary structures. Moreover, different structure-alignment methods do not always produce the same lt. Nevertheless, this criterion provides a means to locate a secondary-structure assig(resu)nment method that is most consistent with tertiary structure alignment. We suggest that this approach provides an objective evaluation of secondary structure assignment methods. 在这个例子里,标题推荐了一个评估指派蛋白质二级结构的方法。第一段以二级结构的定义开始(与标题相连)。整段描述了二级结构的重要性。最后一句过渡到指派二级结构的计算方法(下一段的主题)。注意“计算方法”放在句子的最后是为了强调而且和第二段的开始连接在起来。第二段则聚焦在计算方法中存在的问题。旧信息“计算方法”逐渐的变到了“它们的不一致”。第三段的第一句把主题从“不一致”(旧信息)转变成了“评估的办法”(新信息)。然后,介绍了这个领域已有的工作。第四段引入新方法并讨论了新方法的优点。第五段(这里没有给出)将会简要地讨论结果。每一个引言应该包括研究领域的介绍和意义,做这工作的具体原因,结果和隐含的意义。一般而言,读者读完引言,对论文的来龙去脉就应该清清楚楚了。 讨论部分 现在到了你写论文的最后一部分。很多人认为讨论部分最难写。他们常常不知道该写什么。学生常常不能把结果从他们的解释、含意和结论中分离出来。此外,他们不善于思考可能存在的其他解释。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。其它可用于讨论的内容有:参数改变对结果的影响,与其他研究相比还有待解决的问题,将来或正在进行的工作(防止别人从事你显而易见的,立刻就能实现的后续工作)。这里有一段文章中的讨论部分。 One question about the complex homopolymer phase diagram presented here is whether it is caused by the discontinuous feature of the square-well potential. We cannot give a direct answer because the DMD silation is required to obtain well-converged results for the thermodynamics. However, the critical ph(mu)enomena predicted for a fluid composed of partiles interacting with a square-well potentil are as realistic as those predicted for a fluidco(c)mposed of particles interacting withaLJp(a)otential. Also an analogous complex phase diagram is found in simulations of LJ clusters. The present results for square-well homopolymers may well be found in more realistic homopolymer models and even in real polymers. 这一段探究了可供选择的解释。 摘要部分 整篇文章写完了。你需要写文章的摘要了。典型的摘要包括课题领域的重要性(回到标题),要研究的问题,你方法的独特性,结果的意义和影响。这里有个例子。 How to make an objective assignment of secondary structures based on a protein structure is an unsolved problem. Defining the boundaries between helix, sheet, and coil structures is arbitrary, and commonly accepted standard assignments do not exist. Here, we propose a criterion that assesses secondary-structure assignment based on the similarity of the secondary structures assigned to structurally aligned residues in sequence-alignment benchmarks. Thiiteriiused to rank six secondary-structure assignmentmethods: STRIDE, DSSP, SECSTR,(scr) KAKSI (on),(s) P-SEA, and SEGNO with three established sequence-alignment benchmarks (PREFAB, SABmark and SALIGN). STRIDE and KAKSI achieve comparable success rates in assigning the same secondary structure elements to structurally aligned residues in the three benchmarks. Their success rates are between 1-4% higher than those of the other four methods. The consensus of STRIDE, KAKSI, SECSTR, and P-SEA, called SKSP, improves assignments over the best single method in each benchmark by an additional 1%. These results support the usefulness of the sequence alignment benchmarks as the benchmarks for secondary structure assignment. 前两句陈述了问题。第三句提出了解决办法。这些句子后面跟着结果。整个摘要以总结收尾。注意摘要里的主体部分是结果及其意义和影响。 总 结 1. 认真对待写作。尽你最大努力花时间写作。它是科学研究的重要一环。文章没写好,没人看,没人用,等于没发表。 2. 除非这个研究是全面彻底的,而且你试了所有可以支持你结论的方法,否则不要去发表。 3. 重新思考,并合理解释为什么做这项工作,做了什么,什么是最重要的发现?为什么用这个方法?为什么用这些参数?什么是以前做过的(更新文献搜索)?不同在什么地方? 4. 要从批判的角度来看你的工作,想一想别人会怎样来挑毛病。只有这样,才能找到弱点,进一步发展。我的许多论文是在反复讨论中大幅度修改,许多计算经常要重做。只有理顺和理解结果,文章才会更有意义。 5. 要能回答所有合理的质疑。如果你自己有疑问,一定要搞清楚,否则别人又怎会相信。不要轻易相信得到的革命性发现。 6. 以高标准严要求写论文,不与烂文章比,争取建立自己的品牌。不要隐藏任何事实,不作假,不要低估其他科学家的智慧。让你的研究可重复。把所有的材料和数据上网。 7. 从头(标题)到尾(结论或讨论)要从旧信息过渡到新信息。永远不要在句子的开头引入新信息。切忌在术语被定义之前使用它们。 8. 照抄别人文章里的句子是不道德的。这暴露出作者不愿思考,只走捷径,不是一个真正科学家的料。同时抄来的句子常常会打断文章中原有信息的流通,不利读者对文章的理解。一定需要用别人的原句,就必须用上引号,并引用该文献。 9. 在段首要有阐明整段主题的句子,在段尾要有连到下段的过渡句。从标题到结论都要连贯。句句相扣,段段相连,让一篇论文是一个整体而不是杂乱无章地把句子堆积在一起。这样才能使读者享受阅读你的文章。 10. 写,重写,再重写。没有人能第一次就写好。不花时间,不下功夫,写不好。我的文章一般要修改十次以上。 结束语 写科技论文不能像写散文,想到哪里就写到哪里。好的论文就像一部好的小说一样,需要构思策划,情节要一环扣一环,而结局是令人意外的。当然这一切,前提是你必须有令人激动的结果。这篇短文的目的是在有较好结果的基础上,怎样更好地实事求是地宣传你的结果。主要方法是使文章简单易懂,条理清楚,同时又全面深刻,令人信服。我反对虚假的包装,夸张的描述,这样往往适得其反。事实上,科技论文要避免用带有情感的形容词像Exciting 或Remarkable 来描述你的结果。也就是说要通过结果的描述来使读者体会到“Exciting ”或“Remarkable”,让事实来说话。正如说笑话的人自己不笑会更有效果。 致 谢 此文中的一些例子出自“The Science of Scientific Writing” by G. D. Gopen and J. A. Swan, American Scientist, 78, 550-558, 1990. 我在杜克大学Gopen 教授1995 年年度短训班受益非浅。我要特别感谢我的导师MartiKarplus( 哈佛大学),George Stell (纽约州立大学-石溪校区), Harold L. Friedman ( 纽约州立大学-石溪校区) 和(n)Carol Hall (北卡罗来纳州立大学)的鼓励和指导。没有他们,我不会有那么多机会练习英文写作。最后,我要感谢我的学生和博士后。他们对科学的贡献使我可以继续写论文,基金申请,或评论。此文中的一部分例子来自与他们合作的文章。此文初稿是用英文写的。由于我的中文打字速度太慢,特别感谢徐贝思帮我翻译成中文初稿。如果有不妥的地方是我的问题,请多指教。此文在网上出现以后,得到不少关注。特别感谢赵立平教授的建议及感谢许多校友和网友的指正和鼓励。
英语可数性问题在大多数英汉对照类语言辞典中语焉不详,不作标注,大至新版的《英汉大词典》、小至中型的《新英汉词典》以及中小学生常用的不少袖珍字典。然而,它又是一个难以回避的细节问题。 当然,不标也有它的讨巧之处,这类词典的编撰者们可能信奉中华老祖宗“书读千遍,其义自见”式的“典读千遍,其义自见”。 在当前的各类英汉词典与网络词典中,对于Behaviour(或美式拼法:Behavior),绝大多数不标名词可数性,少数标注的词典中基本上仅标为“不可数”。如厚达2818页、颇有特色、难能可贵地标注所有词组词性的《新时代英汉大词典》在Bahaviour项下也无“可数”的标注。在百度或各种国内网站的问题栏目中,拥有一本或少数几本词典的学子们的此类疑问比比皆是。少量头脑灵活的网友们打破常规地认为:“不及物动词在特殊情形下可以用作及物动词。”有网友可能尽管未在词典中见到“可数”的标注,但根据自身理解称:“Behaviour既是可数也是不可数的!要分情况对待!如果behaviour 在句中的意思为行为,也就是说只是一个抽象的名词时,就不可数!例如:You should have good behavior in the public !如果behaviour 在句中表示一件具体的事时,就是可数名词!例如:Its a bad behaviour to laugh loudly when eating !” 然而,从语言运用的实际看,作为可数的用法在西方世界似乎已不在少数。现实的、鲜活的语言可能已不愿受到词典的严格束缚。从“可数性”变化进程看,抽象的行为已经具象化为可数的行为。 Google之下,可见老外已大量使用“Behaviours”,如Healthy Living: How Common Behaviors Affect Your Health(http://familydoctor.org),Changing Behaviours:A Practical Framework(http://www.thcu.ca)等。 不少原版英语词典往往标注名词的可数性,但普遍地仅标注了“不可数”(如《企鹅英语词典》、《朗文当代英语辞典(英语版)》)。仅有个别词典提到了Behaviour可数性,如中国大百科出版社《韦氏高阶英语词典》(2010年版)在“Bahaviour”词项中已提到了可数性。 至于Behaviour的可数性如何演变及不可数的Behaviour与Behaviours在具体用法上的差异,以及其他英语原版词典的标注情况,因时间关系,我不想进一步考证。大体可以判断的是:可数的Behaviour属于新近用法,可能并未被英语辞书界完全认可。Behaviour有多个同义词,如Conduct, Demeanour, Deportment, Bearing, Manners,Comportment; Action(s)等。除Behaviour外,Demeanour在多本英语词典中也只有“不可数”一项,但在中国大百科出版社《韦氏高阶英语词典》(2010年版)在“Demeanour”词项中也增加了复数形式,而且摇身一变,仅标注“可数”一项,“不可数”义项已经消失了。在这部词典中,作为“行为”的bearing我个人判断,这与西方心理学、行为科学的定量化研究有着密切的关系。 不过,我认为这是一个有趣的语言学问题:“英语行为类词汇的可数化倾向研究”。我个人预言,Comportment在将来也会增加可数性质(《韦氏高阶英语词典》中目前也仅有不可数义项)。 自苍颉造字以来,号称难以标注而从不标注词性的汉语词性,终于在21世纪跨过10个年头左右的第五版《现代汉语词典》等辞书中闪亮登场。 我认为,各类英汉类词典,不分大小,一般都应当在辞书中标注名词的可数性、将名词的可数性广而告之,既使学习者有所了解,又能有据可查、有法可依。 注:本文是阅读科学网博主张强的博客公布文章《Abrupt behaviors of the streamflow of the Pearl River basin and implications for hydrological alterations across the Pearl River Delta, China》时所想到的。
讲英语 贾伟 前阵子写过一篇博文《 学英语 》,我掐指一算,已经五个多月过去了。一般而言,五个多月的外语学下来,可以凑合着讲讲了。所以,咱们今天来讲英语。 有个段子,说去年圣诞节前上海的一名巡警拦下一个骑电动车闯红灯的男子,上去盘问: “ 叫什么名字? ” 男子答: “ 讲英语。 ” 。 民警感觉奇怪:“什么名字?” 那个男子提高了声音: “ 讲英语啊! ” 民警没辙,迟疑了一下,重新问道: “Ok, what's your name ? ” 男子掏出身份证,民警拿来一看: “ 蒋英宇“! 我看到这个段子,第一反应是,咱们上海这种国际大都市,警察的文化素质就是高啊! 有一次我在交大徐汇校区碰上一个女子操着法国腔的英语问去国际教育学院怎么走,我跟她讲了方向,怕她依然不懂,就带着她走了一段路,最后分手时她千恩万谢,我不咸不淡地说了句: ”you're quite welcome. In fact, 我希望我在巴黎街头问路,能有人同样用英文回答我。 ” 后面这句话纯粹是有感而发,因为我在巴黎问路就吃过苦头,每一次用英语问上去,对方都用我一字不懂的法语叽里哇啦的给我一通回答,让我郁闷不已。你伟大的法兰西民族瞧不上英语咱没法干涉,有本事你在上海也用法语(或者用中文)问路啊? 因为语言上的唯我独尊,法国佬给人的感觉是有些可爱的自大和固执。但同样在这个方面,香港人给我的印象要差一些。在这个中国的特别行政区, 有很多次我热情洋溢地用普通话跟店员交流,她们都(用粤语)说听不懂;然后我用一连串英语跟她们表述时,她们一面似懂非懂地频频点头,一面赶紧去叫经理来救场。时间久了,我还是能够品出些“端倪”来。香港其实并非是一个对中文全然不懂以至在沟通上一窍不通的地方,就有些港人而言,脑子里懂中文并不代表内心接受中文;当然内心崇拜英文也并不代表脑子里都能听得懂。有一次我乘出租车去浸会大学, 上车后用国语告诉司机地址,结果他用粤语告诉我他听不懂。我一字一顿地重说了一遍,他依然坚定地摇头说听不懂!看着车在飞奔,我又用英文重复了一遍,他还是摇头。我暗骂了一句,便闭口不再跟他啰嗦了,当时心里的直觉告诉我这个家伙是听得懂中文的,否则他的车怎么没有减速而是一个劲地往前开呢?果然不一会儿车到浸会大学的门口便停了下来,下车时我破例没给小费,反正跟他说什么都听不懂嘛。 一些美国同事曾问我在间隔十年后回到美国生活,能感受到什么差异?我说,今天的英文跟十年前相比有了很大的不同,当然这些差异都发生在细微的地方。譬如我刚到北卡, 适逢我们研究校区大楼 grand opening ,一位西装革履的议员上台发言,他庄严地说了一句(我们以前会认为非常口语化的)开场白: I am blown away by this building (这大楼把俺给震了) …… 我们平时开会时,主持会议的会先给大家一个 heads up – 它的意思稍稍发生了些变化,其含义已接近 updates 。而很多人在正式场合喜欢用 24/7 来简化 "24 hours, 7 days a week" 这样的表述。这些日常表述方法在以前也不能说没有,但它们似乎已经从家里或者餐厅里走进了办公室和会议室。在九十年代,你只能从小孩嘴里听到这样一个感叹词: cool, 现在我可以在学术大会上对前面演讲者的方法进行评论: This is a really cool method 而不必担心用词太随意了 。当然,英语中新词汇的最大来源还是网络。几年前如果有人要让你 to "friend" them, 你大概不知道是神马意思,今天很多人都明白它是指在 Facebook 或博客上把对方“加为朋友”的意思。现在老外会很自然地把事物的两方面用 Yin and yang (阴阳)来表示,而 networking 已经正式当作人际交往的词汇来使用了。另外,很多老外们喜欢“拽”两句来自中文的词汇,如 guanxi (关系), jiayou (加油), ma-ma-hu-hu (马马虎虎),以显示他们在语言上涉略广泛。我一个月前跟一位美国商人吃早餐,他在跟我说中国维持经济稳定的必要性时,用了一个词 – “ Baoba,” 我硬是想了几秒钟,才猜出他说的是我们 2012 年 GDP 增长要达到“保八”的目标,当然这个词从他嘴里说出来着实让我吃了一惊。 语言是文化的一部分,学习一门语言其实是在涉入一种文化。一方面,要准确地听懂一门语言,我们需要透彻地理解它所负载的文化信息;另一方面,随着文化的发展, 不仅是英文,每一种语言都处于一种动态的变化之中,讲一口好的英语要做到与时俱进。当然, 从英语的变化中,我们也可以管中窥豹,体会西方人的思维模式、社会行为和生活方式的变化。 记得 90 年代我很喜欢去密苏里的一些乡村餐馆吃饭,那儿有些招待年纪很大,见了我一口一个“ honey” ,就像是我外婆那样的慈祥和温馨。现在的情况有些变化,我前不久在夏洛特机场的一家寿司店吃午餐,店里清一色的都是身材高挑、面目清秀的年轻女子当招待,见了我齐声亲热地叫 ”Sweetie”, 我老人家一下子有点 hold 不住,有点诗人描写的那种“心花怒放”的感觉( by the way, 英语大概叫: heart flower angry open )。这种亲昵的称呼一直幸福地伴随着我吃完午餐,尤其在拿到账单时,一声 sweetie 格外音质柔美,在我耳际一直萦绕着,而且有力地主导我把小费数额往高处写 …… 直到后来我听到她们的另一声 sweetie 叫向一个拖着行李步履蹒跚走来的老先生,才如梦方醒,原来这跟当年密苏里外婆叫我 honey 的意思是一样一样滴。 我想在语言和文化上再啰嗦两句。在美国的华人教授很少进入管理层当官的,比较主流的看法是两个障碍:语言问题 – 英文讲得不如老美好;另一个问题是体系内有歧视因素。近几年我跟在美国高校的一些当上了系主任或院长的华人教授们探讨,说到这个“天花板”效应,大家比较一致的看法是:这个“天花板”是存在的,但似乎不是人家加在我们头上的,而是我们自己在心里给安放上去的。简单地说,在我看来,我的这些当了一官半职的华人朋友们英文水平也好不到哪里去,有的甚至很糟糕(土得掉渣的乡音都很明显),工作单位也有清一色白人(比较保守)的地方,但这些在高校当官的华人们带有共性的人文素养是:理解美国高校的管理理念,善于表达自己的观点,尤其重要的是最后一点 – 不卑不亢、用(跟美国同事)平等的心态去交流。 有时候语言的“简“和“繁“常在生活中碰撞出有意思的火花来。我有个博文说到跟诺贝尔奖获得者 Oliver Smithies 夫妇吃饭,那天晚上有个小插曲,晚饭后我们要了甜点 - 法式烤布蕾 Cr è me Br l é e 。桌上少了把吃甜食的小勺子, Oliver 扬手跟招待说: Will you produce me a spoon ?我当时听到他这句话心里也有些诧异,但一想到 Oliver 自小在英国长大,用 produce 大概是“拿来”的一种旧式表达。但,我们面前的这个二十多岁的招待可是像发现新大陆一样地抓住把柄,开始调侃上 Oliver 了。他严肃地说: Sir, I can’t produce the spoon for you! 这个 spoon 是不能够 produce 出来的,你知道,如果我能够现在给你 produce一把汤勺 出来,我就不会在这儿工作了,我理想的单位将是拉斯维加斯的赌场。" 他把八十几岁的老头挖苦了一通后,话锋一转,学着英国腔说道: However, I can fetch you a spoon – if that’s what you want! 我们一起大笑, Oliver 在一个抢白他的小孩子面前露出稀疏的牙齿,全然不以为忤地憨憨地笑个不停。
寻正 方舟子蒙倒了外国人,第一届John Maddox奖居然授予了全然是John Maddox反面的人物,为此一大批人进行了公开抗议,其中包括我。在日前,《自然》杂志编辑给我回信,表明他们正在调查,看来方舟子也未必就能心安理得地拿到这个奖。收到编辑回信,表明我们的公开抗议其实是有效的,即使不能使评奖委员会改变决定,也起码起到了揭露方舟子的作用。 针对我的公开信,一个叫什么“嵌段共聚物”的化名进行了公开点评,试图从英文角度来否认它的价值。对于中国观众来说,Maddox奖的最大收获就是揭示了经常以英文专家自居的方舟子的英文有多么臭,看着方舟子大着舌头象生孩子似地从嘴里挤出英文来,我终于明白了很多事情,原来方舟子在美国是过得那么凄惨,估计问个路都要逼出一身汗来,这么烂的英语交流水平,做博士后都不太可能长久的,因此,他虽然拿了绿卡,也不得不转内销回中国骗钱过日子。方舟子的英文烂,是我多次批判他的伪劣科普得到的印象,但没听过他讲英文,还真不知道他的Spbroken (spoken and broken) English会有这么烂。这么烂的英文居然在中国充了十多年的英文专家,真佩服他的胆量。 方舟子是一个三无人员,John Maddox奖不是中国式的评奖,这种奖会给获奖者足够的时间准备去领奖,为什么方舟子会缺席呢?听了他奇烂的英语,我就明白了,他虽然在美国呆了数年,拿到了博士学位,却不敢去领奖。去领奖就要跟讲英语的人交流,不到一分钟的获奖演讲都把方舟子逼得差不多要得肠胃炎了,他如果真去领奖,说不定授奖者当场就会怀疑他的学术身份,拒绝给他颁奖。方舟子不敢去领奖,才会找一个借口让人代领。 这位方粉估计是方舟子的化名,反正是同一个层次的人,自己英文奇烂,但毫无自知之明,偏要给我当导师。我的英文并不好,毕竟不是母语,无论是讲出来,还是写出来,语法错误是常见的,不过,我跟人进行英文交流或者用英文做项目报告,从来没有问题,只需要进行内容上的准备,而不需要进行语言上的准备。美国的MBA项目非常注重语言交流,不少课程明确要求学生的课堂参与,有的会在成绩比重上占到20%,从课堂参与角度来说,我常跟英语为母语的美国学生唇枪舌箭地争斗,从而让自己的参与成绩达到满分。我的英文写作速度跟一般美国学生不相上下,跟美国学生在一起,我仍然承担项目组的主要写作任务。 在工作中,我也会修改英语是母语的同事的语法或者句式,我的英文并不完美,但我所发生的错误,也常见于美国人的交流或者写作中。因此,我并不会因为这份公开抗议含有文法错误而羞愧,毕竟这不正式论文。如果是正式论文,我的工作机构有专门的英文编辑提供相关服务。 方粉吹毛求疵的点评的确有抓住我敲字或者文法错误的地方,但大多显示了此人的无知,在英文能力上,尚未达到进行英文思维的程度。方舟子攻击对手的特点就是首先看你抄了没有,没抄看你说法有漏洞没有,实在不行,就教训你英文能力差——尽管大多数时候是方舟子本人的英文成问题,但他借着裙带风霸占了舆论阵地,而中国人普遍英文不行,没有鉴别能力,于是乎大家都以为方舟子真是每天读一本英文书的天才,觉得他嘲笑别人的英文占了上风。这里我给予学习英文的人一个机会,试着回应方粉对我的挑衅。 我的抗议是为公众写的,并非针对Nature或者评奖委员会,所以采用的是进似于论文的形式,并在文章后面给出了交流方式,并非严格意义上的书信。方粉的点评纯粹是故意找茬。后面列出一些要点: 1) I was shocked...我知道方舟子得了奖是在数天前,故而用了过去式。 2) the very first...这都没见过啊?真是无知者无畏。Very在这里表达一种强调,跟一般人所知的“很,非常”之意不一样,比如He's the very man...他正是那个...人。在这里,我表达的是“就是第一次颁奖,就奖给了...”之意,意思是说Maddox奖开门黑,首次颁奖给骗子了。 3) Perfect insult...我在文章中强调的就是方舟子恰好是Sir John Maddox的反面,因此,他是一个完全的完美的针对Maddox的羞辱。缺乏英语口感的人,是读不出其中的味道的。方粉要用Shame替代Insult!真是无知至极。 4) Regards...建议方粉与方舟子多查查字典。它正是Perspective,aspect之意,但有较为正面的(positive)的含义。 5) To Sir John Maddox's honor...该奖是为了荣耀Maddox的名而建立的,要荣耀Maddox,因此,其奖一要有科学,二要有道义。这么粗浅的东西都读不懂,也能大言不惭给我改作业。 6) his foundation was a foundation in Chinese language...他的所谓基金是骗中国人的,英文叫机构(Organization),中文才叫基金,这是“方黑”嘲笑方骗子的经典段子。 7) I was forced to examine his character and work.这种说法跟上下文一致,表达一种被动语气,并不代表行为被动。多读读英文书吧,太常见了。 8) Internet where...呵呵,这儿恰恰是定语从句,Where指在因特网上。 9) to be very abusive verbally...又一个笑话,如果让方舟子咬着舌头说very verbally abusive,估计多逼一身汗,没语感害死人的。 10) Fang himself often demonstrate some level of restrain while his critics fall pray of abusive language of his supporters. 读不懂吧。这种无自知之明的水平怎么读得懂。译为:方舟子自己却表现得有所节制,而他的批评者往往成为其支持者脏言秽语的猎物。【这里指被批评者被激怒,拖入支持者对骂中,丧失风度,从而给人留下不良印象。】 11) There are many occasions that Fang himself failed to vent his abuse and threats through the preferred channel, revealing to public for who he really is.方粉觉得别扭,因为这是一个复杂句式,有语感的人一路读过来就明白,如果处处用汉语来翻译式地理解英语,就会觉得别扭。译:在许多场合中,方舟子也没有通过其优先途径来表达他的污言秽语以及威胁,从而让公众看清他的真面目。【回应前面怀疑他化名攻击对手】 12) Before you dismiss me and my critique arbitrarily...中文:在你轻易忽略我以及我的批评之时,(我要指出...)自己没语言能力,只能干叫“这词用的”。 13) Employed a strategy very successfully...见9,这人缺语感,这种说法跟employed a very successful strategy没区别,或者更强调成功,另外我的感觉是说出来不那么憋,strategy后面可以小停一下,让方舟子的大舌头喘一下气。 14) Make up lies...嗯,方粉的说法很“通”: His critics make up to disparage him.高度怀疑这是方舟子的化名。 15) Propagandist...我要说的是刘菊花是宣传干部,宣传干部为目的编辑事实,Journalist为事实而奋斗,她不配。 16) a greater than life and perfect image...方舟子大舌头把后面的话堵住了,当然就读不懂a greater than life了,哈哈,真逗。 17) Would...它可不仅仅是虚拟语气,字典说: used in auxiliary function to express custom or habitual action。即 表达惯常性动作。 18) Deserving individual...方粉觉得不对,但又不知道如果改,真逗。It's a perfect example that this person has poor English skills. It's a very common expression. I have read such a phrase thousands of times. 动词Deserve指配得上,加ing变形容词,这么简单的东西都不懂,也“配”也给我改作业? =========It's too much hassle to ridicule this guy or gal of every stupidity of his/hers, I will focus on the funniest points for each of his pages thereafter.===========逐点嘲笑这位或男或女的蠢话实在是浪费时间,我下面针对其每页点评几点。 19) To set the records right, I am not one and many are not...“我不是一,许多人也不是”,没见过这么令人捧腹的笑料了。One这里是代词,代指的前面提及的为报复方而批评方的人,如果你要听全,I'm not one of those individuals,“我不是一”?方粉子,你是“一” ,一头笨猪。 20) While leaving friends alone...leave XXX alone,查查字典吧,这么常见的短语都不懂,也敢出来丢人,幸好用的是网名,这个短语你即使不知道,猜也能猜出意思来,就是放过某人或者不打扰某人之意。 21) His character...“扯性格干什么?”哈哈哈,真乐死我了,这么有喜剧性,是方舟子的化名的可能性大增。这里Character可不指性格,指的是人格、品格、品性。 22) Entertained the idea...“为了娱乐?”嗯,方粉子跳出来,我就为了娱乐。又一个常见短语,指“有趣地想”,或者,“试着猜想”,表达的是思维过程中提出假设,然后推断印证,表述的是比较不肯定的设想。 23) Apparently not...这里又是省略句式,恢复原句:Apparently they did not have unbiased information about Fang. Apparently no是不通的,典型的中式英语。 24) Would gradually dominate Fang's fraud-busting career...Gradually正好表明了这一句式是过去将来时,从那时开始,方肖私怨逐渐成为方舟子的打假生涯的主要活动... 25) ...at the moment before...现在的中国人幸运的是从西方学来了标点符号,以前中国文化人的基本功之一就是断句。方粉子没语感,所以不知从何断句,在有标点符号的年代仍然闹这种笑话,有意思。at the moment修饰的是前句,当时方舟子正式打假的对象,before修饰的是后半句,在他打开信封之前。打开信封之后,只要不是脑瘫,肯定明白自己虚惊了一场。 26) ...so he claimed...,...he so wrote...这是校为口话化的形式,是倒装句,他就是这么说的,他就是这么写的... 27) ...brief letter...不要以为Letter就是书信,方舟子的趣事臭事随便可以写上几十万字还不算长,当然是短文。 28) ...organizing and creating...“显然应该是先创建再管理”,笑死我了,NO,NO,NO,是先发动组织,再创建... 29) ...deliver at any time...原来在方粉子的观念中,Deliver是快递公司的特权,我们医疗机构天天谈service delivery,搞了半天,服务机构都成快递了... 30) ...This is when we call Fang a burglar who's interested in stealing garbage...这里时态的确用错了,应该说That was而非This is。从那时起我们就称方舟子为喜欢偷盗垃圾的窃贼。 31) ...It was like pulling teeth! “跟拔牙有什么相似的?”哈哈哈,这厮也太寡闻了一点吧!英文形容人固执,难得让他或者通过他办成事,就这么说,因为以前拔牙不是一件容易的事情。没麻药,病人不配合,拔起来又困难重重。以前能拔牙就差不多算牙医了。 32) ...Oh, yes, the...“这里来个yes干什么?”How about expressing something as expected? Oh, yes是连在一起的,更口语化地说,Oh,yeah, I know you would not understand. 33) ...extreme position...“什么叫‘极端的位置’?”极端立场给整成“极端的位置”,真有意思。 嘲笑完了,我必须给予这位义务导师应有的贡献认可,他的确挑出了一些语法或者敲字错误,我在原文进行了针对性修改。 【注】 方粉子的点评原文见: http://i.sohu.com/p/=v2=eZVh12aA2SdwHcal5WwuY29t/blog/view/245501599.htm
3又8分之一: three and eighth; 120/317: one hundred and twenty over three hundred and seventeen a/b: a divided by b,a over b; a不等于b: a not equals to b a大于等于b: a equal to or large than b: a小于等于b: a equal to or less than b ( ): round brackets,parentheses ; : square brackets 〔 〕: angular brackets ;{ }: braces a ∈ W: a is a menber of set W ; A是W的一个子集: A is a subset of W, set A is contained in set W s → F: s map into F; ∴: therefore; ∵: because 98 ℃ : nighty eight degrees centigrade 32 ℉ : thirty two degrees Fahrenhelt 5%: five pecent 5 ‰: five permille
我们在国际交流中,如果遇到要用英语去读各种数学表达式或数学符号时,可能会有不知如何读的尴尬。下面把我知道的一些读法列出来: 由于博客编辑器不接受WORDS中的公式编辑器,我又不会用那个latex,故表达起来有点不是很直观,请谅解。 二分之一:a half,one half; 三分之一:a third,one third; 四分之一:one fourth, 恒等于:is identically equal to; 约等于:approximately equals; 趋于:approaches 大于:greater than; 小于:less than; 远大于:much greater tahn; 远小于:much less than x的平方根:square root of x; x的立方根:cube root of x; x的 n 次方根:the n th root of x; x !:factorial of x log n x :log x to the base n ; x 的 n 次方:the n th root of x ; x 的绝对值:the absolute value of x x' : x prime,first derivate of x ; x'' : x double prime, second derivate of x x''' : x triple prime,third derivate of x x' ( t ):first derivate of x with respect to time x 上加一点: x dot, first derivate of x x 1: x sub one; x n : x sub n
我认为,中国科学院大学的英文名字中少了一个定冠语‘the’。 现在的英文名字是University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 我觉得应该是University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 加the是因为中科院是特别机构,和the People's Republic of China一样。同时,the还表示了这个大学和中科院的从属关系。这类似于国外绝大多数的研究生院的叫法:Graduate School at/of the XXX University(而且用at较of多)。在英语国家里几乎找不到类似于中科院大学这样的机构。最近的就只有各大学里的研究生院了。我能够想到的一个非大学的机构里的研究生院是Richard Gilder Graduate School at the American Museum of Natural History (http://rggs.amnh.org/)。这儿还是有the的。所以,按照英文习惯,并且为了更准确地表达中科院大学和中科院的从属关系,最好是加上这个the。同时,这个the不影响现在的英文缩写,还是UCAS。 在两种情况下,the在大学或者研究机构里的名字里是可以忽略的,但是都不符合中科院大学。第一是以地名命名的university,是不加the的。譬如the University of Chicago,不说the University of the Chicago。(注意,最前面这个the是名字本身里是可有可无的,譬如 University of California 就没有。但是在地名-Chicago和California-前面是没有the的。但是作为一个特有机构,在句子里还是在前面加the的:The University of California is a public university system in th U.S. state California)。第二种情况是university/schoool在一种学科之前,譬如School of Business Administration。中科院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)既不是地名,也不是一种学科,所以不宜省略掉这个the。 声明:本人不是英语专业的。有博主说不是本专业最好不发言。我觉得自己略知一二,而且只是希望抛砖引玉。说得不对,欢迎把转再拍回来。
我们中很多人学英语的时间大多在十年以上,但绝大部分人的英语水平还停留在初级阶段,根本不能通过英语获取知识以提高自身素质。究其原因,有以下几个方面: 1.观念问题 :我们很多人认为英语就是一个工具,其实不然。英语应该成为你的生活方式, a way of life。也就是说,不管你的英语水平有多高,考试分数多好,如果你每天通过英文的信息处理量(或摄入量)不足50%,我说你英语考试分数再高,英语对你来说真的就是一个花瓶,没什么实际用途。大家要问自己: how much of the information processed or absorbed is through English on a daily basis? 5%, 20%, 50%, or 80%? 就我个人而言,应该在80%左右,尽管我生活在中国。如果你每天大量的信息都来源于英语,你会发现你的视野会变得更开阔,知识面会更宽,思维会更活跃。逐渐地,你身边的人会发现你更博学,更聪明。 2.方法问题 :我们很多人4、6级后就停止学习英语,或者想学也不知道该怎么学下去。更要命的是,我们很多人没有用英语获取知识的习惯。实际上,你应该这样:要想使你的英语达到高级水平,有两件事你必须做:第一, 直接学TOEFL和GRE,不管你要不要出国,考不考T或G。为什么?这两门考试是美国研究生院考察学生有没有学习能力的考试,很成熟,是你英语学习直接进入高级水平最快的途径。实际上,你上大一时就可以直接学TOEFL。具体方法如下:先把TOEFL的阅读当成精读教材,同时背单词,然后练听力,再把听力当成口语教材,模仿语音语调句式句型,表达方式等。TOEFL的听力材料非常贴近美国大学生活,是最好的口语教材。在此基础之上,再大量阅读,大量听。等这些做好了,写作就会自然变好。古语云:读书破万卷,下笔如有神,就是这个道理。 如果说TOEFL是Test OF English, 即关于英语的水平测试,那么GRE就是 Test IN English,即英语进行的能力(智力)测试。美国人进入研究生院也和你一样,也得考GRE。有人说,GRE的词汇大部分都没用,太偏。说这样话的人自己英语水平一定没有达到高级。GRE的词汇95%以上都在你的学习工作生活中很常用,或者说你作为一个英语的高级知识分子都应该要会的。否则,你很难与别人进行有实质有内涵的沟通。就会打打招呼,介绍自己从哪儿来,喜欢或不喜欢什么不能为你赢来真正的朋友,不会为你的求职带来好处,更不会为你带来商业谈判赢得先机。所以你要成为高级人才,必须过了TOEFL和GRE关。 第二, 你必须养成从英语中获得知识,在工作生活中使用英语的习惯。从你开始看TOEFL 和GRE的时候,你就应该开始看英美报纸,杂志,电影电视。我不建议你花几个小时学习Puma at Large。因为你学完了,就会了些单词,一些稀奇古怪的东西,对你的智力发展,知识积累没有任何好处。花同样的时间,如果你看一篇纽约时报的文章,学习为什么西方要求中国人民币升值,或者Intel与别的公司芯片之战打到什么程度了,在巴黎36小时应怎么度过等等,你不仅学到英文,而且增长了见识。长此以往,你的英文也日益精进了,你的知识面也宽了很多。还有,我建议大家直接用英文看美国大学的教材:经济(曼昆等人),金融,财会,政治,历史,心理等等。甚至你可以学数学。我在北大学微积分学得一塌糊涂(尽管我高考数学147),但去了美国,我用英文学微积分,线代,统计等都学得很好。为什么?就是英文国外的教材写得好。刚去美国时,我花了很多时间看美国本科生的教材,甚至包括我不熟悉的化学生物等,这个过程不仅让我的英文有更大进步,同时为我的宽广的知识面打下坚实基础,而这一切在我今天给大家做咨询和学业人生规划时都特别有用。 3)见识问题: 学英语有如练武功,你如果不知道最高水平的高手是什么样子,你是学不成高手的。学英语不是学技巧,而是学成高级知识分子。很多同学会花时间听VOA,我觉在初期阶段是不错,但VOA是美国政府的宣传工具,你长时间听,就会受其毒害(不是吓你,呵呵)。你最好听NPR, National Public Radio (http://www.npr.org)。这是一个中立的广播电台,你不仅能学到英语,而且受到高水平的教育。你看东西,看什么?有人说Yahoo, CNN 里的英文新闻。但你水平低的时候,可以。但他们的写作水平相当于美国高中生水平,你看的再多,也不会让你成为知识分子。你知道美国高级知识分子看什么? 纽约时报,华尔街日报,经济学家,纽约客等等。我建议大家集中看纽约时报就可以(http://www.nytimes.com),实在想多看,可以看看经济学家,(www.economist.com)。我不建议大家通过看文学书籍来学英语。简爱是很好,但你现在看太费劲。你的水平高了,再去欣赏这些不迟。这些书能让你成为有品位的知识分子,但暂时咱们还是先成为知识分子再说。 英语学成了高级,你的乐趣就多了。能直接看懂好莱坞电影还没什么,看懂Friends, Prison Break, Desparate Housewives, Gossip Girls 也很容易。看懂这些还不是成为高级知识分子的标志。你要想对美国文化,社会等有很多了解,深入人家核心的东西,你还得看更高水平的东西,如看懂人家的Talk Show, 尤其是人家一些文化icon的东西:如CBS里David Letterman, NBC里 Jay Leno 等人的show,包括 NBC的 Staturday Night Live(尽管Opera等也很牛,但实质内容不多)。 最最厉害的要数美国Comedy Central的 Jon Stewart 和 Steven Colbert (www.TheDailyShow.com) 和 (www.ColbertNation.com)。你如果你能看懂他们的东西,那你的生活就太有乐趣了,因为你每天都能体会到听真正聪明的人说话或分析事情是一种怎样的愉悦。从此之后,你再看国内电视里所谓的专家,你会发现水平差别太大了。 我们都说中国人爱听相声,但中国相声这些年实在不咋的,小品也很无聊。如果你想听听美国是如何幽默的,你看看人家的Standup Comedy(类似我们的单口相声)。我推荐两个人: Russell Peters (加拿大人)和Jeff Dunham。在优酷中你应能搜到。还有我大力推荐动画片南方公园 (www.SouthParkStudios.com)。如果你坚持看下来,你的英语水平提高自是不必说,更重要的是你对美国的认知会更加深刻。 罗罗嗦嗦说了这么多,自己总结一下: 1. 英语不靠学,靠用。让语言成为你的生活方式,而不工具。 2.高考后,直接学TOEFL,再学GRE,不管你考不考这两个试,出不出国。 3.让自己通过英语变成具有国际视野的高级知识分子,看以下网站: http://www.nytimes.com http://www.economist.com http://www.npr.org http://www.TheDailyShow.com http://www.ColbertNation.com http://www.SouthParkStudios.com 还有,enjoy Russell Peters and Jeff Dunham!! 最后,祝大家早日成为高级知识分子,享受另外一个充满乐趣的世界!
作者:MedSci 来源: MedSci a.所选之词力求简单,尽量用短词代替长词,常用词代替生僻词。 但在动词的使用上,医学英语更多地强调用规范的书面语动词来代替口语中的短语动词,如:用evaporate而不用to turn?into vapor;用discover而不用to find out;用absorb而不用to take in等等。 b.尽量采用“-ing分词”和“-ed分词”作定语,少用关系代词which、who等引导的定语从句这样一来,既能简化语句,又能减少时态判定的失误。 例:The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase(AADC) needed (比which is need要好)in gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease. 本研究目的在于获得帕金森病基因治疗中所需的人芳香族氦基酸脱羧酶(AADC)的基因。 c.尽量使用缩写词和名词作定语,既能简化句型又可增大信息密度 例:Transcription to mRNA is a process very similar to DNA replication and may use some of the same enzymes. 信使RNA的转译过程与DNA的复制过程非常相似,它可能需要一一些同种类的酶的参与。(句子中DNA是Deoxyribonucleic acid的缩写词,同时又作为名词修饰replication) 医学论文属于较为正规的文体,所以用词的正确性和准确性就显得十分重要。虽然几乎所有撰写医学论文的人,都可以借助词典进行阅读,但能顺利准确地进行英文论文写作的人却为数不多,这主要体现在对医学专用词汇的认知水平上。下边列举一些常见的错误。 用汉英词典逐词翻译中文名词,而不是参考国际通用译名和医学英语专业词典的译法。例如;“病灶”不是译为ill kitchen,正确的译法是lesions;“解剖部位”不是译为district,正确的译法是region;“心脏杂音”不使用audible noise而使用murmur{“膏药”的译法不是medical cream,而是dog—skin plaster;再者,还有一些词汇直接使用汉语拼音,如“脾虚”国际通用译成pixu等等。 单复数的误用。例如“使肠通便”英语表达应为move bowels,bowel习惯上应为复数形式;“damage”表示“损伤”含义时,应为单数。而不是damages(为法律用语,赔赏金)。 主谓语不一致的错误。例如,腮腺炎mumps形式上是复数,实际上该词是一个单数名词;常见的此类名词还有:龋齿caries、关节炎arthritics、糖尿病 diabetes、软骨病rickets、麻疹measles、带状疱疹shingles、癔病hysterics等。 修饰用词错误。例如,“疗效” 不用treatment effects表达,而可用curative effects/effectiveness等词来表达;“全血”是指未经分离的血液,英语应为whole blood,而不是complete blood;“未怀孕的”应为un-pregnant,而不是un—conceivable等等。 要写好SCI论文,除了多使用专业英语词典外,平时应多读专业英语文献,增大日常积累,避免在写作的时候生搬硬套。多读多练,在医学论文摘要写作中的错误必将大大减少。 原始来源: http://www.medsci.cn/shownews.asp?id=9241
在我们撰写论文时经常需要列举和举例,为了让句法表达更多样,表达得更地道,不妨来学习一下下面的指南,这是摘录自英国Manchester大学的学术论文语料库(Phrase Bank)和香港大学的学术论文工具箱。 Giving Examples Writers may give specific examples as evidence to support their general claims or arguments. Examples can also be used to help the reader or listener understand unfamiliar or difficult concepts, and they tend to be easier to remember. For this reason, they are often used in teaching. Finally, students may be required to give examples in their work to demonstrate that they have understood a complex problem or concept. Many paragraphs in academic writing show development from general statements to specific details or examples. In most paragraphs, therefore, examples usually come after a more general statement, as in the short extract below. Many words can often acquire a more narrow meaning over time, or may come to be chiefly used in one special sense. A classic example of this practice is the word doctor. There were doctors (i.e., learned men) in theology, law, and many other fields beside medicine, but nowadays when we send for the doctor we mean a member of only one profession. Examples as the main information in a sentence: For example / instance, the word doctor used to mean a learned man. For example , Smith and Jones (2004) conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in ...... By way of illustration , Smith (2003) shows how the data for ..... A classic / well-known example of this is ....... An example of this is the study carried out by Smith (2004) in which ....... X is a good example / illustration of ....... X illustrates this point / shows this point clearly. This can be illustrated briefly by ....... Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons. They may, for example , be influenced by their peers, or they may see their parents as role models. The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of..… Another example of what is meant by X is ...... Diseases that can result at least in part from stress include arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers. Examples as additional information in a sentence Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers and the role model of parents. Pavlov found that if some other stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the dog would start salivating. In Paris, Gassendi kept in close contact with many other prominent scholars such as Kepler, Galileo, Hobbes, and Descartes. The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, oil, coal and aluminium, have declined in real terms over the past 20 years. Many diseases can result at least in part from stress, including: arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers.
英语中的一词多性非常普遍,但一词半性似乎非常罕见。worth是一个非常很有意思且很奇怪的词,许孟雄先生在《英语难题研究一千则》中对此词的用法进行了分析。作为对比,许先生对worthy进行了一并讨论,列出了几个例句: 1.The recent issue of this periodical is worth reading. 2.This house is worth 30,000 dollars. 3.This book is worth the price. 3.This house is worthy of scicentist. 国内的英语辞典,多将worth的词性仅标注为形容性与名词两种。如:《英汉大词典》(陆谷孙等,1993版)、《现代英语用法词典》(张道真,1994)、《英语搭配大词典》(王文昌等,1991)、《新时代英汉大词典》(张柏然等,2006)。 然而,单用形容词或名词等单一词性难以解释例句1与例句2,于是产生了所谓两栖词性的说法,我将之称为“半驴半马”。 许孟雄先生将worth与worthy称作“难兄难弟”,他解释:“worth对is的关系来说worth是作表语用的形容词。另一方面worth对reading来说,worth是介词,reading是宾语。可以说worth是‘两栖’词。也有语法家说worth一半是形容词,一半是及物动词。好吧,怎么说都行。至于worthy of,经过分析worth之后,worth之后,worthy of就不大困难了。”关于例句2,许先生说:“worth对主语house的关系是形容词作表语,同时对dollars的关系是介词(worth)和介词的宾语(dollars)。” 说实话,对许先生的解答我一直感觉过于玄妙,摸不着头脑。诚然,有人说,语言就是所谓约定俗成,甚至习非成是。我却始终抱着一个信念,语言与词汇的产生是有理可循的,不少怪词在社会语言学看来都有其合理性,并非是“无厘头”能一言蔽之的,只不过在传播过程中丢失了背景与线索。当今时兴的计算语言学更将语言视作理性科学的研究对象。 如果依旧将worth释作形容词,我觉得可视之为后面脱落或省略了of,如此一补充,“The recent issue of this periodical is worth (of)reading,This house is worth (of)30,000 dollars.”的语法结构就昭然若揭了。不过此假设未经词源学考证,过于大胆了。 所谓“两栖词性”的分析路径我认为是人为复杂化了。 上述的分析是基于我曾见过的上述辞书。其实,我曾逐词浏览过全英文版的《企鹅英语词典》(外文出版社,1996)的词汇。对于该书将worth称作介词似乎有些朦胧印象,但觉得可能是另类诠释。回过头来,又检阅了一本英文辞典《朗文当代英语辞典》(英语版,外语教学与研究出版社,1997),它与《企鹅英语词典》一样,对worth也仅列了两个词性,除名词性质外,均将“介词(prep)”列为了第一个词性。 翻检手头现有的国内辞书,发现《新英汉词典》(上海译文出版社,2000)已与英文辞典同步了,将worth的词性标注为“介词”与“名词”两类。如此一来,所谓的两栖或两难选择就迎刃而解了。“The recent issue of this periodical is worth reading,This house is worth 30,000 dollars.”在理解上的复杂情形也就简单化了。 我不知道,在英语中此类所谓两栖现象还有多少。我不由到想到物理中的孤立子现象。孤立子在今日已不太孤独了,《孤立子理论及在物理学和生物学中的应用》等研究孤立子专著已有多部。 但是,我始终不太相信作为沟通交流的语言学,尤其口语中存在多少孤立子行为。
当暖风吹来时 - 英语里的诗经 鲍海飞 译 2012-1-20 归乡,那里有父母的企盼、兄弟的企盼。这是 John Masefield ( 1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967 ) 一首抒情诗歌,其中略微有一丝伤感,但更多的是阳光。 John Masefield 是英国诗人和作家,也是英国的桂冠诗人。年初曾经把这首诗歌翻译了一遍,之后,又进行了修改。这首诗歌读起来有中国《诗经》的味道。 The West Wind John Masefield 1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967 暖暖西风鸟儿鸣;西风扑面泪水盈。 西风来自西山岭,四月风儿水仙迎。 (这头两句之韵味,甚是感人) It's a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds' cries; I never hear the west wind but tears are in my eyes. For it comes from the west lands, the old brown hills. And April's in the west wind, and daffodils. 山岭沃土印我影,苹果园里醉香凝; 青青草地仰面躺,画眉窝里正轻吟。 It's a fine land, the west land, for hearts as tired as mine, Apple orchards blossom there, and the air's like wine. There is cool green grass there, where men may lie at rest, And the thrushes are in song there, fluting from the nest. 遥遥长路兄未归,四月芬芳晶莹莹; 明亮太阳温暖雨,何不快回马蹄轻? 'Will ye not come home brother? ye have been long away, It's April, and blossom time, and white is the may; And bright is the sun brother, and warm is the rain,-- Will ye not come home, brother, home to us again? 玉米青青野兔灵,天蓝云白阳光明; 乡歌唤起儿时忆,春光一路蜂儿鸣。 'The young corn is green, brother, where the rabbits run. It's blue sky, and white clouds, and warm rain and sun. It's song to a man's soul, brother, fire to a man's brain, To hear the wild bees and see the merry spring again. 云雀正唱绿麦迎,何不归家把脚停? 为汝疗伤心安睡,暖暖西风鸟正鸣。 'Larks are singing in the west, brother, above the green wheat, So will ye not come home, brother, and rest your tired feet? I've a balm for bruised hearts, brother, sleep for aching eyes,' Says the warm wind, the west wind, full of birds' cries. 西行长路吾踏上,绿草苍苍眼儿明; 花开心暖画眉唱,遥远乐土吾心倾。 It's the white road westwards is the road I must tread To the green grass, the cool grass, and rest for heart and head, To the violets, and the warm hearts, and the thrushes' song, In the fine land, the west land, the land where I belong. 附录:当暖风吹来时 ---- 另一种期待 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-278905-530468.html
之所以称为闲书,大约是因为很难称得上科班出身的专业学者的学术专著吧。 1985年秋的一天,笔者在查阅 The World Book Dictionary 时,突然发现其后的附录部分赫然列有常见的英文教名及其简单的寓意,立即将其复印下来,事后慢慢品读,感到颇有意思。后来的几个月又有意识地翻阅了许多检索刊物,没有发现国内有专门介绍英文姓名及其寓意的书籍出版,直觉提示这可能是个填补空白的机会。后来笔者又参考了 The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names、Chambers 20th Century Dictionary 等工具书,经过几个月的业余编写工作,终于形成了一部介绍英文姓名及其寓意的书稿。接下来的事情就是联系出版社。感谢世界知识出版社的李豫生、田文进、周森荣等老师,在他们的鼎力支持下,《英语姓名知识手册》终于在1989年3月出版,由于这本书在当时属于拾遗补缺之作,市场反应还是不错的。此书出版很久之后,国内才陆续出现了一些同类的图书,据不完全统计,大概有以下一些吧: 《常用英语姓名手册》,高东明,石油大学出版社2001年1月版; 《英语姓名词典》,高玉华,外语教学与研究出版社2002年1月版; 《英文取名任你选》,余小玉,中国纺织出版社2002年3月版; 《洋名洋名任你选》,黄玉真,外文出版社2002年版; 《给自己起个英文名》,施孝昌,中国大百科全书出版社2003年1月版; 《英语人名词典》,李忠华,上海外语教育出版社2003年3月版。
水文学与水文地质学英文术语 河流阶地: river terrace 面源: area source 线源: line source 点源: point source 非点源: non-point source groundwater 潜水 groundwater artery 地下水干道 groundwater barrier 地下水堡坝 groundwater basin 地下水盆地 groundwater capture 地下水袭夺 groundwater cascade 地下水小瀑布 groundwater cement 潜水泥 groundwater dam 地下水坝 groundwater discharge 地下水排泄 groundwater divide 地下分水界 groundwater flow 地下径流 groundwater inventory 地下水总量目录 groundwater level 地下水位 groundwater mound 地下水土丘 groundwater province 地下水区 groundwater recession 地下水后退 groundwater recession curve 地下水后退曲线 groundwater reservoir 地下水储集 groundwater runoff 地下径流 groundwater simulation 地下模拟 groundwater spring 潜水泉 groundwater table 地下水位 group 群 exploitable groundwater 地下水可开采量 groundwater depression cone 地下水下降漏斗 字段名 英文名 站码 station code 站名 station name 站别 station category 流域名称 basin name 水系名称 hydrometric net code 河流名称 river name 施测项目码 item code of obervation 行政区划码 administration division code 水资源分区码 code of water resources regionalization 设站年份 year of station establishment 设站月份 month of station establishment 撤站年份 year of withdrawal of station 撤站月份 month of withdrawal of station 集水面积 drainage area 流入何处 flowing-to 至河口距离 distance to river mouth 基准基面名称 name of fiducial datum 领导机关 leading agency (administration agency) 管理单位 administration 站址 station location 东经 longitude 北纬 latitude 测站等级 grade of hydrometric station 报汛等级 grade of Flood-Reporting Station 备注 note 站点码 station point code 站点名 station point name 测流方法 observation method 控水目的 purpose of control water project 控水工程类型 control water project type 控水工程代码 code of control water project 控水工程运行规则 operation regulation of control water project 推流参数 parameter of discharge computation 引水点名 Location name of pumping 排水点名 Location name of surface drainage 实际最大灌溉面积 maximum area of practical irrigation 上界站站码 station code of upper boundary station 至上界站河段长 length of reach to upper bound station 下界站站码 code of lower bound station 至下界站河段长 length of reach to lower bound station 高差基数 base of difference in elevation 流域水系码 codes of hydrographic net of a basin 调查资料来源单位 office recording investigation data 区码 code of zone 区名 zone name 区类 zone type 水体总容量 total capacity of water bodies 灌溉水田面积 area of rice paddy irrigated 灌溉面积 irrigation area 城市人口 urban population 工业总产值 gross industrial output value 水库和水闸控制面积 drainage area of reservoir or weir or sluice 调查面积 investigation area 量算地图比例尺 scale of measured map 连通试验可靠等级 reliability rank of connectivity pair test 旁证资料可靠等级 reliability level of data witness 面积成果合理性等级 reliability rank of area data 直接上级区名 zone name of prime at first 调查报告编号 investigation report number 地理包含关系 geography contain relation 站点类别 station point category 年 year 相关站码 correlative station code 关系标识 relationship ID 关系说明 relationship illustration 主断面迁移号 migration numbers of main cross section 断面名称 cross section name 断面位置 location of cross section 变动年份 changed Year 变动月份 changed month 变动日 changed day 同系列标志 series marker 变动情况 changed conditions 水尺名称 gage name 水尺型式 gage type 水尺质料 material of gage 自记台类型 type of stage recorder 水尺位置 location of gage 使用情况 use condition 河段情况 river reach circumstance 图类型 graph type 图标题 graph title 图 graph MIME类型 MIME type 水准点编号 benchmark number 水准点类型 benchmark type 变动日期 date of Setup or change 采用基面名称 adoption datum name 冻结或测站基面以上高程 elevation above stationary datum 绝对或假定基面以上高程 elevation above absolute or arbitrary datum 绝对基面名称 name of absolute or arbitrary datum 水准点型式 benchmark style 水准点位置 benchmark location 引据水准点编号 number of benchmark from which elevation is measured 变动原因 cause of change 工程名称 engineering name 工程名称代码 engineering name code 开始蓄水年份 begin storing water year 开始蓄水月份 begining month of storing water 校核洪水位 check flood stage 校核库容 check storage capacity of reservoir 设计洪水位 design flood stage 设计库容 reservoir capacity corresponding to DSFLZ 正常高水位 normal high water level 正常库容 Normal reservoir storage 死水位 dead pool level 死库容 dead reservoir capacity 溢洪道号 spillway number 竣工年份 completion year 竣工月份 completion month 溢洪道长度 spillway length 溢洪道堰顶高程 elevation of spillway crest 溢洪道堰顶宽 width of spillway crest 溢洪道设计最大流量 maximum designed discharge of spillway 闸组号 gate group number 孔型 type of sluice or hole 孔数 count of sluice or hole 孔高 sluice or hole height 孔宽 sluice or hole width 设计最大流量 maximum designed discharge of sluice or tunnel 翼墙型式 wing wall type 墩头型式 type of pier head of sluice or tunnel 堰顶闸底形状 shape of weir crest or sluice bed 设计灌溉面积 design irrigated area due to sluice or tunnel 工程地址 location of engineering 控制面积 control area 总库容 total reservoir capacity 最大实灌面积 actually irrigated area due to sluice or tunnel 最大实引排水量 maximum volume of actual diversion or drainage 仪器口径 mouth diameter of rain gauge 仪器精度 precision of rain gauge 记录模式 recording mode 获值模式 sensing mode 绝对高程 elevation above absolute datum 器口离地面高度 instrument height above ground 非汛期观测段制 observation regime in nonflood season 汛期观测段制 observation regime in flood season 蒸发场位置特征 character of location of evaporation-gauging 仪器型式 type of instrument(equipment) 附近地势 nearby topography 四周障碍物 obstacles around station 起时间 beginning time 止时间 end time 时间 time 起始日期 beginning date 旬起始日期 beginning date of a period of ten days 月 month 日期 date 降水量 precipitation 降水量注解码 remark code of precipitation 降水日数 number of precipitation days 降水日数注解码 remark code of number of precipitation days 最大降水量 maximum precipitation 最大降水量时段长 maximum precipitation duration 最大日降水量 maximum daily precipitation 最大日降水量注解码 remark code of maximum daily precipitation 最大日降水量出现日期 occurring date of maximum daily precipitation 终霜日期 date of frost disappearance 初霜日期 date of frost appearance 终雪日期 date of snow disappearance 初雪日期 date of snow appearance 终冰日期 date of ice disappearance 初冰日期 date of ice appearance 蒸发器型式 type of evaporation equipment 水面蒸发量 surface evaporation 水面蒸发量注解码 remark code of evaporation 最大日水面蒸发量 maximum daily evaporation 最大日水面蒸发量注解码 remark code of maximum daily evaporation 最大日水面蒸发量出现日期 occurring date of maximum daily evaporation 最小日水面蒸发量 minimum daily surface evaporation 最小日水面蒸发量注解码 remark code of minimum daily surface evaporation 最小日水面蒸发量出现日期 occurring date of minimum daily surface evaporation 观测高度 observation height 气温 air temperature 气温注解码 remark code air temperature 平均气温 average air temperature 平均气温注解码 remark code of average air temperature 最高气温 maximum air temperature 最高气温注解码 remark code of maximum air temperature 最高气温日期 date of maximum air temperature 最低气温 minimum air temperature 最低气温注解码 remark code of minimum air temperature 最低气温日期 date of minimum air temperature 水汽压 vapour pressure 水汽压注解码 remark code of vapour pressure 平均水汽压 average vapor pressure 平均水汽压注解码 remark code of average vapor pressure 水汽压力差 difference of vapour pressure 水汽压力差注解码 remark code of difference of vapour pressure 平均水汽压力差 average vapor pressure difference 平均水汽压力差注解码 remark code of average vapor pressure difference 风速 wind velocity 风速注解码 remark code of wind velocity 平均风速 average wind velocity 平均风速注解码 remark code of average wind velocity 闸上水位 stage in Sluice Upstream 闸上水位注解码 remark code of upsluice stage 闸下水位 down sluice stage 闸下水位注解码 remark code of downsluice stage 坝上水位 stage behind dam 坝上水位注解码 remark code of the stage behind dam 水位 stage 水位注解码 remark code of stage 平均水位 average stage 平均水位注解码 remark code of average stage 最高水位 maximum stage 最高水位注解码 remark code of maximum stage 最高水位日期 occurring date of maximum stage 最低水位 minimum stage 最低水位注解码 remark code of date of minimum stage 最低水位日期 date of minimum stage 保证率 reliability of stage 保证率水位 reliability stage 保证率水位注解码 remark code of reliability stage 流量 discharge 平均流量 average discharge 平均流量注解码 remark code of average discharge 最大流量 maximum discharge 最大流量注解码 remark code of maximum discharge 最大流量日期 date of maximum discharge 最小流量 minimum discharge 最小流量注解码 remark code of minimum discharge 最小流量日期 date of minimum discharge 蓄水量 Reservoir Storage 径流量 runoff 径流量注解码 remark code of runoff 径流模数 runoff modulus 径流深 runoff in depth 最大洪量时段长 duration of maximum flood volume 最大洪量 maximum flood volume 泥沙类型 sediment type 含沙量 sediment concentration 平均含沙量 average sediment concentration 平均含沙量注解码 remark code of average sediment concentration 最大含沙量 maximum sediment concentration 最大含沙量注解码 remark code of maximum sediment concentration 最大含沙量日期 date of maximum sediment concentration 最小含沙量 minimum sediment concentration 最小含沙量注解码 remark code of minimum sediment concentration 最小含沙量日期 date of minimum sediment concentration 平均输沙率 average sediment discharge 平均输沙率注解码 remark code of average sediment discharge 最大日平均输沙率 maximum average of daily sediment discharge 最大日平均输沙率注解码 remark code of maximum average of daily sediment discharge 最大日平均输沙率出现日期 occurring date of maximum average of daily sediment discharge 输沙量 sediment runoff 输沙量注解码 remark code of sediment runoff 输沙模数 sediment runoff modulus 采样仪器型号 model number of sampling instrument 采样效率系数 efficiency coefficient of sampling 上限粒径 upper limit particle size 平均沙重百分数 average percent of sediment weight 中数粒径 median particle diameter 平均粒径 average particle diameter 最大粒径 maximum particle diameter 水温 water temperature 水温注解码 remark code of water temperature 平均水温 average water temperature 平均水温注解码 remark code of average water temperature 最高水温 maximum water temperature 最高水温注解码 remark code of maximum water temperature 最高水温日期 occurring date of maximum water temperature 最低水温 minimum water temperature 最低水温注解码 remark code of minimum water temperature 最低水温日期 date of minimum water temperature 冰情注解码 remark code of ice condition 河心冰厚 ice thickness at river center 岸边冰厚 Thickness of Border Ice 冰上雪深 snow depth on ice 岸上气温 air temperature on bank 解冻日期 date of ice break up 封冻日期 ice freeze up date 上半年封冻天数 number of actual freeze up days in first half of year 下半年封冻天数 number of actual freeze up days in second half of year 终止流冰日期 end date of ice run 开始流冰日期 beginning date of ice run 河心最大冰厚 maximum ice thickness at river center 河心最大冰厚出现日期 occurring date of the maximum ice thickness at river center 岸边最大冰厚 Maximum thickness of border Ice 岸边最大冰厚出现日期 occurring date of maximum thickness of border ice 最大流冰块长度 maximum length of ice floe 最大流冰块宽度 maximum width of ice floe 最大流冰块冰速 maximum velocity of ice floe 断面平均冰速 average ice flow velocity at cross section 最大冰上雪深 maximum snow depth on ice 最大冰上雪深出现日期 occurring date of maximum snow depth on ice 春季最大冰流量 maximum ice discharge in spring 春季最大冰流量注解码 remark code of maximum ice discharge in spring 春季最大冰流量日期 occurring date of ice discharge in spring 冬季最大冰流量 maximum ice discharge in winter 冬季最大冰流量注解码 remark code of occurring data of maximum ice discharge in winter 冬季最大冰流量日期 occurring data of maximum ice discharge in winter 春季总冰流量 gross ice discharge in spring 春季总冰流量注解码 remark code of gross ice discharge in spring 冬季总冰流量 gross ice discharge in winter 冬季总冰流量注解码 remark code of ice discharge in winter 年总冰流量 yearly total ice discharge 年总冰流量注解码 remark code yearly total ice discharge 平均冰流量 average ice discharge 平均冰流量注解码 remark code of average ice discharge 总冰流量 total of ice discharge 总冰流量注解码 remark code of total of ice discharge 最大冰流量 maximum ice discharge 最大冰流量注解码 remark code of maximum ice discharge 最大冰流量日期 date of maximum ice discharge 潮别 tidal type 潮位 tidal level 潮位注解码 remark code of tidal level 潮差 tidal range 历时 duration 潮流量 tidal discharge 潮量 tidal volume 潮输沙率 tidal sediment discharge 潮输沙量 tidal sediment runoff 平均高潮潮位 average high tidal level 平均高潮潮位注解码 remark of average high tidal level stage 最高高潮位 Maximum high tidal stage 最高高潮位注解码 remark code of Maximum high tidal stage 最高高潮位出现时间 occurring time of Maximum high tidal stage 最低高潮位 minimum high tidal stage 最低高潮位注解码 remark code of minimum high water level 最低高潮位出现时间 occurring time of minimum high tidal stage 平均低潮潮位 average low tidal level 平均低潮潮位注解码 remark of average low tidal level 最高低潮位 maximum low tidal stage 最高低潮位注解码 remark code of maxiumm low tidal stage 最高低潮位出现时间 occurring time of maximum low tidal stage 最低低潮位 minimum low tidal stage 最低低潮位注解码 remark code of minimum low tidal stage 最低低潮位出现时间 occurring time of minimum low tidal stage 平均涨潮潮差 average of flood tide range 平均涨潮潮差注解码 remark code of average of flood tide range 最大涨潮潮差 maximum flood tidal range 最大涨潮潮差注解码 remark code of maximum flood tidal range 最大涨潮潮差(高潮)时间 time of maximum flood tidal range 最小涨潮潮差 minimum flood tidal range 最小涨潮潮差注解码 remark code of minimum flood tidal range 最小涨潮潮差(高潮)时间 high tidal time of minimum flood tidal range 平均落潮潮差 average ebb tide range 平均落潮潮差注解码 remark code of average of ebb tidal range 最大落潮潮差 maximum ebb tidal range 最大落潮潮差注解码 remark code of maximum ebb tidal range 最大落潮潮差(高潮)时间 high water occurring time of maximum ebb tidal range 最小落潮潮差 minimum ebb tidal range 最小落潮潮差注解码 remark code of minimum ebb tidal range 最小落潮潮差(高潮)时间 high water occurring time of minimum ebb tidal range 平均涨潮历时 average flood tidal duration 平均涨潮历时注解码 remark code of average of flood tidal range 最长涨潮历时 maximum flood tidal duration 最长涨潮历时注解码 remark code of maximum flood tide duration 最长涨潮历时(高潮)时间 high water occurring time of maximum flood tidal duration 最短涨潮历时 minimum flood tidal duration 最短涨潮历时注解码 remark code of minimum flood tidal duration 最短涨潮历时(高潮)时间 high tidal time of minimum flood tidal duration 平均落潮历时 mean ebb tide duration 平均落潮历时注解码 remark code of mean ebb tide duration 最长落潮历时 maximum ebb tidal duration 最长落潮历时注解码 remark code of maximum ebb tidal duration 最长落潮历时(高潮)时间 high water occurring time of maximum ebb tidal duration 最短落潮历时 minimum ebb tidal duration 最短落潮历时注解码 remark code of minimum ebb tidal duration 最短落潮历时(高潮)时间 high tidal time of Minimum ebb tidal duration 逐时平均潮位 hourly average tidal stage 逐时平均潮位注解码 remark code of hourly average tidal stage 平均潮差 average tide range 平均潮差注解码 remark code of yearly average tide range 平均历时 average tidal duration 平均历时注解码 remark code of average tidal duration 施测日期 beginning date of measurement 测次号 observation number 垂线号 numbers of typical verticals 起点距 distance from initial point 河底高程 river bed elevation 河底高程注解码 remark code of river bed elevation 测时水位 stage during observation 测时水位注解码 remark code of stage during observation 垂线方位 vertical azimuth 断面名称及位置 cross section name and location 测次说明 note 引用施测日期 date of quoted observation 引用测次号 number of quoted observation 引用起始起点距 beginning distance from initial point 引用终止起点距 end distance from initial point 岸别符号 bank symbol 痕迹类型 trace type 日 day 时 hour 分 minute 点编号 point code 点详细位置 point detailed location 点东经 point east longitude 点北纬 point north latitude 点高程 point elevation 点参数 point parameter 指认人及印象 witness man's impression 目击和旁证可靠等级 reliability rank of witness 痕迹和标志物可靠等级 reliability level of trace or flag 估计误差范围 estimation error range 调查日期 investigation date 起始年 beginning year 起始月 beginning month 起始日 beginning day 起始时 beginning hour 起始分 beginning minute 终止年 end year 终止月 end month 终止日 end day 终止时 end hour 终止分 end minute 雨情描述 description of rainfall information 重现期 Recurrence Interval 重现期统计截止年 cut-off year of statistics of recurrence interval 目击和水痕可靠等级 reliability rank of witness or trace 承雨器障碍物可靠等级 reliability level of rain collector barrier before rainfall 承雨器雨前可靠等级 reliability level of rain collector before rainfall 承雨器漫溢渗漏可靠等级 reliability level of loss quantity of rain collector seepage or overflow 水位可靠等级 reliability level of stage 推算流量方法 method of discharge computation 水流边界 flow boundary 推算流量资料可靠等级 reliability level of data used in discharge computation 推算流量方法可靠等级 reliability level of method of discharge computation 推算流量成果合理性等级 reliability level of discharge computation 次水量 water volume of one flood 水情描述 description of hydrological information 流量施测号数 number of discharge observation 测流起时间 beginning time of flow measurment 测流止时间 end time of flow measurement 测流方法 Method of flow measurement 基本水尺水位 base gage stage 流量注解码 remark code of discharge 断面总面积 total of cross section area 断面过水面积 wetted cross-section area 断面面积注解码 remark code of cross section area 断面平均流速 average flow velocity at a cross-section 断面最大流速 maximum flow velocity at a cross-section 水面宽 top width 断面平均水深 Average water depth at cross section 断面最大水深 maximum water depth 水浸冰冰底宽 ice bottom width 水浸冰冰底平均水深 ice bottom average depth 水浸冰冰底最大水深 ice bottom maximum depth 水面比降 surface slope 糙率 roughness 时段类别 category of interval 水量类别 category of water quantity 水量 water quantity 水量测算方法 estimation method of water quantity 年实测水量占比 percent of observation water-quantity in total 水量计算方法可靠等级 reliability level of estimation method of water quantity 水量成果合理性等级 fitness rank of water quantity data 起时间闸(坝)上水位 upstream stage of beginning time 起时间闸(坝)上水位注解码 remark code of upstream stage at beginning time 起时间闸(坝)下水位 downstream stage at beginning time 起时间闸(坝)下水位注解码 remark code of downstream stage of beginning time 最大流量出现时间 Occurring Time of Maxmum Discharge 实测蓄水变量 observed water storage 调查蓄水变量 investigation storage 实测灌溉还原水量 observed restoring water quantity in irrigation 调查灌溉还原水量 restoring water quantity of investigation in irrigation 水平梯田拦蓄地面径流量 surface water runoff catched by level terraced field 工业生活还原水量 restoring water quantity of industrial water or domestic water 实测工业生活还原水量 observed water quantity of industrial water or domestic water 区内除涝排水量 water quantity of waterlogging control in zone 实测区内除涝排水量 observed water quantity of waterlogging control in zone 跨流域引水量 water quantity of interbasin transfer 实测跨流域引水量 observed water quantity of interbasin transfer 跨区回归水量 return flow in cross zone 实测跨区回归水量 observed return flow in cross zone 跨区回归水量测算方法 estimation method of return flow in cross zone 跨区溃坝水量 water quantity of cross zone dam-break 实测跨区溃坝水量 observed water quantity of cross zone dam-break 跨区溃坝水量测算方法 estimation method of water quantity of cross zone dam-break 溃坝还原水量 restoring water quantity in dam-break 跨区分洪水量 water quantity of cross zone flood diversion 实测跨区分洪水量 observed water quantity of cross zone flood diversion 跨区分洪水量测算方法 estimation method of water quantity of cross zone flood diversion 分洪还原水量 restoring water quantity of flood diversion 跨区决口水量 water quantity of cross zone branching 实测跨区决口水量 observed water quantity of cross zone branching 跨区决口水量测算方法 estimation method of water quantity of cross zone branching 决口还原水量 restoring water quantity of bursting 暗河交换水量 exchanged water volume between underground rivers 暗河交换水量估算方法 method of estimating exchanged water volume between underground rivers 暗河交换水量参证站相似程度 similar level of bench-mark station of exchanged water volume between underground rivers 暗河交换水量平衡程度 balance level of exchange water between underground rivers 跨区渗漏水量 water quantity of cross zone seepage 浅层地下水还原水量 restoring water quantity of shallow groundwater 实测浅层地下水还原水量 observed restoring water quantity of shallow underground water 浅层地下水还原水量测算方法 estimation method of restoring water quantity of shallow groundwater 深层地下水还原水量 restoring water quantity of deep-layer groundwater 实测深层地下水还原水量 observed restoring water quantity of deep layer underground water 深层地下水还原水量测算方法 restoring water quantity of deep-layer groundwater 泉水出露量 capacity of spring 总进水量 total inflow runoff 总出水量 total outflow runoff 降水总量 precipitation 蒸散发总量 total evapotranspiration 蓄水水面蒸发增损水量 water quantity extracted by evaporation on water surface 出口水体起时间水位 stage of overflow water body at beginning time 出口水体起时间蓄水量 storage of overflow water body at beginning time 输沙率施测号数 number of sediment discharge observation 测沙起时间 beginning time of sediment concentration measurement 测沙止时间 end time of sediment concentration measurement 测沙断面位置 location of cross section for sediment concentration measurement 取样方法 sampling method 断面平均含沙量 average sediment concentration at cross-section 断面平均含沙量注解码 remark code of average sediment concentration at cross section 单样含沙量 index sediment concentration 单样含沙量测验方法 observational method of index sediment concentration 悬移质输沙率 suspended sediment discharge 悬移质输沙率注解码 remark code of suspended sediment discharge 推移质输沙率 bed load sediment discharge 推移质输沙率注解码 remark code of bed load sediment discharge 单样推移质输沙率 index bed load sediment discharge 推移质平均底速 average velocity of bed load 推移带宽度 width of bed load sediment discharge 断面平均单宽输沙率 average sediment discharge in unit width at cross section 垂线最大输沙率 maximum vertical sediment discharge 垂线最大输沙率相应起点距 distance of maximum vertical sediment discharge from initial point 单断沙码 code of index or cross sectional sediment 起始施测号 begin observation number 终止施测号 end observation number 取样起时间 beginning time of sampling 取样止时间 end time of sampling 沙重百分数 sediment weight percent 最大颗粒重量 sediment maximum particle weight 最大颗粒起点距 distance from initial point where measuring the maximum particle 平均沉速 mean settling velocity 施测水温 water temperature at measurement 粒径分析方法 analysis method of particle side 注解码 remark code 沙量类别 category of silt-quantity 沙量 silt-quantity 沙量测算方法 estimation method of silt-quantity 年实测沙量占比 percent of observation silt-quantity in total 沙量测算方法可靠等级 reliability level of estimation method of silt-quantity 沙量成果合理性等级 reliability level of silt-quantity data 水量资料可靠等级 reliability level of water quantity source 冲淤量 sediment quantity of scour-silt 实测冲淤量 observed sediment quantity of scour-silt 灌溉挟沙量 silt-quantity taked through irrigation 实测灌溉挟沙量 observed sediment discharge of irrigation 工业生活挟沙量 sediment discharge of industrial water or domestic water 实测工业生活挟沙量 observed sediment discharge of industrial water or domestic water 跨流域引水挟沙量 silt-quantity taked through interbasin transfer 实测跨流域引水挟沙量 observed sediment quantity taked by interbasin transfer 溃坝冲淤量 sediment quantity of scour-silt in dam-break 实测溃坝冲淤量 observed silt-quantity of scour-silt in dam-break 分洪冲淤量 sediment quantity of scour-silt in flood diversion 实测分洪冲淤量 observed silt-quantity of scour or sedimentation in flood diversion 决口冲淤量 degradation or sedimentation in bursting 实测决口冲淤量 observed sediment quantity of scour-silt in branching 总进沙量 total inflow silt-quantity 总出沙量 total outflow silt-quantity 测次起时间 beginning time of observation 测次止时间 end time of observation 测验断面位置 location of cross section 冰流量 ice discharge 冰流量注解码 remark code of ice discharge 断面平均疏密度 average ice compaction at cross section 断面平均冰厚或冰花厚 average depth of ice or frazil slush at cross section 敞露水面宽 open water width 断面平均冰花密度 density of frazil slush at cross section 冰花折算系数 adjustment factor of frazil slush 测流断面位置 location of cross section 代表垂线平均流速 average velocity on typical vertical 潮流量注解码 remark code of tidal discharge 代表垂线号 number of typical velocity vertical 代表垂线流速 velocity of typical vertical 潮流期编号 number of duration of tidal current 潮流期起时间 beginning time of duration of tidal current 潮流期止时间 end time of duration of tidal current 测流前低潮潮位 low tidal level before flow measurement 测流前低潮潮位出现时间 Occuring time of the low tidal level before flow measurement 高潮潮位 high tidal level 高潮潮位出现时间 occurring time of high tidal level 低潮潮位 low tidal level 低潮潮位出现时间 occurring time of low tidal level 开始落憩潮位 tidal level at beginning of ebb slack tide 涨潮憩流潮位 flood slack tidal stage 涨潮憩流潮位出现时间 occurring time of flood slack tide 终止落憩潮位 tidal stage at end of ebb slack tide 涨潮潮差 flood tidal range 涨潮最大流速 maximum velocity of flood tide 涨潮潮量 flood tidal volume 涨潮潮量注解码 remark code of flood tidal volume 涨潮潮流历时 flood tidal current duration 涨潮平均流量 average discharge of flood tide 涨潮平均流量注解码 remark code of average discharge of flood tide 落潮潮差 ebb tide range 落潮最大流速 maximum velocity of ebb tide 落潮潮量 ebb tidal volume 落潮潮量注解码 remark code of ebb tidal volume 落潮潮流历时 ebb tidal current duration 落潮平均流量 average discharge of ebb tide 落潮平均流量注解码 remark code of average discharge of ebb tide 净泄量 net outflow volume 开闸时间 opening gate time 关闸时间 closing gate time 开闸前稳定水位 stable stage before sluicing 闸上最高水位 Maximum stage in Sluice Upstream 闸上最低水位 Minimum stage in Sluice Upstream 闸下水位 Stage in Sluice Downstream 水位差 stage difference 有效潮差 effective tidal range 一潮总水量 total water volume of single tide 一潮总水量注解码 remark code of total water volume of single tide 一潮历时 duration of single tide 一潮平均流量 average discharge of single tide 一潮平均流量注解码 remark code of average discharge of single tide 一潮最大流量 maximum discharge of single tide 一潮最大流量注解码 remark code of maximum discharge of single tide 自变量名 name of independent variable 自变量值 value of independent variable 调查报告标题 investigation report title 调查项目 investigation item 调查年份 investigation year 编写年份 redaction year 调查单位 investigation office 主编单位 Chief editorial unit 调查报告内容 investigation report contents 调查报告格式 investigation report format 表标识 table ID 时间残缺记录编号 number of time deformity record 字段标识 field identifier 取值 value 率定次序号 serial number of rating 闸上水头 head in Sluice Upstream 闸下水头 Head in Sluice Downstream 闸门开启平均高度 operation height of gate opening 闸门开启平均高度注解码 remark code of operation height of gate opening 闸门开启孔数 count of operation gate opening 闸门开启总宽 total width of gate-openings 平均堰宽 average width of weir 闸孔过水面积 area of wetted cross section of gate openings 实测流量 observed discharge 实测流量注解码 remark code of observed discharge 流态 flow regime 流量计算公式编号 formula number of discharge calculation 流量系数 discharge coefficient 流量系数注解码 remark code of discharge coefficient 水闸型式 weir and sluice type 翼墙形式 wing wall type 平均引水角 average driving angle 闸上河宽 upsluice river width 闸下河宽 river width in sluice downstream 闸门型式 weir gate type 闸底高程 elevation of sluice bottom 堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest 堰顶形状 shape of weir crest 总孔数 total number of gate openings 单孔宽 single gate opening width of weir gate 单孔宽注解码 remark code of gate opening width of weir gate 平均孔宽 average of gate opening width 总孔宽 total width of gate opening 闸门高度 gate height 平均开度 average gate opening height 闸墩厚 thickness of pier 机组号 group number of machines 站上水位 upstation stage 站下水位 downstation stage 站上水头 upstation head 开机功率 electric power generated or consumed 开机台数 count of machines in operation 开机叶片角度 vane angle of machines in operation 叶轮直径 impeller diameter 实际转速 practical speed of revolution 出水阀过水面积 wetted area of outlet valve 效率计算公式编号 formula number of efficiency calculation 效率值 efficiency value 效率值注解码 remark code of efficiency value 机型 machine type 装机台数 count of machine 出水管路断面面积 wetted area of pipe line cross section 标定转速 rated speed of revolution 单机额定功率 single rated power 单机设计流量 single design discharge 设计扬程 design lift 驼峰底高 hump bottom elevation 起排水位 begining pumping stage 关系线类别 relation curve category 线号 curve number 因变量名 dependent variable 定线数据起时间 beginning time of the data for determining a relation curve 定线数据止时间 end time of routing location data 定线数据下限自变量值 routing location lower limit independent variable 定线数据上限自变量值 routing location upper limit independent variable 线参数表达式 curve parameter expression 关系图名 chart name 适用期起时间 beginning time of application 适用期止时间 end time of application 定线点据总数 amount of points for determining a relation curve 定线方法 method of determining a relation curve 系统误差 systematic error 随机不确定度 random error 线上采样点编号 curve sample point number 采样点自变量值 curve sample point independent variable 采样点因变量值 curve sample point dependent variable 计量单位 unit name 记录定位标识 record location identifier 原值 original value 改正值 corrected value 处理日期 date of correction 处理情况说明 correction explanation 入库标识 identifier of reservoir inflow 注解符号 remark symbol ASCII值 numeric ASCII Code 注解符号类型 remark symbol type 注解含义 meaning of remark 表号 table number 表中文名 table name in Chinese 表英文名 table name in English 字段中文名 field name in Chinese 字段英文名 field name in English 字段类型及长度 field type and field length 空值属性 attribute of "null" 计量单位 unit name 取值范围 value range 主键属性 attribute of primary key 农历年 lunar year 农历月 lunar month 农历日 lunar day 农历年名 name of lunar year 农历月名 name of lunar month 农历日名 name of lunar day 行政区划名 administration division name
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言学期刊, 2012 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 167 种( 2008 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 71 种),其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 3 种如 Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SCI 、 SSCI 共同收录期刊 9 种如: American Journal of Speech - Language Pathology 《美国言语病理学杂志:临床实践》、 Brain Language 《大脑与语言》 、 Clinical Linguistics Phonetics 《临床语言学与语音学》、 International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 《国际语言及交流障碍杂志》、 Journal of Communication Disorders 《语言交流障碍杂志》、 Journal of Fluency Disorders 《口吃病杂志》、 Journal of Neurolinguistics 《神经语言学杂志》、 Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 《言语、语言与听觉研究杂志》、 Language and Speech 《语言与口语》 。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录期刊 127 种如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of English Linguistics 《英语语言学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Journal of Germanic Linguistics 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Language Problems and Language Planning 《语言问题与语言计划》 、 Language Sciences 《语言科学》、 Language Variation and Change 《语言的演变》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 Natural Language Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 Natural Language Semantics 《自然语言语义学》 、 Phonology 《语音学》 、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。详细 2012 年 SSCI 收录语言学学科期刊 请见附件。 附件: 2012年SSCI收录语言学学科期刊167种目录.doc 相关阅读: 2012年AHCI收录语言与语言学学科期刊186种目录
SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 均收录语言与语言学期刊, 2012 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊 186 种,其中被 SCI 、 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 3 种: Computational Linguistics 《计算语言学》、 Natural Language Engineering 《自然语言工程》、 Phonetica 《语音学》。 SSCI 、 AHCI 共同收录语言与语言学期刊 127 种,例如: Across Languages and Cultures 《语言与文化的跨越》、 Acta Linguistica Hungarica 《匈牙利科学院语言学学报》、 Child Language Teaching and Therapy 《儿童语言教学与疗法》、 Cognitive Linguistics 《认知语言学》、 Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 《方言学与地方语言学》、 Functions of Language 《语言的功能》、 International Journal of Lexicography 《国际词汇学杂志》、 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 《非洲语言和语言学杂志》、 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 《东亚语言学杂志》、 Journal of English Linguistics 《英语语言学杂志》、 Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 《混杂语言和克里奥尔语杂志》、 Journal of Germanic Linguistics 《日尔曼语言学杂志》 、 Journal of Language Politics 《语言与政治杂志》、 Language and Intercultural Communication 《语言与不同文化间的交流》、 Language Problems and Language Planning 《语言问题与语言计划》 、 Language Sciences 《语言科学》、 Language Variation and Change 《语言的演变》、 Metaphor and Symbol 《隐喻与象征》、 Natural Language Linguistic Theory 《自然语言与语言理论》 、 Natural Language Semantics 《自然语言语义学》 、 Phonology 《语音学》 、 Theoretical Linguistics 《理论语言学》、 Zeitschrift fuer Dialektologie und Linguistik 《方言学与语言学杂志》等。 AHCI 收录语言与语言学期刊 56 种:例如: AAA- Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 《美国与英国语言、历史、文化研究论文集》、 Anglia; Zeitschrift fuer englische Philologie 《英语语言学》、 Beitraege zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 《德国语言文学史论文集》、 German Quarterly 《德语季刊》、 Historiographia Linguistica 《编史语言学》、 Journal of English and Germanic Philology 《英语与德语语文学杂志》、 Lingua e Stile 《语言与文体》、 Modern Language Review 《现代语言评论》、 Meta 《译者杂志》、 Neophilologus 《新语言学》、 Papers on Language and Literature 《语言与文学文集》 、 Philological Quarterly 《语文学季刊》、 Revue de Linguistique Romane 《罗曼语语言学杂志》、 Russian Linguistics 《俄罗斯语言学》、 Sprachwissenschaft 《语言学》、 Studia Neophilologica 《新语文学研究》、 Transactions of the Philological Society 《语义学学会汇刊》、 Zeitschrift fuer Germanistische Linguistik 《德语语言学杂志》、 Zeitschrift fuer Romanische Philologie 《罗马语系语言学杂志》、 Zeitschrift fuer Slawistik 《斯拉夫语杂志》等。详细 2012 年 AHCI 收录语言学学科期刊请看附件。 附件: 2012年AHCI收录语言与语言学学科期刊186种目录.doc 相关阅读: 2012年SSCI收录语言学学科期刊167种目录
出版日期:2012年5月 出版社:中国科学技术大学出版社 书号(ISBN):978-7-312-02816-8 页码:364(16开) 定价:39.00元 当当网购书链接: http://product.dangdang.com/product.aspx?product_id=22781441 编辑邮箱: edit@ustc.edu.cn (欢迎来索要目录、样章的PDF) 《军事英语阅读》目录及样章.pdf 【 内容简介 】 本书是为大学高年级学生和青年学者掌握专业英语知识而编写的军事专业英语辅助读物,共分 11 个单元,内容涵盖军事思想、军事学术、军事人物、典型战例等多个方面,尽可能全方位地利用文献摘选来展现军事英语的词汇、文体和表达特色。各单元主题突出,栏目设置新颖,包括单元导读、正文、注释、问题和词汇等内容。书后以附录的形式提供中文对照参考和与军事领域相关的重要学术信息,包括国外英语军事网站、军事期刊、军事学术会议、军事数据库等。本书既可作为大学高年级专业英语阅读教材,也可供广大军事爱好者学习参考。 【 图书特色 】 ①由权威的军事研究机构的专家编写。 ②为大学生和青年人员编写。 ③选材上除了注重材料的实用性和指导性外,还特别注重可读性和趣味性。 【 作者简介 】 张南,中国人民解放军防化研究院信息研究中心副研究员,毕业于中国人民解放军南京外语学院英语专业。 【 目录 】 Preface?? Unit 1 Overview of Military? Text 1 A Brief Introduction to Military? Text 2 The Information Warfare? Text 3 A Balanced Army for the 21st Century? Text 4 Land Force Qualities? Text 5 Military Quotes, Jokes and Stories?? Unit 2 Military Theory? Text 6 The Art of War? Text 7 Art or Science of War? Text 8 Sun Tzu’s Theory of War for Understanding the Outcomes of Terrorist Campaigns? Text 9 Strategies of War? Text 10 The Principles of War?? Unit 3 Military Technology? Text 11 Muscle-Powered Weapons? Text 12 The Invention of Firearms in China? Text 13 The Development of Tank Technology? Text 14 The Evolution of Warship? Text 15 Tactical Nuclear Weapons and Guided Missiles? Text 16 What Sort of Anti-Satellite?? Text 17 Nonlethal Technology? Text 18 Potential Military Applications of Nanotechnology? ? Unit 4 Weapon Equipment? Text 19 Technology Meets Modern Warfare? Text 20 Strategic Weapons of Today ? Text 21 High-Tech Weapons of Tomorrow? Text 22 Nonlethal Weapons of Tomorrow? Text 23 Killing Tanks Is No Longer Enough? Text 24 Lockheed F-35 Lightning Ⅱ ?? Unit 5 Military Logistics? Text 25 Logistics Carries the Load in Every Army Operation? Text 26 The Tenets of Focused Logistics? Text 27 Critical Logistics Information and the Commander’s Decisions? Text 28 New Challenges for the DTS in the War on Terrorism? Text 29 Joint Health Services Support (JHSS)?? Unit 6 Military Academics? Text 30 The Russian Military’s Strategy for “Sixth Generation”?Warfare? Text 31 Building Transformational Capabilities? Text 32 Recent Events Suggest Cyber Warfare Can Become New?Threat? Text 33 Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)? Text 34 The US Army Chemical Corps: Serving a Nation at War,?Today and Tomorrow?? Unit 7 Military Academies? Text 35 History of Military Academy? Text 36 History of United States Military Academy? Text 37 Whampoa Military Academy? Text 38 The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst? Text 39 Military Academies in the Soviet Union/Russia?? Unit 8 Military Training? Text 40 Training Becomes Fashionable? Text 41 Army Basic Training? Text 42 Air Force and Navy Basic Training? Text 43 The Joint Fires and Effects Training System? Text 44 How the Army Trains?? Unit 9 Military History? Text 45 What Is Military History? Text 46 The Gunpowder Revolution? Text 47 Why the Axis Lost? Text 48 Warfare in the Nuclear Age? Text 49 Impact of the War on Terrorism?? Unit 10 Prominent Military Figures? Text 50 Alexander the Great — Macedonian Conqueror? Text 51 Genghis Khan — Mongol Conqueror? Text 52 George Washington — American General? Text 53 Napoleon Ⅰ — French Emperor? Text 54 Douglas MacArthur — American General?? Unit 11 Examples of Typical Battles? Text 55 Spanish Conquest of Peru? Text 56 The Battle of Waterloo? Text 57 Atomic Bombing of Japan? Text 58 Huai-Hai Compaign ? Text 59 The Persian Gulf War?? Appendix A Chinese Version for Reference?? Appendix B Professional and Academic Information
我们生活在一个“被时代”,被代表,被幸福,被自愿,甚至被失踪。令人欣喜的是, 英语也被“被”了。有例为证: What-is-his-namehad been forcibly disappeared since August 2009, with the exception of a brief reappearance inUtopia in spring 2010. disappear本来是不及物动词,现在也成了及物动词,具有了被动语态。感觉英语被汉语同化了。C'est la vie !
英语中词组/短语的平行结构 在中文中,表达三个或三个以上词组/短语的平行结构的常用形式是‘ABC’(例如: “党政军”) 或‘A、B、C’(例如: “政治、经济、文化”)或‘A、B和C’(例如: “政治、经济和文化”); 但在英语中,最常用的也是逻辑上最清楚的形式是‘A, B, and C’ (for example, “party, government, and people”). Of course, different disciplines and/or journals may have different writing styles. As far as I know, the “Nature” magazine and APA style explicitly require authors to use the ‘A, B, and C’ construct for parallel structures involving short terms. The “Nature” magazine recommends authors to follow William Strunk, Jr.'s book “The Elements of Styles”, which is now freely available on the Internet ( http://www.bartleby.com/141/ ). As stated in the book, “in a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.” APA (American Psychological Association) style is a writing style widely adopted in many disciplines of social sciences and humanities. Here is a very good tutorial on how to write well-constructed parallelism in APA style ( http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/02/lists-part-1-parallelism.html ). The sentence mentioned in the blog “ SCI中的语言之美 ” is indeed beautifully-written; but if we are going to follow William Strunk, Jr.’s suggested style, it should be re-written as: “Without Leaves, Without Buds, And Without Flowers, Yet, They Form Fruit; As A Food, As A Tonic, And As A Medicine, The Entire Creation Is Precious”.
一个国外网站收集的,感觉很不错。内容稍多,我挑选了些,就不翻译了。大家看看就当学英语了。 主要都是关于想象力,好奇心,知识等精辟言论,还有爱情,人生等,广为传诵!....... The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. Whoever does not know it and can no longer wonder, no longer marvel, is as good as dead, and his eyes are dimmed. --The World As I See It, originally published in FORUM AND CENTURY, 1931. Try to become not a man of success, but try rather to become a man of value . -- Life magazine. May 2, 1955. Small is the number that see with their own eyes and feel with their own hearts. --Albert Einstein. I'm enough of an artist to draw freely on my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited; imagination encircles the world . --Quoted in interview by G.S. Viereck, October 26, 1929. Reprinted in Glimpses of the Great (1930). The more success the quantum theory has, the sillier it looks --from a letter to Heinrich Zangger, May 20, 1912. AEA 39-655. A man must learn to understand the motives of human beings, their illusions, and their sufferings . --from an interview in the New York Times , September 1952. Curiosity is a delicate little plant which, aside from stimulation, stands mainly in need of freedom -- Autobiographical Notes . 1949. Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge in the field of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods. --contribution to a publication commemorating the eightieth birthday of German rabbi and theologian Leo Baeck, 1953. I believe in intuitions and inspirations. I sometimes feel that I am right. I do not know if I am. --G.S. Viereck interview, October 26, 1929, reprinted in Glimpses of the Great (1930). A happy man is too satisfied with the present to dwell too much on the future. --CPAE, Vol 1., Doc 22, 1896. The important thing is not to stop questioning; curiosity has its own reason for existing . One cannot help but be in awe when contemplating the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of the mystery every day. The important thing is not to stop questioning; never lose a holy curiosity. --from statement to William Miller, as quoted in LIFE magazine (2 May 1955). The most important endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity for life -- Einstein, a Portrait , p. 102. The monotony of a quiet life stimulates the creative mind --Speech Civilization and Science, at Royal Albert Hall, London, 1933. Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds. The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly. --letter to Morris Raphael Cohen, professor emeritus of philosophy at the College of the City of New York, defending the controversial appointment of Bertrand Russell to a teaching position, March 19, 1940. What can the schools do to defend democracy ? Should they preach a specific political doctrine? I believe they should not. If they are able to teach young people to have a critical mind and a socially oriented attitude, they will have done all that is necessary. --message to the New Jersey Education Association, Atlantic City, 1939. It would be better if you begin to teach others only after you yourself have learned something. --quote from Einstein Archive 25-044, 1928. Bear in mind that the wonderful things you learn in your schools are the work of many generations, produced by enthusiastic effort and infinite labor in every country of the world. All this is put into your hands as your inheritance in order that you may receive it, honor it, add to it, and one day faithfully hand it to your children. Thus do we mortals achieve immortality in the permanent things which we create in common. --address to a group of children, 1934. I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity --quote from Out of My Later Years, p. 13. I am content in my later years. I have kept my good humor and take neither myself nor the next person seriously. --quote from Einstein Archive 60-587, 1950. is not an end if we can live on in our children and the younger generation. For they are us; our bodies are only wilted leaves on the tree of life. --letter to Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh-Onne's widow, February 25, 1926; Einstein Archive 14-389. It is not so very important for a person to learn facts. For that he does not really need a college. He can learn them from books. The value of an education in a liberal arts college is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think something that cannot be learned from textbooks. --1921, on Thomas Edison's opinion that a college education is useless; quoted in Frank, Einstein: His Life and Times , p. 185. Science will stagnate if it is made to serve practical goals. --Quoted in Nathan and Norden, Einstein on Peace , p. 402. After a certain high level of technical skill is achieved, science and art tend to coalesce in esthetics, plasticity, and form. The greatest scientists are always artists as well. --Remark made in 1923; recalled by Archibald Henderson, Durham Morning Herald , August 21, 1955; Einstein Archive 33-257. I have not eaten enough of the tree of knowledge, though in my profession I am obligated to feed on it regularly. --Albert Einstein The most precious things in life are not those you get for money . -- Ladies Home Journal . December 1946. Good acts are like good poems. One may easily get their drift, but they are not rationally understood. --quote to Maurice Solovine, April 9, 1947. One must shy away from questionable undertakings, even when they bear a high-sounding name. - -quote to Maurice Solovine, spring 1923. It is not so important where one settles down. The best thing is to follow your instincts without too much reflection. --quote to Max Born, March 3, 1920. I believe that a simple and unassuming life is good for everybody, physically and mentally. - -quote from The World as I See It (1930), reprinted in Ideas and Opinions , 8. Mysticism is in fact the only criticism people cannot level against my theory. - -quote from R.W. Clark., Einstein The Life and Times 268. ...The ideals which have guided my way, and time after time have given me the energy to face life, have been kindness, beauty, and truth. - -quote from The World as I See It (1930). Reprinted in Ideas and Opinions, 9. All of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking . - -quote from Physics and Reality (1936), reprinted in Ideas and Opinions, 290. God gave me the stubbornness of a mule and a fairly keen scent. - -quote from G.J. Whitrow, Einstein: The Man and His Achievement, 91. When a man sits with a pretty girl for an hour, it seems like a minute. But let him sit on a hot stove for a minute - and it's longer than any hour. That's relativity . - -quote from Journal of Exothermic Science and Technology (JEST, Vol. 1, No. 9; 1938). I have remained a simple fellow who asks nothing of the world; only my youth is gone - the enchanting youth that forever walks on air. - -quote to Anna Meyer-Schmid, May 12, 1909. A scientist is a mimosa when he himself has made a mistake, and a roaring lion when he discovers a mistake of others . - -quote from Ehlers, Liebes Hertz!, 45. The true value of a human being is determined primarily by how he has attained liberation from the self. - -quote from Einstein Archive 60-492, 1932; published in Mein Weltbild . A human being is a part of the whole, called by us the Universe, a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. --quoted in H. Eves Mathematical Circles Adieu (Boston 1977). The life of the individual has meaning only insofar as it aids in making the life of every living thing nobler and more beautiful... --quoted in Ehlers, Liebes Hertz!, 162. One should not pursue goals that are easily achieved. One must develop an instinct for what one can just barely achieve through one's greatest efforts. --quote to Walter Daellenbach, May 31, 1915. I have little patience with scientists who take a board of wood, look for its thinnest part, and drill a great number of holes where drilling is easy. --Albert Einstein (quoted by Philipp Frank in Einstein's Philosophy of Science, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol 21, No. 3 July 1949. Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. --quote to The New York Times , June 20, 1932. Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do-but gravitation cannot be held responsible for it . --quote to Fred Wall, 1933. Work is the only thing that gives substance to life. --quote to son Hans Albert, January 4, 1937. Look deep, deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. --To Margot Einstein, after his sister's Maja's death, 1951; quote by Hanna Loewy in AE Television Einstein Biography, VPI International, 1991. and knowledge is one of the finest attributes of man - though often it is most loudly voiced by those who strive for it the least. --quote from The Goal of Human Existence, April 11, 1943. I am also convinced that one gains the purest joy from spirited things only when they are not tied in with earning one's livelihood. --quote to L. Manners, March 19, 1954. Why is it that nobody understands me, yet everybody likes me. --quote from New York Times , March 12, 1944 It is abhorrent to me when a fine intelligence is paired with an unsavory character. --quote to Jacob Laub, May 19, 1909 True art is characterized by an irresistible urge in the creative artist. --quote to Ernst Bloch, November 15, 1950 I have firmly decided to bite the dust with a minimum of medical assistance when my time comes, and up to then to sin to my wicked heart's content. --Letter to Elsa Einstein, August 11, 1913; CPAE, Vol. 5, Doc. 466 Our death is not an end if we can live on in our children and the younger generation. For they are us; our bodies are only wilted leaves on the tree of life. --Letter to Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh-Onne's widow, February 25, 1926; Strange is our situation here on earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose. --quote from My Credo, 1932. If you want to live a happy life, tie it to a goal, not to people or things. --quote by Ernst Straus, in French, Einstein: A Centenary Volume , p. 32. Music does not influence research work, but both are nourished by the same sort of longing, and they complement each other in the release they offer. --letter to Paul Plaut, October 23, 1928; Einstein Archive 28-065; quoted in Dukas and Hoffmann, Albert Einstein, the Human Side , p. 78. Never regard your study as a duty, but as the enviable opportunity to learn to know the liberating influence of beauty in the realm of the spirit for your own personal job and to the profit of the community to which your later work belongs. --In the Princeton freshman publication The Dink , 1933; quoted in Don Oberdorfer, Princeton: The First 250 Years (Princeton University Press, 1955), p. 127. Fear or stupidity has always been the basis of most human actions . --Letter to E. Mulder, April 1954; Einstein Archive 60-609. Children don't heed the life experiences of their parents, and nations ignore history. Bad lessons always have to be learned anew. --Aphorism, October 12, 1923; Einstein Archive 36-589. Science will stagnate if it is made to serve practical goals. --Quoted in Nathan and Norden, Einstein on Peace , p.402. In one's youth every person and every event appear to be unique. With age one becomes much more aware that similar events recur. Later on, one is less often delighted or surprised, but also less disappointed than in earlier years. --Letter to Queen Elizabeth of Belgium, January 3, 1954; Einstein Archive 32-408. Wisdom is not a product of schooling but of the life-long attempt to acquire it . --Letter to an admirer, March 22, 1954; quoted in Dukas and Hoffmann, Albert Einstein, the Human Side , p.44. Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it. One should earn one's living by work of which one is sure one is capable. Only when we do not have to be accountable to anybody can we find joy in scientific endeavor. --Letter to an admirer, March 24, 1951; quoted in Dukas and Hoffmann, Albert Einstein, the Human Side , p.57. It is true that the grasping of truth is not possible without empirical basis. However, the deeper we penetrate and the more extensive and embracing our theories become the less empirical knowledge is needed to determine those theories. --Einstein to T. McCormack, December 9, 1952, AEA 36-549. As for , I know from my own painful searching, with its many blind alleys, how hard it is to take a reliable step, be it ever so small, towards the understanding of that which is truly significant. --Letter to an admirer, February 13, 1934; quoted in Dukas and Hoffmann, Albert Einstein, the Human Side , p.18. The scientific theorist is not to be envied. For Nature, or more precisely experiment, is an exorable and not very friendly judge of his work. It never says yes to a theory. In the most favorable cases it says Maybe, and in the great majority of cases simply No. If an experiment agrees with a theory it means for the latter Maybe, and if it does not agree it means No. Probably every theory will some day experience its No - most theories, soon after conception. --Entry into memory book for Professor Kammerling-Onnes, November 11, 1922; quoted in Dukas and Hoffmann, Albert Einstein, the Human Side , p.18. There comes a time when the mind takes a higher plane of knowledge but can never prove how it got there. All great discoveries have involved such a leap. A society's competitive advantage will come not from how well its schools teach the multiplication and periodic table, but from how well they stimulate imagination and creativity. --Einstein to Vivienne Anderson, May 12, 1953, AEA 60-716. It is important to foster individuality for only the individual can produce the new ideas. --Einstein message for Ben Scheman dinner, March 1952, AEA 28-931. The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think . --New York Times, May 18, 1921; Frank 1947, 185; Brian 1966, 129, Illy, 25-32. Frank, P. 1947. Einstein: A Centenary Volume . Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press.; Brian, D. 1996. Einstein: A Life . Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.; Illy, J., ed. 2005, February. Einstein Due Today. Manuscript. (Courtesy of the Einstein Papers Project, Pasadena.) A new idea comes suddenly and in a rather intuitive way, but intuition is nothing but the outcome of earlier intellectual experience. --Einstein to Dr. H.L. Gordon, May 3, 1949, AEA 58-217. But nature did not deem it her business to make the discovery of her laws easy for us. --Einstein to Erwin Freundlich, September 1, 1911. One of the strongest motives that leads men to art and science is escape from everyday life with its painful crudity and hopeless dreariness. Such men make this cosmos and its construction the pivot of their emotional life, in order to find the peace and security which they cannot find in the narrow whirlpool of personal experience. --Einstein, Principles of Research, 1918, in Einstein Albert, Ideas and Opinions , New York: Random House, 224. With fame I become more and more stupid, which of course is a very common phenomenon. --Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, December 24, 1919. Belief in an external world independent of the perceiving subject is the basis of all natural science. --Einstein, Maxwell's Influence on the Evolution of the Idea of Physical Reality, 1931, in Einstein, Albert, Ideas and Opinions , New York: Random House, 266. It is open to every man to choose the direction of his striving and every man may take comfort from the fine saying that is more precious than its possession. --William Laurence, Einstein Baffled by Cosmos Riddle, New York Times , May 16, 1940. Look into nature, and then you will understand it better . --Einstein to Lina Kocherthaler, July 27, 1951, AEA 38-303; Sayen, Jamie, 1985, Einstein in America: The Scientist's Conscience in the Age of Hitler and Hiroshima. New York: Crown, 231. The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility...The fact that it is comprehensible is a miracle. --Einstein, Physics and Reality, Journal of the Franklin Institute (Mar. 1936), in Einstein, 1954, Ideas and Opinions . New York: Random House, 292. I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious . --Einstein to Carl Seelig, March 11, 1952, AEA 39-013. One must divide one's time between politics and equations. But our equations are much more important to me, because politics is for the present, while our equations are for eternity. --Einstein, quoted by Ernst Straus in Seelig, Helle Zeit, dunkle Zeit, 71. I think we have to safeguard ourselves against people who are a menace to others, quite apart from what may have motivated their deeds. --Einstein to Otto Juliusburger, April 11, 1946, AEA 38-228. I have never looked upon ease and happiness as ends in themselves--such an ethical basis I call the ideal of a pigsty...The ideals which have guided my way, and time after time have given me the energy to face life, have been Kindness, Beauty, and Truth. --Einstein, from The World as I See It (1930). I do not like to state an opinion on a matter unless I know the precise facts. --Einstein, quoted in an interview, New York Times, August 12, 1945. It is not so important where one settles down. The best thing is to follow your instincts without too much reflection. --Einstein to Max Born, March 3, 1920. AEA 8-146.
Chinese is a more sentiment-intensive language than English?? FW: Counts of sentiment words in Chinese and English Interesting finding: that Chinese more than doubles the negative words and more than triples the positive words in comparison with the English vocabulary. This is based on the 50+k Chinese feature lexicon we have just completed manual tagging of for the first pass and the seasoned 44k English feature lexicon. English: Negative: 2950 Positive: 1511 Chinese: Negative: 6568 Positive: 5400 【置顶:立委科学网博客NLP博文一览(定期更新版)】
很多年没有专门学英语了。 先从感兴趣的开始学吧,比如,查旅行社的网页,为假期出行做准备。 今天看了3 Days Hong Kong package. 学到了如下的东西。耗时 1小时。 笔记: destination 目的地。 duration :持续时间,为期 departure :出发 itinerary :旅程,旅行指南 This itinerary leaves us plenty of leeway. 这个旅行计划给我们留了很多自由活动余地 Airport pick-up: 机场接机 Activities :活动安排 You’ll start your tour with a ride up Victoria peak for panoramic views of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the surrounding islands. Victoria peak 香港太平山 Panoramic view 全景的 Kowloon 九龙 You’ll pass picturesque Repulse Bay on the way to your next destination, the famous fishing village of Aberdeen. Repulse Bay 浅水湾 fishing village of Aberdeen 香港仔的渔村 Dim sum lunch 点心午餐 Jumbo Floating restaurant 珍宝海鲜坊 Price includes 报价包含了 Hotel accommodation in twin shared room with daily breakfast. 住宿宾馆:两人同住一房,有早餐。 Entrance fees to scenic spots 景点门票 Service charge and government taxes 服务费及政府税 Price excludes 价格里面不包含的 Personal expenses such as laundry, drinks, optional activities, etc 个人费用,例如 … Gratuities to the tour guide, driver and hotel bellboy. 给导游司机侍者的小费 Traveler insurance 旅行险。 Cancellation and refund policy for tours reservation 旅游预订取消和退款政策 To cover the cost of processing your cancellation and to compensate us for the risk that we may not be able to resell your travel arrangements, we make a cancellation charge on the scale shown below. 为了处理您退订的要求、补偿我们可能无法转售您旅行安排的风险,退订需要收取一定费用 , 标准如下。 Cancellation penalty 取消预订的罚款 哎,一认真才发现自己英文水平真是够差的。要努力。持续努力。 PS:我一直想不明白一件事儿,香港不是回归了吗?不是咱们的自己的领土吗?为什么过去算是出境呢??
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
734条高频词组笔记(怕以后丢了,就转来了,实在是太有用了!没看过的,赶紧点吧~) 2008-07-28 16:35 | (分类:默认分类) 1.abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于;遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席,不在 3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态)be absorbed in 全神贯注于… 近义:be engrossed ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on; be focused on ; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主 动地 9. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one’s accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据 12. on one’s own account1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责3) (=by oneself)依靠自己on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句 子要倒装) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, pe rsist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能,留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地. 32. have an advantage over 胜过.have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事 33. take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用. 34. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agree to 同意 35. in agreement (with) 同意, 一致 36. ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;……………. ahead of time 提前. 37. in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体. 2)在谣传中. 38. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是, 最重要的. 39. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 总共, 总计 40. after all 毕竟,到底; (not) at all 一点也不;all at once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎. 41. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到, 估计到. 42. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于. 43. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责. 44. answer to (=conform to) 适合,符合. 45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for 46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉 47. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力 48. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请 ; apply for申请; apply to 适用. 49. apply to 与…有关;适用 50. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 赞成, approve vt. 批准 51. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起. 52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做… 53. arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方); 54. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以…为羞耻 55. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信. 56. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系 ,结 57. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做… 58. attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料 59. attitude to toward …对…的态度.看法 60. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果 61. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均 62. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道. 63. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面 64. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on the back of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起. 65. at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one ’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台 66. turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃 67. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话) 68. be based onupon 基于 69. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上 70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢 71. begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语) 72. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义 73. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth.sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰. 74. benefit (from) 受益,得到好处. 75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处) 76. for the better 好转 77. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过. 78. by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时; give birth to 出生 79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上 80. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作) 81. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机 82. boast of (or about) 吹嘘 83. out of breath 喘不过气来 84. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之 85. in bulk 成批地,不散装的 86. take the floor 起立发言 87. on business 出差办事. 88. be busy with sth.于某事 。 be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 89. last but one 倒数第二. 90. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设 91. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买 92. be capable of 能够, 有能力be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的 93. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何 94. in case (=for fear that) 万一; 95. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一in the case of 至于…, 就…而言 96. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句) 97. be cautious of 谨防 98. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上 99. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定. 100. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地 101. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然 102. for a change换换环境(花样等) 103. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有… 104. in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事)in the charge of …由…管 105. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾) 106. charge…for 因…索取(费用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有… 107. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 昼夜不停地 108. comment on 评论 109. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱; commit one’s idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来; commit a matter to a committee把某事交给委员会讨论 110. in common (和…)有共同之处,共用.be common to sb. 是与某人所共有的 111. keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好. 112. compare…with … 把…与…比较 113. compare…to… 把…比作… 114. by comparison 比较起来 115. in comparison with (=in contrast to) 和…比起来 116. compensate for (=give sth. to make up for) 补偿, 赔偿,弥补 compensatesb. for sth. 赔偿,弥补 117. complain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情; complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…; complain (抱怨); complement (补充); compliment (恭维) 118. comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.) 遵守, 依从 119. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想 120. concentrate on (or upon) 集中,专心 121. be concerned with (=about) 与…有关 122. concern oneself aboutwith 关心 123. in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点; at the conclusion of 当…结束时; 124. condemn sb. to 判决 125. on condition that (=if)以…为条件, 假如. in that = because因为; now that = since既然for all that = although 尽管 126. inout of condition (=thoroughly healthy or fitnot fit) 健康状况好不好 . in good (bad) condition处于良好(坏)状态 127. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong)承认, 供认; confess to a crime 承认罪行. 128. confide in (=to talk freely to sb. about one’s secret) 对…讲真心话, 依赖 129. in confidence 推心置腹地; with confidence 满怀信心地; have confidence in 对…有信心 130. confidence in sb.sth. 对…的信赖 131. be confident of 有信心; confidential 机密的 132. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内 133. confirm sb. in 使某人更坚定(信念等) 134. conform to (=be in agreement with, comply with) 符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从; 2) observe; 3)comply with照…办; 4)keep to遵循; 5)abide by服从;6)stick to按..做 135. be confronted with(=be brought face to face with) 面对, 面临 136. congratulate sb. on 祝贺 137. in connection with(=with regard to)关于, 138. be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道 139. consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意 140. in consequence (=as a result) 结果 141. in consequence of (=as a consequence of)由于…的结果 1. 142. under consideration 在考虑中 143. in consideration of (=in return for, on account of, because of )由于 144. on no consideration(in no case)无论如何也不 145.take…into consideration (=take account of, take…into account)考虑到, 把 …考虑进去 146. considerate (=thoughtful of the needs) 体贴的, 考虑他人需要的, considerable相当大的,值得考虑的 147. consist of(=be composed of)由…组成的. consist in主要在于. consist with符合,与…一致 148. be consistent with(=be in agreement with)与…一致. be consistent in一贯的, 149. consult sb. on about sth. 向…征求…方面的意见, 就…向…请教 150. to one’s heart’s content尽情地,痛痛快快 151. be content with(=be satisfied with) 满足于be content to do sth. 愿意做某事 152. contrary to (=in opposition to) 与…相反 153. on the contrary 相反 154. contrast…with 把…与…相对(对照) 155. in contrast towith 和…形成对比 by contrast 对比之下 156. contribute to 有助于 157. under control (被)控制住 out of control无法控制 158. at one’s convenience(=where and when it suits one) 在方便的时间或地点 .be convenient tofor 对…方便 159. convince sb. of (=cause sb. to believe or feel certain; to persuade sb.)使某人确信,try to persuade sb. to do sth.劝说某人做… 160. cope with(=deal with, try to find a solution to)应付, 处理 161. in the corner(of)在角落里;on(at) the comer of a street在街道拐弯处;roundthe comer拐过弯; be in a tight corner陷入困境 162. correspond (with) ( =exchange letters regularly) 通信 163. correspond to 相当于 . correspond with 符合,一致 164. at all costs不惜任何代价 . at the cost of 以…为代价 165. a matter of course 理所当然的事 166. as a matter of course 当然地, 自然地 167. in (during) the course 在…过程中 168. in due course (=without too much delay) 没经过太久, 到一定时候 169. on credit赊购; with credit以优异成绩; to one’s credit使某人感到光荣; do sb. credit 使…感到光荣 170.be critical of 爱挑毛病的,批评的 171. cure sb. of+某种疾病 治好某人的疾病 172.a danger to对…的危险; be in danger(of)处于…危险中; be out of danger脱离危险 173. to date(=so far, until now) 到目前为止 174. out of date过时的;up to date新式的,时兴的; date back to可追溯到; date from从某时期开始(有) 175. deal with (=concern) 论及 176. be in debt to sb. 欠…的债 177. on the decline 在衰退中, 在减少中in decline 下降; on the increase 在增加 178. to one’s delight 令某人感到高兴to one’s regret 遗憾; sorrow悲痛; relief 安心; distress 苦恼; shame羞愧; surprise 惊奇; astonishment 惊奇; 179. delight in(=take great pleasure in doing sth.)喜欢, 取乐 180. take (a) delight in 喜欢干…, 以…为乐 181. demand sth. of sb. 向某人要求(非物质的)东西. demand sth. from sb. 向某人要求(物质的)东西 182.in demand有需求;on demand受到要求时 183. be dependent on 依靠 184. deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物 185. derive…from(=obtain…from)从…取得,由…来的.derive from(=come from)起源于 186. despair of (=lose all hope of) 绝望 187. in despair 绝望 188. despite (=in spite of) 不管, 尽管 189. in detail 详细地 190. deviate from 偏离, 不按…办 191. on a diet 吃某种特殊饮食, 节食 192. differ from…in 与…的区别在于… 193. in difficulties…有困难,处境困难, 194. discharge sb. (from)…for (=dismiss sb. from a job for) 因…解雇, 开除 195. fall back (=retreat, turn back) 撤退;in disorder 慌乱地, 狼狈不堪 196. on display(=being shown publicly)陈列 197. dispose of (=get rid of ,throw away)处理掉 198. beyond dispute不容争议的,无可争议 199. in dispute 在争议中 200. in the distance 在远处. make out 辩认出 201. (be) distinct from ( = be different from) 与…截然不同 202. distinguish between (=make or recognize differences) 辨别 203. distinguish…from 把…与…区别开 204. do away with(=get rid of; abolish; discard eliminate) 除去,废除,取消; do away with (=kill) 杀掉, 镇压 205. have…to do with 与…有关系 206. without doubt (=undoubtedly)无可置疑地 207. in doubt(=in a condition of uncertainty)对…表示疑惑 208. be due to 是由于 209. come off duty 下班 210. go on duty 上班 211. be on duty 值班, 值日, 在上班时 212. be in duty bound to (do) (=be required by one’s job or esp. by conscience) 有义务(做) 213. be eager for 想得到, 盼望 214. by ear (=play music from memory without having seen it printed) 凭记忆,不看乐谱 215. have an ear for (=have keen recognition of sounds esp. in music and language)对..有鉴赏力 216. a word in one’s ear 私房话, 秘密话 217. on earth 究竟, 到底, 全然 218. with ease ( = easily) 容易, 不费力 219. at (one’s) ease ( = without worry or nervousness) 自在,不拘束 220. put sb. at hisher ease (=free sb. from worry or nervousness)使某人感到无拘束 221. economize on (=save sth. instead of being wasteful) 节省 222. have an effect on 对…有影响 223. be in effect (=be in operation) 有效 224. go into effect 生效. ( 近 come into effect; take effect; be brought into effect) 225. in effect (=in fact, really) 实际上 226. give effect to (=carry out) 实行,使…生效 227. to no effect 不起作用,没有取得任何效果 228. (be) of no effect (=useless) 无效 229. to the effect that 大意是…,主要内容是… 230. to that effect 是那个意思的… 231. emerge from ( =appear, become known ) 出现, 暴露(问题. 意见等) 232. place(or put, lay) an emphasis on 强调, 把重点放在…上 233. encourage sb. in 鼓励; encourage sb. in hisher work 鼓励某人工作; encourage sb. in hisher idleness 怂恿某人游手好闲 234. encourage sb. in …with sth. 用…鼓励某人做某事 235. on end (=continuously) 连续地 236. (be) at an end (=finished) 结束了
A white horse is not a horse! 针对不同的意思,这里的冠词该如何用。比方,白马只是白颜色的马,而不是所有的马。这时候,用不定冠词,还是用定冠词?或者不用冠词? 好像觉得a white horse is not a horse应该翻译成白马不是一匹马的意思,但这一来,就只有不成立的意思,但没有成立的意思了。 英语大家们,给个翻译?
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
汉语中,只有谓语而无主语的句子叫无主句。无主句在汉语中是一种习惯表达,并非省略了 主语。例如“下雨了”,“撒谎是不对的”,“禁止吸烟”等。但在英语中,句子一般都要有主语(少数省略结构除外)。怎样恰当准确地表达这类句子,是同学们在英语书面表达中错误率最高,因而必须引起注意的问题。 无主句的英语表达法主要有下述几种: 一. 用被动结构表达 也就是将汉语中无主句的宾语转换成被动结构中的主语。主要用在下列场合: 1.某些表示事物存在、出现的无主句。在英语里,这类句子要么不知道行为主体,要么突出行为对象。例如: (1) 这些年,我们城里新开了许多公司。 Lots of new companies have been started in our town these years. (2) 这台机器是用电脑控制的。 The machine is controlled by computer. (3) 罪犯带了上来。 The criminal was brought in. 2.某些表要求、规定的无主句,这类句子显然没有行为主体,因为它们具有普遍意义。例如: (1) 油库内禁止吸烟。 No smoking is allowed in the bank farm. (2) 发现了错误,一定要纠正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 二、用存在句型 “There + be…” 1.汉语中说“(某处)有……”时,多可用该句型。例如: (1) 非洲有多达700多种语言。 There are as many as over 700 languages in Africa. (2) 本周六晚七点,学校大礼堂有一个英语讲座。 There will be an English lecture in the assembly hall this Saturday evening, at 7 o’clock. 2.某些表示经验、格言或带哲理的无主句。例如: (1) 有志者,事竟成。 Where there is a will, there is a way. (2) 科学上没有平坦的道路。 There is no smooth road in science. 三、用“It+be+ 表语+to- 不定式/ 动名词”结构 汉语中“做……是(怎麽样的)”一类句子多用该句型表达。例如: (1) 要搞四个现代化没有巩固的国防是不行的。 It’s impossible to carry out the four modernizations without a solid national defense. (2) 后悔没用。(牛奶泼了哭也没用) It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 四.用倒装结构 有些表示事物存在、出现或消失的无主句可用此结构表达。这类结构通常与方位状语有关,英译时,将方位副词或表方位的介词短语前移至句首,从而引起主、谓倒装(全倒装)。例如: (1) 靠近农舍的门旁,坐着一位将近40岁的中年男子。 Close by the door of the cottage sat a middle-aged man of about forty. (2) 峡谷中传来几声枪响。 From the valley came a few shots. (3) 总统办公桌上摆满了各种待处理的文件。 On the desk of the president lay all kinds of papers to be dealt with. 五.用祈使句 汉语中表示请求、命令、祝愿、号召,以及表示标语口号的无主句,常用祈使句表达。例如: (1)公共场合,禁止吸烟。 No smoking is allowed in public areas. (2)入国问禁,入乡随俗。 Do in Roma as the Romans do. (3)人民万岁! Long live the people! (4)为实现四化而奋斗! Strive to realize the four modernizations of our country! 六.用表泛指意义的名词或代词补出主语 汉语中,常把泛指意义的主语省掉,或省去双方都明白的主语。这类无主句可根据具体情况和英语习惯,选用适当的名词或代词充当主语。例如: (1)只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。 If you work hard enough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle. (2)不认识到这一点,就不能学好英语。 Anyone who doesn’t recognize this can’t learn English well. (3)弄得不好,就会鸡飞蛋打。 If things are not properly dealt with, all will be lost. (4)不到长城非好汉。 One who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a true man. (5)下雨啦。 It’s raining. 无主句在通知、广告、产品介绍、论述文等问题中广泛使用,书写时应特别注意。险情同学们试写一则口头通知,然后参阅后面的参考文章。通知的内容如下: “明天是七月一日。学校停课一天。下午2:30在学校大礼堂(assembly hall)举行“庆香港回归五周年”庆祝活动,同时举办专题座谈会(forum)。希望全校教职工和学生准时出席。节日期间,做好清洁卫生十分重要。七月二日继续(resume)上课。” 附:参考文章(One possible version ): Tomorrow’s July 1; there will be no school. In the afternoon, a celebration is to be held in the assembly hall of our school at 2:30, and a special forum on the celebration of the fifth anniversary of Hong Kong is to be carried out at the same time. All the teachers, staff members and students are expected to attend on time. It’s important to keep the whole school clean during the period of the festival. Classes will be resumed as usual on Nay 2.
何谓知己? 没有约定却有默契, 没有表白却有灵犀, 没有解释却有寓意, 没有意外却有惊喜, 没有承诺却有继续, 没有亲情却有情义, 没有相伴却有相依, 没有冲动却有涟漪, 没有所求却有给予, 没有承诺却有信誉, 没有结党却有结义, 没有往来却有惦记。 How to define “confidant”? No agreements but understandings, No confessions but consonances, No explanations but meanings, No unexpectedness but surprises, No promises but actions, No kinship but friendship, No accompany but reliance, No impulse but emotions, No demands but offers, No promises but commitments, No gang but brotherhood, No communications but misses.
比较 在一篇论文的“结果”部分常常需要进行“比较”,而“在同类事物中”(like with like)作比较尤为重要。对于母语为非英语的作者来说,最常见的一个错误是忽视了这一简单规则,导致读者往往很难搞清到底是什么跟什么在作比较。在最好的情况下,作者语言生硬,但至少能说明比较对象;而在最差的情况下,作者所阐述的内容根本风马牛不相及。举例来说,“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers”是不对的,应改成“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”。在进行比较时,另一常见错误是在使用关系词语(如higher、greater、more)时未提及参照对象。如,“transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol”,在这个句子中,作者并未说明这些“levels”是高于何物;因此,我们必须加上“than从句”,如“than control mice”。读者有时当然会想当然地假定是与对照组在做比较,但在某些情况下读者有可能得出其他推论,因此,要做到准确地撰写科研论文,一定要消除所有“假定”。由于结果的比较对于结果的解读乃至其意义的判定来说至关重要,作者一定要准确地告知读者确切的比较对象。最后,“between”一词用于两个事物的比较,“among”则用于三个或三个以上事物的比较。 • “The levels of ubiquitinated proteins were higher in patients than in control subjects” (“than从句”提供了“higher”一词的参照组) • “The levels of ubiquitinated proteins in patients were higher than those in control subjects” (在第一个例子中,患者组和对照组均位于比较词的同侧,即,它们均在“higher”之后被提及;而在这个例子中,患者组和对照组出现在比较词的异侧,因此,需要在对同类事物进行比较时加上“than those”) • “There was no significant difference in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins between patients and controls” (这是两组之间的比较,故用“between”) • “There were no significant differences in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins among AD patients, PD patients and controls” (这里比较的对象超过了3组患者,故用“among”;请注意这里“differences”采用了复数形式,因为当3组或3组以上进行比较时,差异的类型可能不只一种) Comparisons Comparisons are frequently made in the results sections of papers, and it is especially important to compare “like with like”. One common error made by non-native authors is overlooking this simple rule and leaving the reader to make an assumption about what is being compared. At best, the language will appear unnatural but the meaning clear; at worst, the wrong meaning can be imparted. As an example, the sentence “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers” should actually be “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”. Another frequent error with comparisons is the use of relative terms (for example, higher, greater, more) without a reference. In the sentence “transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol” it is unclear what these levels were higher than; thus, a “than clause”, such as “than control mice”, is required. The reader might make this assumption automatically, but in some cases alternative inferences will be possible; the goal of accurate scientific writing has to be the removal of all assumption. Because comparisons of results are critical to their interpretation and, ultimately, their significance, it is critical that you convey to the reader exactly what is being compared. Finally, the word “between” should be used for comparisons of two findings, but “among” should be used for comparisons of three or more. • “The levels of ubiquitinated proteins were higher in patients than in control subjects” (the “than clause” provides a reference for the term “higher”). • “The levels of ubiquitinated proteins in patients were higher than those in control subjects” (unlike the first example, where patients and controls are both on the same side of the comparing term, that is, they are both mentioned after “higher”, here, patients and controls appear either side of the comparing term; therefore, it is necessary to add “than those” to compare like with like). • “There was no significant difference in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins between patients and controls” (“between is appropriate here for a comparison of two groups). • “There were no significant differences in the levels of ubiquitinated proteins among AD patients, PD patients and controls” (among is appropriate for comparisons of more than two groups; note the change to the plural differences because more than one type of difference is possible with more than two groups). Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
董乐山在乔治·奥威尔《一九八四》译本序中说,“英国的阶级区分比任何欧洲国家都要等级森严,这种区分看不见,摸不着,然而无处不在,不可逾越。奥威尔由于童年的创伤,对这一弊端极其敏感,对上层阶级有着一种刻骨的仇恨和厌恶。但是他出身于这一阶级的边缘,而且受到这一阶级的教育,因此即使后来在穷困潦倒流浪巴黎和伦敦时期,也使他无法同下层贫苦群众打成一片,虽然他努力这么做了。别的不说,出身和教育养成的说话口音,就是一个不可逾越的障碍。甚至在他病危住院期间,听到隔壁病房探视者的上等阶级口音,还在笔记本中记下他的一段感想:“这是什么口音 ! 一种饱食终日、无所事事、沾沾自喜、过分自信的口音,一种深沉、洪亮而带有恶意的口音,你没有看到也可以凭本能感到,他们是一切智慧的思想、细腻的感情、美丽的事物的敌人。怪不得大家都这么憎恨我们。”请注意最后的“我们”一词。奥威尔作了毕生的努力要与自己的阶级决裂,最后还是意识到他属于这个可憎的上层阶级。他曾经说过:“英国人的 ( 阶级 ) 烙印是打在舌头上的。”有一个故事很生动地说明了这一点:他为了体验穷人的生活,曾经伪装酒醉的流浪汉,去辱骂一个警察,想被抓到监狱里去尝一尝与穷人一起过圣诞节的滋味。但是那个警察从他醉酒后的口音,一下就听出了这个身披借来的破烂衣服的醉鬼是一个出身伊顿公学的地道绅士,并没有上钩,而是善意相劝,叫他乖乖地回家去。” 事实上,我以前介绍过一本《英国人的言行潜规则》( Kate Fox Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour )也如此说,英国人可听话辩音来确定你的阶级身份。尤其是一些用词,不同阶级有不同的偏好。学习英语口语的人不可不察。
2011年12月17日,鄙人有幸监考CET四六级,虽然得到140大元的劳务费,但俺由衷的不愿意,尤其是考场直接签字发钱(学生还在答卷呢),更让俺觉得斯文扫地哟! 这是第一次监考四六级,老天保佑,但愿也是最后一次! 不过参加监考,也得到一些前所未知的信息:比如上半年参加考试人数905万人,这次920多万人,现在的趋势是每年大约2000万人,真可谓中国最大规模之考试!——隆重啊,辉煌啊!考得是什么呢?外国语,呵呵,有意思吧,滑天下之大稽吧! 还知道,用于作弊的工具已经进入高科技时代,设备比有些搞科研的高级。 还知道,监考与管理人员也是海了去了。历时3个月的准备或筹备,每半年只等这一天! 还有关于六级作文题目说两句。题目是 The Way to Success ,要求围绕 commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe." 写一篇作文。 这句话,在我们伟大的中国,是妇孺皆知的“磨刀不误砍柴工”,在美国总统那儿成了“名言”; 就其思想根源,语出孔子《论语 · 卫灵公》篇,“工欲善其事,必先利其器”。哈哈,说明总统先生“抄袭”俺们前人的思想哟! 这次监考,唯二让俺感到高兴的是:第一,这是俺监考以来,唯一没有发现作弊或作弊嫌疑的考试;第二,上午四级、下午六级,共同监考的老师都是大美女。 PS:一个学生要用爱迪生说事儿,聪明得将这个老爱的英文名字写为 Ai Di Sheng ——“ 老师说过,人名可以用汉语拼音表示 ”!
正方观点论文: Along with the fantastic advancement and development of our society, there is a sharp increase in our living standard, ... The problem of ... has become the focus of the public concern. Some people presume that ... There may be some possible reasons to support their view. On one hand, ... On the other hand, ... What's more ... From what has mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that ... Others suppose that ... To begin with, ... Then, ... In addition, ... Taking all those factors into consideration, they can naturally come to the conclusion that ... Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, ... should be viewed as two edged sword, which present us with both benefits and troubles. But, we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and minimize their unhealthy influence. Then, they can benefit us in a better way. 社会现象论文: Along with the fantastic advancement and development of our society, there is a sharp increase in our living standard, ... The problem of ... has become the focus of the public concern. Regrettable, seldom do people in contemporary society ..., which stems from various factors. To begin with, ... Then, ... In addition, ... Taking all the factors into consideration we can come to the conclusion that ... Apparently, it is absolutely necessary for goverment to implement effective and efficient measures to control this phenomenon ... Moreover, it is highly suggusted for goverment established related laws to bar those happening again. By doing so, ... Accordingly, it is high time that we college students should first be aware of the real value of ..., focus greater emphasis upon the issue, and then exert persistent efforts to present the importance and significance of ... to the public.
文字的奥秘 - 英语都是抽象的字母吗? 鲍海飞 2011-12-6 前两天和女儿一起学英语,看着看着那些字母单词,我的脑袋一下子浮想联翩。一个一个抽象的字母,抽象吗?也许,但是,从那些字母里,我仿佛还是看到了隐藏在其中那古老的象形文字在里面若隐若现。我在想,早期的英语也应该是象形字,但是,就是不知道从什么时候,它是如何一下子就转变成了抽象的字母,从那些堆垛的构词中转变成了单一线条的文字。而且英语里面也像汉字一样,讲究对称。 比如:字母‘ O ’应该代表与‘山洞’或者‘洞穴’相关的字眼;字母‘ V ’可能表示与山谷相像的东西或者事物。因此,‘ look ’就是一对眼睛在‘观看’。有人会说:那你如何解释‘ good ’ , 想想,如果一个人长得好看,而没有一双美丽的眼睛,那能叫美丽动人,明眸善睐吗?因此,‘ book ’是‘书’,一定要用眼睛来看的。‘ boot ’是靴子,是脚要穿进去的。 是的,再往下看:那么‘ eye ’又如何表示‘眼睛’呢?其实,眼睛就更形象了,你看那不正是‘杏仁眼’吗!,左面一抹眉含眼,右面一抹眉含眼,那不正是弯弯的眉毛勾勒出一双羞答答的大眼睛吗!眼睛中间的 ’ Y ’ 不就是大大的鼻子吗?这个单词,不仅形象,而且也具有左右对称的特性,颇有神韵。 有人说,那‘ food ’该如何解释。‘ food ’是食物的意思,怎么也会有两个‘ O ’在里面。我想,当时的人们一定是视食物为‘眼中宝’的。尤其在远古的时候,获取食物要狩猎,狩猎获得到的食物可以想象是多么的艰难和珍贵,同时,狩猎中两只‘眼睛’一定是紧紧地、仔细地、小心地去捕捉过往的每一个动物。如果不是,那世间还有什么比食物更重要的。 上面的解释似乎有些牵强了。不过,下面的解释也许更‘靠谱’一些。这个“ O ”除了代表与洞穴相关的含义之外,还应代表了‘种子’和‘水果’。显而易见,种子和我们吃的各种各样的水果大部分都是圆形的。因此在‘ food ’里面,除了上述的表述之外,更可能代表的是‘种子’和‘水果’。然而‘种子’却是‘ seed ’!而不是‘ sood ’。噢,那就太对了,你瞧那埋在土地里的‘种子’正在向地下像小草一样往下扎根发芽那。 再扩展一些,这个‘ O ’,代表了与‘圆形’事物相关的含义。因此为什么‘ soon ’代表了快,那是因为‘石头’‘ stone ’都连着滚动了起来,所以能不快吗。 想象归想象,总感觉这个‘ E ’和‘ O ’应该有千丝万缕的联系。写完了该文,在网络上搜查了一下,在大英百科中发现在古代(埃及)的时候,字母‘ E ’表示的是一个男人高举双手的画面,也完全是象形的,代表了欢乐和高兴之意。而'O'在闪米特语中却代表了眼睛。 想象一下,当人们 ‘ eye ’(看到)‘ seed ’(收获)的时候,谁能不高兴呢!。 原来如此,他们曾经也象形过! 没有专门研究过英语的起源,只是感觉在那英语的字母里面也隐藏着历史影像的印迹。 The letter was derived from the Semitic ` Ayin (eye), which represented a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the Arabic letter ع called `Ayn . This Semitic letter in its original form seems to have been inspired by a similar Egyptian hieroglyph for "eye". The Greeks are thought to have come up with the innovation of vowel characters, and lacking a pharyngeal consonant, employed this letter as the Greek O to represent the vowel /o/ , a sound it maintained in Etruscan and Latin . In Greek, a variation of the form later came to distinguish this long sound ( Omega , meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o"). The Encyclopedia Britannica reports what is speculated to be the origin of the letter “E” in our modern alphabet: The letter E may have started as a picture sign of a man with arms upraised, as in Egyptian hieroglyphic writing (1) and in a very early Semitic writing used in about 1500 BC on the Sinai Peninsula (2) . The sign meant “joy” or “rejoice” to the Egyptians. In about 1000 BC, in Byblos and in other Phoenician and Canaanite centers, the sign was given a linear form (3), the source of all later forms .
记得当年红遍大街小巷的牛B吗?B字的威力强大到连老外无法研究出来该怎么翻译成英文了。不过,老外吐槽说,“牛B”实在太难翻,这不是一个词,这是一个 传说,传说啊 ! 一位在北京的美国译者反映,“牛逼”一词实在难翻,下面就来看看人家是怎么解释“牛逼”的,很有意思哦! On the face of it, niubi is not untranslatable at all: the characters niu and bi can be rendered into English with great precision by the words – and I beg your pardon – ‘cow pussy’, niu being the zoological reference, bi the anatomical. But though the denotation of niubi is embarrassingly plain, it’s connotations are far from obvious. 从表面上来看,牛逼一词并非不可译,把两个汉字一一对等直译成英语的话,就是“母牛的生殖器”(翻译需要,请原谅我的不文明)。牛是动物学术语,逼是解剖学术语。虽然牛逼的字面意思有点让人尴尬,但很清楚。不过,牛逼的深层含义就有讲究了。 Niubi is a term of approbation, perhaps the greatest such term in colloquial Chinese. Niubi is an attitude, a lifestyle: a complete lack of concern over what other people think of you, and the resulting freedom to do whatever you please. It is knowing exactly what you’re capable of, making the decision to act, and to hell with the consequences. It is the essence of ‘cool’, but taken to the nth degree, and with a dirty word thrown in. 牛逼是一种溢美之词,可能是汉语口语中夸人的最好说法了。牛逼是一种态度,一种生活方式,完全不在意别人是怎么看待你的,因此你可以爱做啥做啥。牛逼的人对自己的能力了若指掌,自己决定要做什么,完全不计后果。 牛逼从本质上来说就是“酷”,不过比“酷”要酷上N倍,更何况牛逼里还带个脏字呢! 当然,和其他的哲学概念一样,牛逼也有其不好的一面。一个人太过牛逼就会自以为是 ,不可一世,狂妄自大,无动于衷,就像著名的“唐骏博士”太牛逼结果就翻车了。。。。。。 牛逼一词作为2008年的年度热门词汇,曾经遭到无数人的追捧,直到现在,这股B风潮还未见消褪。下面,小编就为大家盘点一下关于“牛逼”一词的其他译法,仅供参考: 最创意译法: newbility,词根为newby,其变化形式有,比较级newber,最高级newbest,名词newber。 Eg: There is no newbest, only newber。 没有最牛B,只有更牛B。 最中规中矩译法: very strong,excellent,stunning,cool Eg: What a stunning idea! 这主意太牛B了! 最地道译法: hot shit Eg: That hot shit. You are a wild man。 简直太牛B了,你是个强人! 最中国式译法: NiuBi Eg: How can you be so NiuBi? 你怎么能这么牛B呢? 最简单译法: NB Eg: I think that song is very NB! 我觉得那首歌很牛B! 最直接译法: cow pussy 本文转载自: http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2011-12-01/181863480.shtml
言和语及其关系为何是广义形式语言学的研究对象? 广义形式语言学是一门以言和语及其关系为研究对象的学问。其特点在于:言是单音节的形式,语是双音节和一些列的多音节的形式。两者之间的关系是基本符号形式体系与派生符号形式体系之间的关系。广义形式又叫广义文本。 附录1:广义形式语言学研究对象——言和语的关系 关键是的确可在形式上对言和语逐一做到精准地测序定位。 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=94143do=blogid=503886 言和语的形式与言义和语义的内涵或内容之间存在:反变关系 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=94143do=blogid=510906 分享 中文形式化前后的几组关系和间接形式化的数理基础和汉语示例 分享 可用世界上最简单的语言非常严谨地论证:意≠义 意义≠意+义 分享 两人都在索绪尔“语言”与“言语”区别理论基础之上进了一步... 融智学导论:言本位与双语信息处理(第三稿) http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=94143do=blogid=488238 附录2:言本位提出之前所做的典型实例:由“一字精解”到“字字精解” 字本位与中文信息处理的基础 ——解析“字与字组的关系”探索“汉语形式化”新路 (典型实例:由“一字精解”到“字字精解”) 邹晓辉 著 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthreadtid=1299 字本位与汉语形式化 (本章全文超级连接) (作者:广东珠海 邹晓辉 )《 字本位理论与应用研究 ( 全书总目录超级连接 ) 》第 252-284 页 http://survivor99.com/pscience/2008_4jidu/zxh_paper_18.htm 探索汉语理论建设及中文信息处理的新路 The New Way on Grope for Chinese Theory Constructing and Chinese Information Processing 邹晓辉 * ( 北京大学国内访问学者; ) 摘要 : 本文介绍《字本位与中文信息处理的基础》 贡献的十个知识创新点,即:信息和智的本质定义及基本分类,汉语及中文的基本原理,认知心理学双语协同存储原理,形式理论的受限原理,序位逻辑原理及工具,语言和知识的通用计算方法和量具,生产式教学及协同智能训练体系,(产、学、研、教、用、算)一体化(知识信息数据)管理。其重要性不仅在于指出自然语言与机器语言的互换路径,除直接形式化之外还有间接形式化道路,对汉语形式理论建设和中文信息处理及基于中文的知识处理而言,后者更便捷而高效,而且还在于改变科学研究思路的十个知识创新点具有的整体功用。 关键词 : 汉语形式理论,中文信息处理,基于中文的知识处理,融智学的十个知识创新点 邹晓辉 . 探索汉语理论建设及中文信息处理的新路 . . 中国科技论文在线, http://www.paper.edu.cn/index.php/default/releasepaper/content/200708-255 Zou XiaoHui* ( qhkjy ( zhuhai ) ) Abstract : The paper introduces the Points of Knowledge Inaugurated on the contribution of 《 Groundwork of Zi BenWei and Chinese Information Processing 》 ,namely: the Definiens and Taxonomy of Information, and that of Intelligence, the Rationale on Chinese, the Principle of Memory Coordinated Bilingually in Cognitive Psychology, the Principle Restricted on the Formal Theory, the Principle on Logic with Bit-List Tool, the Universal Arithmetic and Measure for language and knowledge, the Producing Teaching cooperated with the training system as Man-Com-Net, the Integrative Management (of knowledge, information and data).Its fundamentality is not only that Indirect Formalization is much better than Direct One for Chinese Formal Theory and Chinese Information Processing along with Knowledge Management Based on Chinese, since the way of the Indirect Formalization discovered except the path of Direct Formalization especially on the path interchanging from Natural Language to Machine Language, or vice versa, but also that there is a macro using for the influence on thinking of science research with the points of knowledge inaugurated. Keywords : Chinese Formal Theory, Chinese Information Processing, Knowledge Management Based on Chinese, the Points of Knowledge Inaugurated on Man-Com-Net 下载 PDF 阅读器 PDF 全文下载: 初稿( 266 ) 作者简介: http://www.paper.edu.cn/paper.php?serial_number=200708-255 字本位与中文信息处理 ——解析“字与字组的关系”探索“汉语形式化”新路 (典型实例:由“一字精解”到“字字精解”) 邹晓辉 http://survivor99.com/entropy/2006entropy/3-4/2006-4-8.htm 【摘要】本文是笔者探索汉语及中文形式化信息处理新方法的总结。英语和基于英语的形式化方法及其好处学界周知,转换生成语法及其后续的各派理论的发展早已为计算机科学和计算语言学普遍接受或了解。模仿它们的汉语词本位、短语本位和句本位理论违背了汉语的特点。因为“汉语中没有词”(赵元任)。“这种跟着西方人思路转的研究是无法实现赶超国际水平的目标的”(徐通锵)。英语形式化方法突破不了中文信息处理的技术瓶颈。如:词的“切分”与“标注”就面临“消歧”难题(俞士汶、孙茂松、黄河燕等)。本项研究课题“摆脱了流行思路的束缚,以字本位理论为基础研究中文信息处理的问题,探索形式化新路。这抓住了汉语特点的关键”(徐通锵),因为“字是中国人心目中的中心主题”(赵元任)。 【关键词】基础语言学,字本位,计算语言学,形式化,计算机辅助,中文信息处理 【专家评语】 这是一个前沿性的课题。现在语言信息处理的思路大多受国外语言理论的影响,而如何根据汉语的特点,运用信息科学的技术,进行中文信息处理,赶超国际水平,是我们急需探索和解决的一个重大课题。方向正确,思路清楚,立论有据,是有原创性的新著,其形式化的研究成果也具有广泛的使用价值。 语言学专家:徐通锵(北京大学中文系教授) 全国普通高等学校人文社会科学研究十五规划纲要 语言学 咨询组负责人 字本位与中文信息处理的基础——解析“字与字组的关系”探索“汉语形式化”新路是作者经过长期深入研究和在计算机上通过实践检验的重大科研成果。这个成果的理论意义和实用价值在于:根据汉语的实际特点,运用信息科学先进技术从事中文信息处理,赶超国际水平。 计算语言学专家:鲁川(教育部语言文字应用研究所研究员) 中国中文信息学会计算语言学专业委员会(首届)主任 它较好地实现了与国际学术研究的接轨,因而处于国内同类课题研究的先进水平;作者倡导的融智学新范式和协同智能概念体系,不仅对于我国语言科学和信息科学及其相关学科的研究具有重要的学术探索价值,而且对于建立面向多文种语言信息处理的计算语言数据库和开发拥有自主知识产权的信息产品具有广泛的实际应用价值。 机器翻译专家:易绵竹(解放军外国语学院教授) 国防语言文化研究所所长 兼 计算语言学教研室主任 语言的形成是一个十分复杂的过程,语言所表达的语义的解析更是一个复杂的问题。本书作者通过对中文语言文字的长期研究,积累了丰富的知识,提出了许多有见地的观点。本文提出了以字为中心,从字出发分析中文语义的一种新的方法。这些思想对于中文信息的自动化处理都提供了一种新的途径。 计算机科学专家:奚建清(华南工业大学计算机科学与工程学院,软件学院教授) 兼任 广东省软件重大专项专家组组长 内容新颖,有较高学术水平,…。消解歧义是自然语言处理的关键,本文提出的理论和方法,可以对于这个问题的解决提供新的思路。 自然语言处理专家:冯志伟(教育部语言文字应用研究所研究员) 曾 师从国际计算语言学委员会主席(B.Vauquois)教授专门研究数理语言学和机器翻译问题 协同智能计算语言数据库的设计方案中的13张表很有新意。如果对于汉语的这13张表一旦建立了起来,那么汉语分析中的各个层次上的歧义就会比较容易地解决。这是一件有创建性的工作 中文信息处理专家:苑春法(清华大学计算机系教授) 智能技术与系统国家重点实验室 专家 引言 长期以来,我们一直缺乏适合汉语及中文自身特点的系统化的语法理论,这严重地制约了中文信息处理的研究进展。《语言论——语义型语言的结构原理和研究方法》(1997徐通锵)和《基础语言学教程》(2001徐通锵)独树一帜建立了汉语“字本位”理论。本文在此基础之上做了进一步的基础性研究,在尝试对字与字组及其各种关系进行形式化描述的同时,也尝试对汉语及中文信息处理的形式化方法进行大胆创新。 由本文的标题和副标题可知,“字与字组的关系”的探讨是汉语“字本位”理论关注的基础性问题(属于基础语言学领域);“汉语形式化”是中文信息处理实践面临的根本性问题(属于计算语言学领域)。两方面结合导致本论题。本文的缘起:北大中文系语言学专家对字的认识分歧(至今尚未达成普遍一致的共识)。试问:作为自然人的专家尚且无法消除的分歧,怎么让计算机系统去重用?这类性质的难题也是主张强人工智能观点的中文信息处理专家们所面临的棘手问题。如,中科院计算机语言工程研究中心机译专家就说:对机器翻译而言,只有一个难题,就是消歧。清华大学计算机系自然语言处理课题组专家也明确地指出汉语在“分词”与“标注”上存在技术瓶颈。北大计算语言学研究所专家还十分明确地指出(汉语及中文的)形式化非常困难。中国社科院语言学研究所机译专家公开指出语言学理论滞后制约了中文信息处理技术的发展。 同样研究自然语言,不同的学科有不同的视角,普通语言学站在人类智能主体的立场,采用的是自然人的视角;计算语言学站在人工智能代理的立场,采用的是计算机的视角;工程融智学站在协同智能计算系统的立场,采用的是自然人和计算机两者交互协同的视角。本文就是对从(必然兼容且优于前两种视角的)第三种视角而提出来的研究课题的回顾。 工程融智学的方法,以人机“合理分工、优势互补,高度协作、优化互动”的方式独辟蹊径,提出了自然语言理解的工程模型(基于Z-ASCII的GTCM/STCM与基于Z-Unicode的GSCM/SSCM)及应用模式(SDVE),如:“两典一册”。部分成果(1997-2005)已得到学术界多个课题组专家们不同程度的认可(见:专家评语)。本文将重点介绍其中近期取得的进展。汉语“字本位”理论方面,本文明确表述了字的迭交原理,直观地表述了字与词两种思维模式,二字组的构造原理;中文信息处理方面,本文明确给出了字处理的“三合一”设计方案(经过“中文计算机输出输入系统”、“终极标准信息交换码”和“大字符集可小字符集化的字型库”协同试运行一段时间之后可以中文基因芯片的形式固化),提供了“两典一册”(经过“合作型生产式教学法”推广普及活动检验之后可以中文语法芯片的形式固化)的示例。全局形式化标准平台,可为“中文基因”和“中文语法”信息的提取以及“(汉英/英汉)双语概念及命题”知识的提取,提供人机“合理分工、优势互补,高度协作、优化互动”的优化环境。从而,可进一步为“中文基因芯片”和“中文语法芯片”以及“(汉英/英汉)双语知识(概念及命题)芯片”的封装奠定形式化基础。这涉及业内普遍感兴趣的一组关键问题的解决,是适合汉语字本位语法形式化表述进而可改观中文信息处理形式化现状的新方法。
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper。。 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了!!!英语学术论文常用句型 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了!!!英语学术论文常用句型 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
Chapter 4 —— 代名词的清楚性 为了避免重复以符合简洁的要求,英文句子中常会用代名词 来代替重复的名词 ( 称为先行词, antecedent) 。 然而如果代名词 使用不当,很容易产生文法错误,或是使句意模糊不清。为了清 楚表达意思,使用代名词时须注意下列事项。 Ø 代名词与先行词的一致性 代名词与先行词的单、复数要一致。也就是说,单数先行词 要用单数代名词来代表,反之亦然。例如: 例 1 The Monarch butterfly migrates along the East Coast of North America, where one can easily find them in the spring. 黑脉金蝶沿北美洲东岸迁移,春天时常可在那里看到它。 英文中常用 the 加上单数名词来表示「这种东西」,如 the horse, the VCR ( 录像机 ) 等等。 这种构造虽然指的是一个种类, 而不是单独的个体,但是仍然用单数的形式 。例如上例中, the Monarch butterfly 的动词就要用单数的 migrates ,而且后面的代 名词也不能用 them ,只能用单数的 it 。另一个方法是将主词变为复数的 Monarch butterflies ,后面的代名词 them 维持不变,但 是动词要改成复数形式的 migrate 。 例 2 The chain of sportsware stores will launch their year-end sales campaign within a week. ( 误 ) 这家体育用品连锁店将在一周内推出年终促销活动。 主词 chain 在这里是表示「连锁店」的意思。后面有复数的 sportsware stores ,可是 出现在介系词词组中,并不会影响主词的 单复数 。而且 chain 这个字不是集合名词,不像 committee, faculty, police 等字可以作单数或复数解释。所以后面的代名词不 是 their ,应该用单数的 its 。 例 3 South Korea received huge sums from the IMF and used it to restructure its tattered economy. ( 误 ) 南韩获得国际货币基金会的巨额款项,用来重整破碎的经济。 先行词 sums 意为「款项」,也就是金钱。 虽然 money 是不可 数名词,要用单数,可是 sums 却是复数形式,这两者很容易混淆。 除非把 huge sums 改成 a huge sum ,否则后面的代名词 it 要 改为复数的 them 才能一致: South Korea received huge sums from the IMF and used them to restructure its tattered economy. ( 正确 ) 其实这个句子还可以进一步精简,避免代名词与先行词的重复: South Korea used the huge sums (it received) from the IMF to restructure its tattered economy. ( 正确 ) 几个代名词之间在人称上也必须一致。比较容易出错的是 one/you/he, she 的混淆。 例 4 While one travels abroad, you should always keep your passport in a safe place. ( 误 ) 出国旅行的时候,护照一定要收藏好。 若只是泛指一般人而无特定对象,作 anyone 解释时,比较正 式的代名词是第三人称的 one 。不过,如果是非正式又带点口语化的风格,尤其是以直接语气对读者建议的时候,也可以用第二 人称的 you 。因为 you 是以「你、我」与读者相称呼,一下子拉 近了距离,所以文章的风格就会显得较不正式。 论文、报告、学 术性文章等较为正式的写作,最好避免使用 you ,选择用更正式 的 one 。 上面例 4 犯的毛病是人称不一致。同一个不特定对象前面用 one 代表,后面却用 you/your 。缺乏一致性会造成文章不清楚, 应该一律使用 one/one's 或是 you/your ,例如: While one travels abroad, one should always keep one's passport in a safe place. [ 正确 ) 这个句子全部使用 one/one's ,符合一致性的要求,但是稍嫌重复。如果把 while... 的副词子句减化,就可以更精简: While traveling abroad, one should always keep one's passport in a safe place.( 正确 ) 例 5 When a teacher takes one's students on a field trip, one is responsible for their safety.( 误 ) 老师带学生做课外教学时要负责学生的安全。 无特定对象、泛指 a person 或 anyone 的时候才能使用 one 。 例 5 中有 a teacher ,就应该以 he 或 she 来代表。 不过,该用 he 还是 she 也是一个问题。无法判定性别的字, 像 teacher , doctor, clerk 等等,以前一律以 he 来代表。 近年来由于女权运动解构文字的结果,产生了两种趋势。一是以 he or she 这 个词组来表示,一是反传统而行,一律以 she 来代表。 如果采用 前者,例 5 会成为: When a teacher takes his or her students on a field trip, he or she is responsible for their safety. ( 不佳 ) 这个句子不好,因为 he or she 这种表达用字不够精简。如果 在句中只出现一次,倒不妨使用,不会太占篇幅。可是 若出现两 次以上就显得十分累赘 ,修辞效果不佳,这时候就该单独使用 he 或 she 来表示。如果支持女权,就选用 she ,否则就用 he 。 Ø 代名词不能没有先行词 代名词的功能,在于代替名词,避免重复。所以使用代名词 时要有一个明确的名词词组作先行词,意思才够清楚。 例6 Although the new regulations allow them to do it, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education. (误) 虽然新规定容许他们这样做,高中毕业生却很少出国接受高等教 育。 句中的 do it 指的应该是 go abroad for higher education 。助动词 do 固然可以代表动词 go ,可是代名词 it 却找不到先行词 —— 因为上下文中缺乏合适的名词词组。此时应避免使用代名词,改 以其他方式表达: High school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education, although the new regulations allow them to do so. ( 正确 ) 本句中的 so 是副词,配合助动词 do ,可以代表 go abroad for higher education 。子句的顺序也对调了,因为 让完整的词组先出现,再把省略的代表性写法放在后面,这样会比较清楚 。 例 7 The student did not hand in his report on time and because of it was flunked by the teacher.( 误 ) 这个学生没有按时交报告,所以被老师当掉了。 这个句子错在以代名词 it 来代表前面整个子句。 代名词要有名词词组作先行词,不能笼统地代表一句话或是话中某个部分 。 所以在例7中必须删掉 because of it ,改为: The student did not hand in his report on time and was therefore flunked by the teacher. (正确) 因为没有先行词,所以不用 it ,而以对等子句的减化来避免 重复,就能造出比较简洁流畅的句子。 例 8 Tokyo's city government passed new laws to regulate the traffic for its 20 million residents. ( 不佳 ) 东京市政府通过新法来为两千万居民调节交通。 代名词 its 的先行词从意思上看应该是东京市,可是在上文中东京市是所有格,真正的名词词组却是市政府。这时候 its 20 million residents 会变成「市政府的两千万居民」,句意就不通 了。应改为: Tokyo's city government passed new laws to regulate the traffic for the city's 20 million residents. ( 正确 ) 若找不到合适的名词词组作先行词,就要避免使用代名词, 另外找一个名词来使用 。 Ø 代名词只能有一个先行词 如上所述,代名词要有名词词组作先行词,才不会语意模 糊。另外,代名词也只能有一个合理的名词词组作先行词。假如 有两个以上的名词词组,而且意思都说得通的话,就会使句意不 清楚,变得模棱两可 (ambiguous) 。例如: 例 9 When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals thought they were very lucky people. ( 不佳 ) 第一批观光客抵达这个新开发的度假地区时,当地人认为他们 (?) 是很幸运的人。 这个句子的毛病在于代名词 they 有两个可能的先行词 —— tourists 和 locals ,而且意思都讲得通,读者无从判断到底谁是 lucky people 。改法有两种,一种是: When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals considered themselves very lucky people. ( 正确 ) 如果用 themselves ,先行词就是该子句的主词 the locals ,意 思是「当地人认为自己很幸运」 —— 大概他们认为会有钱赚吧。 另一种改法是: When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals considered these outsiders very lucky people. 〔正确 ) 如果改成名词词组 these outsiders ( 这些外人 ) ,很清楚就是 指 tourists ,句意变成「当地人认为这些外人是幸运儿」 —— 大概 是羡慕他们吧。 例 10 Not until the last moment will a man tell his wife about his extramarital affair, and it is a leading cause of divorce. ( 不佳 ) 男人不到最后一刻不会把自己的外遇告诉太太,而这 (?) 是离婚的主因之一。 因为要有名词词组作先行词,所以代名词 it 似乎是代表 his extramarital affair 。然而从意思上来看又好像是代表前面的整个 子句,所以并没有表达清楚,需要修改: Not until the last moment will a man tell his wife about his extramarital affair; such secrecy is a leading cause of divorce. ( 正确 ) 若改成 such secrecy ( 这种偷偷模模 ) ,那么离婚的主因就是 老公「不愿坦白」。 Not until the last moment will a man tell his wife about his extramarital affair; such belated confessions are a leading cause of divorce. ( 正确 ) 改成 such belated confessions ( 这种迟来的坦白 ) ,那么离婚原因就是老公「最后坦白了」。 Not until the last moment will a man tell his wife about his extramarital affair; such affairs are a leading cause of divorce. ( 正确 ) 改成 such affairs ( 搞外遇 ) ,此时外遇就成了离婚的原因。 例 10 的原句包含了上述这三种改法的意思,由于代名词 it 的指射太含糊,使原来的句意极为模糊。 Ø 结语 代名词的问题,看似单纯,其实相当麻烦。尤其在写作时, 若未经训练与思考,很容易因为代名词而让阅读者不了解句意。 一旦代名词使用不慎,要表达的意思可能和阅读者的认知有很大的出入。所以用代名词时要记住: 1. 单复数须与先行词一致。 2. 要有一个、也只能有一个 (one and only one) 名词词组作先行词。 如此一来就比较不会出问题了。
曾以创建「中式英文」博客(博客) www.chinglish.de 而 声名大噪的德国人Oliver Radtke讲过一个有关「小弟弟」的故事。他说,第一次到中国,在上海的出租车上发现一句提示「请带好随身物品」,下面一行的英文「Don't forget to carry your thing.」。这句从中文直译的句子初看没有什么不对,但实际上在英语语言文化中表达的意思却是,提醒男性乘客「别忘了带走你的『小弟弟』」,让人啼笑 皆非。只要在thing后面加上一个s,就可免除这种尴尬。 同样的尴尬事,在上海的地铁内也曾遇到。例如,「先上后下,文明乘车」翻译成「After first under on, do riding with civility」;「如遇紧急情况请速拨打1234567」译为「Meeting critical situation asks velocity to poke striking …」,几乎就是中文直译,让人不知所云。 在「中式英文」中,最受人诟病的包括:Deformed man toilet (残疾人厕所,应为handicapped restroom);Airline Pulp (航空餐,应为foodserved aboard airlines);The slippery are very crafty (小心路滑,slippery when wet);If you are stolen, call the police(如果你被偷时,叫警察);Do not climb the rocketry (不要翻越石墙,rockwall)。 有些「中式英文」早已「脍炙人口」,中国网站票选的爆笑「中式英文」包括: You have seed. I will give you some color to see see. Brothers!Together up! (你有种,我要给你点颜色瞧瞧,兄弟们,一起上!) Dragon born dragon, chicken born chicken, mouse's son can make hole! (龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠生崽会打洞!) How are you? How old are you? (怎么是你,怎么老是你?) You ask me, me ask who? (你问我,我问谁?) Heart flower angry open. (心花怒放) No three no four. (不三不四) Fucking goods. (干(乾)货
The Type 1 Conditional - Alternate forms (1) Future in both clauses Sometimes we use a future tense in both clauses . This is particularly common in polite requests. If you will marry me, I will love you forever. (More polite than 'If you marry me…') If you will wait for me, I will come with you. If you will help us, we will be grateful. Here will means ' is/are willing to' . In more polite requests we can use would . If you would help us, we will be extremely grateful. If you would come this way, I will take you to the theatre. Going to in result clause Going to often replaces will in the type 1 conditional. This is done to emphasize a certain result. If you skip your classes, you are going to fail. If you don't mend your ways, you are going to land in trouble. Going to can be used in the if-clause to mean 'intend to'. If you are going to skip school, you certainly won't pass your exams. Present perfect in if-clause Sometimes we use a present perfect, instead of a simple present , in the if-clause. This is to put an extra focus on the completion of an action. Compare: We will go to the movies if you have finished your work. (There is a focus on the completion of the action.) We will go to the movies if you finish your work. (There is no focus on the completion of the action.) Should in if-clause Should is sometimes used in the if-clause to imply that something is possible, but not very likely. If he should arrive , we will invite him along to dinner. (He will probably not come. But if he comes, we will invite him to dinner.) This use of should in the type 1 conditional is stronger than the type 2 conditional in which an imaginary or unreal situation is presented. Compare: If he arrives, we will invite him along to dinner. (Type 1 conditional - He is likely to come. And if he comes we will invite him to dinner.) If he arrived , we would invite him to dinner. (Type 2 conditional - I am sure he will not come.) If he studied, he would pass the exam. (Type 2 Conditional - I am sure the student will not pass.) If he studies, he will pass the exam. (Type 1 conditional - He will probably study. And if he does he will pass.) If he should study , he will pass the exam. (Type 1 conditional with should - The student will probably not study. But if he does he will pass.) Happen to/ should happen to We sometimes use happen to or should happen to in If- clauses. It suggests that something is unlikely, but if it happens, something else will happen. If they happen to come to town, we will meet them. (= They are unlikely to come. But if they come, we will meet them.) Should happen to has a similar meaning. If he should happen to get stuck in that town, he will be able to find a good hotel. Modals in result clauses We can use modals in result clauses to talk about future possibilities, permission and advice. If you finish your work, you can go out and play. You should see a doctor if you continue to feel bad. If I arrive early, I might give him a call. Provided (that), as long as Provided that and as long as can be used instead of if to say that a particular condition must be met in order for something to happen. Provided (that) he finishes his studies, he will find an excellent job. (= If he finishes his studies, he will find an excellent job.) As long as you pay off the loan, the house will be yours at the end of this year. (= If you pay off the loan, the house will be yours at the end of this year.) The Type 2 Conditional(2) Here we use a simple past in the if-clause and would + infinitive (bare form of the verb) in the result clause. If you asked, they would help you. If it rained, you would get wet. If you loved her, she would love you. If I had more money, I would buy a new car. If he studied more, he would pass the exam. If I were the President, I would lower taxes. The type 2 conditional refers to present and future situations. It is used to talk about unreal - impossible, improbable or imaginary - situations. It refers to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. Type 1 or type 2 - What to use?Real and imaginary situations The type 1 conditional is often called the real conditional. It is used for real and possible situations. The type 2 conditional is used for unreal - impossible, improbable or imaginary - situations. Compare: If I become the President , I will give free electricity to farmers. (Said by a candidate, who may win the election - Type 1) If I win this race , I will... (- Said by the fastest runner - Type 1) If I became the President , I would give free electricity to farmers. (Said by a child - Type 2) If I won this race, I would... (- Said by the slowest runner - Type 2) Direct requests and suggestions In direct request or suggestions we use type 1 conditional. To make a request or suggestion more polite, we use type 2 conditional. Compare: I will be grateful if you lend me some money. (direct request - Type 1) It will be nice if you help me. (direct request - Type 1) It would be nice if you helped me. (less direct, more polite request - Type 2) I would be grateful if you lent me some money. (more polite request - Type 2) 原文来源: (1) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/first-conditional-alternate.htm (2) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/second-conditional.htm After sharing this article, I received many useful comments. Thank you very much indeed for that. To clarify some relevant points and to avoid further confusion, I have added some other information(pictures) quoted from "Advanced Grammar in Use, 2nd edition, Cambridge, 2005 "to the previous version as below:
今天我对身边的几个同学说,你们要好好学英语,更要学好英语,你看人家搞哲学的人都会点儿英语了,你们学理工的不能落在“哲学家”后面吧!那几个学生表示不相信。我对他们说:你们去科学网上看看吧(笑)! 跟着下面的图教理工人两句英语吧! Is this a bird ? No. It's not a bird. It's a bee.
从汉语与英语的比较研究中寻求语言的取值和置信问题的最佳途径: Abstract of English Original paper submit to “International Conference on Language and Value” A Philosophical Analysis on the Object of Study in Linguistics -- Values and Confidence of Language Xiaohui, Zou 1, 2 ; Shunpeng, Zou 1, 2 qhkjy@yahoo.com.cn 15300239971 (1.China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 2.Sino-US Berkeley Project) Abstract This paper is an introduction to the issues and to the linguistic mechanisms both in English word-based and in Chinese character-based as their two essential units that would be looked like values choosing from the fundamental object of study in General Linguistics . It is argued that there is a puzzle, nearly a sharp conflict between two schools of scholars among workers, who adhere to linguist theory character-based or Zi-based and linguist theory word-based or Ci-based respectively, and that why the references of the two units have been never studied by the those scholars who survey: the Ideational Theory, the Proposition Theory, the Wittgensteinian Use Theory, the Verification Theory, and two versions of the Truth-Condition Theory and show their advantages and disadvantages in contemporary Philosophy of Language . We consider that l inguistic expressions themselves namely the unit word, which takes the Indo-European languages as examples, and the unit Zi, which takes the Chinese language as an example, both could be the values taken from the fundamental object of study in General Linguistics, which we call Yan. And in this way, namely choosing values and confidence of language -- a philosophical analysis on the object of study in General Linguistics, we not only discover a new method to solve the fundamental problem both in theory research of Chinese and in General Linguistics, but also discover a new and good method to help us to build a better project of Domain Knowledge Ontology Database in Higher Education which includes all the other disciplines , e.g., both in General Linguistics and in Philosophy of Language, that would either help us sufficiently to understand specifically linguistic mechanisms or the core issues of Philosophy of Language itself . Keyword : philosophy of language; general linguistics; confidence; value Abstract of Translation from Chinese Original paper submit to “International Conference on Language and Value” Values and Confidence of Language --A Philosophical Analysis on the Object of Study Xiaohui, Zou 1, 2 ; Shunpeng, Zou 1, 2 qhkjy@yahoo.com.cn 15300239971 (1.China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 2.Sino-US Berkeley Project) Abstract We report such a research result, namely: the unclear object of study in General Linguistics, which takes the Indo-European languages as examples, yields more satisfactory results through using basic methods of value choosing and affected by the belief of language user in philosophy of language by the authors’ fundamental research in general linguistics taking Chinese language as an example, particularly in exploring how to solve the sharp conflict between two schools of scholars among workers, who adhere to character-based or Zi-based linguist theory and word-based or Ci-based linguist theory respectively. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to solve the conflict between both character-based view and word-based view by using the basic unit of Chinese theory. The significance of our paper lies not only in solving the fundamental problem in theory research of Chinese, but also in general linguistics. The research methods are combined by the methods of assumptions for the value choosing and methods affected by the belief of language user in philosophy of language, which are reflected in the authors’ fundamental research in general linguistics taking Chinese language as an example. Keyword : philosophy of language; general linguistics; confidence; value 语言的取值与置信 ——基本研究对象的哲学分析 邹晓辉(研究员,中英双语作者),邹顺鹏(研究生,英文校对审译) 摘要 本文报告这么一项研究成果,即:在以印欧语言为例的普通语言学里不明确的研究对象,却由于笔者在学习以汉语为例的普通语言学基础研究中探寻如何解决汉语理论界分别坚持字词本位的两派学者之间的尖锐冲突难题的过程中,运用语言哲学的取值与置信的基本方法得到了较为满意的分析结果。具体地说,本文的目的是通过言本位的确立而解决汉语理论的字本位和词本位的冲突,其意义在于它不仅解决了汉语理论研究的一个基本问题,而且,还解决了普通语言学研究的一个根本问题。本文的研究方法是在以汉语为例的普通语言学基础理论研究中采用语言哲学的价值判断与置信假设相结合的方法。 关键词 :语言哲学;普通语言学;价值判断;置信假设
早在 1818 年,“龙”字就被音译为 Loong 黄佶 书籍:Journal of the proceedings of the late Embassy to China(新近赴中国大使旅途日志), by Henry Ellis, third Commissioner of the Embassy. Second Edition. VOL.I. London: John Murray, Albemarle-Street. 1818,第389页 内容摘选:“Boats, on reaching this place, usually offer up some sacrifice at the Loong-wang-Miao, or temple of the Dragon King: this was the first temple I had seen…” 图1,Journal of the proceedings of the late Embassy to China一书的书名页 图2,书页截图 资料来源:在 Google Book 中用“loong dragon china”作为关键词,时间设定为“19th century”搜到 (本文是《译龙杂论》一书中的一部分。欢迎读者提出意见,或提供新的材料。)
FYI Chairman Ralph Hall (R-TX) opened the hearing by decrying the Obama Administration’s push to regulate greenhouse gases and questioning whether the leaked emails from the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit (CRU) cast doubt on the integrity of climate science. Hall said: “The leaked emails from the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit in November of 2009 revealed that the scientists most vocal about the effects humans were having on the climate were not following accepted scientific practices. When these emails came to light, the Administration proclaimed that the science generated by a corrupt process was still robust, and still justified the policy measures it was taking. For many of us here, these emails were evidence that the trust in the underlying process was misplaced. I may not be a scientist, but as a politician, I can tell when someone is trying to pull the wool over my eyes.” Hall continued: “The legitimate questions that have been raised about the processes used to generate climate change science and policy have thus far been cast aside. The reluctance to engage in conversations with people who have doubts or question the veracity of climate science is at the heart of the wrong doing that undermines trust in climate change science.”
本学期学校组织年轻教师进行英语强化学习。第一堂课30多人到课,几周过去后,现在到课人数直降到7、8人。外教老师TOM和katty,以及一堂课不落的Ning同学、班长Emily很着急。于是,Emily给每个学院发来了一首词。真令人感动。 Come back, come back, dear classmates, Do you hear Ning’s hearty call? We miss so much you all. But how can you miss that —— Katy leads us to play funny games, Tom is cool, full of humor and wisdom as before. Come back, come back, dear classmates, We have a pretty newcomer, Silvia, And once a little bee singing, dancing without invitation. Time goes so fast as river flows day and night , It looks like lady Spring is going to say goodbye. No matter how, come back, come back, dear classmates. Yours, Emily 10 May, 2011
三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲不逾矩 At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself Life begins at forty 似乎都不是很好的翻译?国外有没有类似的表达法? 查了半天,我还是比较喜欢wikipedia的翻译,我觉得那种忠实于自己内心忠实于真相的想法,更加接近我对人生的理解: When I am fifteen, I aspired to learn. At thirty, I can be independent. At forty, I am not deluded. (I no longer suffered from perplexities?) At fifty, I knew my destiny. At sixty, I knew truth in all I heard. At seventy, I could follow my heart's desire without overstepping the line.
“县官行令谢国材”。它们可以帮你掌握英语里形容词的排列次序。其含义是: “县”(限)代表限定词,包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。 “官”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如fine,beautiful,interesting等。 “行”(形)代表大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如small,tall,high,little,round等。 “令”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如old,young等。 “谢”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如white,black,yellow等。 “国”代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(或名词),如English,American,mountain等。 “材”则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。 多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。例如: a fine old stone bridge 一座古老的漂亮的石桥 two big round new Chinese wooden tables 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌 his large new black foreign car 他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车
“好好学习,天天向上”,今天参加完了博士入学考试的面试,会后,一位担任考官的老师见面的第一句话就是这句。当然,他不忘再加一句“祝贺你”。朴实中蕴含着希望和鼓励。 英语的自我介绍是这样说的:Good afternoon professors.I'm glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself.I come from Gansu province.I graduated from the college of humanities of XiDian university in July 2002.My major is Marketing.After I graduated from university,I have been working in Beijinginstitute of management of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate university of Chinese Academy of Sciences.In 2010,I received my master's degree on management science and engineering through in-service training in Graduate university of Chinese Academy of Sciences.My topic is"The impacts of Beijing Olympic games on the attitude and behavior of young students."I have published more than ten papers and fifty news reviews about public policy and higher education reform.This is my introduction.Thank you very much. 这么简单的一段文字,由于语速快,发音不够准(尽管在正式面试前,在外语系的图书资料室,两位年轻的专业外语老师逐一纠正了发音,而且,我背诵多遍),使部分老师似乎没有听懂。随后问我大学在哪儿上的,发表的论文都是哪些刊物等等。 随后的问答,在轻松的氛围中度过,不过问题都是绵里藏针,诸如你所报考的导师的文章著作是否读过,以后打算做哪方面的题目,怎么协调工作和学习的关系,等等。 有意思的是,一位老师说到我的博客(不知是否就是科学网博客?)不错,另一位老师马上说写论文和写博客是不一样。我连声表示同意。如果说我在科学网的博客不错,真是有点对不起这个火热的平台,也十分感谢这位老师的赞赏,我将近半年都没更新一篇文章了。 这关总算过了。接下来还有很多的关,但愿我能想面试时说的一样,不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾,早日拿到学位。
曹广福老师的博文“ 小学数学题有多难? ”引起了大家的关注。这道题目倒不难,但经过博友们的讨论以后,焦点逐渐集中于该题目的表述方式是否存在歧义的问题上。当然这正是从一个侧面反映出了同英语相比,科技汉语存在的问题所在。 很简单的对比,就是如果采用英语来表述该道题目,就不会存在这么大的争论了。 中文原题为:“甲、乙两人沿铁路线相向而行,速度相同.一列火车从甲身边开过用了6秒,4分后火车又从乙身边开过用了5秒,那么从火车遇到乙开始,再过多少分甲、乙两人相遇?” 这里存在争议的地方在于该火车是开过甲的身边以后,再经过4分钟到达乙的身边?还是火车到达甲处在经过4分钟后到达乙处。 当然经过我从语法和逻辑上来分析,我认为其含义应该是前者。但既然在科学网上这么多专业人士中引起了争议,至少说明对于一个汉语句子,不同的人是存在不同的理解的。 翻译成英文以后,其句子就变成了这样: Two persons A and B are moving in opposite direction at same velocity. A train takes 6 seconds to pass A completely, and then it takes 5 seconds to pass B completely after 4 minutes. How long will A and B met after the train met B? 从英文的翻译句子来看,在英文中,句子的含义是非常明确的,就是火车先花了6秒钟时间经过A,然后,再花4分钟的时间到达B,并且花了5秒钟的时间经过B。之所以能够这么明确,在于其中and then的用法。如果没有这一用法,则这将成为两个句子。如果再配合英语的时态等用法,则可以更加严密地表述这一问题。 而中文中加不加“然后”一词,都可以成为一个句子,也没有时态区别。这就是引起歧义的根源。 基于这样的考虑,我这里提出建议,应该按照英文的语法重新对中文科技语法进行规范。 第一,一个句子应该从语法上明确如何才算完整。比如“一列火车从甲身边开过用了6秒,4分后火车又从乙身边开过用了5秒”这样的表述方式就应该算错误。正确的表述应该为:“一列火车从甲身边开过用了6秒,然后4分后火车又从乙身边开过用了5秒”。这样虽然是罗嗦了一些,缺少了汉语精炼的要求,但考虑到在科技汉语中,不需要追求文字的优美,这种用法应该允许存在。如果不加“然后”一词,则可将其分成两句话,即:“一列火车从甲身边开过用了6秒。4分后火车又从乙身边开过用了5秒”。 第二,由于汉语词汇没有时态变化,可以通过添加:过去、现在、已经、将来这样的词语进行界定。比如“自从1997年以来,我就住在北京了”,这样的用法在科技汉语中应该界定为不符合语法要求,必须将其改正为:“自从1997年以来,我就已经住在北京了”。又如错误用法:“如果明天不下雨,我们就去钓鱼”,正确用法应该是:“如果明天不下雨,我们将去钓鱼”。因为“就去钓鱼”的含义不明确,不一定表示将来时,也可以表示一般现在时。比如可以说“我们现在就去钓鱼”。 第三,取消量词这种多余的用法。比如“一个人”和“一辆车”在科学上没有多少区别。你可以说“一人”,“一车”,这完全可以表达清楚自己的意思。另外滥用量词不利于创新。比如新的技术出现了,比如ipad,究竟应该是称之为一台ipad,还是应该称之为一片ipad,或一块ipad,这是容易引起争议的问题。因此即使因为习惯愿意保留已有的量词,至少以后的量词使用应该统一。比如统一为“个”。这样ipad出现以后,我们只需要称之为“一个ipad”就可以了。 第四,建议增加词语分割符号,比如用“|”来进行分割。这样可以解决不同“断词”方法引起的歧义。 由于这么多的要求很多人一下子难以适应,可以开发的相应科技论文校对软件,在完成论文以后,专门检查这些语法要求。
“白酒”应译为 Baijiu,“黄酒”应译为 Huangjiu 黄佶 什么是“Sake”?你不知道?我说一次你就知道了:日本的清酒。 什么是“Vodka”?我不说你也知道?起源于俄罗斯的伏特加酒?是的,完全正确! 那么什么是“White Wine”呢?中国的白酒?错了。在英语词典里,white wine 的意思是“白葡萄酒”。请看下面的词条及其注释: white wine: a wine ranging in color from faintly yellow to amber that is produced from the juice alone of dark- or light-colored grapes(颜色在淡黄色和琥珀色之间的一种葡萄酒,是用深色或浅色葡萄的汁制成的) (来源:merriam-webster 网上辞典。下同。) 注:以上英语注释由作者翻译成中文。下同。 请注意:wine 在英语里指的是“葡萄酒”或“果汁酒”,而非“酒”的泛指。请看下面的词条及其注释: wine: 1 a: the alcoholic fermented juice of fresh grapes used as a beverage(新鲜葡萄的含酒精的发酵汁,可作为饮料饮用) b: wine or a substitute used in Christian communion services(基督教徒的圣餐礼上使用的葡萄酒或代用品) 2: the alcoholic usually fermented juice of a plant product (as a fruit) used as a beverage blackberry wine(植物产品(果实)的含酒精的发酵汁,可作为饮料饮用。例:黑莓酒) 3: something that invigorates or intoxicates(使人兴奋或陶醉的东西) 4: a dark red(一种深红色) 从这本最权威的英语辞典的解释中,我们可以看出:wine 和中国的白酒和黄酒等都根本沾不上边。把“白酒”翻译为 white wine 是完全错误的,因为西方人听到后脑子里出现的是“白葡萄酒”,他一喝中国的白酒,味道和预期的完全不同,还以为买了伪劣商品或假酒! 把“黄酒”翻译成“yellow wine”也是错误的,因为黄酒不是“黄色的葡萄酒”(实际上呈淡黄色的白葡萄酒,才是“黄色的葡萄酒”,但外国人都叫它“白色的葡萄酒”)。 虽然从化学的角度看,酒都是含酒精饮料,但各种酒的原料和酿造方法不同,而且酒还是一种特殊的东西,各国各民族的人在红白喜事、歃血结盟、预祝合作成功、庆祝胜利等重大时刻用的都是酒,而不是随便什么其它可食用液体。曾经出生入死的老战友在久别重逢时,用牛奶或果汁干杯是不可思议的,甚至会引发猜疑或不满。即使偶尔因不能饮酒而用茶代替,也要说一句“以茶代酒”,以表示歉意。 因此,酒携带着一个地区或民族的文化和情感,也因此,各种不同的酒应该有自己独立的名字,不仅表示原料和酿制工艺的差异,同时也能够完整地携带该种酒身上的文化。 我们一听见“伏特加”,想到不仅是一种酒,同时也会联想到俄罗斯国家、民族、人民及其历史和文化。如果我们把 Vodka 翻译为“俄罗斯白酒”或“俄罗斯土烧”或“俄罗斯二锅头”,那么“伏特加”三个字所携带的其它大量信息就消失了。 同样道理,如果我们把 Champagne(香槟酒)翻译成“法国甜酒”或“法国酒”、“法兰西酒”、“法酒”、“发酒”,那么“香槟酒”三个字所携带的华贵浪漫气息就全部消失了。 在英语中,法国的香槟酒、俄罗斯的伏特加和日本的清酒都有专门的词条和注释,并专门标出了其词源: champagne(香槟酒): Etymology: French, from Champagne, France(词源:法文,来自法国香槟省) Date: 1664(起源时期:1644年) 1: a white sparkling wine made in the old province of Champagne, France ; also : a similar wine made elsewhere(在法国香槟省酿造的一种白色的汽酒,亦指在其它地方生产的同样的酒) (译者注:现在法国方面已经禁止其它地方产的“同样的酒”命名为香槟酒了,这类酒只能叫“发泡葡萄酒(Sparkling wine)。中国产的“香槟酒”现在都叫“起泡酒”) 2: a pale orange yellow to light grayish-yellowish brown(从浅橘黄色到浅灰黄棕色的颜色) -------- vodka(伏特加): Etymology: Russian, from voda water; akin to Old English waeter water(词源:俄文,来自俄文中的单词“voda”(意思为“水”),和古英语中的 waeter(水)相似) (译者注:vodka 是 voda 的爱称,有“可爱的水”的含义) Date: circa 1803(起源时期:大约 1803 年) a colorless liquor of neutral spirits distilled from a mash (as of rye or wheat) (一种无色的烈性酒,从黑麦或小麦的糊状物中蒸馏而得) -------- sake(清酒): Etymology: Japanese sake(词源:日语 sake) Date: 1682(起源时期:1682 年) a Japanese alcoholic beverage of fermented rice often served hot(日本的一种含酒精饮料,用稻谷发酵而成,通常在加热后饮用) -------- 实际上,世界各国独特的酒在英语里几乎都有自己的名字: brandy(白兰地) Etymology: short for brandywine, from Dutch brandewijn, from Middle Dutch brantwijn, from brant distilled + wijn wine(词源:“brandywine”的简略写法,来自荷兰语“brandewijn”,来自中古荷兰语,来自“brant(蒸馏的)”加“wijn(葡萄酒)” Date: 1657(起源时期:1657年) an alcoholic beverage distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice(从葡萄酒或发酵的果汁中蒸馏出来的一种酒精饮料) -------- whiskey(威士忌) Etymology: Irish uisce beatha Scottish Gaelic uisge beatha, literally, water of life (词源:爱尔兰语“ uisce beatha ”和苏格兰盖尔语“ uisge beatha ”,字面意思是“生命之水”) Date: 1715(起源时期:1715年) 1 : a liquor distilled from fermented wort (as that obtained from rye, corn, or barley mash) (从发酵的麦芽汁中蒸馏出来的一种烈酒。发酵的麦芽汁类似于从黑麦、谷物或大麦的糊状混合物中得到的产物) 2 : a drink of whiskey(一份威士忌) -------- tequila(龙舌兰酒) Etymology: Spanish, from Tequila, town in Jalisco state, Mexico(词源:西班牙语,墨西哥 Jalisco 州的小镇 Tequila 的名字) Date: 1849(起源时期:1849年) a Mexican liquor distilled from the fermented sap of an agave (Agave tequilana) (一种墨西哥烈性酒,用龙舌兰属植物 Agave tequilana 的树汁发酵蒸馏而成) -------- 因此,为了“和国际接轨”,中国特有的白酒和黄酒等,也应该重新翻译,可以采取音译的方式,直接翻译成 Baijiu 和 Huangjiu。 这里顺便说一下,除了把白酒翻译成 white wine 是错的,现在白酒的其它一些译法也都不妥或是错误的。 spirit:有“烈酒”的含义,但 Vodka 也是烈酒。因此这种译法并非特指白酒,不合适。 white spirit:在英语中的意思是“石油溶剂油”。 distilled spirit:意思是“精馏酒精”。 Chinese alcohol:alcohol 的意思是“酒,酒精,含酒精的饮料”。这种译法虽然和“中国”联系在了一起,但没有携带“白酒”这个名称独特的文化延伸含义,只是一个普通的泛指,不仅可以指白酒,也可以指中国出品的其它任何酒或含酒饮料。因此,即使要强调国别,仍然必须写成 Chinese Baijiu(类似的例子是“Japanese Sake”,请见: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/Japan/photo268980.htm ) 另一方面,Chinese alcohol 的音节数远远多于 Baijiu,说和写时不如 Baijiu 方便。外国人在一开始虽然不认识 Baijiu 这个词,但学习一次就认识了。各位读者在本文开头学了一下,现在不是都知道什么是“Sake(清酒)”了吗?为什么要低估洋人的智商呢? Chinese spirit:问题同上。而且和“中国精神”的译法重复了。 网上关于黄酒的其它一些翻译法也都是错误的。 Chinese wine:外国人看了会以为是中国出产的葡萄酒。 ShaoXing wine:外国人会以为是绍兴出品的葡萄酒。 rice wine:在外国人的概念里,wine 是用葡萄或其它果实的汁酿制的,因此“稻米葡萄酒”或“稻米果汁酒”会引起理解的混乱。当然,这种译法最主要的问题仍然是不能特指中国的黄酒,例如日本的清酒(Sake)也是用稻米酿制的。 很多中国人有个偏好:在翻译中国特有事物时,尽量使用英文本来的单词,不喜欢或不敢为外国人创造外来语。这样做的动机本来是好的,是为了避免外国人看不懂。但现在的问题时:外国没有这些中国特有的东西,因此没有预先为这些东西准备好现成的词汇,勉强借用现有的英语单词,不仅不能准确的表达中国特有事物的特征,反而使外国人错误地理解了中国事物。本来想为他们减少麻烦,现在反而使他们有了受骗上当的感觉。 中国人喝白酒时是很疯狂的,但洋人却把 white wine 当作高层次的饮品,是文质彬彬、慢条斯理地喝的。外国人穿着笔挺的礼服到中国人家里喝 white wine,谁知道桌子上居然是烈性的蒸馏烧酒,是要光着膀子、称兄道弟地喝的。洋人即使不恼羞成怒,至少也会尴尬万份,因此,把白酒翻译成 white wine 是典型的“马屁拍在马蹄子上”。 很多中国人还有个怪毛病:自己很善于学习外来语,却以为洋人学不会外来语,于是不敢音译,不敢为外语创造外来语。实际上洋人的智商和勤奋程度并不低于中国人,他们很喜欢来自外文的外来语(看看前面列举的各种酒名)。看到中国人不为他们创造外来语,他们就自己动手了,Kongfu(功夫)、toufu(豆腐)、mantou(馒头)、Guangxi(关系)等等,都是洋人自己创造并在洋人圈子里先流行开的。 所以,那些坚决反对音译中国特有事物名称的中国人,你们自以为在为洋人着想,但洋人们却认为你们瞧不起他们,以为他们都是傻瓜,连 baijiu 这么简单的双音节单词都学不会。 很多中国人有个思想误区,以为一个词汇的文化含义是词汇本身固有的。他们认为“龙”的旧译法 dragon 虽然把瑞兽龙和魔兽毒辣更(dragon)混为一谈,但毕竟是令人畏惧的;而把“龙”重新音译为 Loong 之后,就失去了龙所具有的威严。实际上,一个词汇的文化含义是后天加上去的。如果中国的 Loong 舰队在美国近海横冲直撞,击沉任何敢于阻挡的美国军舰,Loong 就会立即令全世界的人肃然起敬。当然,这只是一个极端的假想情况。实际上通过各种传播、介绍、解释和教学活动,不断赋予 Loong 威严的色彩,Loong 这个新词汇会逐渐在外国人心目中建立起自己的独特形象。Loong 如此,Baijiu 和 Huangjiu 也同样如此。洋人们不是已经领教了 Guangxi(关系)在中国的重要性了吗?
邹晓辉的博客 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=94143do=blogid=425646cid=858575 英语原文:AAAS 汉语译文:cast 双语文本对照处理:邹晓辉 Chapter 3: THE NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY 第三章 技术的性质 TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 技术与科学 DESIGN AND SYSTEMS 设计与系统 ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY 技术中的问题 Chapter 3: THE NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY 第三章 技术的性质 As long as there have been people, there has been technology. Indeed, the techniques of shaping tools are taken as the chief evidence of the beginning of human culture. On the whole, technology has been a powerful force in the development of civilization, all the more so as its link with science has been forged. Technology—like language, ritual, values, commerce, and the arts—is an intrinsic part of a cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system's values. In today's world, technology is a complex social enterprise that includes not only research, design, and crafts but also finance, manufacturing, management, labor, marketing, and maintenance. 自从有人类存在,就有技术 。实际上, 制造工具的技巧 一直被作为人类文明起点的主要证据。总的看来, 技术是发展人类文明的强大动力,特别是技术与科学的紧密联系。技术与语言、宗教、社会准则、商业和艺术一样,是 人类文化系统 不可分割的一部分,并且,它还塑造和反映了这个系统的价值 。在当今世界, 技术变成了一项复杂的社会事业 ,不仅包括研究、设计和技巧,还涉及财政、制造、管理、劳动力、营销和维修。 In the broadest sense, technology extends our abilities to change the world: to cut, shape, or put together materials; to move things from one place to another; to reach farther with our hands, voices, and senses. We use technology to try to change the world to suit us better. The changes may relate to survival needs such as food, shelter, or defense, or they may relate to human aspirations such as knowledge, art, or control. But the results of changing the world are often complicated and unpredictable. They can include unexpected benefits, unexpected costs, and unexpected risks—any of which may fall on different social groups at different times. Anticipating the effects of technology is therefore as important as advancing its capabilities. 从最广泛的意义上讲, 技术增强了我们改变世界的能力 ,人们将物体切割、塑造或者合成一体;将物体从一个地方移到另一个地方, 技术扩展了人的触觉、听觉和感觉 。我们试图 运用技术改变世界,使其更加美好 。 这种改变可能与人类的生存需要有关,如食物、住房和防卫力量;或者与人类的精神生活有关,如涉及知识、艺术和管理。 但是,改造世界的结果常常是复杂的、难以预料的,包括 无法预见的利益、无法预见的代价和无法预见的风险,这些后果 可能在不同时期 落到不同的社会集团头上 。因此, 估计技术产生的后果同提升其性能同样重要。 This chapter presents recommendations on what knowledge about the nature of technology is required for scientific literacy and emphasizes ways of thinking about technology that can contribute to using it wisely. The ideas are sorted into three sections: the connection of science and technology, the principles of technology itself, and the connection of technology and society. Chapter 8, The Designed World, presents principles relevant to some of the key technologies of today's world. Chapter 10, Historical Perspectives, includes a discussion of the Industrial Revolution. Chapter 12, Habits of Mind, includes some skills relevant to participating in a technological world. 本章提出的建议是:具有 科学素养 的人 应该了解哪些技术特性,强调有益于明智地使用技术的思维方法 。这些概念分为三部分: 科学与技术的关系,技术原理,技术与社会的关系 。第八章“被改造了的世界”提出了一些与当今世界有关的重要 技术原理 。第十章“历史展望”讨论了 工业革命 等问题。第十二章“思维习惯”包括了有关 参与技术世界的一些技能 。 TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 技术与科学 Technology Draws on Science and Contributes to It 技术依靠科学又促进科学 In earlier times, technology grew out of personal experience with the properties of things and with the techniques for manipulating them, out of know-how handed down from experts to apprentices over many generations. The know-how handed down today is not only the craft of single practitioners but also a vast literature of words, numbers, and pictures that describe and give directions. But just as important as accumulated practical knowledge is the contribution to technology that comes from understanding the principles that underlie how things behave—that is, from scientific understanding. 在早期,技术产生于人们对事物性质的了解和使用技术时所获得的经验,产生于师傅与徒弟的世代传承。今天,流传下来的技术诀窍不仅是艺人们的技艺,而且也是一部由文字、数字和图片组成的,描述和说明这些技术诀窍的巨大文献。毫无疑问,积累实用知识对技术发展做出了贡献,但是,了解事物如何发展的原理,即对科学的理解也同等重要。 Engineering, the systematic application of scientific knowledge in developing and applying technology, has grown from a craft to become a science in itself. Scientific knowledge provides a means of estimating what the behavior of things will be even before we make them or observe them. Moreover, science often suggests new kinds of behavior that had not even been imagined before, and so leads to new technologies. Engineers use knowledge of science and technology, together with strategies of design, to solve practical problems. 工程学——即系统地运用科学知识开发和应用技术,其本身也是从手工艺发展起来的一门学,甚至在制造产品或观察事物之前,科学和知识就为我们提供了预测事物发展的手段。而且科学常常可以为我们提出新的、以前没有想到过的事物特性,进而导致新技术的产生。工程师正是利用科学技术知识和设计谋略解决实际问题的。 In return, technology provides the eyes and ears of science—and some of the muscle, too. The electronic computer, for example, has led to substantial progress in the study of weather systems, demographic patterns, gene structure, and other complex systems that would not have been possible otherwise. Technology is essential to science for purposes of measurement, data collection, treatment of samples, computation, transportation to research sites (such as Antarctica, the moon, and the ocean floor), sample collection, protection from hazardous materials, and communication. More and more, new instruments and techniques are being developed through technology that make it possible to advance various lines of scientific research. 反过来,技术也为科学提供了眼睛、耳朵和一部分肌肉。例如,电子计算机使气象研究人口统计、基因结构研究和其他以前不可能进行的复杂系统的研究取得巨大进步。对某些工作来说,技术是科学的基础,如测量、数据收集、样本处理、数据计算、抵达研究地点 ( 如南极洲、月球和海底 ) 、取样、有害物体的防护和通讯。人们运用技术,发明了越来越多的新仪器和新技艺,进而推进了各个方面的科学研究。 Technology does not just provide tools for science, however; it also may provide motivation and direction for theory and research. The theory of the conservation of energy, for example, was developed in large part because of the technological problem of increasing the efficiency of commercial steam engines. The mapping of the locations of the entire set of genes in human DNA has been motivated by the technology of genetic engineering, which both makes such mapping possible and provides a reason for doing so. 技术不仅为科学研究提供了工具,而且还可以激励理论研究动机和提供方向。例如,能量守恒定律的提出,主要是为了解决如何提高商业蒸汽机车的效率这个技术问题。基因工程技术促进了绘制整个人类脱氧核糖核酸基因构造的工作,这项技术不仅提供了绘制基因结构的理由,也使绘制工作成为可能。 As technologies become more sophisticated, their links to science become stronger. In some fields, such as solid-state physics (which involves transistors and superconductors), the ability to make something and the ability to study it are so interdependent that science and engineering can scarcely be separated. New technology often requires new understanding; new investigations often require new technology. 技术变得越复杂,与科学的联系就越紧密。在某些领域,例如固体物理学 ( 包括晶体管和超导体 ) ,由于研究物质的能力和制造物质的能力相互依赖,以至于人们不可能把科学和技术截然分开。新技术常常需要新见解,新研究常常需要新技术。 Engineering Combines Scientific Inquiry and Practical Values 工程学使科学探索和实用价值相结合 The component of technology most closely allied to scientific inquiry and to mathematical modeling is engineering. In its broadest sense, engineering consists of construing a problem and designing a solution for it. The basic method is to first devise a general approach and then work out the technical details of the construction of requisite objects (such as an automobile engine, a computer chip, or a mechanical toy) or processes (such as irrigation, opinion polling, or product testing). 与科学探索和数学模型联系最紧密的技术构成是工程。广义上讲,工程包括提出问题和解决问题。基本方法是对必须研究的物体 ( 例如汽车发动机、计算机芯、机械玩具 ) 或所要进行的工作 ( 如灌溉、民意测验、产品测试 ) ,首先要提出总的设想,然后,详细拟定技术细节。 Much of what has been said about the nature of science applies to engineering as well, particularly the use of mathematics, the interplay of creativity and logic, the eagerness to be original, the variety of people involved, the professional specialties, public responsibility, and so on. Indeed, there are more people called engineers than people called scientists, and many scientists are doing work that could be described as engineering as well as science. Similarly, many engineers are engaged in science. 我们在“科学的性质”一章中讨论过的大部分观点、方法也同样适用于工程技术。特别是运用数学探索事物的本源,创造性和逻辑性的相互影响,参与工作的各种人,职业特性,公共责任感等等。的确,称呼工程师的人比称呼科学家的人更多。而且,许多科学家从事的工作既是科研,也是工程。同样,许多工程师也参与科学研究。 Scientists see patterns in phenomena as making the world understandable; engineers also see them as making the world manipulable. Scientists seek to show that theories fit the data; mathematicians seek to show logical proof of abstract connections; engineers seek to demonstrate that designs work. Scientists cannot provide answers to all questions; mathematicians cannot prove all possible connections; engineers cannot design solutions for all problems. 科学家研究、观察一个现象时,认为这个世界是可以认识的;工程师看待这些现象时,则认为这个世界是可以改造的。科学家试图表明理论是符合实际数据的;数学家要对抽象概念进行逻辑证明;工程师则寻求对设计工作的验证。科学家不能解答所有的问题;数学家不能证明可能存在的所有联系;工程师也不能所有难题找出解决办法。 But engineering affects the social system and culture more directly than scientific research, with immediate implications for the success or failure of human enterprises and for personal benefit and harm. Engineering decisions, whether in designing an airplane bolt or an irrigation system, inevitably involve social and personal values as well as scientific judgments. 但是,工程与科学研究相比,能更直接地影响社会系统和社会文化,影响人类事业的成功或失败,给个人带来直接的利害关系。工程决策,不论是设计一个飞机机门插销,还是一个灌溉系统,都不可避免地要涉及到社会价值、个人价值以及科学判断等问题。 DESIGN AND SYSTEMS 设计与系统 The Essence of Engineering Is Design Under Constraint 受约束的设计是工程的精髓 Every engineering design operates within constraints that must be identified and taken into account. One type of constraint is absolute—for example, physical laws such as the conservation of energy or physical properties such as limits of flexibility, electrical conductivity, and friction. Other types have some flexibility: economic (only so much money is available for this purpose), political (local, state, and national regulations), social (public opposition), ecological (likely disruption of the natural environment), and ethical (disadvantages to some people, risk to subsequent generations). An optimum design takes into account all the constraints and strikes some reasonable compromise among them. Reaching such design compromises—including, sometimes, the decision not to develop a particular technology further—requires taking personal and social values into account. Although design may sometimes require only routine decisions about the combining of familiar components, often it involves great creativity in inventing new approaches to problems, new components, and new combinations—and great innovation in seeing new problems or new possibilities. 每项工程设计都要受到条件的约束,必须查明这些约束条件并加以考虑。一种类型的约束条件是绝对的,例如物理定律——能量守恒定律,或者物理特性如弹性极限、导电性和摩擦力。其他类型的限制则有灵活性,如经济限制 ( 可供该项目支配的经费 ) 、政治限制 ( 地方、州政府和国家的法规 ) 、生态限制 ( 自然环境的毁坏 ) 和道德限制 ( 对某些人的伤害和对下几代人的危险 ) 。一个最佳设计要考虑所有这些限制因素,并且找出合理的折衷方案。有时,为了取得设计的折衷方案,就不能过分地强调开发特有的技术,而要考虑人的价值和社会价值。尽管有时设计工作只是对人们熟悉的器件按照惯例重新进行组合,但是,同样具有很大的创造性。例如,发明解决问题的新方法、新器件和新的组合方式。伟大的发明常常在于认识新的问题和新的可能性。 But there is no perfect design. Accommodating one constraint well can often lead to conflict with others. For example, the lightest material may not be the strongest, or the most efficient shape may not be the safest or the most aesthetically pleasing. Therefore every design problem lends itself to many alternative solutions, depending on what values people place on the various constraints. For example, is strength more desirable than lightness, and is appearance more important than safety? The task is to arrive at a design that reasonably balances the many trade-offs, with the understanding that no single design is ever simultaneously the safest, the most reliable, the most efficient, the most inexpensive, and so on. 但是,世上没有十全十美的设计。因为调整好一个限制因素常常会导致与其他限制因素的冲突。例如,最轻的材料不一定是最结实的,效用最高的形状可能不是最安全的或者最符合审美标准的。因此,每项设计都应有多种选择方案。方案的选择取决于人们把每个限定因素看得多重。例如,是要结实还是要轻巧 ? 外观重要还是安全更重要 ? 我们的任务是能得到一个合理平衡各种限制因素的设计,应该懂得从来没有一种设计可以同时做到最安全、最可靠、最便宜、最有效等等。 It is seldom practical to design an isolated object or process without considering the broad context in which it will be used. Most products of technology have to be operated, maintained, occasionally repaired, and ultimately replaced. Because all these related activities bear costs, they too have to be considered. A similar issue that is becoming increasingly important with more complex technologies is the need to train personnel to sell, operate, maintain, and repair them. Particularly when technology changes quickly, training can be a major cost. Thus, keeping down demands on personnel may be another design constraint. 如果不考虑影响产品使用的各个方面,孤立地设计产品或加工过程,就毫无实用价值。大部分技术产品都需要有人操作、保养,有时还要修理,直至被淘汰。由于所有这些工作都涉及成本问题,所以必须予以考虑。在使用更复杂的技术设备时,需要为销售、操作、保养和修理这些设备培训人员,这个问题正变得日益重要。特别是当技术装备变化很快时,培训费用可能就变成了主要成本。因此,减少对人员需求就成了设计的另一个限制因素。 Designs almost always require testing, especially when the design is unusual or complicated, when the final product or process is likely to be expensive or dangerous, or when failure has a very high cost. Performance tests of a design may be conducted by using complete products, but doing so may be prohibitively difficult or expensive. So testing is often done by using small-scale physical models, computer simulations, analysis of analogous systems (for example, laboratory animals standing in for humans, earthquake disasters for nuclear disasters), or testing of separate components only. 所有的设计都要进行设计试验,特别是设计异乎寻常或者很复杂,如果设计的产品和加工过程很昂贵或者很危险,如果设计失败后的损失很大时更是如此。设计的性能试验可以通过使用最终产品进行。但是,这样做可能极其困难和昂贵。所以,常常通过小型模型进行试验,或进行计算机模拟试验,或进行模拟系统分析 ( 例如用试验动物代替人做试验,用地震灾害模拟核灾害 ) ,或只分别进行部件试验。 All Technologies Involve Control 所有技术都包括控制 All systems, from the simplest to the most complex, require control to keep them operating properly. The essence of control is comparing information about what is happening with what we want to happen and then making appropriate adjustments. Control typically requires feedback (from sensors or other sources of information) and logical comparisons of that information to instructions (and perhaps to other data input)—and a means for activating changes. For example, a baking oven is a fairly simple system that compares the information from a temperature sensor to a control setting and turns the heating element up or down to keep the temperature within a small range. An automobile is a more complex system, made up of subsystems for controlling engine temperature, combustion rate, direction, speed, and so forth, and for changing them when the immediate circumstances or instructions change. Miniaturized electronics makes possible logical control in a great variety of technical systems. Almost all but the simplest household appliances used today include microprocessors to control their performance. 从最简单的系统到最复杂的系统,都需要控制,以保证系统正常运转。控制的基本原理是对有关实际发生的和我们想要发生的事情的信息数据进行比较,然后做必要的调节。典型控制系统包括反馈 ( 即把信息从传感器或其他信息源送到控制器 ) 、进行逻辑比较 ( 即把信息与指令以及其他输入的数据进行对比 ) 以及调节激发方法。例如,烘烤炉有个相当简单的控制系统,它把来自温度传感器的信息与控制盘上的指令进行比较,然后接通或断开热源,在很小的范围内保持温度。汽车是一个比较复杂的系统,由控制发动机温度、燃烧比、转向和速度等亚系统组成,要根据环境和指令的变化改变这些亚系统。小型电子器件使很多技术系统可以实现逻辑控制。今天,除了最简单的家用电器外,几乎所有的家电产品都采用微电脑控制功能。 As controls increase in complexity, they too require coordination, which means additional layers of control. Improvement in rapid communication and rapid processing of information makes possible very elaborate systems of control. Yet all technological systems include human as well as mechanical or electronic components. Even the most automatic system requires human control at some point—to program the built-in control elements, monitor them, take over from them when they malfunction, and change them when the purposes of the system change. The ultimate control lies with people who understand in some depth what the purpose and nature of the control process are and the context within which the process operates. 随着控制的复杂性增加,协调性也要增加,这就意味着需要有额外的控制系统。由于人们改进了信息快速通讯和快速处理技术,因此,能够实现非常复杂的控制。然而,所有技术系统都包括人和机械以及电子器件。即使自动化程度最高的系统,一些地方也需要人对某些功能实行控制。例如编制内置控制器件的程序;监控程序执行;当程序发生故障时进行纠正;当系统功能目的改变时更换程序等等。最终的控制都要由人来完成,因为只有人才能较深刻地理解控制过程的目的和性质,以及加工操作的背景。 Technologies Always Have Side Effects 技术总有副作用 In addition to its intended benefits, every design is likely to have unintended side effects in its production and application. On the one hand, there may be unexpected benefits. For example, working conditions may become safer when materials are molded rather than stamped, and materials designed for space satellites may prove useful in consumer products. On the other hand, substances or processes involved in production may harm production workers or the public in general; for example, sitting in front of a computer may strain the user's eyes and lead to isolation from other workers. And jobs may be affected—by increasing employment for people involved in the new technology, decreasing employment for others involved in the old technology, and changing the nature of the work people must do in their jobs. 每项设计除了可以获得预期的利益外,在生产和应用过程中还会产生无法预料的副作用。当然,也可能存在意外的好处。例如,当材料被铸造而不是冲压时,工作条件可能会安全些,设计用于空间卫星的材料也可能用于消费品。另一方面,生产材料和过程一般可能会对工人或公众造成伤害。例如,长时间坐在计算机前,就会使操作者的眼睛感到疲劳,并导致与其他工人分开的孤独感。此外,就业机会也会受到影响,增加了懂得新技术的人的就业机会,减少了掌握旧技术的人的工作机会。人们日常必须进行的一些工作的性质会起变化。 It is not only large technologies—nuclear reactors or agriculture—that are prone to side effects, but also the small, everyday ones. The effects of ordinary technologies may be individually small but collectively significant. Refrigerators, for example, have had a predictably favorable impact on diet and on food distribution systems. Because there are so many refrigerators, however, the tiny leakage of a gas used in their cooling systems may have substantial adverse effects on the earth's atmosphere. 不仅大型技术 ( 如核反应堆、农业技术 ) 易于产生副作用,简单技术、日常技术也有副作用。日常技术的影响可能很小、很分散,但是积累起来,就变得举足轻重。例如,电冰箱的确给食物储存和食物分销系统带来很大方便,但是由于存在着巨大数量的冰箱,即使冰箱制冷系统废气的微小泄漏,对地球大气层都可能造成严重的不良后果。 Some side effects are unexpected because of a lack of interest or resources to predict them. But many are not predictable even in principle because of the sheer complexity of technological systems and the inventiveness of people in finding new applications. Some unexpected side effects may turn out to be ethically, aesthetically, or economically unacceptable to a substantial fraction of the population, resulting in conflict between groups in the community. To minimize such side effects, planners are turning to systematic risk analysis. For example, many communities require by law that environmental impact studies be made before they will consider giving approval for the introduction of a new hospital, factory, highway, waste-disposal system, shopping mall, or other structure. 因为缺乏兴趣或财力去预知它们,有些副作用很难预料。而且在寻找技术的新用途时,由于技术系统和人的发明过程十分复杂,从原则上讲,计多后果是无法预料的。一些无法预见的副作用,使一大部分人从道德角度、审美角度和经济角度觉得无法接受,致使一些社会集团之间产生矛盾。为了尽量减少这种副作用,计划人员正求助于系统风险分析。例如,许多社区团体根据法律要求在新的医院、工厂、高速公路、废品处理站、商业网点或其他设施被获准建设以前,要进行环境影响研究。 Risk analysis, however, can be complicated. Because the risk associated with a particular course of action can never be reduced to zero, acceptability may have to be determined by comparison to the risks of alternative courses of action, or to other, more familiar risks. People's psychological reactions to risk do not necessarily match straightforward mathematical models of benefits and costs. People tend to perceive a risk as higher if they have no control over it (smog versus smoking) or if the bad events tend to come in dreadful peaks (many deaths at once in an airplane crash versus only a few at a time in car crashes). Personal interpretation of risks can be strongly influenced by how the risk is stated—for example, comparing the probability of dying versus the probability of surviving, the dreaded risks versus the readily acceptable risks, the total costs versus the costs per person per day, or the actual number of people affected versus the proportion of affected people. 然而,风险分析是个复杂问题。因为,采取每项行动的风险都不能减少为零,风险能否被接受,必须与替代方案的风险或其他更熟悉的风险进行比较后才能决定。人们对风险的心理反应没有必要同简单的成本效益数学模型直接比较。如果不控制某些现象 ( 如烟雾较之于冒烟 ) ,或在极端恐怖中厄运降临 ( 空难中瞬间许多人死亡较之于车祸中数人死亡 ) ,人们往往不得不承受更大的风险。人们对风险的论述方法也会给人对风险的解释带来很大的影响。例如,比较死亡的概率和生还的概率,比较致命的风险和愿意承受的风险,比较全部成本和人均每天的成本,或者比较真正受到影响的人数和受影响人数所占的比例。 All Technological Systems Can Fail 所有的技术系统都会出现故障 Most modern technological systems, from transistor radios to airliners, have been engineered and produced to be remarkably reliable. Failure is rare enough to be surprising. Yet the larger and more complex a system is, the more ways there are in which it can go wrong—and the more widespread the possible effects of failure. A system or device may fail for different reasons: because some part fails, because some part is not well matched to some other, or because the design of the system is not adequate for all the conditions under which it is used. One hedge against failure is overdesign—that is, for example, making something stronger or bigger than is likely to be necessary. Another hedge is redundancy—that is, building in one backup system or more to take over in case the primary one fails. 绝大部分现代技术系统,从半导体收音机到客机,其设计和生产都十分可靠。故障少得令人吃惊。然而,系统越大越复杂,出现毛病的机会就越多,产生故障的可能性就越大。一个系统或者一个装置发生故障,可能出于不同原因,有的是因为某些部件失灵,或因为有的部件不适合其他的部件,或因为系统的设计不适用于所有的使用条件。一个对付风险的办法是采取“过度设计”,也就是设计的物体比需要的更大或更结实。另一个办法是设计“备份系统”,就是建造一个或多个支持系统,当原系统出现故障时,马上替换。 If failure of a system would have very costly consequences, the system may be designed so that its most likely way of failing would do the least harm. Examples of such "fail-safe" designs are bombs that cannot explode when the fuse malfunctions; automobile windows that shatter into blunt, connected chunks rather than into sharp, flying fragments; and a legal system in which uncertainty leads to acquittal rather than conviction. Other means of reducing the likelihood of failure include improving the design by collecting more data, accommodating more variables, building more realistic working models, running computer simulations of the design longer, imposing tighter quality control, and building in controls to sense and correct problems as they develop. 如果一个系统失灵会造成非常严重的损失,设计时要考虑出现故障时怎样才能使伤害最小。具有这种“故障保护系统”设计的实例很多,例如,炸弹导火线发生故障时炸弹不能爆炸;汽车玻璃破碎时,使四处飞溅的锐利的碎片连成不锋利的大块。现已建立的法律体系使这种做法变成必须履行的义务而不仅是一种理念。减少故障的其他做法有:收集更多数据,改进设计,考虑更多的变量因子,建立更符合实际的工作模式,延长计算机仿真设计的时间,实行严格的质量控制以及随着减少事故的手段不断发展,建立敏锐地发现和纠正问题的控制系统。 All of the means of preventing or minimizing failure are likely to increase cost. But no matter what precautions are taken or resources invested, risk of technological failure can never be reduced to zero. Analysis of risk, therefore, involves estimating a probability of occurrence for every undesirable outcome that can be foreseen—and also estimating a measure of the harm that would be done if it did occur. The expected importance of each risk is then estimated by combining its probability and its measure of harm. The relative risk of different designs can then be compared in terms of the combined probable harm resulting from each. 所有防止事故或尽量减少事故的措施都会导致成本增加。但是无论采取哪种预防措施或是进行哪些投资,技术失败的风险永远不能减少为零。因此,风险分析应该包括:估计每个可预见的不良后果发生的概率;估计不良后果发生时造成伤害的程度。由此,将发生概率和伤害程度相乘,就可以得到每个风险重要程度的期望值。然后,综合每个风险带来的伤害,就以比较不同设计方案的相对风险。 ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY 技术中的问题 The Human Presence 人的存在 The earth's population has already doubled three times during the past century. Even at that, the human presence, which is evident almost everywhere on the earth, has had a greater impact than sheer numbers alone would indicate. We have developed the capacity to dominate most plant and animal species—far more than any other species can—and the ability to shape the future rather than merely respond to it. 过去 100 年来,地球上的人口已经翻了三番。显然人类在地球上几乎无所不在,这件事的影响远远比单纯数目上的统计要大得多。人类有能力控制大多数行星和其他动物物种——其他物种无法做到这一点——人类还具备塑造未来而非仅仅适应未来的能力。 Use of that capacity has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, developments in technology have brought enormous benefits to almost all people. Most people today have access to goods and services that were once luxuries enjoyed only by the wealthy—in transportation, communication, nutrition, sanitation, health care, entertainment, and so on. On the other hand, the very behavior that made it possible for the human species to prosper so rapidly has put us and the earth's other living organisms at new kinds of risk. The growth of agricultural technology has made possible a very large population but has put enormous strain on the soil and water systems that are needed to continue sufficient production. Our antibiotics cure bacterial infection, but may continue to work only if we invent new ones faster than resistant bacterial strains emerge. 这种能力运用起来既有优点也有缺点。一方面,技术的发展已经为几乎所有人带来了巨大的利益。今天许多人在交通、通讯、营养、卫生、健康保健、娱乐等方面得到过去只有富人才能奢侈地享受的各种商品和服务。另一方面,正是推进人类社会迅速繁荣的那些行为使人类和地球上的其他生物处在新的危险中。农业技术的发展使人口有可能大量增长,然而为了保持连续足量的生产使土壤和水资源被过度地榨取。人类用抗生素治疗细菌感染,但是已经到了只有发明新的抗生素才能继续抵抗细菌的变异。 Our access to and use of vast stores of fossil fuels have made us dependent on a nonrenewable resource. In our present numbers, we will not be able to sustain our way of living on the energy that current technology provides, and alternative technologies may be inadequate or may present unacceptable hazards. Our vast mining and manufacturing efforts produce our goods, but they also dangerously pollute our rivers and oceans, soil, and atmosphere. Already, by-products of industrialization in the atmosphere may be depleting the ozone layer, which screens the planet's surface from harmful ultraviolet rays, and may be creating a buildup of carbon dioxide, which traps heat and could raise the planet's average temperatures significantly. The environmental consequences of a nuclear war, among its other disasters, could alter crucial aspects of all life on earth. 人类大量开发和使用矿物燃料使人类依赖于不可再生的资源。根据现有的蕴藏量,不久我们就无法维持靠现有技术所能提供能源的生活方式,可替代性技术尚不成熟或可能承受令人难以承受的公害。我们大规模开矿和生产商品,但也令人生畏地污染着河流、海洋、土壤和大气层。工业化的副产品可能正在破坏大气层中可以避免地球表层受强紫外线伤害的臭氧层,制造出大量的可堆积热量和大幅度提高地球平均温度的二氧化碳。比起其他灾害,核战争造成的环境破坏,可能改变地球上所有生命的命运。 From the standpoint of other species, the human presence has reduced the amount of the earth's surface available to them by clearing large areas of vegetation; has interfered with their food sources; has changed their habitats by changing the temperature and chemical composition of large parts of the world environment; has destabilized their ecosystems by introducing foreign species, deliberately or accidentally; has reduced the number of living species; and in some instances has actually altered the characteristics of certain plants and animals by selective breeding and more recently by genetic engineering. 从其他物种的角度来看,由于大量植物被损坏,人类的存在减少了这些物种赖以生存的土地;影响了它们的食品来源;因世界大部分环境严重的气温和化学成分的变化改变了它们的栖息地;人类通过引进外部物种有意或无意地改变了其生态系统;生物物种数量减少;某些情况下人类通过选择繁殖或更现代的基因工程实际上已经改变了一些植物和动物的特征。 What the future holds for life on earth, barring some immense natural catastrophe, will be determined largely by the human species. The same intelligence that got us where we are—improving many aspects of human existence and introducing new risks into the world—is also our main resource for survival. 把握地球上生命的未来,阻止某些巨大的自然灾难,将主要取决于人类。使我们发展到今天所处条件的人类的智慧——它在许多方面改进人类的生存条件,也给世界带来新的危险——但智慧仍将是我们生存的主要资源。 Technological and Social Systems Interact Strongly 技术系统与社会系统的相互作用十分强烈 Individual inventiveness is essential to technological innovation. Nonetheless, social and economic forces strongly influence what technologies will be undertaken, paid attention to, invested in, and used. Such decisions occur directly as a matter of government policy and indirectly as a consequence of the circumstances and values of a society at any particular time. In the United States, decisions about which technological options will prevail are influenced by many factors, such as consumer acceptance, patent laws, the availability of risk capital, the federal budget process, local and national regulations, media attention, economic competition, tax incentives, and scientific discoveries. The balance of such incentives and regulations usually bears differently on different technological systems, encouraging some and discouraging others. 个人发明创造能力是技术创新的基础。研究哪些技术,重视哪些技术,投资哪些技术,使用哪些技术,这些问题肯定要受到社会力量和经济力量的巨大影响。技术发明决策是政府政策的直接产物,同时,也间接受到当时社会环境和社会价值的影响。在美国,哪些技术将盛行一时,要受到许多因素影响,如消费者的接受程度,专利法,风险资本的效益,联邦预算程序,地方和国家法规,宣传媒介的重视程度,经济竞争力,税收刺激和科学发现。通常,这些刺激和法则的平衡对不同的技术系统的影响程度也不相同,有些技术得到鼓励,有些技术则受到抑制。 Technology has strongly influenced the course of history and the nature of human society, and it continues to do so. The great revolutions in agricultural technology, for example, have probably had more influence on how people live than political revolutions; changes in sanitation and preventive medicine have contributed to the population explosion (and to its control); bows and arrows, gunpowder, and nuclear explosives have in their turn changed how war is waged; and the microprocessor is changing how people write, compute, bank, operate businesses, conduct research, and communicate with one another. Technology is largely responsible for such large-scale changes as the increased urbanization of society and the dramatically growing economic interdependence of communities worldwide. 技术对人类社会的性质和历史进程具有重大影响,这种影响还将持续下去。例如,农业技术的伟大革命,对人类生活产生的影响可能比政治革命产生的影响还要大;卫生的改进和预防药物导致了人口爆炸和人口控制;弓箭、火药以及核武器改变了战争的进程;微处理机改变了人们书写、计算、储蓄提款、做生意、搞研究和相互通讯的方式。技术对世界范围内大规模的变化负有主要责任,如社会日益都市化,世界范围内相互依赖的经济共同体的迅速发展。 Historically, some social theorists have believed that technological change (such as industrialization and mass production) causes social change, whereas others have believed that social change (such as political or religious changes) leads to technological change. However, it is clear that because of the web of connections between technological and other social systems, many influences act in both directions. 从历史角度来看,一些社会理论家认为,技术变化 ( 如工业化和大生产 ) 引起了社会变化另外一些人则认为,社会变化 ( 如政治变革和宗教变革 ) 导致技术变化。然而,有一点是清楚的,由于技术和其他社会系统之间的关系像网络一样交织在一起,许多影响的作用是双向的。 The Social System Imposes Some Restrictions on Openness in Technology 社会系统对技术公开施加一定限制 For the most part, the professional values of engineering are very similar to those of science, including the advantages seen in the open sharing of knowledge. Because of the economic value of technology, however, there are often constraints on the openness of science and engineering that are relevant to technological innovation. A large investment of time and money and considerable commercial risk are often required to develop a new technology and bring it to market. That investment might well be jeopardized if competitors had access to the new technology without making a similar investment, and hence companies are often reluctant to share technological knowledge. But no scientific or technological knowledge is likely to remain secret for very long. Secrecy most often provides only an advantage in terms of time—a head start, not absolute control of knowledge. Patent laws encourage openness by giving individuals and companies control over the use of any new technology they develop; however, to promote technological competition, such control is only for a limited period of time. 工程学具有专业价值,绝大部分同其他科学知识具有的价值相近,包括一些显而易见的优点,如公开分享知识成果。但是,由于技术的经济价值,使涉及技术发明的科学和工程学知识的公开受到限制。开发一种新技术产品,然后打入市场,需要投入大量的时间和金钱,并承担商业风险。如果竞争者没有进行类似的投资便得到了这种新技术,那么投资者就会受到损害。因此,许多公司常常限制分享专有技术知识。但是,没有一种科学知识或技术知识能够长久保密。大部分秘密带来的好处只是时间优势——即成为技术领头人而不可能绝对控制住技术。专利法通过给那些个人和公司对别人使用自己开发的新技术的控制权来鼓励技术公开。不过,为促进技术竞争,这种控制只限于一定时间之内。 Commercial advantage is not the only motivation for secrecy and control. Much technological development occurs in settings, such as government agencies, in which commercial concerns are minimal but national security concerns may lead to secrecy. Any technology that has potential military applications can arguably be subject to restrictions imposed by the federal government, which may limit the sharing of engineering knowledge—or even the exportation of products from which engineering knowledge could be inferred. Because the connections between science and technology are so close in some fields, secrecy inevitably begins to restrict some of the free flow of information in science as well. Some scientists and engineers are very uncomfortable with what they perceive as a compromise of the scientific ideal, and some refuse to work on projects that impose secrecy. Others, however, view the restrictions as appropriate. 商业利益并不是实行技术保密和控制的惟一动机。许多技术是在政府机构中研究出来的,他们对商业利益关心得很少。但是出于对国家安全的担心,导致技术成果保密。任何具有潜在军事用途的技术都可能被联邦政府列入受管制之列。这种管制有时限制分享这种工程技术知识,有时甚至限制某些产品出口,以防泄漏该项技术。由于科学和技术在某些领域的联系十分紧密,采取的保密措施不可避免地限制了某些科学信息的传播。一些科学家和工程师对此很不满意,认为是他们对科学道德观念做出了妥协。另外一些科学家则拒绝参加秘密项目的研究工作。然而,也有一些科学家认为这些限制理所当然。 Decisions About the Use of Technology Are Complex 采用技术的决策是复杂的 Most technological innovations spread or disappear on the basis of free-market forces—that is, on the basis of how people and companies respond to such innovations. Occasionally, however, the use of some technology becomes an issue subject to public debate and possibly formal regulation. One way in which technology becomes such an issue is when a person, group, or business proposes to test or introduce a new technology—as has been the case with contour plowing, vaccination, genetic engineering, and nuclear power plants. Another way is when a technology already in widespread use is called into question—as, for example, when people are told (by individuals, organizations, or agencies) that it is essential to stop or reduce the use of a particular technology or technological product that has been discovered to have, or that may possibly have, adverse effects. In such instances, the proposed solution may be to ban the burial of toxic wastes in community dumps, or to prohibit the use of leaded gasoline and asbestos insulation. 大部分技术发明的推广或消失基于自由经济的作用力,这就是说基于人和公司对于这种发明做出的反应。然而,有时采用某些技术却会引起公众争议,甚至可能形成正式法规。一种情况是当一个人、一个团体或一个企业建议试验或引入某些新技术时,循海岸线开沟耕种、接种牛痘、遗传工程、核电站等等就是如此,会引起公众争议。另一种情况是当有人宣布某种被广泛使用的技术存在问题时也会引来争议。例如,当发现一种特别的技术或技术产品存在,或者可能存在副作用时,一些人、一些组织或一些机构就会告诫人们最好停止使用或减少使用这种技术或技术产品。在这种情况下,提议的解决办法可能是禁止在公共垃圾堆掩埋有毒废料,或禁止使用含铅汽油和石棉绝缘材料。 Rarely are technology-related issues simple and one-sided. Relevant technical facts alone, even when known and available (which often they are not), usually do not settle matters entirely in favor of one side or the other. The chances of reaching good personal or collective decisions about technology depend on having information that neither enthusiasts nor skeptics are always ready to volunteer. The long-term interests of society are best served, therefore, by having processes for ensuring that key questions concerning proposals to curtail or introduce technology are raised and that as much relevant knowledge as possible is brought to bear on them. Considering these questions does not ensure that the best decision will always be made, but the failure to raise key questions will almost certainly result in poor decisions. The key questions concerning any proposed new technology should include the following: 与技术有关的问题,很少是简单的、单方面的。只有一些已知的或获得的技术数据 ( 实际上有些数据常常得不到 ) 通常还不能完全解决倾向有利于哪一方的问题。个人和集体能否做出良好的技术决策取决于得到的信息以及信息的质量。这些信息应该既不是热情支持者,也不是怀疑者自愿提供的,而应该是客观现实的。决策过程中,只有当削减或引进技术中的重大问题确实都提了出来,且掌握了影响技术决策尽可能多的知识,社会的长远利益才有保证。考虑这些问题并不能确保总能做出最好的决策,但是如果不能提出这些重要问题,肯定会导致不好的决策。任何拟议中的与新技术有关的重要问题都应包括如下内容: What are alternative ways to accomplish the same ends? What advantages and disadvantages are there to the alternatives? What trade-offs would be necessary between positive and negative side effects of each? ■ 哪些替代方法可以完成同样功能 ? 这种替代方法具有哪些优点和缺点 ? 对替代方法的积极作用和消极作用怎样进行必要的权衡 ? Who are the main beneficiaries? Who will receive few or no benefits? Who will suffer as a result of the proposed new technology? How long will the benefits last? Will the technology have other applications? Whom will they benefit? ■ 谁是主要的受益者 ? 谁受益很少或者不受益 ? 采用新技术谁将受到损害 ? 利益能持续多久 ? 这些技术是否还有其他用途 ? 这些技术将给谁带来好处 ? What will the proposed new technology cost to build and operate? How does that compare to the cost of alternatives? Will people other than the beneficiaries have to bear the costs? Who should underwrite the development costs of a proposed new technology? How will the costs change over time? What will the social costs be? ■ 开发新技术的成本和操作成本是多少 ? 与替代技术的成本进行比较,结果如何 ? 是不是要由非受益者来承担这些费用 ? 谁来担负新技术的开发成本 ? 这些成本怎样随时间变化 ? 新技术的社会成本是什么 ? What risks are associated with the proposed new technology? What risks are associated with not using it? Who will be in greatest danger? What risk will the technology present to other species of life and to the environment? In the worst possible case, what trouble could it cause? Who would be held responsible? How could the trouble be undone or limited? ■ 与这种新技术相联系的风险是什么 ? 不用这种新技术存在什么风险 ? 谁面临的危险最大 ? 这种新技术会给其他生物物种和环境带来什么危险 ? 在最坏的情况下,会带来哪些问题 ? 谁将对此负责 ? 如何解决和控制这些问题 ? What people, materials, tools, knowledge, and know-how will be needed to build, install, and operate the proposed new technology? Are they available? If not, how will they be obtained, and from where? What energy sources will be needed for construction or manufacture, and also for operation? What resources will be needed to maintain, update, and repair the new technology? ■ 需要用哪些人、材料、工具、知识和技巧制造、安装和操作新技术装备 ? 是否能获得这些 ? 如果不能,怎样获得 ? 从什么地方获得 ? 在修建、生产以及操作过程中,需要哪种能源 ? 在保养、更新改造和修理新技术装备时,需要哪些资源 ? What will be done to dispose safely of the new technology's waste materials? As it becomes obsolete or worn out, how will it be replaced? And finally, what will become of the material of which it was made and the people whose jobs depended on it? ■ 怎样才能安全处理采用新技术产生的废料 ? 当新技术装备已经过时或者已经损坏时,怎样更换它 ? 最后,这种产品的材料和依赖于这种工作的人怎么办 ? Individual citizens may seldom be in a position to ask or demand answers for these questions on a public level, but their knowledge of the relevance and importance of answers increases the attention given to the questions by private enterprise, interest groups, and public officials. Furthermore, individuals may ask the same questions with regard to their own use of technology—for instance, their own use of efficient household appliances, of substances that contribute to pollution, of foods and fabrics. The cumulative effect of individual decisions can have as great an impact on the large-scale use of technology as pressure on public decisions can. 每个公民可能很少在公众场合提出或要求回答这些问题,但是, 他们具备的对有关的重要性和相关性的知识,会增加私人企业、利益集团和公共官员对这些问题的注意力 。而且,每个人还可以对自己使用某种技术,提出同样问题,例如如何恰当地使用家用电器,以及导致污染的物质、食品和织物。 个人决策的累积效果对大范围地推广使用技术会产生巨大影响,给公众决策造成压力。 Not all such questions can be answered readily. Most technological decisions have to be made on the basis of incomplete information, and political factors are likely to have as much influence as technical ones, and sometimes more. But scientists, mathematicians, and engineers have a special role in looking as far ahead and as far afield as is practical to estimate benefits, side effects, and risks. They can also assist by designing adequate detection devices and monitoring techniques, and by setting up procedures for the collection and statistical analysis of relevant data. 并不是所有上述问题都能找到现成答案。 大部分 技术决策 是基于 不完善的信息 做出的。而且,政治因素有着同技术因素一样大的影响,有时更大。但是,科学家、数学家和工程师在估计利益、副作用和风险时具有特别重要的作用,他们可以通过设计适当的 监测装置和监控技术,建立收集、统计和分析有关数据的程序 ,向人们提供帮助。
意译还是音译:这只是一个经济学问题 黄佶 “《中国日报》官方译法为 copycat,而有的人则认为 knockoff 更合适一点,有的外媒倒是简单,直接用 shanzhai 加上解释,比如‘山寨春晚’,直接翻译成‘shanzhai Spring Festival Gala’,……”(芮恩:进入外文字典的中文) 这段话太值得玩味了。中国人用英语意译“山寨”,而外国人却用汉语拼音音译 “山寨”。copycat 的本意是“盲目的模仿者;模仿他人动作或衣着的人”,但是中国的“山寨”者们是“盲目地模仿者”吗?他们往往是有创造性的模仿者,例如“山寨春晚”的组织者。所以,copycat 不能充分传达“山寨”这个词的深意。 在百度上检索一下,看看 shanzhai 出现在几篇英语里的上下文,我们就能够知道把“山寨”翻译成 copycat 是多么的单薄: The Chinese word "Shanzhai" literally means small mountain village, but it's now used to describe products that have names similar to famous brands or people who imitate celebrities. It became a popular name for fakes when "Shanzhai Cellphones", churned out by small-scale manufacturers in southern China, quickly seized a considerable chunk of the mainland market over the past two years. Now "Shanzhai" has been given with a broader meaning of fake, unprofessional or homemade, a slang for anything that steals ideas or styles from already well-known stuff. Shanzhai (Countryside) Spring Festival Gala 'Shanzhai': Faking it for money or fun? Copycat 里有 small mountain village 所携带的 countryside 含义吗?有 homemade 和 small-scale manufacturers 含义吗?更没有 for fun 这样的含义了。千百年来,“山寨”一词还和“起事造反”、“抗拒官府”、“打家劫舍”、“杀富济贫”有着密切的联系,“山寨”总是让人想起“水浒”那样的故事和其中的无数英雄好汉。因此,中国人说“山寨”一词时还有一种冲破了政府管制后的欢乐,有一种“大块吃肉,大碗喝酒”的痛快和豪爽,还有一种恶作剧的成分,大公司对他们无可奈何,使“山寨”者们产生了一种额外的快乐。这些都是 copycat 这样一个单词所无法也不可能传达的。 由于英语中找不到一个单词能够恰当地反映“山寨”的复杂含义,于是外国人直接音译了。如果别人问他:“What is Shanzhai?”他再来对这个新词汇进行解释,也许这一解释需要两百个英文单词。但是只要学习一次,听者以后看见 shanzhai 就知道是什么意思了。 音译实际上是一种重要的文化传播模式。当一种独特的文化现象传播到另一种文化中去时,后者的语言中往往没有现成的词汇对应这种事物。如果用一大堆词汇很罗嗦地进行意译,那么使用时非常不方便。于是进行音译,再通过口头或在词典里进行详细的解释。这样,在平时说话或写作时,只要说一个音译而来的新词汇就可以了。很多外国的东西到中国来以后就是这样翻译的,例如和尚、菩萨、幽默、雷达、批萨、寿司、……。 但中国的东西出去时,中国的精英却不肯音译了,惟恐破坏了外语的纯洁性,于是用一长串外文单词来翻译,例如 Chicken Without Sexual Life(童子鸡),或者使用含义相近、但远远不能准确表达全部含义的外文单词来勉强翻译,例如上面的 copycat,更多的时候则是完全牛头不对马嘴的,例如把龙翻译成 dragon(魔兽,恶魔,恶人),把饺子翻译成 dumpling(面团布丁)。 但是外国人倒很喜欢破坏自己语言的纯洁性,他们直接把“饺子”翻译为 jiaozi,把“功夫”翻译为 Kongfu,把“风水”翻译成 Feng Shui,把“旗袍”翻译为 chipao 或 qipao,其它的还有“mahjong”(麻将)、“tofu”(豆腐)、“Tycoon”(大款)、“guanxi”(在中国,“关系”是多么的性命悠关,而其中的复杂和奥妙哪里是一个“relation”所能包含的?),等等。 两厢对比,我们可以看到,外来文化的接受者更愿意使用简洁的音译。他们是译文的实际使用者,因此他们能够在多种可能的译法中选择出最合适他们自己的翻译方法。所以,在对外传播中国文化时,我们应该多观察外国人的情况,而不要自己一相情愿地越俎代庖。 使用意译还是音译,实际上和文化与民族感情无关,单纯是一个“经济学”的问题:人是喜欢偷懒的,在多种翻译方案中,人们在综合考虑使用成本和学习成本之后,总是选择总成本最低的方案。所以,不要把事情搞复杂了。以下是“翻译经济学”的两个最基本的原则: 1,翻译经济学的“字数最少化”原则 当存在多个翻译方案时,如果其它方面的优劣不相上下,那么其字数或音节数较少的方案往往会被大众优先选用。 Opera 之所以被意译为“歌剧”而不是音译为“奥佩拉”,其背后是翻译经济学的“字数最少化”原则在起作用。 Opera 进入中国后,不妨假设当初存在两种翻译方案:“歌剧”和“奥佩拉”。“歌剧”只有两个汉字,而且表述了 opera 的基本特征:引亢高歌之戏剧。而“奥佩拉”有三个汉字,又没有直观的意义,即使当时的确存在这种翻译方法,最后也会被逐渐淘汰。 “水门汀”就是这样的实例。它是 cement 的音译,流行了很长时间,至今仍然在沪语中有所耳闻,但绝大多数人已经选择了更简洁的意译法:“水泥”。 相反,如果音译比较简洁,人们最终则会选择音译,例如“雷达”(radar,意译是“无线电定向和测距技术”),“咖啡”(coffee,意译的话多半不止两个汉字),“幽默”(humour,至今还没有人能够对 humour 做一个明确的中文定义,更不用说进行意译了),等等。 Beijing Opera 有五个音节,而 Jingju 只有两个音节,所以音译比较经济。因此,不能根据 opera 没有音译,就反对把京剧音译成 jingju。这是一个和文化没有关系、只和语言的经济性有关的事情。 2,翻译经济学的“总成本最低”原则 不论是意译还是音译,人们在遇到新的传播符号时,都需要学习一番,即建立对应这个符号的“知识系统”,然后才能够理解别人传播过来的这个符号,或用这个符号承载信息传播给别人。遇到尚未建立该知识系统的人,还需要帮助他建立这个知识系统。例如“丁克”,其对应的知识系统是:这是英文 DINK(“Double Income,No Kids”的缩写)的音译,意思是“夫妻双双有收入却不愿意生孩子”。…… 建立知识系统是需要耗费一定精力的,因此,一种翻译方案的总成本由两部分组成,即:总成本 = 学习成本 + 使用成本 如果是一个常用词,学习成本可以分摊在大量的使用次数上,可以忽略。一个翻译方案的主要成本就是它的使用成本。即:总成本 =学习成本/使用次数 + 使用成本 ≈ 使用成本。因此,常用词的翻译往往优先遵循“字数最少化”原则。概括地说就是:学习新词“批萨”麻烦一次,说“意大利馅饼”麻烦终生。 如果是一个非常用词,学习成本只能分摊在很少的使用次数上,不能忽略,因此倾向于能够降低学习成本的解释性意译,即使字数比较多。例如 gaspereau 被意译成“鯷状锯腹鲱”。如果音译的话最多四个汉字:盖斯泊鲁,甚至还可以简化为“盖鱼”,但必须花费力气建立其知识系统。由于使用频率极低,这样不合算,于是选择字数较多的解释性意译。 (详细请见黄佶对“翻译经济学”的阐述:“创、省、异”:中国特有事物名称外译的三字原则)。 (2009年2月23日) 资料:Definitions from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary www.merriam-webster.com www.m-w.com copycat: 1 : one who imitates or adopts the behavior or practices of another 2 : an imitative act or product copycat board games knockoff: a copy that sells for less than the original ; broadly : a copy or imitation of someone or something popular dumpling: 1 a: a small mass of leavened dough cooked by boiling or steaming b: a usually baked dessert of fruit wrapped in dough 2: something soft and rounded like a dumpling ; especially : a short fat person or animal dragon: 1archaic : a huge serpent 2: a mythical animal usually represented as a monstrous winged and scaly serpent or saurian with a crested head and enormous claws 3: a violent, combative, or very strict person 4capitalized : draco 5: something or someone formidable or baneful
主要内容来自:周 耀 旗 的一个文档。我做了大量缩减,只求对比自己的文章,想想是不是这样! 我们为什么需要在写作上如此认真努力?原因很简单。一个研究结果只有在被别人使用时才有意义。而想被别人使用,文章必须能引起其他科学家的兴趣,而且得保证其他人能看懂并可以重复和再现你的结果。只有可以被理解的研究才会被重复,也只有可以被再现的工作才能导致别人的引用和跟踪。而你的论文被引用的数量常常用来衡量研究的影响力。从某种角度看,写作就像是把你的工作成果推销给其他的科学家。 为了更好的推销,科学论文必须满足它独特的顾客:由聪明能干的科学家组成的尖端读者。它必须能先说服(通常也是竞争对手的)同行们,因为他们的评审是文章在发表前的第一道关口。同时,它也必须满足一般读者的要求。为了达到这个目标,我们 首先要理解他们需要什么? 读者需要什么? 大量期刊杂志使他们不可能仔细阅读每一篇论文。他们通常希望能在最短时间内找到文章最重要的信息。典型的情况是如果文章标题不吸引人,他们或许就会跳过这篇论文。如果文章的摘要没有包含重要的新方法或新结果,他们不会去读这篇文章。即使已经决定要读的论文,他们也会跳过很多段落直接去找自己最感兴趣的地方。因此,保证文章的结构能使读者很快找到所需的信息非常重要。文章的关键在于 结构 ,不在于语法。 读者期望什么? 1. 读者希望在句子的开始看到熟悉的信息。 例如: Samples for the 2-dimensional projection of kinetic trajectories are shown in Figure 7. The coil states are loosely gathered while the native states can form a black cluster with extremely high density in the 2-dimensional projection plane. 这里从第一句到第二句信息无法流动。“The coil states”不知道是从何而来的。读者会发现下面改动后的句子更容易明白。 Kinetic trajectories are projected onto xx and yy variables in Figure 7. This figure shows two populated states. One corresponds to loosely gathered coil states while the other is the native state with a higher density. 2. 读者想在主语之后立刻看到行为动词。 尽量避免过长的主语和过短的宾语。这就像头重脚轻的人很难站稳。短的主语紧跟着动词加上长的宾语效果会更好。 3. 读者期望每句只有一个重点,这个重点通常在句尾。 读者对段落的期望 每一个段落都应该只讲一个故事。在一段里表述多个观点会使读者很难知道该记住什么、这段想表达什么。一段的第一句要告诉读者这一段是讲什么的。这样读者想跳过这段就可以跳过。一段的最后一句应该是这段的结论或者告诉读者下一段是什么。段落中的句子应该由始到终通过逻辑关系连接,实现由旧信息到新信息的流动。 读者对图的期望!!!! 审稿人要什么? 文章在发表前必须经过审稿人的评审。他们一般是相关领域的专家甚至是你的竞争者。他们会尽力寻找你文章中的毛病。有时,由于不同的观点和竞争的需要,审稿人或许会试图阻止你的文章发表。因此,文章必须写得理由充足。在被别人挑剔之前,自己必须首先鸡蛋里挑骨头,预先回答审稿人的可能质疑。 怎样满足审稿人? 1). 只提出“一”个中心命题。论文里的观点太多,不但不好写,问题也容易多,读者也不易记住你要说什么。 2). 在这个中心命题的基础上,用一个迷人(但绝不夸张)的标题来吸引审稿人的兴趣。无偿审稿使审稿人只审批感兴趣的论文。如果你不能引起审稿人的兴趣,那最好不要发表那篇文章。编辑们有时候会很郁闷,因为找不到有兴趣的审稿人。 3). 合理解释每一个参数,合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节。程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么,而不是凑数据。 没理由要找理由,有理由要强调。 4). 问问你自己是否提供了足够重复你工作的所有细节。审稿人(或读者)越容易再现你的工作,他就越可能接受你的文章。当然,审稿人并不会真正去重做你的工作,但你必须通过你的描述使他相信可以重做。 5). 必须有说服力!尽量做彻底而不是半成品的工作!用多方面测试来证明你的中心命题。要使文章像律师证明无罪官司,预先回答一切可能提出的疑问。 6). 引用所有重要的研究工作,特别是经典力作。写作的时候要再做全面文献检索。 为了达到这些目标,写科学论文的时候必须遵照一定的框架结构。 文章的结构 典型的科学论文包括标题、摘要、引言、方法/实验步骤、结果、讨论、致谢,和参考文献。这样的结构是用来帮助读者快速找到他们感兴趣的信息。把信息放错地方会使读者糊涂。常犯的错误是混淆事实(结果)和解释(讨论)。讨论是对结果的解释及说明它的意义,而不是重复结果的描述。 一篇论文是从摘要,引言开始,这里建议从方法和结果部分开始写,因为你对方法和结果最熟悉,此外只有更好地理解方法和结果,才能确定中心命题。而标题,引言和讨论的写作都需要中心命题。我们应该从最熟悉的事情开始,就像读者从他们最熟悉的地方开始理解一样。 方法/实验步骤 如果文章是关于新的方法、技术或算法,要非常详细地写它的新颖之处。要用有逻辑的、合理的方式来描述它。这会帮助读者抓住新方法的要领。如果这个方法使用参数,则要把每一个参数(或参数的取值)合理化,或者是以前用过的,或者可以从物理或数学推导出来,或者通过了广泛的测试及优化。如果无法保证它的合理性,那就必须描述改变它会造成的影响(实际的结果应该在结果部分或讨论部分,方法部分仅包含影响的描述)。如果没有测试它们的合理性,你应该解释为什么(做的代价太贵了?太费时间了?或者需要延期到将来做)。参数改变造成的影响可以衡量方法是否Robust。Robust的方法应该是在参数改变很大的时候,结果也不会太大变化。 结果部分 当你开始写结果部分时,先考虑一下结果的意义。也就是说,你理解你的结果吗?这些结果是不是告诉了你更深刻的东西?你能从很多不同角度来理解结果吗?你能设计证明或者反驳你的一些解释的新测试吗? 如果你发现了新现象,你必须证明你的结果不是你方法制造出来的(讨论部分的一个好内容)。它可以在不同的条件下重复吗?如果你发展了一个新方法,你必须证明这个方法的重要性。它是否改进了现有的方法?你的结果部分必须用不同的角度或多重测试来支持新发现或验证新方法的重要性。 一旦你对结果有更好的理解,你需要决定卖点,也就是说这篇文章最有意义的一个观点是什么?确定这篇文章的中心命题之后要组织所有的段落来证明、支持它,用数据(有必要的话再加数据)来证明它。同时也要排除其它可能性。放弃与中心命题无关的数据,即使这些数据是很辛苦得来的。 标 题 当你有了中心命题之后,就该决定文章的标题了。标题可以为你的方法,你的结果或结果的隐含意义做广告。标题是用一句话来概括你的文章。应该把最重要,最吸引人的信息放进标题。比如,标题 “Steric restrictions in protein folding: an alpha-helix cannot be followed by a contiguous beta-strand” 主要突出了结果。另一方面,标题“Interpreting the folding kinetics of helical proteins” 突出了结果的含义。用标题 “Native proteins are surface-molten solids: Application of the Lindemann criterion for the solid versus liquid state” 的话,同时突出了方法和结果的含义。注意标题 “Native proteins are surface-molten solids” 是结果的解释,而不是结果本身。用既广泛又具体的标题,这样才能吸引更多的读者。 引言部分 中心命题和标题都决定了以后,就该写引言了。第一件该做的事就是围绕中心命题来收集所有相关文献。搜索并研究所有最近和相关的文章(通过对中心命题关键字的搜索或用引用索引)。确认你有所有最新的论文。引用所有重要的文章。 如果你不引用别人的文献,别人也不会引用你的! 如果你想谁引用你的工作,你要先引用他的。你引用的文章越多,他们越可能阅读并引用你的文章。因为人们更加关注引用他们的论文。仔细读你所引用的文章,避免引用错误。在引用上,不要偷懒。 引言的第一句最难写,因为它决定了你整个引言的走向。我的办法是把第一句和文章的标题连起来。在第一段以最基本和常见的术语来定义标题里用的一些术语。从这个术语,引入研究的领域和它的重要性。第二段应该对这个研究领域作一个鉴定性的论述。如果中心命题是关于解决一个问题的方法。这一段就应该指出这个当前研究中现存未解决的问题。描述解决这个问题的难度或挑战。 第三段引入你提出的办法和它大致会带来什么效果。 讨论部分 现在到了你写论文的最后一部分。很多人认为讨论部分最难写。他们常常不知道该写什么。学生常常不能把结果从他们的解释、含意和结论中分离出来。此外,他们不善于思考可能存在的其他解释。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。其它可用于讨论的内容有:参数改变对结果的影响,与其他研究相比还有待解决的问题,将来或正在进行的工作(防止别人从事你显而易见的,立刻就能实现的后续工作) 摘要部分 整篇文章写完了。你需要写文章的摘要了。典型的摘要包括课题领域的重要性(回到标题),要研究的问题,你方法的独特性,结果的意义和影响。 总 结 1. 认真对待写作。尽你最大努力花时间写作。它是科学研究的重要一环。 文章没写好,没人看,没人用,等于没发表。 2. 除非这个研究是全面彻底的,而且你 试了所有可以支持你结论的方法 ,否则不要去发表。 3. 重新思考,并合理解释为什么做这项工作,做了什么,什么是最重要的发现?为什么用这个方法?为什么用这些参数?什么是以前做过的(更新文献搜索)?不同在什么地方? 4. 要从批判的角度来看你的工作,想一想别人会怎样来挑毛病。只有这样,才能找到弱点,进一步发展。我的许多论文是在反复讨论中大幅度修改,许多计算经常要重做。只有理顺和理解结果,文章才会更有意义。 5. 要能回答所有合理的质疑 。如果你自己有疑问,一定要搞清楚,否则别人又怎会相信。不要轻易相信得到的革命性发现。 6. 以高标准严要求写论文,不与烂文章比,争取建立自己的品牌。 7. 不要隐藏任何事实,不作假,不要低估其他科学家的智慧。让你的研究 可重复 。把所有的材料和数据上网。 8. 从头(标题)到尾(结论或讨论)要从旧信息过渡到新信息。永远不要在句子的开头引入新信息。切忌在术语被定义之前使用它们。 9. 照抄别人文章里的句子是不道德的 。这暴露出作者不愿思考,只走捷径,不是一个真正科学家的料。同时抄来的句子常常会打断文章中原有信息的流通,不利读者对文章的理解。一定需要用别人的原句,就必须用上引号,并引用该文献。 10. 在段首要有阐明整段主题的句子,在段尾要有连到下段的过渡句。从标题到结论都要连贯。句句相扣,段段相连,让一篇论文是一个整体而不是杂乱无章地把句子堆积在一起。这样才能使读者享受阅读你的文章。 11. 写,重写,再重写。没有人能第一次就写好。不花时间,不下功夫,写不好。 我的文章一般要修改十次以上 。 结 束 语 写科技论文不能像写散文,想到哪里就写到哪里。好的论文就像一部好的小说一样,需要构思策划,情节要一环扣一环,而结局是令人意外的。当然这一切,前提是你必须有令人激动的结果。这篇短文的目的是在有较好结果的基础上,怎样更好地实事求是地宣传你的结果。主要方法是使文章简单易懂,条理清楚,同时又全面深刻,令人信服。我反对虚假的包装,夸张的描述,这样往往适得其反。事实上,科技论文要避免用带有情感的形容词像Exciting 或 Remarkable 来描述你的结果。也就是说要通过结果的描述来使读者体会到“Exciting”或“Remarkable”, 让事实来说话 。正如说笑话的人自己不笑会更有效果。 “The Science of Scientific Writing” by G. 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中英文标点符号的差异及英文标点符号的使用 中英文标点符号的差异: 汉语中目前使用的标点符号是参考借鉴西文的标点体系而制定的,它既保留了西文标点的主体特征,又带有与汉语语言特点相适应的特色。因而,中英文标点符号之间存在着一定的差异。 ⒈ 汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。 ⑴ 顿号(、):顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用;英语中没有顿号,分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如: She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box. 注意:类似的情况下,最后一个逗号后可加 and ,这个逗号也可省略 --She slowly, carefully(,) and deliberately moved the box. ⑵ 书名号(《》):英文没有书名号,书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如: Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 Winter‘s Tale / Winter‘s Tale 《冬天的童话》 The New York Times / The New York Times 《纽约时报》 另外,英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示。 ⑶ 间隔号( #8226; ):汉语有间隔号,用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间,如 " 一二 #8226; 九 " 、 " 奥黛丽 #8226; 赫本(人名) " 等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号,需要间隔时多用逗点。 着重号:有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语,这些实心点就是着重号。而英语中没有这一符号,需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法。 ⒉ 英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。 ⑴ 撇号 --Apostrophe ( ‘ ) ⑵ 连字号 --Hyphen ( - ) ⑶ 斜线号 —Virgule or Slash ( / ):该符号主要起分割作用,如 It could be for staff and / or students. 也常用于标音,如 bed /bed/ 。 ⒊ 某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形式不同。 ⑴ 中文的句号是空心圈(。) 英文的句号是实心点( . )。 ⑵ 英文的省略号是三个点( ... ),位置在行底; 中文的为六个点( ...... ),居于行中。 ⑶ 英文的破折号是( - ) 中文的是( -- ) 英文标点符号的使用 : 句点(Full Stop / Period,“.”) 问号(Question Mark,“?”) 感叹号(Exclamation Mark,“!”) 逗点(Comma,“,”) 冒号(Colon,“:”) 分号(Semicolon,“;”) 连字符(Hyphen,“-”) 连接号(En Dash,“–”) 破折号(Em Dash,“—”) 括号(Parentheses,小括号“( )”;中括号“ of those surveyed 5.用于一个词的一部分要移行, 一般按音节间断开单词加连字号(例如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py……),或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。注意一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。 八、圆括弧Parenthesis( ( ) ) 1.标出表顺序的数字和字母(如: (1) 、(2) 等) 2.用来表示其中插入的或附加的解释成分。这个插入成分可以是单词、词组或句子.但要注意,括号会削弱强调作用,因此,如果要强调插入的句子成份,则要用破折号。 They might take a walk together(remember feet) and see the neighborhood with fresh , new eyes. 九、引号Quotation Marks(“”‘’) 引号分单引号(single quotation marks) 和双引号(double quotation marks) 。单引号只用在一个直接引语中所含有的另一个直接引语上。 1. 表示直接引语。当直接引语超过四行或多于40 个字词时, 一般不用引号而改用黑体字以便与文章的其它部分界线清晰 “Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ” 句号和逗号必须置于引号(双引号和单引号) 之内。 He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”;his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. She called this schedule of activities her “load ”:work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep. 冒号与分号必置于引号外。 The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”? Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”? Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ?” The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”! The fellow only said ,“Sorry !” He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying. 问号、感叹号和破折号有时置于引号之内, 有时置于外号之外。如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句或带有破折号, 问号、感叹号或破折号一般放在引号之内。否则,放在引号之外。 2. 标明短篇出版物的标题, 诸如杂志、报纸上的文章、短诗、短篇故事和整部书的某一章节。 Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”? Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ” 3.表示所用的词语具有特殊意义。另外,当俚语出现在较正式的文章中, 也用引号引起来, 以表示文风的有意转变。 The report contained the“facts”of the case. The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for $2 , 500 a week. 4. 用于表示引起读者注意的词语, 或读者不熟悉的特殊词语。 It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ” “SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger. 十、省略号Ell ipsis(...) 此省略号无论出现在句首、句中、还是句尾,都是表示单词的省略。 1. 表示直接引语中的省略 Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....” 句后的省略号和句号的写法应是在一条直线上的四个黑点。前三个黑点表示省略号,后一个黑点表句号。 2. 表示说话中的犹豫或迟疑 “If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said. 3. 表示段落或整行词句的省略, 须使用一整行黑点。 十一、撇号或省字号Apostrophe(’) 1.构成名词所有格 rest my son’ s a moment’s books A three weeks’pay 2.表示词、字母、数码、符号等的复数形式 Don’t use so many ands in the sentence. How many 5s have you got? 这与一般单词的复数形式不同, 正规的写法须在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢记规则。 3.除表动词的紧缩形式外, 还表一个或几个字母和数字的省略。 I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said. 注意:有相当大一部分省略词是口语中的用法,不宜出现在书面语中。例如:I’d like to(在书面语中要写作I would like to) 十二、 字底线Underline( ) 和斜体Italics 斜体是英语的一种独特的书写手段, 但具有标点的作用,它和字底线的作用完全一样。 1. 用于火车、飞机、轮船、太空船的名称之下 Challenger (飞机) Apollo Nine(太空船) 2. 用于具有一定厚度的书籍、报纸、杂志、长诗、电影、作曲的标题下 Have you read Gone with the Wind ? 在书写体中,长篇小说书名下要加字底线,如是印刷体写成斜体即可。 the Washington Post Time magazine 3.表示不常用的或还没有被英语这一语言所接受的外来词或短语。但外来语中的动植物科目须用字底线来表示。 In Korea , the sixty-first birthday is calld huan gup (beginning of new life) 1 He longed for La dolce vita. 4. 强调文章中的某些词语,以引起读者的注意, 相当于汉语中的着重号(即在所强调的汉字下加一个黑点) 。 英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 1 .引号的用法: ① 属于引语的逗号、句号在美国英语中位于引号内,而在英国英语中多位于引号外; ② 引语内再套用引语时,美国英语中双引号在外单引号在内,而英国英语中的单引号在外、双引号在内。 在美国英语中,如果省略号恰好在句尾,就用四个点,如 I‘d like to...that is...if you don‘t mind.... 2 . 冒号的用法: ① 在小时与分钟之间,美国英语多用冒号,英国英语多用句号; ② 美国英语中,信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号,而在英国英语中多用逗号。
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...) 例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...) 例句:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...) 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~(愈...愈...) 例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...,..能够..) 例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...) 例句:Those who violate traffic regulati文明用语 should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 *、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...) 例句:There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...) 例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因) 例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...) 例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。 例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中,他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以...为基础) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的) 例句:We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 还有下面这些是我正在读的一些原版书里的好句子 You can never have too much sky. You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky, and sky can keep you safe when you are sad. Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky. Butterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful. Still, we take what we can get and make the best of 。你永远不能拥有太多的天空。你可以在天空下睡去,醒来又沉醉。在你忧伤的时候,天空会给你安慰。可是忧伤太多,天空不够,蝴蝶不够,花儿也不够。大多美好的东西都不够。于是,我们去我们所能,好好的享用。——《芒果街上的小屋》 IT is a truth universally acknowledged, that (a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.)这是一条举世皆知的真理,那就是...(套进去^^)——《傲慢与偏见》 There is no royal road to (science.) ......路上无坦途。——马克思。 ~可以替换以下的词~ 1. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) 3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) 4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly) 5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.) 6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)' 7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. formAL) 8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail) 9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people) 10.top=peak, summit 11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)1 12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation 15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, formal), establish 16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 17.complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental 19.relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel 21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many all parts and details) 23. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her) 24.small=minuscule(very all), minute 25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political) 26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 27.difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts) 28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 29.fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 30.show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.) 31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasize something’s large), tremendous(informal)+ 32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it 33.fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.) 34.attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently 35.dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reas), loathe(dislike very much)! 36.ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.) 39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always) 40.forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 42.enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)# 43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)! 44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be) 45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive 46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating) 47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. formAL) 48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it) 49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold) 50.hot=boiling(very hot) 51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health) 52.nowadays=currently 53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive; 54.stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing) 55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of) 56.result=cequence(the results or effects of something) 57.obvious=apparent, manifest 58.basedon=derived fromcan see or notice them very easily) 60.quite=fairly 61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing) 62.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest) 63.appear=emerge(come into existence) 64.whole=entire(the whole of something) 65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)! 66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct) 67.difficult=formidable 68.change=convert(change into another form) 69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something) 70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible) 71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability) 72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, orhis/her opinion is differentfrom most people) 73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money) 74.use= utilize (the same as use) 75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.) 76.satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction) 77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time) 78.scholarship=fellowship 79.angry=enraged(extremely angry) 80.文明用语elly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant 文明用语ell) 81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)# 82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal) 83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups c文明用语ists of many different kinds of things) 84.disorder=disarray, chaos 85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way) 86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly) 87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual) 88.despite=notwithstanding(formAL) 89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/ 90.sharp=acute(severe and intense) 91.unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^ 92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it) 93.method=avenue(away of getting something done) 94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career) 95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned) 96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/ 97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved) 98.so=c文明用语equently, accordingly 99.rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often 100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish) 转载: http://wo.mop.com/topic/read_135_184780_1_0.html
我们中很多人学英语的时间大多在十年以上,但绝大部分人的英语水平还停留在初级阶段,根本不能通过英语获取知识以提高自身素质。究其原因,有以下几个方面: 1.观念问题 :我们很多人认为英语就是一个工具,其实不然。英语应该成为你的生活方式, a way of life。也就是说,不管你的英语水平有多高,考试分数多好,如果你每天通过英文的信息处理量(或摄入量)不足50%,我说你英语考试分数再高,英语对你来说真的就是一个花瓶,没什么实际用途。大家要问自己: how much of the information processed or absorbed is through English on a daily basis? 5%, 20%, 50%, or 80%? 就我个人而言,应该在80%左右,尽管我生活在中国。如果你每天大量的信息都来源于英语,你会发现你的视野会变得更开阔,知识面会更宽,思维会更活跃。逐渐地,你身边的人会发现你更博学,更聪明。 2.方法问题 :我们很多人4、6级后就停止学习英语,或者想学也不知道该怎么学下去。更要命的是,我们很多人没有用英语获取知识的习惯。实际上,你应该这样:要想使你的英语达到高级水平,有两件事你必须做:第一, 直接学TOEFL和GRE,不管你要不要出国,考不考T或G。为什么?这两门考试是美国研究生院考察学生有没有学习能力的考试,很成熟,是你英语学习直接进入高级水平最快的途径。实际上,你上大一时就可以直接学TOEFL。具体方法如下:先把TOEFL的阅读当成精读教材,同时背单词,然后练听力,再把听力当成口语教材,模仿语音语调句式句型,表达方式等。TOEFL的听力材料非常贴近美国大学生活,是最好的口语教材。在此基础之上,再大量阅读,大量听。等这些做好了,写作就会自然变好。古语云:读书破万卷,下笔如有神,就是这个道理。 如果说TOEFL是Test OF English, 即关于英语的水平测试,那么GRE就是 Test IN English,即英语进行的能力(智力)测试。美国人进入研究生院也和你一样,也得考GRE。有人说,GRE的词汇大部分都没用,太偏。说这样话的人自己英语水平一定没有达到高级。GRE的词汇95%以上都在你的学习工作生活中很常用,或者说你作为一个英语的高级知识分子都应该要会的。否则,你很难与别人进行有实质有内涵的沟通。就会打打招呼,介绍自己从哪儿来,喜欢或不喜欢什么不能为你赢来真正的朋友,不会为你的求职带来好处,更不会为你带来商业谈判赢得先机。所以你要成为高级人才,必须过了TOEFL和GRE关。 第二, 你必须养成从英语中获得知识,在工作生活中使用英语的习惯。从你开始看TOEFL 和GRE的时候,你就应该开始看英美报纸,杂志,电影电视。我不建议你花几个小时学习Puma at Large。因为你学完了,就会了些单词,一些稀奇古怪的东西,对你的智力发展,知识积累没有任何好处。花同样的时间,如果你看一篇纽约时报的文章,学习为什么西方要求中国人民币升值,或者Intel与别的公司芯片之战打到什么程度了,在巴黎36小时应怎么度过等等,你不仅学到英文,而且增长了见识。长此以往,你的英文也日益精进了,你的知识面也宽了很多。还有,我建议大家直接用英文看美国大学的教材:经济(曼昆等人),金融,财会,政治,历史,心理等等。甚至你可以学数学。我在北大学微积分学得一塌糊涂(尽管我高考数学147),但去了美国,我用英文学微积分,线代,统计等都学得很好。为什么?就是英文国外的教材写得好。刚去美国时,我花了很多时间看美国本科生的教材,甚至包括我不熟悉的化学生物等,这个过程不仅让我的英文有更大进步,同时为我的宽广的知识面打下坚实基础,而这一切在我今天给大家做咨询和学业人生规划时都特别有用。 3)见识问题 :学英语有如练武功,你如果不知道最高水平的高手是什么样子,你是学不成高手的。学英语不是学技巧,而是学成高级知识分子。很多同学会花时间听VOA,我觉在初期阶段是不错,但VOA是美国政府的宣传工具,你长时间听,就会受其毒害(不是吓你,呵呵)。你最好听NPR, National Public Radio ( http://www.npr.org) 。这是一个中立的广播电台,你不仅能学到英语,而且受到高水平的教育。你看东西,看什么?有人说Yahoo, CNN 里的英文新闻。但你水平低的时候,可以。但他们的写作水平相当于美国高中生水平,你看的再多,也不会让你成为知识分子。你知道美国高级知识分子看什么? 纽约时报,华尔街日报,经济学家,纽约客等等。我建议大家集中看纽约时报就可以( http://www.nytimes.com) ,实在想多看,可以看看经济学家,( www.economist.com) 。我不建议大家通过看文学书籍来学英语。简爱是很好,但你现在看太费劲。你的水平高了,再去欣赏这些不迟。这些书能让你成为有品位的知识分子,但暂时咱们还是先成为知识分子再说。 英语学成了高级,你的乐趣就多了。能直接看懂好莱坞电影还没什么,看懂Friends, Prison Break, Desparate Housewives, Gossip Girls 也很容易。看懂这些还不是成为高级知识分子的标志。你要想对美国文化,社会等有很多了解,深入人家核心的东西,你还得看更高水平的东西,如看懂人家的Talk Show, 尤其是人家一些文化icon的东西:如CBS里David Letterman, NBC里 Jay Leno 等人的show,包括 NBC的 Staturday Night Live(尽管Opera等也很牛,但实质内容不多)。 最最厉害的要数美国Comedy Central的 Jon Stewart 和 Steven Colbert ( www.TheDailyShow.com) 和 ( www.ColbertNation.com) 。你如果你能看懂他们的东西,那你的生活就太有乐趣了,因为你每天都能体会到听真正聪明的人说话或分析事情是一种怎样的愉悦。从此之后,你再看国内电视里所谓的专家,你会发现水平差别太大了。 我们都说中国人爱听相声,但中国相声这些年实在不咋的,小品也很无聊。如果你想听听美国是如何幽默的,你看看人家的Standup Comedy(类似我们的单口相声)。我推荐两个人: Russell Peters (加拿大人)和Jeff Dunham。在优酷中你应能搜到。还有我大力推荐动画片南方公园 ( www.SouthParkStudios.com) 。如果你坚持看下来,你的英语水平提高自是不必说,更重要的是你对美国的认知会更加深刻。 罗罗嗦嗦说了这么多,自己总结一下: 1. 英语不靠学,靠用。让语言成为你的生活方式,而不工具。 2.高考后,直接学TOEFL,再学GRE,不管你考不考这两个试,出不出国。 3.让自己通过英语变成具有国际视野的高级知识分子,看以下网站: http://www.nytimes.com http://www.economist.com http://www.npr.org http://www.TheDailyShow.com http://www.ColbertNation.com http://www.SouthParkStudios.com 还有,enjoy Russell Peters and Jeff Dunham!! http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2924724
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
1.Please try to understand my point of view。请理解我的观点。 2. Wait, can I take that back? 等一下,我能收回我说的话吗? 3. This is important to me. Please listen。 这对我很重要。请仔细听。 4. I overreacted。 我反应过激了。 5. I see you’re in a tough position。 我知道你的处境艰难。 6. I can see my part in this。 这个问题,我有错。 7. I hadn’t thought of it that way before。 我以前没有这样想过。 8. I could be wrong。 我可能是错的。 9. Let’s agree to disagree on that。 让我们接受我们的不同观点。 10.This isn’t just your problem; it’s our problem。 这不只是你的问题。这是我们的问题。 11. I’m feeling unappreciated。 我感觉没有受到重视。 12. We’re getting off the subject。 我们跑题了。 13. I know I need to listen more。 我知道,我应该多倾听。 14. You’ve convinced me。 我已经被你说服了。 15. Let’s take a break for a few minutes。 我们停一会吧。 16. I realize it's not your fault。 我意识到这不是你的错。 17. That came out all wrong。 我表达错了。 18. I see how I contributed to the problem。 我明白是我引发了这个问题。 19. What are we really fighting about? 我们到底在争什么呢? 20. How can I make things better? 我怎样才能把事情变得更好呢。
How to say Longmenshen in English? The Chinese character “龙门山” (Longmenshan) has two meanings, one refers to the Longmen Mountain, another refers to the Longmen Mountain Range. The 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred in 2008 along the Longmen Mountain Range. When editing manuscripts about topics related with the geological hazards after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake, I found authors use several different ways to express the concept of Longmen Mountain Range . Some use the Chinese Pin Ying Longmenshan , some use Longmen Mountain , some use Longmen Mountains , and few use Longmen Mountain Range . Searching by Google, I found most items use Longmen Mountain, the second most is using Longmen Mountains, and also some (butfewer than the former two) use Longmen Mountain Range or Longmen Mountain range , those use the last expression are most reports outside China. It’s an interesting phenomenon. Then I have a discussion with Laurence about which one should be the correct use. Waterlily: I found the longmenshan is called Longmen Mountains in most reports when I searched by Google. Waterlily : It indicates not only one mountain. Laurence : Better to clarify this. It is true there is one "Longmen mountain". According to my knowledge, the geologists speak of the Longmen Mountains, i.e., a mountain range. Waterlily : So, is it Okay to use Longmen Mountains to refer to the series of mountains? Laurence : I think Longmen Mountains OK, but for clarity, I suggest talking to Cui Peng, Li Yong, Zhou Rongjun, Huang Runqiu or Tang Chuan. Here is what Li Yong and Zhou Rongjun said in one of their papers: "By laying emphasis on the geomorphic features of the surface ruptures of the great earthquake in the Longmen Shan, which is located on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, ..." "Shan" can be singular or plural in the Chinese language, right? Waterlily : yes. Should we use "Longmen Mountain s structural zone" or "Longmen Mountain structural zone"? or Structural zone of the Longmen Mountains? Waterlily : Many say "Longmen Mountain fracture ", but not say ""Longmen Mountains fracture" Waterlily : so when there is a noun after the Longmen Mountains, we only use the singular form of mountain? Waterlily : it's really confusing me Laurence: It is a language problem among the geologists when they translate to English. They know what they are talking about, but it is not always clear for a foreign reader. In any case, the authors use different terms for the same set of mountains. They have to decide. Waterlily : So from your point of view, "Longmen Mountain fracture" and "Longmen Mountains fracture ", which is better? Laurence : The problem is there is a Longmen Mountain (one peak) and I think the mountain range is named after that one peak. It’s a similar problem to the term "Wenchuan earthquake" . The epicenter was in Wenchuan county, but the effects ranged as far as Qingchuan county, 300 km away. But the name "Wenchuan" stuck even though it is not quite accurate. Waterlily : Or should we use Longmen Mountain range in the whole article? Laurence: " Longmen Mountain range is my preferenc". But please check with a Chinese geologist. Have to go to bed now, we have the prime minister of Fiji on site tomorrow and I am arranging most of the tour. After the discussion, according to my own understanding, I tend to use Longmen Mountain Range or Longmen Mountain range to refer to “龙门山” .
从小到大,我感性思维多一些,不善于读书。 85 至 89 年在清华生物系读本科期间,从未读过任何一种英文专业期刊。我受到的与英文阅读相关的训练一共只有两个。一是我在 1986 年暑假期间选修的时任系主任的蒲慕明老师开设的《生物英语》系列讲座,隐隐约约记得蒲先生让我们阅读一些诸如 DNA 双螺旋发现之类的科普性英文文章,很有意思。但时间较短,暑假过后也没有养成读英文文章的习惯。二是《生物化学》这门课。与现在的清华生命学院形成鲜明对比,我上大学期间的所有基础课和专业课都是采用中文教材、中文讲课,只有郑昌学老师讲授的《生物化学》采用了 Lehninger 的《 Principles of Biochemistry 》,而且郑老师要求我们每个学生每次课后阅读 10-20 页教材。我们同学大多感觉到专业英文阅读有所提高。 1990 年 4 月至 7 月初,我在依阿华州 Ames 小镇的 Iowa State University 度过了初到美国的前三个月,其中大部分时间在 Herbert Fromm 教授的实验室做轮转( rotation ),跟随刘峰和董群夫妻两人做研究(刘峰现在 University of Texas Health Science Center 做教授)。当时感觉最困难的就是读专业论文。有一次, Fromm 教授要求我在组会上讲解一篇《 Journal of Biological Chemistry 》的文章,我提前两天开始阅读,第一遍花了足足六个小时,许多生词只能依靠英汉词典,文章中的有些关键内容还没有完全读懂,当时的感觉是 JBC 的文章怎么这么长、这么难懂?!真有点苦不堪言。为了能给 Fromm 教授和师兄师姐留下好印象,第二天又花了好几个小时读第二遍,还做了总结。第三天我在组会上的表现总算没有给清华丢脸。但是,前前后后,真搞不清楚自己为了这一篇文章到底花了多少时间! 90 年 7 月我转学到约翰霍普金斯大学以后,与本科来自北大的虞一华同在 IPMB program 。虞一华大我一岁,来巴尔地摩之前已经在夏威夷大学读了一年的研究生,对于科研论文的阅读比我强多了。他常常在 IPMB 的办公室里拿着《科学》和《自然》周刊津津有味地阅读,看得我很眼馋,也不理解其中那些枯燥的文章有什么意思。他告诉我:他在读很有意思的科学新闻。科学新闻能有什么意思?虞一华给我讲了好几个故事:洛克菲勒大学校长诺贝尔奖得主 David Baltimore 如何深陷泥潭、人类基因组测序如何争辩激烈、 HIV 病毒究竟是谁发现的,等等。我还真没有想到学术期刊上会有这么多我也应该看得懂的内容!从那时起,每一期新的《科学》和《自然》一到,我也开始尝试着阅读里面的新闻和研究进展介绍,这些内容往往出现在“ News Comment ”“ Research News ”“ News Views ”“ Perspectives ” 等栏目,文笔平实,相对于专业的科研论文很容易读懂。有时,我还把读到的科研新闻讲给我的同事朋友们听,而同事的提问和互动对我又是更好的鼓励。除了《科学》和《自然》,我也常常翻看《科学美国人》 ( “ Scientific American ” ) 。 与《细胞》 (Cell) 、《生物化学期刊》( JBC )等非常专业的期刊不同,《科学》和《自然》里面有相当一部分内容是用来做科普教育的。《科学》周刊的“ Perspectives ”和 《自然》周刊的 “ News Views ” 栏目都是对重要科学论文的深入浅出的介绍,一般 1-3 页,读起来比较通俗易懂,较易入门。读完这些文章后,再读原始的科学论文,感觉好多了!而且可以把自己的体会与专家的分析比较一下,找找差距,有时甚至也能找回来一点自信! 从 1998 年在普林斯顿大学任职到现在清华大学做教授,我总是告诉自己实验室的所有年轻人(包括本科生、硕士生、博士生、博士后)下面这几点读科研论文的体会,也希望我的学生跟我学: 1. 请每位学生每周关注《科学》和《自然》。(生命科学界的学生还应该留心《细胞》)。如果时间有限,每周花一个小时读读这两种周刊里的 文章标题 以及与自己研究领域相关的科研论文的 abstract , 即可!这样做可以保证一个学生基本上能够跟踪本领域最重要的发现和进展,同时开阔视野,大概知道其它领域的动态。 2. 在时间充足的情况下,可以细读《科学》和《自然》里的新闻及科研论文。如果该科研论文有 “ News Views ” 或“ Perspectives ”来介绍,请先读这些文章,这类导读的文章会提炼问题,就好比是老师事先给学生讲解一番论文的来龙去脉,对学生阅读原始论文有很大帮助。 3. 在读具体的科研论文时,最重要的是了解文章的 主线逻辑 。文章中的所有 Figures 都是按照这个主线逻辑展开描述的。所以,我一般先读“ introduction ”部分,然后很快地看一遍 Figures 。大概知道这条主线之后,才一字一句地去读“ results ”和“ discussion ”。 4. 当遇到一些实验或结果分析很晦涩难懂时, 不必花太多时间深究 ,而力求一气把文章读完。也许你的问题在后面的内容中自然就有解答。这与听学术讲座非常相似!你如果想每个细节都听懂,留心每一个技术细节,那你听学术讲座不仅会很累,而且也许会为了深究一个小技术环节而影响了对整个讲座逻辑推理及核心结论的理解。 5. 对个别重要的文章和自己领域内的科研论文,应该精读。对与自己课题相关的每一篇论文则必须字斟句酌地读。这些论文,不仅要完全读懂,理解每一个实验的细节、分析、结论,还必须联想到这些实验和结论对自己的课题的影响和启发,提出自己的观点。 6. 科学论文的阅读水平是循序渐进的。每个人开始都会很吃力,所以你有这种感觉不要气馁。坚持很重要,你一定会渐入佳境。当你有问题时或有绝妙分析时,应该与师兄师姐或找导师讨论。 7. 科研训练的一个重要组成部分就是科研论文的阅读。每一个博士生必须经过严格的科研论文阅读的训练。除了你自己的习惯性阅读外,你应该在研究生阶段选修以阅读分析专业文献为主的一至两门课,在实验室内也要有定期的科研论文讨论( Journal Club )。如果你的实验室还没有这种讨论,你们学生可以自发地组织起来。 8. 前面几条都是讨论如何提高科研论文的阅读能力,但是一旦入了门,就要学会 critical reading 。不要迷信已发表的论文,哪怕是发表在非常好的期刊上。要时刻提醒自己:该论文逻辑是否严谨,数据是否可靠,实验证据是否支持结论,你是否能想出更好的实验,你是否可以在此论文的基础上提出新的重要问题?等等。 天外有天,读科研论文是一件很简单、但也很深奥的事情。一般的学生常常满足于读懂、读透一篇好的论文,优秀的学生则会举一反三、通过查找 references 纵深了解整个领域的历史、现状,并展望该领域未来的可能进展。 我从 1990 年对学术论文一窍不通到 96 年博士后期间的得心应手,还常常帮助同事分析,自以为水平了得。但是有一件事让我看到了自己的严重不足,颇为羞愧。 1996 年,是 SMAD 蛋白发现及 TGF- b 信号转导研究的最激动人心的一年,哈佛医学院的 Whitman 实验室在十月份的《自然》杂志上以“ Article ”的形式发表了一篇名为“ A transcriptional partner for MAD proteins in TGF- b signaling ” 的文章。读完之后,正好遇到 TGF- b 领域的著名学者 Joan Massague, 我对 Joan 评论说: I’m not so sure why this paper deserves a full article in Nature. They just identified another Smad-interacting protein, and the data quality is mediocre. 完全出乎我的意料, Joan 马上回应我: I disagree! This paper links the cytoplasmic Smad protein into the nucleus and identifies a transcription factor as its interacting protein. Now the TGF- b signaling pathway is complete. It is a beautiful Nature article! 这件事对我触动极大:原来大师的视野和品位远远在我之上。从那以后,我也开始从整个领域的发展方面来权衡一篇文章的重要性,这件事对我今后为国际重要学术期刊审稿、自己实验室选择研究课题都起到了相当重要的作用。 如今,我阅读一篇本领域内的科研论文,非常顺利,而且常常可以看出一些作者没有想到或分析到的关键点。回想从前,感慨万千,感谢蒲慕明、郑昌学、虞一华、 John Desjarlais 、 Jeremy Berg 、 Joan Massague 等一批老师和同事对我的帮助。我很留心,也很用心。 希望所有的学生也能通过努力和坚持对英文科研论文的阅读得心应手!
英语环境的问题 (转载者按语:环境不能决定英语学习的成败,这一点非常重要。如果有人认为有了好的环境就能把英语学好,那么就会产生两种结果:第一,把在外语环境中学不好英语归因于没有环境,这就等于为自己学不好英语找到了一个冠冕堂皇的借口。人是懒惰的,只要有办法,谁都不想多干活,都想休闲一下。第二,把宝全部押到环境的改变上。其实,正如原作者所反复强调的,即使在目标语环境中,仍有很多人学不好英语。原因之一就是心理抵抗。本人出国之前总以为自己是学英语语言文学的,对英语语言与文化有着强烈的兴趣,所以对英语按道理不应该有什么抵抗,而且自己的专业是英语语言文学,总不至于什么也听不懂吧!!结果,在洛杉矶转机时就当头挨了一棒,我就连最熟悉的WATER这个词也没听懂,这才知道自己英语听力的差距。自己心里话,这是很正常的,因为我是通过阅读学习英语的,在出国前(除了读硕士时经常接触外教),尤其是在大学阶段,基本上没有接触英语本族语者的机会,地道的英语口语究竟是什么样的,自己也不知道(硕士时期虽然接触了几个外教,但是从本质上讲,他们的英语严格说来是FOREIGNER TALK))。怎么办?当时我就暗暗地下决心,一定充分利用在美国的时间,把这一课恶补上吧!但是,后来发生的一切却让自己都大跌眼镜。自己非但没有象出国前计划的那样找个老外一起租房子住,更有甚者,在前三个月基本上拒绝跟外国人交流(经历了二语习得中所谓的沉默期),之后也是只要能不跟老美交流就不交流,自己交往的圈子也局限于中国留学生。所以,即使到了国外,最关键的是,尽快从文化休克中苏醒过来,努力克服心理障碍,争取更多的在真实情景中交流的机会,提高自己的英语水平。) 那有外语环境不就好了吗?比如出国。答案:非常错误。这一条是中国同学误解最深,吃亏最大的一条。 现在出国的留学生和移民很多。大家在出国前,英语大多不好,可都这么想:到了国外英语环境自然就会了,天天听,而且被迫说英语,有几个月就流利了。当然,听说有人也不行,那他们一定是因为老在中国人圈子里。大家都说在唐人街上的华侨一辈子都可能不会英语,我可不在唐人街住,到时候找外国房东家住,有机会跟他多练习。可到了国外后,发现大家真还都不在唐人街住,因为那里讲广东话,更不懂,在唐人街上跟中国人也是讲英文的。尽管人家一般先用广东话跟你打招呼,发现没反应后双方就开始各操费力的英文开始交流,好在到那里去的唯一目的是买菜,对付的了,不过感觉很滑稽,大家明明都是华人,还非得讲洋话。在国外一段时间,居然很多人把广东话学会了,包括我在内。(不过大家不要误会了,国人在广东话环境能很快学会粤语,这可和学英语的原理截然不同,实际不是在学外语。近似度太高,而且大家的语言思维是一样的,几个月就够。会西班牙语的人学意大利语就很快,也因为太接近。不用学, 这两国人也能各操自己语言彼此交流。马克思用三个月学会的那个外语和这个情况类似。)平时是在英语环境的,是在外国人家住的,也打工,也上补习班,也看英文电视和报纸。可过了几个月,甚至一两年过去了,发现怎么自己的英语还是这么差呀,听不懂,说不好,只会一些日常生活很简单的用语,还讲得好难听。当然,到了国外,从张不开嘴到敢于开口,这一关还是过了。到国外两星期都敢说了,因为被逼的。一旦敢说了,也就不再有心理障碍了。但说了两年了,怎么翻来覆去还是只会那几句?英语环境出什么问题了? 大家如果现在上网,在搜索器中打出国才知道的十大秘密这几个字,就会看到,第一条就是发现了并不是在英语环境中就能自然学会英语。我帮大家分析一下,很容易懂。比如有同学住到了外国房东家,满心欢喜认为可以通过交流学英语了。早上起来和房东问好: 老中:Hi, good morning! (练这句话有用吗?早会了,也不用到外国练 呀!) 老外:Morning! Nice weather ah? Any plan for the weekend? (嘿,全听懂了,真是太棒了。) 老中:Stay in home. (想说点啥,一时没想起,这句接得还周正。或许有点毛病?反正人家听懂了直点头,也没提出异议。) 老外:OK. Did you know last night there was a racoon got trapped in the dumpster? I heard the noise and called the cops, then they came and called the vets. A vet shot a tranquilizer dart from the tree at the its butt, ah bang, bulls-eye! Hell of a shot. Still, took them another hour to rescue tha poor bastard 这回傻眼了。在老中听来,是这样的 ..last night tradumpter? Heard noice .shut .lazer, 还有。。。什么不在啊不可能,老外一定不会中文,可能是个和中文不在同音的字吧。接下来是an hour .pourbutter? 不懂,于是尴尬地说了声see you later. 回屋了。设想一下,如果多听几遍是否就能懂?就算多听几遍,把一些连接处听懂了,there was, heard the noise, called.. took..仍有很多难点,比如racoon, trapped, dumpster, vets, tranquilizer, bulls-eye, 所以还是不明白。那再多听呀,比如重复一百遍tranquilizer, tranquilizer, trann-qui-li-zerr!能懂吗?大家知道一定不行。所以并不是多听就多懂。 给大家举个极端的就例子明白了。你不是想要外语环境吗?很好,我给你找一个。我找几个阿拉伯人在一间办公室交流,你每天都来,一天8小时听他们交流。过了三个月后我来看你,问你阿拉伯语听懂几句了?很多人这时候很明白:一句都不懂。因为你听到的那些外国声音,都被语言学家称为无效的输入,或本人管它们叫无效的声音,因为不懂,跟听到的噪音没太大区别。所以并不是多听就懂,听懂是有严格的条件的。后面我们重点讲需要什么严格条件,大家先不忙。 回过头来再看刚才那位老中。如果那房东老外很有耐心,给咱解释一下总行吧。好,那咱看他应试图如何解释vets和tranquilizer这两个概念。别 忘了他只能讲英文,当然他在发现你有困难理解时,会试图从难到易变换解释方法。预备,开始: Vet, vet, a veterinarian, you know, a doctor whopractices veterinary medicine, ehh, an animal doctor! 听的人更晕,怎么什么什么医生?还像动物?他很凶吗。接下来更莫名其妙了:Tranquilizer, ehh, a drug that can knock an animal over. You know, you put this drug in a cartridge inside a dart, then you fire it from a gun and knock the target over, ehh, to pass out. Dart, a dart, small arrow.Oh for gods sake, forget it. You take care of yourself, buddy. 交流结束。先不管交流是否愉快,大家再仔细分析,从刚才的对话对提高英文能力什么帮助吗?可以说几乎是零。无非是与真人交流了,说了几个以前早就会的 简单问候语,听懂了几个单词但不知人家到底在讲啥,而且没有任何单词或其他东西是从以前的不懂到听过以后变得至少大概懂了吧。刚才我们论述过,不懂的是无效的声音,纯粹白听,和听阿拉伯语广播一样,永远也不可能懂。这时这位同胞大哥又明白了一件事:原来用英文解释英文是不现实的。其实大家早就 明白这个道理却非要到国外去证实。大家都查过英-英字典或双解吧?早就听人说英文解释英文更准确,而且连查带学多好呀!碰到一个单词去查英-英字典,结果 发现解释里还有几个不认识的。再查解释的解释,一会儿就乱套了。很多读者都有英-英字典吧?我敢向大家保证,查过两次之后就放书架上再也不会去碰他了。大 家先别忙笑,分析一下为什么。 这位新来的大陆同胞后来如何?先不说这位房东从此失去的与你交流的兴趣,而且你每月也不需要再和他交流,只要按时把支票放他信箱里就好。很快最短租期一到,这老哥就搬走了。不是不好意思见房东,而是老外的房租比华人的贵(华人比较不注重装修,并且常不开发票收现金,所以给你优惠)。既然练不了英文,还不走?还曾出过一个头疼的事:刚住下时订了份英文报纸,第一份还没看完半版,一个星期的都堆起来了,赶快退订。 这时,有以上同样经历的出国的朋友们得出了这样一个结论:国外的真实语言环境太难了,我不适应,所以难学。咋办?去加拿大的同学们真走运。政府给所有新移民准备了英语培训班ESL Course。小班纯外教。原来在国内认为是很贵但是是最理想的学习条件,在加拿大居然是免费的。一个Native speaker老师带着几个学生用英语每天在一起交流。在这里不但免费,还发午 餐。管饭!不但管饭,还发每天上课来回的车费。不但发车费,有的偏远省份还发钱。只要一个月全勤,可以去政府领几百加币(几千人民币呢)。有如此的国家和政府,真幸福。再说不管饭也要去呀,英文要紧。于是大家踊跃报名。每天高高 兴兴来教室和老师同学交流英文。可是接着发生了这样的事:两星期后,许多中国同学就开始不来了。中国同学 多半很聪明,很快就观察出问题来的。刚来上课时非常兴奋,老师自我介绍:Hi! How are you? My name is , I am from Canada. Nice seeing you all.; 同学互相认识,开始交流。但很快同学们发现,两个星期过了,并没有学会几个以前不会的新东西。还是只能听懂那些简单的日常用语。有一天中 午吃饭老师说是 spaghetti,这词记住了,是通心粉。但两星期才这几个词,太慢了,两年也不行啊?还不如我自己回家背单词呢。我当时听到这情况时还劝他 们:那也别走啊。至少你们可以跟老师说英语呀!回家找谁去呀?总不能老在街上跟人聊吧。这些同学不以为然:多说英语更有问题。因为我们发现,说来说去,都 是在说那些以前就会说的那些话。不会说的话,我们都在那里瞎说,这样越说越差。很多同学以前认为有机会多说就越说越好,但现在又明白了,原来不会说的话, 是不会在外语环境中自动变会的。比如有个同学想说她把全家福照片做了塑封带来。塑封不会说,怎么都不行。有人提出了:说个简单形式的总可以吧?她说 I put plastics on my picture. 老外 能懂吗,当然能。于是英语交流实现了,人家继续跟你聊:Oh, whats the picture about? 简单英语也可以交流啊, 甚至可以应付生活中的大部分琐事。但您说英文的能力提高了吗?零效果!所以不是随意多说就好。说是输出过程,脑子里还没有的拿什么输出啊?于是退课了。(可怜的加拿大老师们还不断打电话求中国学生们回去。倒不是喜欢他们,而是上课学生少会被政府裁员的。) 这时大家又得出了一个结论:噢,原来到了国外和老外瞎交流没效果,说的都是会的,听的都是能懂。不懂的很难懂,不会说还是不会说。我们现在明白了,原来到了国外,英文还要靠自己系统学。(那篇出国十大秘密的文章得出类似观察结果)。自己如何系统学呢?一直没停。讲得很熟的内容,原以为敲进计算机就好,后发现讲和写还真不同。大家别急,我会抓紧。这时小班外教课不要了,大家组织了一个大班,请个老师来教外语。对这个老师的要求是:必须会讲中文。当然我是会 讲中文的,于是被请去当老师了。 我曾在加拿大纯英文环境下教过英文,原因是我会中文。听起来很滑稽。我曾在周末到教堂去给中国同学上课。他们一般都是在教堂聚会后,(很多人不很信教,到那里是为了聚会)用那里的教室上课,教室免费。我一给他们上课,他们觉得学习才有效,因为再复杂的英文,用中文解释一 定明白。我会用英文上课,但大家才不听呢,我又不象ESL那样管饭。一用中文,大家就高兴了。有 一次一个学生问了我一句英文(记不得是哪句了),问我啥意思。我问他哪里听到的,他说在ESL课上。那老外老说这句话,他听了两个星期了,都会背了,但就不知啥意思(无效)。我问他为什么不问老师,他说问过,但老师是老外,用英文给他解释了一遍,但那解释他听不懂。(这又回到的用英文解释英文的问题。很多同学认为这是对的,比如用英-英字典。当然是对的,但经验 告诉我们在英文基础比较低时不太现实,因为对他们来说,英文解释很难懂。水平很高的同学才能用。所以国外的英文环境对原来英文水平很高的同学是很有效的。)接着我用中文给他解释了一遍,他回答说:咳,是这意思啊!以前两个星期都不明白的问题(无效声音),只用了两秒中就明白了。因为知道意思了就有 效了。于是大家纷纷提问,把平时听到的不明白的词和句子问我。再复杂的句子,只要用中文解释,一定懂。但读者又发现问题了:这不是还在用翻译法吗?没错, 这样做的后果是很难形成英文思维,回到自然环境中,又反应不过来了。 于是成年人在国外就掉在这个怪圈里了。再往四周一看,大部分的中国同学在国外的几年里,英文都是非常差的。除非原来英文水平很高的人,在国外进步很快。但这样的中国同学太少了。这两天发烧,写得慢,抱歉。大家关心的问题和提的意见以后都会写到。当然最后重点会谈到最有效的方法.可答案并不是就一句话应该怎么怎么学,所以之前系统的分析不可跳过。关于成年人在国外外语学得很慢这个事实,一般的老百姓也有普遍的认识。不光是中国人,比如在国外有很多其他国家的移民,在美国加拿大居住了很久,英语仍然很差,大家都习以为常了。现在这些人也来中国出差或工作,我想大家见得也开始多了。美国政府对此也很了解,希望解 决这一问题。大家知道,一般拿到绿卡的人5年才能申请转美国公民。美国政府发现大部分移民5年以上英文还很差,于是试图通过修改移民政策鼓励学英文。政府 提出:如果拿到 绿卡后,4年就可以把英文说流利,通过考试,第4年就给公民权。但美国的语言专家们纷纷起来反对,骂政府愚蠢。大部分人明明5年都学不会, 奖励其中英语好的也不能让其他人学会呀?他们说:好比大家都是饥民,你应该想办法给大家吃饱,而不是奖励其中最胖的人呀?这一职责登在了2005年《今日美国》上,后来这一政策没有实行。那成年人在国外一般到底需要多长时间才能把外语说得比较流利呢?国外的语言专家有很深入的研究,他们发现,前提是如果能维持外语环境(不能每天缩在本族人中),那么达到流利程度的时间需要年龄除以6。也就是说,如果三十岁到国外,需要5年才会比较流利。所以很多出国读研究生和工作5年以上的中国同学,英语 可能是非常流利的。但我们发现,由于开始时基础差,很难维持外语环境,所以很多移民留学生在国外5年以上外语仍很差。本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/Max__Payne/archive/2009/06/18/4278831.aspx
各位看官新年快乐!祝新的一年里各位读者:女士们变得更漂亮,男士们的太太变得更年轻。(老婆说,你好歹也是个科学家,怎么就这么点追求) 仍然继续学英语的话题。前面说了背单词,阅读和听力,今天来聊聊口语和写作。口语和写作都是主动使用英语,因此相比较听读要更下功夫,而且乐趣也没有读和听那么多了,所以训练之前要充分动员自己,不然阵亡的可能性比较大。 前面说到了听的材料,涉及一个口音的问题。应该没有人说想学印度英语,或者澳洲英语,那么答案是个二选一的问题。在中国学英语,是学美音还是英音?我知道有人想说,都学。我的感觉,如果一种语音能完全听懂或基本听懂,听另一种口音只需要短暂的适应期。但开始练习的时候还是以一种口音为好。如果非要让我推荐一种口音,那么我推荐美音。为啥?论专业交流,国际会议上美国科学家占多数,论休闲,美国电影电视剧远远多于英国。英国人很鄙视美国口音,觉得英国绅士的口音才是正统英语。这其实是一种隐含着没落后的不平和妒忌的复杂心态,仿佛只有靠宣誓自己的正统才能找到心理的平衡,这个心态和台湾地区看大陆的简化字和普通话差不多。 我上一篇博文中提到我被训练当鹦鹉,这个对我后来说英语的口音影响很大。对正统口音有追求的学习者只有用复读机逐词逐句模仿一条路,别无他途。我要说的是,能说一口标准的美音或者英音固然让人羡慕,但其背后要花的时间和努力是非常大的,这个方法非常适合儿童,但成人很难有足够的时间精力。我国内的导师以前在北美大学给学生上课,怕自己有东北口音影响学生理解,让他的孩子(在北美长大)坐到教室里去听课看效果如何。他的孩子听完说完全没问题,口音完全不妨碍外国人理解中国人说英语。所以,不要在口音上太纠结。 以前有人总结说,在美国最有用的一句话就是:Sorry, my English is poor,什么问题都能用这句话抵挡过去。这就像《武林外传》里李大嘴的老娘在儿子的后背上刺上的四个大字:好汉饶命,遇到敌人就这一招。这个就是不能说的尴尬。我有一次回国度假,再来美国时在海关因为学校表格上的小问题被海关官员拦下来。在处理这个问题的过程中,另外一个中国人也被拦下来,是一个五十岁左右的大叔。他来美国看子女,但是一句英语都不会说,连 My English is poor 都不会说,这样海关官员无法跟他交流,就只好扣下来。他还要转机,急得不行,我临时给他充当翻译。他大骂美国鬼子耽误他看儿子,还夹杂着东北口音的国骂,我给海关官员翻译成说,对不起我不会英文,但我马上需要转机,请你们尽快帮我办手续。海关官员说,转机固然重要,但是办理入境手续更重要,在办理手续之前你不能离开这里。我给大叔翻译成说,我们正在尽快办理,请你稍等片刻。然后双方都冷静下来,很快就办妥了入境手续。所以,对于想出国的人,口语是很重要的,要能从容地表达自己才行。现在有不少家庭条件很好,孩子高中毕业就给送到国外来上学。今年开学的时候,我去学校留学生中心交表格,碰到一个中国来的小女孩,高中毕业就来读本科。结果很难听懂别人说话,到处碰壁。我带着她去学校各处办手续,又去银行办信用卡,最后分别时她说,会说英语真好。所以在此我要提醒各位家长,如果您打算让孩子去留学,最好是上完大学,或者在中小学让孩子达到托福规定的英语听说能力,否则您的孩子在国外会很受罪,上学是否能听懂老师讲什么且不说,生活都是很大的问题。 这又扯远了,还回头说练口语。说到口语我不得不提一下一个具有传奇色彩的英语老师李阳以及他发扬的疯狂英语。我知道很多人对李阳很有意见,可能是因为他不是正统英语教师。我无意评价李阳老师本人,但是他创立的《疯狂英语》确实是帮不少人解决了英语,至少是英语口语的问题。这个方法的核心就是靠说,不停地说来攻克英语。我承认,这个方法如果不停地用下去确实能学好英语,包括听说读写各项能力,其实质是在长年累月说的过程中完成单词,阅读和听力的积累。前面提到的逆向法,就是靠听写,以听来积累,最后也能成功。我个人觉得,按照背单词-练阅读-再听力-然后口语-写作的练习顺序才是最快的方法,因为每项能力都是以前几项为基础的,这样不至于为了解决词汇而去靠大量读和听甚至说。要想靠阅读或者疯狂说句子积累两万词汇量那要很久很久,久到足以让大部分人放弃学英语。有词汇量,看得多了,听得多了,再来说就容易。所以,我建议有了词汇/阅读/听力基础的朋友再去用疯狂英语的方法练口语,这样能得到事半功倍的效果。 对于能听懂常速VOA的人来说,即使完全没有练过口语,也能通过支离破碎的英语来表达自己,实际上在美国的很多中国人都是这个状况。重要的是能听懂美国人讲啥,然后即使只用几个关键词也能让美国人猜到你想表达的意思。这也算是为国争光,用蹩脚的英语让美国人体会到中国人做英语听力时的痛苦。不过要想用正常的英语来表达,那就必须刻苦练习。前面说了,用疯狂英语的方法去练。除了固定的口语材料(如教材)外,还需要练习自由发挥的口语,就是用英语表达自己的想法。一种方法是找一个或几个也想练口语的朋友,就某个话题用英语聊,千万不要东拉西扯,让大脑集中于使用英语而不是不停变化的话题。另外一种方法,是自己跟自己聊,自言自语,但不能在心里默念,要找没人的地方开口说。这个开始会不习惯,有点奇怪的感觉,像精神分裂的状况,但很快就适应了。 如果可以用英语自由表达自己的想法了,那么接下来就是如何用地道,准确的英语的问题。不要认为有了单词,有了语法就可以万事大吉,实际上英语和汉语不是一一对应的关系。举个简单例子说,北京欢迎你,这个短句,你说成 Beijing welcome you,老外能理解,但是不好,地道的说法是Welcom to Beijing。很多人说英语的时候,脑子里其实在做翻译,把想说的汉语翻译成英语。但这个翻译停留在文字翻译的层面上,说的是中国英语。要想克服这个问题,就必须在实践中持续积累,读或听的时候记住人家的地道用法。我有一次给实验室的美国同事讲中国茶道,示范给他们看。开始的时候要洗茶,我说成 wash the tea。同事看了我示范以后纠正为 rinse the tea,一词之差,就地道准确多了。还有一次,我和一个同事去动物房照看老鼠,发现两个老鼠为了争夺笼子里的风水宝地而互相掐架,结果一个老鼠的毛被另一个老鼠咬掉了一大块。这个要写在报告里,同事写的时候写了 one mouse was barbered. 一个中学词汇,barber,就准确地描述了情况,如果我来写,可能就要用一个句子。所以,要想使用地道,准确的英文,就只有不停地积累。 今晚看来是无法写完英语写作的部分了,那么下一篇博文继续分享吧。
the results show that the scattering coefficients of skin phantoms appear a glycerol concentration-dependent decresae at the wavelength of 632.8 nm (appear 是vi,不能跟宾语的;而且原文的意思是散射系数随甘油浓度的增加而减小。所以原文可以改成:the results show that the scattering coefficients of skin phantoms decrease with the rising glycerol concentration at the wavelength of 632.8 nm) in the measuring system, square waves with different voltage values are inputted to the two count channels successively.(一直以为input的过去分词形式就是原型,没有inputted这个形式,但查字典发现其实是有inputted这个写法的,差一点给改错了 )
面试英语经典问答(因为网上的信息往往分为多页,有些排版格式还有些问题,所以放在这里方便大家查阅) Q: Can you sell yourself in two minutes? Go for it. (你能在两分钟把自己推销出去吗?试试吧! ) A: With my qualifications and experience, I feel I am hardworking, responsible and diligent in any project I undertake. Your organization could benefit from my analytical and interpersonal skills.(依我的资格和经验,我觉得我对所从事的每一个项目都很努力、负责、勤勉。我的分 析能力和与人相处的技巧,对贵单位必有价值。) Q:Give me a summary of your current job description. (对你目前的工作,能否做个概括的说 明。) A:I have been working as a computer programmer for five years. To be specific, I do system analysis, trouble shooting and provide software support. (我干了五年的电脑程序员。具体地说, 我做系统分析,解决问题以及软件供应方面的支持。 ) Q:Why did you leave your last job?(你为什么离职呢?) A: Well, I am hoping to get an offer of a better position. If opportunity knocks, I will take it.(我 希望能获得一份更好的工作,如果机会来临,我会抓住。 ) A:I feel I have reached the glass ceiling in my current job. / I feel there is no opportunity for advancement. (我觉得目前的工作,已经达到顶峰,即]有升迁机会。) Q:How do you rate yourself as a professional?(你如何评估自己是位专业人员呢?) A: With my strong academic background, I am capable and competent. (凭借我良好的学术背 景,我可以胜任自己的工作,而且我认为自己很有竞争力。 ) A:With my teaching experience, I am confident that I can relate to students very well. (依我的教 学经验,我相信能与学生相处的很好。) Q: What contribution did you make to your current (previous) organization?(你对目前/从前的 工作单位有何贡献?) A: I have finished three new projects, and I am sure I can apply my experience to this position. (我已经完成三个新项目,我相信我能将我的经验用在这份工作上。) Q:What do you think you are worth to us?(你怎么认为你对我们有价值呢?) A:I feel I can make some positive contributions to your company in the future. (我觉得我对贵公 司能做些积极性的贡献。) Q: What make you think you would be a success in this position? (你如何知道你能胜任这份工 作?) A:My graduate school training combined with my internship should qualify me for this particular job. I am sure I will be successful. (我在研究所的训练,加上实习工作,使我适合这份工作。 我相信我能成功。) Q:Are you a multi-tasked individual?(你是一位可以同时承担数项工作的人吗?) or Do you work well under stress or pressure?(你能承受工作上的压力吗?) A:Yes, I think so. A:The trait is needed in my current(or previous) position and I know I can handle it well. (这种 特点就是我目前(先前)工作所需要的,我知道我能应付自如。) Q:What provide you with a sense of accomplishment. (什么会让你有成就感?) A:Doing my best job for your company. (为贵公司竭力效劳。) A:Finishing a project to the best of my ability. (尽我所能,完成一个项目。) Q: you had a lot of money to donate, where would you donate it to?Why?(假如你有很多 If 钱可以捐赠,你会捐给什么单位?为什么?) A:I would donate it to the medical research because I want to do something to help others. (我会 捐给医药研究,因为我要为他人做点事。) A:I prefer to donate it to educational institutions. (我乐意捐给教育机构。) Q:What is most important in your life right now?(眼下你生活中最重要的是什么?) A:To get a job in my field is most important to me. (对我来说,能在这个领域找到工作是最重 要的。) A:To secure employment hopefully with your company. (希望能在贵公司任职对我来说最重 要。) Q:What current issues concern you the most?(目前什么事是你最关心的?) A:The general state of our economy and the impact of China' entry to WTO on our industry. (目 前中国经济的总体情r以及中国入世对我们行业的影响。) Q: How long would you like to stay with this company?(你会在本公司服务多久呢?) A: I will stay as long as I can continue to learn and to grow in my field. (只要我能在我的行业 力继续学习和长进,我就会留在这里。) Q:Could you project what you would like to be doing five years from now?(你能预料五年 后你会做什么吗?) A:As I have some administrative experience in my last job, I may use my organizational and planning skills in the future. (我在上一个工作中积累了一些行政经验,我将来也许要运用我组织和计划上的经验和技 巧。) A:I hope to demonstrate my ability and talents in my field adequately. (我希望能充分展示我在 这个行业的能力和智慧。) A:Perhaps, an opportunity at a management position would be exciting.(也许有机会,我将会 从事管理工作。 ) 如果不愿正面回答,也可以说: It would be premature for me to predict this. (现在对此问题的预测,尚嫌过早。 ) 甚至还可以打趣的说: Hypothetically speaking, I might be able to do your current job as a director.(或 CEO 或 president)((说不定,我也能做你现在主任的工作呢!) Q: What range of pay-scale are you interested in?(你喜欢那一种薪水层次标准?) A: Money is important, but the responsibility that goes along with this job is what interests me the most. (薪水固然重要,但这工作伴随而来的责任更吸引我。) A: 假如你有家眷,可以说: To be frank and open with you, I like this job, but I have a family to support. (坦白地说,我喜欢 这份工作,不过我必须要负担我的家庭。) Q:What is your strongest trait(s)?(你个性上最大的特点是什么?) A:Helpfulness and caring.(乐于助人和关心他人。 ) A:Adaptability and sense of humor.(适应能力和幽默感。 ) A:Cheerfulness and friendliness.(乐观和友爱。 ) Q: How would your friends or colleagues describe you?(你的朋友或同事怎样形容你?) A: (pause a few seconds) (稍等几秒钟再答,表示慎重考虑。) They say Mr. Chen is an honest, hardworking and responsible man who deeply cares for his family and friends. (他们说陈先生是位诚实、工作努力,负责任的人,他对家庭和朋友都很 关心。) A:They say Mr. Chen is a friendly, sensitive, caring and determined person. (他们说陈先生是位 很友好、敏感、关心他人和有决心的人。) Q:What personality traits do you admire?(你欣赏哪种性格的人?) A: (I admire a person who is)honest, flexible and easy-going. (诚实、不死板而且容易相处的 人。) A: (I like) people who possess the can do spirit. (有实际行动的人。) Q:What leadership qualities did you develop as an administrative personnel?(作为行政人员, 你有什么样的领导才能?) A:I feel that learning how to motivate people and to work together as a team will be the major goal of my leadership. (我觉得学习如何把人们的积极性调动起来,以及如何配合协同的团队 精神,是我行政工作的主要目标。) A: have refined my management style by using an open-door policy. (我以开放式的政策, I 改进 我的行政管理方式。) Q:How do you normally handle criticism?(你通常如何处理e人的批评?) A:Silence is golden. Just don't say anything; otherwise the situation could become worse. I do, however, accept constructive criticism. (沈默是金。不必说什么,否则情况更糟,不过我会接 受建设性的批评。) A:When we cool off, we will discuss it later. (我会等大家冷o下来再讨论。) Q: What do you find frustrating in a work situation?(在工作中,什么事令你不高兴?) A: Sometimes, the narrow-minded people make me frustrated. (胸襟狭窄的人, 有时使我泄气。 ) A:Minds that are not receptive to new ideas. (不能接受新思想的那些取。) Q: How do you handle your conflict with your colleagues in your work? (你如何处理与同事在工 作中的意见不和?) A:I will try to present my ideas in a more clear and civilized manner in order to get my points across. (我要以更清楚文明的方式,提出我的看法,使对方了解我的观点。) Q:How do you handle your failure?(你怎样对待自己的失。) A: None of us was born perfect. I am sure I will be given a second chance to correct my mistake. (我们大家生来都不是十全十美的,我相信我有第二个机会改正我的错误。 )
【备注】 这里有一篇优美的英语短文,网上也能找到其中文版本。英文作者详细情况代考,如有哪位朋友发现该作者的信息,请告知,不胜感激。 Dont work for money Patty Hansen The world is filled with smart, talented, educated and gifted people. We meet them every day. A few days ago, my car was not running well. I pulled it into a garage, and the young mechanic had it fixed in just a few minutes. He knew what was wrong by simply listening to the engine. I was amazed. The sad truth is, great talent is not enough. 世界上满坑满谷都是精明能干、才华横溢、学富五车以及极具天赋之人,我们每天都会见到他们。几天前,我的汽车运转不灵了。我把它开进维修厂,一位年轻的机械工只消几分钟就把它修好了。他仅凭倾听发动机的声音就能确定哪儿有毛病,这让我惊奇不已。然而遗憾的是,光有非凡才华是不够的。 I am constantly shocked at how little talented people earn. I heard the other day that less than 5 percent of Americans earn more than $ 100,000 a year. A business consultant who specializes in the medical trade was telling me how many doctors, dentists and chiropractors struggle financially. All this time, I thought that when they graduated, the dollars would pour in. It was this business consultant who gave me the phrase, They are one skill away from great wealth. What this phrase means is that most people need only to learn and master one more skill and their income would jump exponentially. I have mentioned before that financial intelligence is a synergy of accounting, investing, marketing and law . Combine those four technical skills and making money with money is easier. When it comes to money, the only skill most people know is to work hard. 我常常吃惊,为什么有才华的人却只有微薄的收入。前几天我听人说,只有不到 5 %的美国人年收入在 10 万美元以上。一位精通药品贸易的商务顾问曾经告诉我,有许多医生、牙医和按摩师生活拮据。以前我总以为他们一毕业,财源便会滚滚而来。这位商务顾问告诉了我一句话: 离发大财,他们还差一项技能。 这句话的意思是说,大部分人还需多学习并掌握一项技能,他们的收入才能呈指数倍增长。以前我提到过, 财商是会计、投资、市场营销和法律方面的能力综合。 将上述四种专业技能结合起来,以钱生钱就会更容易。说到钱,大部分人所知的唯一技能就是拼命工作。 When I graduated from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1969, my educated dad was happy. Standard Oil of California had hired me for its oil-tanker fleet. I had a great career ahead of me, yet I resigned after six months with the company and joined the Marine Corps to learn how to fly. My educated dad was devastated. Rich dad congratulated me. 1969 年,我从美国海运学院毕业了。我那有学识的爸爸十分高兴,因为加州标准石油公司录用我为它的油轮队工作。尽管我的未来前程远大,但我还是在 6 个月后辞职离开了这家公司,加入海军陆战队去学习飞行。对此我那有学识的爸爸非常伤心,而富爸爸则祝贺我做出的决定。 Job security meant everything to my educated dad. Learning meant everything to my rich dad. Educated dad thought I went to school to learn to be a ship's officer. Rich dad knew that I went to school to study international trade. So as a student, I made cargo runs, navigating large freighters, oil tankers and passenger ships to the Far East and the South Pacific. While most of my classmates, including Mike, were partying at their fraternity houses, I was studying trade, people and cultures in Japan , Thailand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Korea and the Philippines . I also was partying, but it was not in any frat house. I grew up rapidly. 对于有学识的爸爸来说,稳定的工作就是一切。而对于富爸爸来说,学习才是一切。有学识的爸爸以为我上学是为了做一名船长,而富爸爸明白我上学是为了学习国际贸易。因此,在做学生时,我跑过货运、为前往远东及南太平洋的大型货轮、油轮和客轮导航。当我的大部分同班同学,包括迈克,在他们的联谊会会堂举办晚会的时候,我正在日本、泰国、新加坡、中国香港、越南、韩国和菲律宾学习贸易、人际关系和文化。我也参加晚会,但不去任何联谊会,我迅速地成熟起来了。 There is an old clich that goes, Job is an acronym for 'Just Over Broke.' And unfortunately, I would say that the saying applies to millions of people. Because school does not think financial intelligence is intelligence, most workers live within their means. They work and they pay the bills. Instead I recommend to young people to seek work for what they will learn, more than what they will earn. Look down the road at what skills they want to acquire before choosing a specific profession and before getting trapped in the Rat Race. Once people are trapped in the lifelong process of bill paying, they become like those little hamsters running around in those little metal wheels. Their little furry legs are spinning furiously, the wheel is turning furiously, but come tomorrow morning, they'll still be in the same cage: great job. 常言道, 工作( job )就是 比破产强一点( Just Over Broke ) 的缩写 。然而不幸的是,这句话确实适用于千百万人,因为学校没有把财商看作是一种才智,大部分工人都 量入为出 :干活挣钱,支付账单。相反,我劝告年轻人在寻找工作时要看看能从中学到什么,而不是只看能挣到多少。在选择某种特定职业之前或是陷入 老鼠赛跑(激烈的竞争) 之前,要好好掂量自己到底需要获得什么技能。一旦人们为支付账单而整天疲于奔命,就和那些在小铁轮里不停奔跑转圈的小老鼠一样了。 老鼠的小毛腿跑得飞快,小铁轮也转得飞快,可到了第二天早上,他们发现自己依然困在同一个老鼠笼里,那就是:重要的工作。 When I ask the classes I teach, How many of you can cook a better hamburger than McDonald's?, almost all the students raise their hands. I then ask, So if most of you can cook a better hamburger, how come McDonald's makes more money than you? The answer is obvious: McDonald's is excellent at business systems . The reason so many talented people are poor is because they focus on building a better hamburger and know little or nothing about business systems. The world is filled with talented poor people. All too often, they're poor or struggle financially or earn less than they are capable of, not because of what they know but because of what they do not know. They focus on perfecting their skills at building a better hamburger rather than the skills of selling and delivering the hamburger. 当我在自己教授的班级上问到 你们当中有多少人做的汉堡包能比麦当劳更好 时,几乎所有的学生都举起了手。我接着问, 如果你们当中大部分人都能做出比麦当劳更好的汉堡包,那为什么麦当劳比你们更能赚钱? 答案是显而易见的: 麦当劳拥有一套出色的运营体系。许多才华横溢的人之所以贫穷的原因,就是因为他们只是专心于做更好的汉堡包,而对运营体系几乎一无所知。世界上到处都是有才华的穷人。在很多情况下,他们之所以贫穷、生活拮据或者收入与其能力不相符,不是因为他们已知的东西而是因为他们未知的东西。他们只将注意力集中在提高和完善做汉堡包的技术上,却不注意提高有关汉堡包的销售和送货技能。 【备注】 这里有几点感慨: 1 ,当前社会面临一种严峻的挑战:知识贬值,甚至知识无用论。 你看看身边那么多高学历、高智商、高职称的知识分子(当然,这当中有些可能得套用另一个网络新词,叫知道分子),他们一旦离开息息相伴的校园,进入高度金钱化的社会(以金钱论英雄,拜金主义),内心的天平就永远无法保持平衡了:知识 金钱。 其实,我们没有必要一定要全社会都来承认知识=金钱,这不是真理,我们打小时候起,记住的真理是知识就是力量。记住,有钱,并一定等同于有力量。 寒伧一句:我们选择知识的同时,可能在一定程度上选择忽视了金钱(至少忽视了去赚取金钱的机会)。毕竟,有所为,有所不为啊。 2 ,经典理论所描述的共产主义社会还没有来到,我们还处在初级阶段,我们唯一能要求的,是人与人的和谐共处,人与社会的和谐共存。金钱来得太快,不一定就是好事情。尤其是学术界,一旦全民赚钱,学术就开始腐败了。 3 ,我们要大力鼓励社会多多关注高校的学术性,而且要强调学术的可持续性发展。要想保证学术可持续性发展,高校的管理与分配体制,可能需要认真调整了。 社会的发展,需要才华横溢的人才,需要质优价美的汉堡包,也需要高效的运营体系。
让我们的口语更有教养些,先从这些学起吧! 1. After you. 你先请。 这是一句很常用的客套话,在进/出门,上车得场合你都可以表现一下。 2. I just couldnt help it. 我就是忍不住。 想想看,这样一个漂亮的句子可用于多少个场合? 下面是随意举的一个例子: I was deeply moved by the film and I cried and cried. I just couldnt help it. 3. Dont take it to heart. 别往心里去,别为此而忧虑伤神。 生活实例: This test isnt that important. Dont take it to heart. 4. Wed better be off. 我们该走了。 Its getting late. Wed better be off . 5. Lets face it. 面对现实吧。 常表明说话人不愿意逃避困难的现状。 参考例句:I know its a difficult situation. Lets face it, OK? 6. Lets get started. 咱们开始干吧。 劝导别人时说:Dont just talk. Lets get started. 7. Im really dead. 我真要累死了。 坦诚自己的感受时说:After all that work, Im really dead. 8. Ive done my best. 我已尽力了。 9. Is that so? 真是那样吗? 常用在一个人听了一件事后表示惊讶、怀疑。 10. Dont play games with me!别跟我耍花招! 11. I dont know for sure.我不确切知道。 Stranger: Could you tell me how to get to the town hall? Tom: I dont know for sure. Maybe you could ask the policeman over there. 12. Im not going to kid you.我不是跟你开玩笑的。 Karin: You quit the job? You are kidding. Jack: Im not going to kid you. Im serious. 13. Thats something. 太好了,太棒了。 A: Im granted a full scholarship for this semester. B: Congratulations. Thats something. 14. Brilliant idea!这主意真棒!这主意真高明! 15. Do you really mean it? 此话当真? Michael:Whenever you are short of money, just come to me. David: Do you really mean it? 16. You are a great help.你帮了大忙 17. I couldnt be more sure. 我再也肯定不过。 18. I am behind you.我支持你。 A: Whatever decision youre going to make, I am behind you. 19. Im broke.我身无分文。 20. Mind you!请注意!听着!(也可仅用Mind。) 模范例句:Mind you! Hes a very nice fellow though bad-tempered. 21. You can count on it.你尽管相信好了,尽管放心。 A:Do you think he will come to my birthday party? B: You can count on it. 22. I never liked it anyway.我一直不太喜欢这东西。 当朋友或同事不小心摔坏你的东西时就可以用上这句话给他一个台阶,打破尴尬局面:Oh, dont worry. Im thinking of buying a new one. I never liked it anyway. 23. That depends.看情况再说。 例:I may go to the airport to meet her. But that depends. Congratulations.恭喜你,祝贺你。 24. Thanks anyway.无论如何我还是得谢谢你。 当别人尽力要帮助你却没帮成时,你就可以用这个短语表示谢意。 25. Its a deal.一言为定 Harry: Havent seen you for ages. Lets have a get-together next week. Jenny: Its a deal
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper。。 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the .. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
陷阱:有多少外国人看中国科技期刊 杨学祥 《自然》杂志从暴漏中国科技期刊家丑,到指导中国科技期刊改革,善意还是阴谋? 既然中国科技期刊没有多少中国读者,没有多少含金量,外谤内毁,声名狼藉,改出英文版,能有多少外国读者?外国读者喜欢低水平的中国英文版期刊? 中国的英文版期刊各大院校都有,有读者吗? 中国人读不懂,外国人懂不读。主动权在外国人手里。 英文版不是解决中国期刊问题的灵丹妙药,而是更大的陷阱。 让奄奄一息的中国科技期刊与世界名刊竞争,那只有死路一条。 保住中华民族特征,为中华民族科技发展服务,这是中国期刊的根。国际交流是第二位的,不要喧宾夺主。 轮到中国科技期刊高唱《国歌》和《国际歌》的时候了。 谢谢《自然》杂志的合理竞争,你的聪明对比了对手的愚蠢。 附件: 《自然》社论:中国学术期刊何去何从 改革势在必行;政府部门应该起强势主导作用 9月16日出版的《自然》杂志刊登社论《出版或灭亡》(Publish or perish),阐述中国学术期刊目前的颓势,并建议制定详细计划来挽救衰退的中国学术期刊。以下为文章主要内容: 中国的学术出版正处在令人为难的窘境当中。中国学术期刊的数量已达到5000份还多,然而,其发表的文章很多都未被关注,无人引用。这不得不让人产生疑问:这样的研究还有没有意义?同时,中国学术出版的有效性也遭受许多质疑毕竟,学术出版的目的是为了向更多人传播详细的研究信息,以推进科学的发展。 比较在英文国际期刊中发表的学术文章数量,中国科学家位居第二,仅次于美国。在中国国内开始质疑为什么自己的期刊发表的高质量文章那么少的时候,中国国家新闻出版总署(GAPP)开始试图推进革新,振兴本土的学术出版业。这是好事,但目前GAPP并未透露革新措施的具体细节。人们不免感到困惑:接下来到底要怎么做? 正如它所承诺的那样,GAPP应该大刀阔斧地实行改革,对期刊进行重新评估,精简期刊数量,将各种资源和出版发行权给予那些熟悉国际出版的科学家和知道如何物尽其用的出版社。同时,期刊可以适时地推出英文版,并通过其他一些手段增加学术文章同行评审的公正性及学术成果传播的广泛性。 此外,中国的学术公开程度也是需要强调的,要想重振中国的学术出版,不论是中文版还是英文版,一个最好的机会便是建立一个开放获取的平台这在西方国家的期刊中已经成为主流趋势。许多中文期刊对文章作者是收取版面费的,所以他们应该有能力实现期刊向开放获取模式的平稳转变。同时,政府也应该通过引入投资、提供经费和专业意见引导出版商走入一个新阶段。(科学网 张笑/编译) http://news.sciencenet.cn//htmlnews/2010/9/237632.shtm 与Nature 编辑和中国新闻出版署领导唱个反调 (王德华) 刚读到新闻:李东东:科技期刊要建立优胜劣汰机制( http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/9/237628.shtm ),文中说到:(中国的)科技期刊要利用内容制作的优势,充分运用数字化手段,在刊物的表现形式、为读者服务的功能及延伸期刊的价值上,进行大胆尝试,作引领期刊数字化的表率。 很巧,世界名刊《自然》(Nature)今天也发表了社论:发表还是死亡 (Publish or Perish) :中国需要详细说明实施其(整治)日趋下滑的科技期刊的现代化进程的计划。社论引用了一位中国学者的话:中国当今的多数出版属于(信息)污染。(One Chinese scientist has referred to the majority of Chinas publication as Pollution)。文章主要希望中国在加快数字化和开放阅读平台的建设(open-access platform)方面加大投资。很难得中国出版署高层与自然编辑意见这么一致。 《自然》今天还刊发了另一篇新闻稿,题目是:中国期刊的一剂猛药(Strong medicine for China's journals)。文章提到一位心脏病学专家说只有5-10%的期刊是有价值的,其他的都是信息污染(Wu Haiyun, a cardiologist at the Chinese PLA General Hospital in Beijing, says that only 510% of these journals are worth saving, and the rest are information pollution.)。文章提到了中国的大学学报情况,自然也就提到了中国大学学报的代表《浙大学报》报告的31%的投稿剽窃率,提到了中国期刊的现状,还提到了中国的主流期刊《遗传学报》、《动物学报》纷纷改为英文版的情况,并特意说明1935年创刊的《动物学报》是中国创刊时间排行第二的学术期刊,现在已经找到了自己的(生存)位置(生态位)(一位国际学者评价的)。 中国大学学报的整体质量,大家心里都是有数的。废除大学学报的声音也一直不断。中国国内的自然科学的学术期刊的质量(包括主流期刊),也是让人担忧。主要原因大家都清楚,就是几乎所有的质量稍微好一点的文章,无论学生还是导师都会毫不犹豫地投向国际英文期刊 (SCI期刊),不少被退回来的稿件或不是很好的稿件(希望出版快的稿件)再投向了国内的那些SCI期刊,这都是为了课题交差,为了学位,为了经费,为了职称,为了荣誉。所以,说中国的科技期刊质量不错,那是说胡话。这个现实是必须承认的,但是认识到问题的根源才是根治的第一步。中国的中文学术期刊的确到了半死不活的时刻了,也可以说是生死存亡的时刻了。看来国家要出重拳、下猛药了。 我很高兴看到中国的当局意识到这个问题,并出台相关措施进行彻底整治。但是对于加快信息化建设和公开阅览的速度,我并不赞赏。我倒是觉得(纯粹个人观点)正是中国由于在期刊数字化、信息化方面的滞后,开放阅览的困难性,才使得那些(主要是近几年)问题百出、甚至是错误百出,或者是剽窃抄袭的文章,没有让更多的人(尤其是年轻学生和初出道的科研人员)读到。这些被称为信息污染的文章,没有被广大读者(尤其是青年学者和学生)读到和引用,不能不说是学术界的一件幸事。(做个广告:《动物学报》、《兽类学报》早就实现免费开放阅览了,可以直接上刊物网站上下载PDF。《兽类学报》从创刊开始的文章,都已经上网公开)。 所以,在加大加快中国学术期刊现代化的决策实施前,还是要清楚将那些已经发表出来的信息污染的稿件,让更广泛的读者阅读,是不是一件好事。我们应该相信大家的眼力和判断力,但我们也要相信大学生、高中生对一些问题的理解是有限度的。对过往期刊的现代化,社科方面的期刊更要慎重。 现代化进程是挡不住的,我个人很支持期刊现代化,实行开放阅览,信息共享,但那些已经刊出来的明显是信息污染的论文,怎么办呢? (王德华 2010年9月16日午间随感)。 本文引用地址: http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=363634 本文引用地址: http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=363667
No one can denythat the collected information qualitywill greatly rely on one's English proficiency under the backgroud of globalization. If you just want to getdomestic information, maybe it's unnecesary for youtomaster any foreign languages. However, nowadays, even many Chinese publish their papers in English in order to let their papers known by more people all over the world. Some researchers only have their papers published on the international well-known magazines, especially their high quality research achievements. So it's difficult to get all the needy informationjust bysearching or retrieving the domestic literature webpages or databases. A professional information worker should master at least one foreign language,especially English. Over 60percent of research papers are written in English, and over 95 percent of the SCI-includedpapers are written in English. No matter as a science researcher or an information retrieval service provider, it's very important to retrieveliterature information in English.Otherwise, as a researcher, their research design will be imperfect,and their research may be just the repetition of other's work;as an imformationprovider, their service quality will be very low, sometimes evenuseless.
1、日常用语类 lover 情人(不是爱人) 5 f; c6 9 a: V4 J busboy 餐馆勤杂工(不是公汽售票员) # @: F) c r9 M2 q# M busybody 爱管闲事的人(不是大忙人) # X: N- M8 s8 h k2 {- ~( B dry goods (美)纺织品;(英)谷物(不是干货) ) J2 a1 I0 M% Y _2 c4 C; D; s heartman 换心人(不是有心人) mad doctor 精神病科医生(不是发疯的医生) celeventh hour 最后时刻(不是十一点) ! ]1 a0 d$ p M3 a. Z. a# l! B blind date (由第三者安排的)男女初次会面(并非盲目约会或瞎约会) dead president 美钞(上印有总统头像)(并非死了的总统) personal remark 人身攻击(不是个人评论) * c- @7 N w% Z, X9 _ L sweet water 淡水(不是糖水或甜水) 9 K3 w# v5 b5 u h7 x. J f confidence man 骗子(不是信得过的人) 0 A u2 z: u( e0 R: Q3 M criminal lawyer 刑事律师(不是犯罪的律师) ; ?$ H H6 f1 j { service station 加油站(不是服务站) rest room 厕所(不是休息室) dressing room 化妆室(不是试衣室或更衣室) # z ?# ]8 F- a! c, I sporting house 妓院(不是体育室) * D% U! p! P6 Q horse sense 常识(不是马的感觉) $ y/ G# Y5 o7 h- e, I capital idea 好主意(不是资本主义思想) familiar talk 庸俗的交谈(不是熟悉的谈话) % V: y9 v/ s$ e8 r black tea 红茶(不是黑茶) black art 妖术(不是黑色艺术) black stranger 完全陌生的人(不是陌生的黑人) white coal (作动力来源用的)水(不是白煤) bwhite man 忠实可靠的人(不是皮肤白的人) # F/ T0 T ~- P- S s yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书,以黄纸为封)(不是黄色书籍) red tape 官僚习气(不是红色带子) green hand 新手(不是绿手) m8 U O* M- a- k blue stocking 女学者、女才子(不是蓝色长统袜) China policy 对华政策(不是中国政策) Chinese dragon 麒麟(不是中国龙) s( m% D# R9 L2 y8 _) F American beauty 红蔷薇(不是美国美女) English disease 软骨病(不是英国病) 8 K M/ E/ R* K/ l0 I Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年(不是印度的夏日) Greek gift 害人的礼品(不是希腊礼物) Spanish athlete 吹牛的人(不是西班牙运动员) $ i N5 }9 J( m# k: y French chalk 滑石粉(不是法国粉笔) , w, w1 x$ q7 k9 1 _, d S# k pull ones leg 开玩笑(不是拉后腿) 2 6 M5 D2 I, M Z0 M ~ I havent slept better. 我睡得好极了。(不是我从未睡过好觉) You cant be too careful in your work. 你工作越仔细越好。(不是你工作不能太仔细) / H# | l- o( z0 s _ It has been 4 years since I smoked. 我戒烟4年了。(不是我抽烟4年了) A S |: J: ]# ^3 g All his friends did not turn up. 他的朋友没全到。(不是他的朋友全没到) 9 o% Z m, t. g# ^ d1 w People will be long forgetting her. 人们在很长时间内会记住她的。(不是人们会永远忘记她) He was only too pleased to let them go. 他很乐意让他们走。(不是他太高兴了,不愿让他们走) It cant be less interesting. 它无聊极了。(不是它不可能没有趣) http://bookmark.hexun.com/2139505/detail.aspx?bid=7785208
A little dear 是小亲爱、小可爱吗? 曾纪晴 上星期的某一天,跟孩子一起阅读英语故事。故事讲的是一个男孩的妈妈在超市买东西。她买的苹果是 5 块钱 一公斤 。接着就说 Theyre a little dear 。儿子一头雾水:苹果怎么是小鹿呢?是小亲爱吗?哈哈!还是小可爱?哈哈哈!自己说着就大笑了起来。 哈哈,这种说法还真好玩儿。儿子这么哈哈大笑,也知道这样理解确实很搞笑啊。 儿子主动提出要查网络词典。我们在网上一查,原来是有一点贵的意思啊!小家伙这才恍然大悟。 2010-5-6
1. 我很喜欢它。 False: I very like it. True: I like it very much. 2. 这个价格对我挺合适的。 False: The price is very suitable for me. True: The price is right. suitable(合适的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上,如:下列节目儿童不宜。The following programme is not suitable for children在这组句子中用后面的说法会更合适。 3. 你是做什么工作的呢? False: Whats your job? True: Are you working at the moment? whats your job这种说法难道也有毛病吗?是的。因为如果您的谈话对象刚刚失业,如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子,所以您要问:目前您是在上班吗,Are you working at the moment,接下来您才问:目前您在哪儿工作呢, where are you working these days,或者您从事哪个行业呢,What line of work are you in,顺带说一下,回答这类问题时不妨说得具体一点,不要只是说经理或者秘书。 4. 用英语怎么说? False: How to say in English? True: How do you say this in English? How to say是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国式英语之一,这决不是地道的英语说法。同样的句子有:请问这个词如何拼写,How do you spell that please,请问这个单词怎么读,How do you pronounce this word。 5. 明天我有事情要做。 False: I have something to do tomorrow. True: Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow. 用I have something to do来表示您很忙,这也完全是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做,躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您可以说我很忙,脱不开身:Im tied up.还有其他的说法:Im afraid I cant make it at that time. I,d love to, but I cant,I have to stay at home. 6. 我没有英文名。 False: I havent English name. True: I dont have an English name. 许多人讲英语犯这样的错误,从语法角度来分析,可能是语法功底欠缺,因为have在这里是实义动词,而并不是在现在完成时里面那个没有意义的助动词。所以,这句话由肯定句变成否定句要加助动词。 明白道理是一回事,习惯是另一回事,请您再说几话: 我没有钱;I dont have any money. 我没有兄弟姐妹;I dont have any brothers or sisters. 我没有车。I dont have a car. 7. 我想我不行。 False: I think I cant. True: I dont think I can. 这一组然是个习惯问题,在语法上称为否定前置,这就是汉语里面说我想我不会的时候,英语里面总是说我不认为我会。以后您在说类似的英语句子的时候,只要您留心,也会习惯英语的说法的。 8. 我的舞也跳得不好。 False: I dont dance well too. True: I am not a very good dancer either. 当我们说不擅长做什么事情的时候,英语里面通常用not good at something,英语的思维甚至直接踊跃到:我不是一个好的舞者。 9. 现在几点钟了? False: What time is it now? True: What time is it, please? What time is it now这是一个直接从汉语翻译过的句子,讲英语的时候没有必要说now,因为您不可能问what time was it yesterday或者what time is it tommorow。所以符合英语习惯的说法是:请问现在几点了?还有一种说法是:how are we doing for time这句话在有时间限制的时候特别合适 10. 我的英语很糟糕。 False: My English is poor. True: I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving. 有人开玩笑说,全中国人最擅长的一句英文是:My English is poor实话说,我从来没有遇到一个美国人对我说:My Chinese is poor。无论他们的汉语是好是坏,他们会说: I am still having a few problem, but I'm getting better。当您告诉外国人,您的英语很poor,so what(那又怎么样呢) 是要让别人当场施舍给我们一些英语呢,还是说我的英语不好,咱们不谈了吧。另外一个更大的弊端是,一边不停的学英语,一边不停地说自己的英语很poor,这正像有个人一边给车胎充气,又一边在车胎上扎孔放气。 我坚信,如果现在就苦下功夫,把EPTIP系列教材吃通吃透,您的IT职业英语水平立即就会迅速的提高。您以后和外国IT同行交流时再也不用说:我的英语很poor。您可以实事求事地说,我的英语还不算十分流利,但至少我在进步。 11. 你愿意参加我们的晚会吗? False:Would you like to join our party on Friday? True: Would you like to come to our party on Friday night? join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会,如:join a health club; join the Communist Party。事实上,常常与party搭配的动词的come 或者go。如go a wild party,或者come to a Christmas Party。 12. 我没有经验。 False:I have no experience. True: I am afraid I dont know much about that. I have no experience这句话听起来古里古怪,因为您只需要说:那方面我懂得不多,或者这方面我不在行,就行了。I am not really an expert in this area. 13. 我没有男朋友。 False: I have no boyfriend. True: I dont have a boyfriend. 14. 他的身体很健康。 False: His body is healthy. True: He is in good health. You can also say: Hes healthy. 15. 价钱很昂贵/便宜。 False: The price is too expensive/cheap. True: The price is too high/ rather low. 16. 我们下了车。 False: We got off the car. True: We got out of the car. 17. 车速快了。 False: The speed of the car is fast. True: The car is speeding. Or The car is going too fast. 18. 这个春节你回家吗? Will you be going back home for the Spring Festival? False: 是的,我回去。Of course! (这一句是错的) True: 当然。Sure. / Certainly.(这种说法是正确的) 以英语为母语的人使用of course的频率要比中国的学生低得多,只有在回答一些众所周知的问题时才说of course。因为of course后面隐含的一句话是当然我知道啦!难道我是一个傻瓜吗?因此,of course带有挑衅的意味。在交谈时,用sure或certainly效果会好得多。同时,of course not也具挑衅的意味。正常情况下语气温和的说法是certainly not。 19. 我觉得右手很疼。 False:I feel very painful in my right hand. True: My right hand is very painful.Or My right hand hurts(aches). 20. 他看到她很惊讶。 False: He looked at her and felt surprised. True: He looked at her in surprise. 21. 我读过你的小说但是没料到你这么年轻。 False: I have read your novels but I didn't think you could be so young. True: After having read your novel,I expected you would be older. 22. 她脸红了,让我看穿了她的心思。 False:Her red face made me see through her mind. True: Her red face told me what she was thinking. 23. 看到这幅画让我想到了我的童年时代。 False:The sight of these pictures made me remember my own childhood. True: Seeing these pictures reminded me of my own childhood. 24. 别理她。 False: Don't pay attention to her. True: Leave her alone. 25. 我在大学里学到了许多知识。 False: I get a lot of knowledge in the university. True: I learned a lot in universit http://conanufo.blog.163.com/blog/static/23590191200841114052601/
1. you look great today. (你今天看上去很棒。)【每天都可以用!】 2. you did a good job. (你干得非常好。)【国际最通用的表扬!】 3. we're so proud of you. (我们十分为你骄傲。)【最高级的表扬!】 4. i'm very pleased with your work. (我对你的工作非常满意。)【真诚的赞扬!】 5. this is really a nice place. (这真是个好地方!)【效果很好的表扬!】 6. you're looking sharp! (你看上去真精神 / 真棒 / 真漂亮。)【与众不同的表扬!】 7. you always know the right thing to say. 8. you're very eloquent. (你总是说话得体。)【高层次的表扬!】 9. nice going! = you did a good job. (干得好!)【极其地道的表扬!】 10. the food is delicious. (好吃!)【最普通、但非常重要的表扬!】 11. everything tastes great. (每样东西都很美味!) 12. your son/daughter is so cute. (你的孩子很可爱。) 13. what an adorable baby! (多么可爱的孩子。)【只管大胆用!】 14. i admire your work. 15. i respect your work. (我对你的工作表示敬意。)【世界通用!】 16. you've got a great personality. (你的个性很好。)【一个非常安全的表扬!】 17. you have a good sense of humor. (你真幽默。)【美国人极其喜欢的表扬!】 18. your chinese is really surprising. (你的中文令人惊讶。) 19. your english is incredible. (我真不敢相信你的英语。)【用了六星级形容词!】 20. you have a very successful business. (你的事业很成功。 21. you're very professional. (你非常专业。)【专业化的表扬!】 22. your company is very impressive. (你的公司给我留下深刻印象。) 23. you're so smart. (你非常聪明。) 24. i envy you very much. (我非常羡慕你。) 25. your wife is very charming. (你的妻子很有魅力!) 26. you two make a lovely couple. (你们真是天生的一对!) 27. you're really talented. (你很有天赋。) 28. you look nice in that color. (你穿那种颜色很好看。) 29. you have a good taste. (你很有品位。) 30. you look like a million dollars. = you look outstanding. (你看上去帅呆了。)
作者:蒋迅 我发现了一篇我在1988年为完成英语课作业写的短文,谈的是我做微积分课助教的体会。记录在这里。那时候我的英语水平很有限,在这里献丑了。 Nothing has been more rewarding than working as a Calculus lab instructor. In the lab, because of its small size and informal nature, students can discuss, freely, their particular difficulties. As the group leader, I turn these individual questions into general discussion topics. And by repeating this process in many different forms, I eventually begin to see my objective achieved: frustration and confusion transformed into enthusiasm and understanding. It is this transformation from confusion to the understanding capable of most Calculus students that makes my job worthwhile.
开头语与自我介绍 从中华人民共和国驻 大使馆商务参赞处获悉贵公司名称和地址,现借此机会与贵方通信,意在达成一些实际交易为开端,以建立业务关系。 1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor''s office of the Embassy of the People''s Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions. 从中国国际贸易促进会获悉,你们有意采购电器用具。 2. We have heard from China Council for the Promotion of International Trade that you are in the market for Electric Appliances. 驻贵地的中国领事向我们介绍,你公司是 生产 (商品)的大出口商。 3. Your name has been recommended to us by the Chinese Consul stationed in your city as large exporters of ... goods produced in .... 从 获悉你们行名及地址并了解你们是 有经验的进口商。现向你们开报 ,盼能在贵地市场推销。 4. From ..., we have obtained your name and address and understand that you are experienced importers of .... We have pleasure in offering you ... of which we would appreciate your pushing the sale on your market. 从 获悉你公司专门经营 ,现愿与你公司建立业务关系。 5. We learn from ... that your firm specializes in ..., and would like to establish business relationship with you. 承 的介绍,获悉你们是 有代表性的进口商之一。 6. Through the courtesy of.... we have learned that you are one of the representative importers of ... 据纽约司密斯公司所告,得悉你公司名称和地址,并得知你们 日本东京商会已把你行介绍给我们。 7. Your name and address has been given to us by Messrs. J. Smith amp; Co., Inc., in New York, who have informed us that your firm has been recommended to us by the Chamber of Commerce in Tokyo, Japan. 承贵地 银行通知,你们是 的主要进口商(出口商),并有意与中国进行这些方面的贸易。 9. The.... Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers (exporters) of ... and are interested in trading with China in these lines ... 据了解,你们是中国 (商品)有潜力的买主,而该商品正属我们的业务经营范围。 10. We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese ...,which comes within the frame of our business activities. 通过贵国最近来访的贸易代表团,我们了解到你们是信誉良好的 进口商,现发信给你们,盼能不断地接到你们的定单。 11. Through your trade delegation that recently paid a visit to this country, we learned that you are well-established importers of ... and are writing to you in the hope of receiving your orders from time to time. 我们欣然寄发这封自荐信,希望是互利关系的前奏。 12. We are glad to send you this introductory letter, hoping that it will be the prelude to mutually beneficial relations between us. 我们有幸自荐,盼望能有机会与你们合作,扩展业务。 13. We have the Pleasure to introduce ourselves to you with the hope that we may have an opportunity of cooperating with you in your business extension. 我们冒昧通信,以期待与贵公司建立业务关系。 14. We take the liberty of writing to you with a view to building up business relations with your firm. 现向贵司自我介绍,我们是国营公司,专门经营轻工业品。 15. We wish to introduce ourselves to you as a state operated corporation dealing exclusively in Light Industrial Goods. 也许你们已有所知,我们是国营公司,经营 (商品)的进出口业务。 16. As you may be well aware, we are a state-operated corporation handling such items as .. in both import and export business. 鉴于你们是 的主要进口商之一,特此联系,盼能建立业务关系,以有助于你们满足各项需求。 17. As you are one of the leading importers in ..., we have pleasure in contacting you in the hope of establishing business relations and rendering you assistance in a wide range of your requirements. 了解到你们对 (商品)的进口和出口都感兴趣,故愿自荐,希望在我们两公司间建立互利的业务关系。 18. We understand that you are interested in both the import and export of ... and it is on this subject that we wish to introduce ourselves in the hope of establishing mutually beneficial business relations between our two corporations 你公司是信誉卓著的照相机进口商,我公司极愿与你公司建立业务关系。为此,我们现在寄去商品目录和价目单,用以向你公司毛遂自荐。 19. The high reputation, which you are enjoying as camera importers, has rendered us desirous of entering into business relations with you. Accordingly, we introduce ourselves to you by sending you our catalogs and price-lists. 我们经营的商品包括本国第一流造纸厂的产品,因此,我们有良好条件就你们提出的商品,向你们的顾客提供质量最可靠的商品。 20. The commodities we are handling consist of the manufactures of the first-rate paper mills of this country, and so we are in a good position to serve your customers with the most reliable quality of the line you suggest. 我们专门经营中国美术工艺品出口,愿与你们进行交易。 21. Specializing in the export of Chinese Art Craft Goods we express our desire to trade with you in this line. 我们的主要业务是纺织品和手工艺品。 22. Our lines are mainly textiles and handicrafts. 我们经营这项业务已有多年。 23. We have been in this line of business for many years. 本信目的是探索与你们发展贸易的可能性。 24. The purpose of this letter is to explore the possibilities of developing trade with you. 我们愿在平等互利、互通有无的基础上与你公司建立业务关系。 25. We are willing to enter into business relations with your firm on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchanging what one has for what one needs. 我们愿与你们建立友好业务关系,分享互利的交易。 26. We wish to establish friendly business relations with you to enjoy a share of mutually profitable business. 盼直接洽谈,以便将你公司特种经营商品引进我地市场。 27. We wish to enter into direct negotiation with you with a view to introducing your special lines in our market. 我们有意向中华人民共和国寻求原油供应来源的可能性。 28. We are interested in the possibility of establishing sources of supply of crude oil from the People''s Republic of China. 建议试试利用一下我们的经验和专门知识。 29. We advise you to make use of our experience and special knowledge on trial. 相信我公司的对外贸易经验以及对国际市场情况的熟悉,可能使我们有资格得到你们的信任。 30. We trust that our experience in foreign trade and intimate knowledge of international market conditions will entitle us to your confidence. 我公司与此地可靠的批发商有密切联系,能与你公司作可观的进口业务。 31. Being closely connected with reliable wholesalers here, we shall be able to do considerable import business with you. 我们能开报十分优惠的条款。 32. We are able to quote you very advantageous terms 品质 Quality (一) The goods are available in different qualities. 此货有多种不同的质量可供。 Nothing wrong will happen, so long as the quality of your article is good. 只要商品质量可靠,就不会发生差错。 If the quality of your products is satisfactory, we may place regular orders. 如果你们产品的质量使我们满意,我们将不断订货。 If the quality of your initial shipment is found satisfactory, large repeats will follow. 如果贵方第一批运来的货令人满意,随后将有大批续订。 There is no marked qualitative difference between the two. 两者在质量上无显著差异。 We sincerely hope the quality are in conformity with the contract stipulations. 我们真诚希望质量与合同规定相符。 As long as the quality is good, it hardly matters if the price is a little bit higher. 只要能保证质量,售价高点都无所谓。 Prices are fixed according to their quality, aren''t they? 价格按质量的好坏而定,对吗? The transferee must see to it that the quality of the product is maintained. 接受转让一方要负责保持产品的质量。 Our Certificate of Quality is made valid by means of the official seal. 我们的质量证明书盖公章方为有效。 We''ll improve the quality of our products and production efficiency. 我们将改进产品质量,提高生产率。 They are fully qualified to pass opinions on the quality of this merchandise. 他们完全有资格对这种产品的质量发表意见。 We would like to have you offer us 100 metric tons, quality same as last. 希望您能报给我们 100 吨质量和上次相同的货。 We find the quality suitable (unsuitable) for our market. 产品质量适合(不适合)我们的市场。 We always have faith in the quality of your products. 对你们产品的质量我们总是很信任。 Words and Phrases quality 质量,品质 qualitative 质量的 qualitatively 在质量上 quality clause 品质条款 quality certificate 品质证明书 quality of export and import commodities 进出口商品质量 good merchantable quality 全销质量 to be in conformity with 与 ... 一致 transferer 转让者 transferee 受让者 (二) This is a quality product. 这是一种高质量的产品。 Those overcoats are of good quality and nice colour. 这批大衣质量高、成色好。 Our quartz technique is well known in the world, and we believe our watches are of fine quality. 我们的石英技术世界闻名,相信我们生产的手表具有高质量。 Our price is a little bit higher, but the quality of our products is better. 虽然价格偏高,但我们的产品质量很好。 Your goods are superior in quality compared with those of other manufacturers. 和其他厂商相比,贵方产品质量上乘。 The equipment are of good quality and very useful. 这些器械质量好,用处大。 Our products are very good in quality, and the price is low. 我们的产品质高价低。 We have received the goods you send us, the quality is excellent. 我们已经收到贵处来的货,质量很好。 Words and Phrases good quality 好质量 fine quality 优质 better quality 较好质量 high quality 高质量 fair quality 尚好的质量 sound quality 完好的质量 best quality 最好的质量 superior quality 优等的质量 choice quality 或 selected quality 精选的质量 prime quality 或 tip-top quality 第一流的质量 first-class quality 或 first-rate quality 头等的质量 above the average quality 一般水平以上的质量 below the average quality 一般水平以下的质量 common quality 一般质量 standard quality 标准质量 usual quality 通常的质量 popular quality 大众化的质量 uniform quality 一律的质量 average quality 平均质量 fair average quality (f.a.q.) 大路货 (三) We are responsible to replace the defective ones. 我们保换质量不合格的产品。 It''s really something wrong with the quality of this consignment of bicycles. 这批自行车的质量确实有问题。 I regret this quality problem. 对质量问题我深表遗憾。 We hope that you''ll pay more attention to the quality of your goods in the future. 希望贵方将来多注意产品的质量问题。 The workings of these machines are inaccurate. 这批机器运行不准。 Upon arrival, we found the shipment of wool was of poor quality. 货到后,我们发现羊毛的质量较差。 The quality of the fertilizer is inferior to that stipulated in the contract. 化肥质量次于合同中规定的。 The quality of this article cannot qualify for first-class. 这批商品的质量不够一等品。 If you find the quality of our products unsatisfactory, we''re prepared to accept return of the rejected material within a week. 如果贵方对产品质量不满意,我们将在一星期内接受退货。 More than 300 watches are not up to standard. 有 300 多块手表不合质量标准。 Words and Phrases bad quality 劣质 low quality 低质量 inferior quality 次质量 to be responsible for 对 ... 负责 inaccurate 不精确的 poor quality 质量较差 to be inferior to 次于 ... first-class 一等品 unsatisfactory 不满意的 (四) We''ve received the sample which you sent us last Sunday. 我们已经收到了上星期天你方寄来的样品。 We''ve got here our sales samples Type 1. and Type 2. 这里是一号和二号样货。 Our quality is based solely on our sales samples. 我们的质量完全以货样为准。 We sell goods as per the sales sample, not the quality of any previous supplies. 我们销售产品是以货样为标准,而不是凭过去任何一批货的质量。 You know we sell our tea according to our samples. 你们知道我们是凭销售货样销售茶叶的。 You can see the difference between these grades. 你可以看看这些等级的差别。 These two grades are very much in demand. 这两种等级(的货)目前需求甚殷。 We are in urgent need of these two grades. 我们现在急需这两种等级的货。 The colour of the shipment is much darker than that of your previous consignment. 这批货的颜色比上批要暗许多。 No doubt youve received the outturn samples of the inferior quality goods. 你们一定收到了质量低劣产品的到货抽样。 I must advise you of the specifications of the goods. 我必须通知货物的规格。 Have you received the specifications as shown in our catalog? 你们收到了按我方目录所列的产品规格了吗? The quality is all right, but the style is a bit outdated. 质量无问题,只是式样有点过时。 We found the goods didnt agree with the original patterns. 我们发现货物与原式样不符。 The Double Fish brand is not so bad, the design is fresh and vivid. 双鱼 牌商标不错,图案新颖。 The new varieties have very vivid designs and beautiful colors. 那新产品图案新颖,色泽鲜艳。 Were here to discuss the trade marks of your products. 我们来谈谈贵产品的商标一事。 Words and Phrases sample 样品 counter sample 对等样品 sampling 抽样 pattern sample 型式样品 duplicate sample 复样 colour sample 色彩样品 subject to the counter sample 以对等样品为准 sample for reference 参考样品 sales by sample 凭样品买卖 grade 等级 standard 标准 specification 规格 trade mark 商标 brand 牌名 colour 色彩 design 图案 catalogue 目录 particulars 细节 Sales by Description 凭说明书买卖 Sales by Trade Mark of Brand 凭商标和牌名买卖 quality as per seller''s sample 凭卖方样品质量交货 quality as per buyer''s sample 凭买方样品质量交货 quality landed 卸岸品质 quality shipped 装船品质 quality control 质量管理 Sales by Specification, Grade, of Standard 凭规格、等级或标准买卖 Fair Average Quality (F.A.Q.) 良好平均品质 (国际上买卖农副产品时常用此标准) quality to be considered as being about equal to the sample 品质与样品大致相同 保险 Insurance (一) I''m looking for insurance from your company. 我是到贵公司来投保的。 Mr. Zhang met Mr. William in the office of the People'' Insurance Company of China . 张 先生在中国人民保险公司的办公室接待了威 廉 先生。 After loading the goods on board the hip, I go to the insurance company to have them insured. 装船后,我到保险公司去投保。 When should I go and have the tea insured? 我什么时候将这批茶叶投保? All right. Lets leave insurance now. 好吧,保险问题就谈到这里。 I have come to explain that unfortunate affair about the insurance. 我是来解释这件保险的不幸事件的。 I must say that you''ve corrected my ideas about the insurance. 我该说你们已经纠正了我对保险的看法。 This information office provides clients with information on cargo insurance. 这个问讯处为顾客提供大量关于货物投保方面的信息。 The underwriters are responsible for the claim as far as it is within the scope of cover. 只要是在保险责任范围内,保险公司就应负责赔偿。 The loss in question was beyond the coverage granted by us. 损失不包括在我方承保的范围内。 The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clause. 保险的范围写在基本保险单和各种险别的条款里。 Please fill in the application form. 请填写一下投保单。 Words and Phrases insure 保险;投保;保证 insurance 保险;保险费;保险金额 underwriters 保险商(指专保水险的保险商)保险承运人 insurance company 保险公司 insurer 保险人 insurance broker 保险经纪人 insurance underwriter 保险承保人 insurance applicant 投保人 insurant, the insured 被保险人,受保人 to cover (effect, arrange, take out) insurance 投保 insurance coverage; risks covered 保险范围 insurance slip 投保单 insured amount 保险金额 insurance against risk 保险 insurance clause 保险条款 insurance instruction 投保通知 insurance business 保险企业 insurance conditions 保险条件 (二) What risks is the People's Insurance Company of China able to cover? 中国人民保险公司承保的险别有哪些? What risks should be covered? 您看应该保哪些险? What kind of insurance are you able to provide for my consignment? 贵公司能为我的这批货保哪些险呢? It's better for you to can the leaflet, and then make a decision. 你最好先看看说明书,再决定保什么险。 These kinds of risks suit your consignment. 这些险别适合你要投保的货物。 May I ask what exactly insurance covers according to your usual C.I.F terms? 请问根据你们常用的 CIF 价格条件,所保的究竟包括哪些险别? It 's important for you to read the fine print in any insurance policy so that you know what kind of coverage you are buying. 阅读保险单上的 细则 对你是十分重要的,这样就能知道你要买的保险包括哪些项目。 Words and Phrases PICC (People's Insurance Company of China) 中国人民保险公司 risk insured, risk covered 承保险项 risk 险别 to provide the insurance 为 ... 提供保险 leaflet 说明书 fine print 细则 (三) what is the insurance premium? 保险费是多少? The premium is to be calculated in this way. 保险费是这样计算的。 The total premium is 800 U.S. dollars. 保险费总共是 800 美圆。 The cover paid for will vary according to the type of goods and the circumstances. 保险费用按照货物类别的具体情况会有所不同。 The rates quoted by us are very moderate. Of course, the premium varies with the range of insurance. 我们所收取的费率是很有限的,当然,保险费用要根据投保范围的大小而有所不同。 According to co-insurance clauses, the insured person must pay usually 20 percent of the total expenses covered. 根据共同保险条款,保险人通常必须付全部费用的百分之二十。 The insurance rate for such kink of risk will vary according to the kind. 这类险别的保险费率将根据货物种类而定。 Insurance brokers will quote rates for all types of cargo and risks. 保险经纪人会开出承保各类货物的各种险别的费用。 Can you give me an insurance rate? 您能给我一份保险率表吗? Could you find out the premium rate for porcelain? 您能查一下瓷器的保险费率吗? You should study not only the benefits but also the terms and limitations of an insurance agreement that appears best suited to your needs. 你不仅要研究各种保险所标明的给予保险人的赔偿费用,还要研究它的条件与限制,然后选出最适合你需要的一种。 Words and Phrases insurance expense 保险费 premium rate 保险费率 premium 保险费 insurance rate 保险费率表 insurance proceeds 保险金(保险收入) (四) F.P.A. stands for Free from Particular Average. FPA 代表平安险。 W.P.A. stands for With Particular Average. WPA 代表水渍险。 I'll have the goods covered against Free from Particular Average. 我将为货物投保平安险。 I know that F.P.A insurance doesn't cover losses on consumer goods. 我知道平安险不包括消费品的种种损失。 I don't think that the W.P.A insurance covers more risks than the F.P.A.. 我认为水渍险承保的范围并不比平安险的范围宽。 Free from Particular Average is good enough. 只保平安险就可以了。 The goods are to be insured F.P.A. 这批货需投保平安险。 What you've covered is Leakage. 你所投保的是渗漏险。 Why don't you wish to cover Risk of Breakage? 您为什么不想投保破碎险呢? W.P.A coverage is too narrow for a shipment of this nature, please extend the coverage to include TPND. 针对这种性质的货物只保水渍险是不够的,请加保偷盗提货不成险。 Don't you wish to arrange for W.P.A. and additional coverage against Risk of Breakage? 您不想保水渍险和附加破碎险吗? Not every breakage is a particular average. 并不是所有的破碎险都属于单独海损。 The coverage is W.P.A. plus Risk of Breakage. 投保的险别为水渍险加破碎险。 Well, obviously you won't want All Risks cover. 显然,你不想保综合险。 An All Risks policy covers every sort of hazard, doesn't it? 一份综合险保单保所有的险,是吗? We'd like? to cover the porcelain ware against All Risks. 我们想为这批瓷器投保综合险。 Please insure the shipment for RMB5,000 against All Risks. 请将这批货物投保综合险人民币 5000 元。 We've cover insurance on these goods for 10% above the invoice value against All Risks. 我们已经将这些货物按发票金额加百分之十投保综合险。 An F.P.A. policy only covers you against total loss in the case of minor perils. 平安险只有在发生较小危险时才给保全部损失险。 The F.P.A. doesn't cover partial loss of the nature of particular average. 平安险不包括单独海损性质的部分损失。 A W.P.A. or W.A. policy covers you against partial loss in all cases. 水渍险在任何情况下都给保部分损失险。 You'll cover SRCC risks, won't you? 你们要保罢工、暴动、民变险,是吗? As our usual practice, insurance covers basic risks only, at 110 percent of the invoice value. If coverage against other risks is required, such as breakage, leakage, TPND, hook and contamination damages, the extra premium involved would be for the buyer's account. 按照我们的惯例,只保基本险,按发票金额 110% 投保。如果要加保其它险别,例如破碎险、渗漏险、盗窃遗失险、钩损和污染险等,额外保险费由买方负担。 Words and Phrases insurance free of (from) particular average (FPA). 平安险(单独海损不赔) insurance with particular average (WPA), basic risks. insurance against all risks. 综合险,应保一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss)? 途耗或自然损耗险 risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险 insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险 overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC) 罢工,暴动,民变险 insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险 risk of theft, pilferage and nondelivery (TRND) 盗窃提货不着险 risk of fresh and/of rain water damage(wetting) 淡水雨淋险 risk of leakage 渗漏险 risk of shortage in weight/quantity 短量险 risk of sweating and/or heating 受潮受热险 risk of bad odour(change of flavour) 恶味险,变味险 risk of mould 发霉险 on deck risk 舱面险 (五) We can serve you with a broad range of coverage against all kinks of risks for sea transport. 我公司可以承保海洋运输的所有险别。 Generally speaking, aviation insurance is much cheaper than marine insurance. 空运保险一般要比海运保险便宜。 Then all marine risks means less than all risks. 那么, 一切海洋运输货物险 意味着比 一切险 范围小一些。 In the insurance business, the term average simply means loss in most cases. 在保险业中 average 一词一般是 海损 的意思。 Are there any other clauses in marine policies? 海运险还包括其它条款吗? Breakage is a particular average, isn't it? 破碎险属于一种单独海损,对吗? the risk of breakage is covered by marine insurance, isn't it? 破碎险是包括在海洋运输货物险之内的,对吗? The English understood by marine risks only risks incident to transport by sea. 英国人对 海洋运输货物险 只理解为海洋中的意外风险。 Generally, the term all marine risks is liable to be misinterpreted and its use should be avoided in L/C. 一般地, 一切海洋运输货物险 容易被误解,应该避免在信用证中使用。 Words and Phrases ocean marine cargo insurance clauses 海洋运输货物保险条款 transportation insurance 运输保险 overland transportation insurance, land transit insurance 陆上运输保险 insurance against air risk, air transportation insurance 航空运输保险 parcel post insurance 邮包运输保险 ocean marine cargo insurance, marine insurance 水险(海运货物保险) All Risks 一切险 average 海损 Particular Average (P.A) 单独海损 General Average (G.A) 共同海损 Marine Losses 海损 partial loss 部分损失 total loss 全部损失 (六) Please tell me whether I need to purchase a foreign student policy. 告诉我是否我需要购买外国学生保险。 I'd like to know whether basic health insurance coverage should include benefits for outpatient, hospital, surgery and medical expenses. 我想知道基本健康保险所列的项目是否应包括医院门诊,住院,手术及药品等费用的赔偿。 Will you please tell me where I can purchase health insurance? 请告诉我在何处能买到健康保险? Health insurance is merely a mean by which people pool money to guard against the sudden economic consequences of sickness or injury. 健康保险就是筹集一些钱以预防疾病或受伤而突然发生的经济困难。 Major medical insurance policies are designed to help offset heavy medical expenses that can result from a prolonged illness or serious injury. 巨额医药费保险 旨在协助减轻久病及重伤所造成的重大医药开支。 If the benefits provided under a certain policy have a dollar limitation for each service, you should determine whether these limitations are realistic. 如果某一家保险公司的健康保险对每种服务定有赔偿限额,你应断定这些限额是否合乎实际。 Words and Phrases health insurance 疾病保险,健康保险 sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance for medical care 医疗保险 major medical insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 to purchase health insurance 购买健康保险 to have a health insurance policy 购买健康保险 Additional Words and Phrases policy-holder 保险客户 extra premium 额外保险费 additional premium 附加保险费 insurance law 保险法 insurance act 保险条例 insurance industry? 保险业 insurance division 保险部 insurance treaty 保险合同 cover note 保险证明书 guarantee of insurance 保险担保书 premium rebate 保险费回扣 insurance claim 保险索赔 ceding, retrocession(for reinsurance) 分保 reinsurance 分保(再保险) ceding(insurance)company 分保公司 co-insurance company 共同保险公司 insurance document . nbsp 保险单据 certificate of insurance 保险凭证 increasing coverage, extending coverage 加保 renewing coverage 续保 insurance commission 保险佣金 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 佣金 Commission (一) He came to China to hold a talk about the commission for his new business. 他来中国是洽谈有关生意中的佣金问题。 What about the commission? 佣金是多少? Usually a 1% commission is given to our agent. 一般情况下,我们给代理商百分之一的佣金。 We'll give you a 3% commission on every transaction. 每笔交易我们都付给百分之三的佣金。 We expect a 5% commission, of course. 当然,我们希望能得到百分之五的佣金。 We're usually paid with a 5% commission of the amount for every deal. 对每笔交易的成交量,我们通常付给 5% 的佣金。 Our agents in other areas usually get a 3-5% commission. 我方其他地区的代理通常得到 3-5% 的佣金。 We can get 4.5% commission if 10,000 cases are ordered. 如果订 1 万箱,我们可以得到 4.5% 的佣金。 The commission from our corporation is very favourable. 我们公司给的佣金很优惠。 The above price includes your commission of 2%. 上述价格包括百分之二的佣金在内。 The above price excludes your commission. 上述价格不包括佣金在内。 This amount includes all commission. 这一数字包括所有佣金在内。 Our quotation is subject to a 4% commission. 我方报价包括百分之四的佣金在内。 Generally speaking, commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. 一般来说,佣金多少由订货量决定。 You can get a higher commission rate if you order a bigger quantity. 如果你们订货量大,佣金率就会高。 It's better for us to start business on commission basis first. 对我们来说,最好能在给佣金的基础上开展交易。 We don't pay any commission on our traditional products. 对我们的传统产品,概不付给佣金。 Commission is allowed to agents only. 我们只对代理付佣金。 We don't pay commission to firms dealing with us on principal-to principal basis. 对于不通过中间商直接往来的商号,我们一概不付给佣金。 Words and Phrases commission (com.) 佣金,手续费 two or several items of commission 两笔或几笔佣金 all commissions 所有佣金 to pay the commission 支付佣金 rate of commission or scale of commission 佣金率 commission transaction 付佣金的交易 commission agent 代理商;代办人;代理贸易商 commission charges 佣金;手续费 overriding commission 追加佣金 commission on a sliding scale 递加佣金 (二) The commission has been increased to 5% in your favour. 贵方佣金已增至百分之五。 You can grant us an extra commission of 2% to cover the additional risk 你们可以获得另外百分之二的佣金,以补偿你受的额外风险。 We'll get 0.5% more in commission for our effort. 经过努力,我们可以多谋到百分之零点五的佣金。 For every additional 10 pieces of pianos sold, we'll give you 0.2% more commission. 每笔交易若能多卖出 10 架钢琴,你们可以多得百分之零点二的佣金。 We can't agree to increase the rate of commission. 我们不能同意增加佣金率。 A 5% commission means an increase in our price. 百分之五的佣金就等于价格提高了。 A higher commission means a higher price. 如果佣金提高了,价格也要提高。 A 4% commission is the maximum. 我们最多给百分之四的佣金。 Is it possible to increase the commission to 4%? 能不能把佣金提高到百分之四呢? Even a 6% commission is not high. 甚至百分之六的佣金都不算高。 2% commission is not enough, is it? 百分之二的佣金是不是少了点? The present commission isn't enough. 现有的佣金不够。 There are three items of commission left unpaid. 只剩三笔交易的佣金未付。 Additional Words and Phrases commissions earned 佣金收入 commissions received in advance 预收佣金 commission for collection 代收帐款佣金 commission insurance 佣金保险 commission system 佣金制 commission agency 代理贸易 selling commission 代销佣金 buying commission 代购佣金 代理 Agency (一) In consideration of your extensive experience in the field, we are glad to appoint you as our agent. 考虑到你们在这一业务范围的丰富经验,我们很高兴指定你们为我们的代理。 I'm entitled to being appointed as your agent. 我有权被指定为你方代理。 We keep a stock in London and act as distributors as well as agents. 我们在伦敦有库存并经营销售兼做代理。 We've decided to entrust you with the sole agency for cars. 我们决定委托你作为我们汽车的独家代理。 Thank you for your proposal of acting as our agent. 谢谢你方作为我们代理的建议。 If we come to terms, we'll appoint you as our agent. 如果达成协议,我们将指定你为我方的代理。 We wish to handle as an agent the goods you are exporting. 我们愿意担任你们出口商品的代理。 We can play an important part as a buying agent in your overseas trade. 我们能在担任你方海外贸易的进口代理中起重要作用。 We're in a position to take good care of your import business as a buying agent. 我们能负起作为你方进口业务中买放代理的责任。 Please get in touch with our agents for the supply of the goods you require. 你们所需的商品,请与我们的代理联系。 We'll leave aside the problem of agency until next week. 我们暂时把代理问题搁置到下周。 We're not prepared to take the agency into consideration for the time being. 目前我们还不准备考虑代理问题。 We won't consider agency in your market at present. 我们目前不考虑在你地市场的代理问题。 We have to decline your proposal of acting as our sole agency. 我们不得不谢绝你们作为我方独家代理的建议。 I think it premature for us to discuss the question of agency. 我认为现在讨论代理问题为时过早。 (二) Unless you increase the turnover, we can hardly appoint you as our sole agent. 除非你们增加营业额,否则我们无法指定你们作为我方的独家代理。 Don't you think the annual turnover for a sole agent is rather conservative? 对独家代理来讲,这样一个年销售量,您不认为太保守吗? It was two years ago that we made them our sole agent. 我们是在两年前委任他们为我方独家代理的。 When opportunity matures, we will consider making you our exclusive agent for the U.K. 当机会成熟时,我们将考虑委托你为我方在联合王国的独家代理。 We'll consider appointing you as our sole agent for our T shirts for the next two years in your local market. 我们将考虑指定您为贵国市场上 T 恤衫的独家代理,为期两年。 I am here today to apply for the sole agency of your product in our local market. 我今天来是为了申请做你方产品在我国市场上的独家代理。 How can we appoint you as our sole agent for such a small quantity? 订货量如此之少,我们怎能请您做独家代理呢? I propose a sole agency agreement for bicycles for a period of 3 years. 我建议订一个专销自行车的为期三年的独家代理协议。 We are not yet prepared to take the question of sole agent into consideration for the time being. 我们目前还不准备考虑有关独家代理的问题。 Your application for sole agency is now under our careful consideration. 我们正在仔细考虑你方想要独家(经营)代理的请求。 We should be interested in acting as your sole agent. 我们很乐意做贵公司的独家代理人。 Words and Phrases sole agent 独家代理(人) exclusive agent 独家代理(人) (三) When do you expect to sign the agency agreement? 您何时签定代理协议呢? The agency agreement has been drawn up for the period of one year. 为期一年的代理协议书已经拟订出来。 I want to sign a sole agency agreement with you on this item for a period of 2 years. 我想和你们签定一项为期两年的独家代理协议。 The agency agreement was made out with great care and we have found no loopholes in it. 代理协议书制订的非常仔细,我们没有发现里面有漏洞。 I hope we can see eye to eye about the other terms of the agency then. 我希望到那时候我们能在代理协议的其他条款上能取得一致意见。 We wonder whether we may conclude a long term agency contract with you. 我们不知道能否与你方达成长期代理合约。 Well, what annual quantity would you like to suggest for the new agreement then? 那么,您认为在新的协议中年销售量应是多少呢? Our agency agreement calls for a timely market report. 我们的代理协议要求你方及时递交市场报告一份。 Since the agency agreement was signed, your turnover has amounted to $500. 自从代理协议签定以后,你们的销售额已达 500 美圆。 I hope you'll spare no efforts to promote the sale of our products so as to pave the way for renewing the agency agreement when it expires at the end of this year. 希望贵能尽力促进销售,为协议在今年年底期满后续订铺平道路。 We can renew the agreement of agency on its expiry. 我们可以在代理协议期满时续订。 I've come again to renew our sole agency agreement for another 3 years. 我们这次再访是想把我们之间的独家代理协议延长三年。 Additional Words and Phrases selling agents 销售代理 buying agents 购货代理 forwarding agents 运输代理 the agent carrying stock 储货代理 the agent of necessity 客观需要时的代理人 principal 委托方 agent 代理人 agents or agency 代理方或代理公司 express agency 明示代理 implied agency 默认代理 销售 Sale (一) Your T shirts can find a ready market in the eastern part of our country. 贵国的 T 恤在我国东部市场很畅销。 We all understand that Chinese shippers are very popular in your market on account of their superior quality and competitive price. 我们都知道中国拖鞋因价廉物美而畅销于你方市场。 This product has been a best seller for nearly one year. 该货成为畅销货已经将近 1 年了。 There is a good market for these articles. 这些商品畅销。 There is a poor market for these articles. 这些商品滞销。 There is no market for these articles. 这些商品无销路。 Your bicycles find a ready market here. 你们的自行车在此地销路很好。 They talked over at great length the matter of how to increase the sale of your products. 他们详细地讨论了怎样增加你方产品的销售。 Please furnish us with more information from time to time so that we may find outlets for our stationery. 由于对此货物的需求将不断增加,请提前补充货源。 They are doing their utmost to open up an outlet. 他们正在尽最大努力以打开销路。 Our demand for this product is steadily on the increase. 我们对该产品的需求正在稳步地增长。 We are sure that you can sell more this year according to the marketing conditions at your end. 根据你地的市场情况,我们确信今年你们有望销得更好。 Packing has a close bearing on sales. 包装对产品的销路有很大关系。 We are trying to find a market for this article. 我们正在努力为此项商品找销路。 We regret we cannot find any market for this article. 我们很抱歉不能为此项商品找到销路。 According to our experience, these handicrafts can find a ready market in Japan . 根据我们的经验,这些手工艺品在日本销路很好。 We can discuss further details when you have a thorough knowledge of the marketing possibilities of our products. 等你们全面了解我们产品销售可能性之后,我们再进一步细谈。 According to your estimate, what is the maximum annual turnover you could fulfill? 据你估计,你能完成的最大年销售量是多少呢? The market situation is not known to us. 我们还不了解市场情况。 Your market still has great potential. 你们的市场仍有很大潜力。 There are only a few unsold pieces. 只有几件商品未售出。 Words and Phrases salable 畅销的 popular 有销路的 find a market 销售 selling line 销路 trial sale, test sale, test market 试销 salable goods 畅销货 popular goods 快货 the best selling line (the best seller) 热门货 to find (have) a ready market 有销路,畅销 to have a strong footing in a market 很有销路 good market 畅销 poor(no) market 滞销 goods that sell well 畅销货 sell like wild fire 畅销,销得很快 (二) Promoting the sale of your suits has proved successful. 推销你们的西装还很顺利。 There appear to be no difficulty in marketing these products. 在市场上推销这些产品似乎没有什么困难 We learn that you have years of experience in pushing the sale of porcelain products. 我们得知你们在推销瓷器方面很有经验。 Meanwhile, we should like to know your plan to push the sale of our products. 同时,我们很想了解你方推销我们产品的计划。 You are experienced in promoting the sale of our craft paper. 你方在推销我们的牛皮纸方面很有经验。 I can assure you we've spared no effort and spent quite a sum of money in pushing the sales of your products. 我可以向你保证在推销你方产品时,我们从没放松努力,并且动用了大量的资金。 We've spared no effort in promoting the sale of your products. 我们为推销你们的产品是竭尽全力的。 Our salesmen have worked hard to push the sale of your products here, there and everywhere. 我们几个推销员努力工作,四处奔走。 Thanks for all the work you've done to promote the sale of our products. 感谢您为推销我们的产品所作的努力。 Words and Phrases selling techniques 推销技术 selling and administrative expense 推销及管理费用 selling concept 推销观点 Additional Words and Phrases selling 卖的;出售的;销路好的 sell 卖;销售;有销路 sales agent 代销人;销售代理商 sell at a bargain, sell at a profit 廉价出售 sell goods at a high figure 高价出售 sellers' market 卖方市场 buyers' market 买方市场 selling price 售价,时价 selling season 销售季节 marketing mix 销售综合方法,销售策略 marketing establishment 销售企业,销售公司 consumer media 销售方面的宣传工具 sales person 推销员,售货员(包括男、女) salesman 售货员 saleslady, salesgirl, saleswoman (口语)女售货员 sales clerk 男(女)售货员(美国口语) marketing managers 推销经理 market test 销售实验 dumping 倾销 sporadic dumping 偶尔倾销,非持久性倾销 predatory dumping 掠夺性倾销 International Dumping Code 国际反倾销法 marketing system 销售体系 a company's marketing program 一家公司的销售计划 sales promotion 促销 marketing strategies 销售策略 market segmentation 市场分割 selling cost 销售成本 selling expense 销售费用 selling operation 销售业务 selling profit 销售利润 索赔 Claim (一) Claims occur frequently in international trade. 国际贸易中经常发生索赔现象。 We are now lodging a claim with you. 我们现在向贵方提出索赔。 I've heard that you have lodged a claim against us. 听说你们已经向我们提出了索赔。 We've given your claim our careful consideration. 我们已经就你们提出的索赔做了仔细研究。 We lodged a claim with you on fertilizer yesterday. 昨天我们就化肥问题向贵方提出索赔。 We filed a claim with (against) you for the short weight. 关于短重问题,我们已经向你方提出索赔。 The Chinese representative and Mr. Bake discussed the claim. 中方代表与 贝克 先生商谈了索赔问题。 We have received the letters giving full details of this claim. 我们已经收到了内容详尽的索赔信件。 Sometimes the shipping company or insurance company is found to be responsible for the claim. 有时候,船公司或保险公司应负责赔偿。 Words and Phrases claim 索赔;赔偿;赔偿金 compensate 赔偿,补偿 to make a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to register a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to file a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to lodge a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to raise a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to put in a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to bring up a (one's) claim 提出索赔 to make a claim with (against) sb. 向某方提出索赔 to make a claim for (on)sth. 就某事提出索赔 claims 索赔;债权 (二) I was asked to come to your company on my way home in order to settle the claim. 我顺路来你们公司是为了处理索赔问题的。 We have received your remittance in settlement of our claim. 我们已经收到你方解决我们索赔问题的汇款。 Claims for incorrect material must be made within 60 days after arrival of the goods. 有关不合格材料的索赔问题必须在货到后 60 天内予以解决。 I want to settle our claim on you for the 100 tons of bleached cotton waste, as per Sales Confirmation No. 1254E. 我们想处理一下关于销售确认书第 1254E 号 100 吨漂白废棉的索赔问题。 We have already made a careful investigation of the case. 我们已经对这个索赔案件做了详细的调查研究。 We are not in a position to entertain your claim. 我们不能接受你们提出的索赔要求。 But we regret our inability to accommodate your claim. 很抱歉我们不能接受你方索赔。 We may consider withdrawing the claim. 我们可以考虑撤回索赔要求。 I'll write to our home office to waive our claim immediately. 我立即写信给我们的总公司提出放弃索赔。 Words and Phrases to settle a claim 解决索赔(问题) to withdraw a claim 撤消(某项)索赔 to waive a claim 放弃索赔(要求) claim on the goods 对某(批)货索赔 claim on you 向某人(方)提出索赔 claim for trade dispute 贸易纠纷(引起的)索赔 claim for indemnity 要求索赔 claim for compensation 要求补偿 on my way home 顺路 in settlement of 解决 incorrect 不正确的 Sales Confirmation 销售确认书 to make an investigation 调查研究 inability 无能力 (三) I'm afraid you should compensate us by 5% of the total amount of the contract. 贵公司要赔偿我方合同全部金额的百分之五。 I propose we compensate you by 3% of the total value plus inspection fee. 我想我们赔偿贵方百分之三的损失,另外加上商检费。 We regret for the loss you have suffered and agree to compensate you by $500. 我们对你方遭受的损失深表歉意,同意向你们赔偿 500 美圆。 We register a claim for US$ 200. 我们提出索赔 200 美圆。 The Japanese Company agreed to compensate us for the defective watches by 4% of the total value. 日本一家公司同意就手表不精确向我们赔偿总价值的百分之四。 Words and Phrases claims expenses 理赔费用 (四) There are some different types of claims. 索赔有几种不同的类型。 This is a claim on quality. 这是质量索赔。 This is a claim on shortweight. 这是短重索赔。 This is a claim on delayed shipment. 这是延期装运索赔。 Claim on shortweight is caused by packing damage or shortloading. 短重索赔是由包装破损或装运短重引起的。 Claim on delayed shipment is that sellers fail to make the delivery according to time schedule. 延期索赔是对卖方没有按时装运货物而提出的索赔。 Claim on quality originates from inferior quality of goods or quality changes. 品质(质量)索赔是在货物质量低劣或是质量改变的条件下发生的。 Words and Phrases claim for short weight 由于短重而索赔 claim for damage 由于损坏而索赔 claim for loss and damage of cargo 货物损失索赔 claim for inferior quality 由于质量低劣而索赔 Additional Words and Phrases claim against carrier 向承运人索赔 claimee 被索赔人 claimant 索赔人 claimsman 损失赔偿结算人 claims assessor 估损人 claims settling agent 理赔代理人 claims surveying agent 理赔检验代理人 claiming administration 索赔局 claims department (commission board) 索赔委员会 claim letter 索赔书 claims document . 索赔证件 claim report 索赔报告 claims statement 索赔清单 claims settlement 理赔 claims settling fee 理赔代理费 claim indemnity 索赔 claims rejected 拒赔 insurance claim 保险索赔 合同 contract (一) We'll have the contract ready for signature. 我们应准备好合同待签字。 We signed a contract for medicines. 我们签订了一份药品合同。 Mr. Zhang sings the contract on behalf of the China National Silk Import Export Corporation. 张 先生代表中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。 A Japanese company and SINOCHEM have entered into a new contract. 中国化工进出口总公司已经和日本一家公司签订了一份新合同。 It was because of you that we landed the contract. 因为有了你,我们才签了那份合同。 We offered a much lower price, so they got the contract. 由于我们报价低,他们和我们签了合同。 Are we anywhere near a contract yet? 我们可以(接近于)签合同了吗? We sign a contract when we are acting as principals.(principals refers to the seller and the buyer) 当我们作为货主时都要签订合同。(这里的 货主 指合同中的卖方和买方) I know we (the seller) should draw up a contract and the buyer has to sign it. 我们知道我们(卖方)应该拟出一份合同,买方必须签署合同。 We should simultaneously sign two contracts, one sales contract for beef and mutton, and the other contract of equal value for the purchase of cotton. 我们同时签两个合同,一是牛羊肉的销售(出口)合同,另一个是等额的棉花购买(进口)合同。 We both want to sign a contract, and we have to make some concessions to do it. 我们都想签合同,因此双方都要做些让步。 We are here to discuss a new contract with you. 我们来这里和您谈谈订一份新合同的问题。 Our current contract is about to expire, and we'll need to discuss a new one. 欧文们现有合同快要期满了,需要再谈一个新合同。 We can repeat the contract on the same terms. 我们可以按同样条件再订一个合同。 A few problems with supply under the old contract must be quickly resolved. 老合同中的一些供货问题必须尽快解决。 We ought to clear up problems arising from the old contract. 我们应该清理一下老合同中出现的问题。 Do you always make out a contract for every deal? 每笔交易都需要订一份合同吗? As per the contract, the construction of factory is now under way. 根据合同规定,工厂的建设正在进行中。 Words and Phrases contract 合同,订立合同 contractor 订约人,承包人 contractual 合同的,契约的 to make a contract 签订合同 to place a contract 订合同 to enter into a contract 订合同 to sign a contract 签合同 to draw up a contract 拟订合同 to draft a contract 起草合同 to get a contract 得到合同 to land a contract 得到(拥有)合同 to countersign a contract 会签合同 to repeat a contract 重复合同 an executory contract 尚待执行的合同 a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同 originals of the contract 合同正本 copies of the contract 合同副本 a written contract 书面合同 to make some concession 做某些让步 (二) Look at this contract. 请看这份合同。 These are two originals of the contract we prepared. 这是我们准备好的两份合同正本。 We enclose our sales contract No .45 in duplicate. 附上我们第 45 号销售合同一式两份。 The copy of our contract will be returned. 合同的副本将被归还。 This contract is for 250 metric tons of groundnuts at RMB1800 per M/T CF Copenhagen . 这是一份 250 吨花生的合同,价格为每公吨哥本哈根成本加运费价 1800 元。 May I refer you to Article 5 of the General Terms and Conditions of the contract? 请您看看合同一般条款的第五条。 May I refer you to the contract stipulation about packing (or shipping....)? 请您看看合同中有关包装(装运)的规定。 You must state the description of the goods, the quantity and the unit price in each contract. 每笔合同中都应该提到的商品的性能说明、数量和单价。 What are the main clauses in the contract? 合同中的主要条款有哪些? There is an arbitration clause in the contract. (or insurance clause, inspection clause, shipping clause...) 这是合同中的一项仲裁条款。(或:保险条款,检验条款,装运条款等) Payment terms are important in a contract too, aren't they? 合同中的付款条件也很重要,对吗? We ship our goods in accordance with the terms of the contract. 我们按合同条款交货。 I'm sure that shipment will be effected according to the contract stipulation. 我保证我们能按合同规定如期装船。 We sincerely hope that both quality and quantity are in conformity with the contract stipulations. 我们真诚希望质量、数量都与合同规定相吻合。 All terms and conditions will be the same as those in your previous contract number C70064. 所有条款与我们过去签的第 C70064 号合同规定的各项条款相同。 The contract states that the supplier will be charged a penalty if there is a delay in delivery. 合同规定如果供货商延误交货期,将被罚款。 When the goods aren't up to specification stated in the contract, there is also a penalty for poor quality. 如果所交货物与合同所规定规格不符,还有品质恶劣罚款。 Words and Phrases contract terms (or contract clause) 合同条款 contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定 contract period (or contract term) 合同期限 contract life 合同有效期 to be stipulated in the contract 在合同中予以规定 to be laid down in the contract 在合同中列明 (三) The contract comes into effect today, we can't go back on our word now. 合同已于今日生效,我们不能反悔了 Once the contract is approved by the Chinese government, it is legally binding upon both parties. 合同一经中国政府批准,对双方就有了法律约束力。 We have to hold you to the contract. 我们不得不要求你们按合同办事。 You must put their rights and interest into a contract. 你们必须把他们的权益订在合同中。 We always carry out the terms o four contract to the letter and stand by what we say. 我们坚持重合同,守信用。 It's clearly a breach of contract. 这显然是违反了合同。 Any deviation from the contract will be unfavourable. 任何违反合同之事都是不利的。 The buyer has the option of canceling the contract. 买主有权撤消合同。 You have no grounds for backing out of the contract. 你们没有正当理由背弃合同。 In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract. 如果一方不执行合同,另一方有权撤消该合同。 Are you worrying about the non-execution of the contract and non-payment on our part? 你是否担心我们不履行合同或者拒不付款? You cannot cancel the contract without first securing our agreement. 如果没有事先征得我们同意,你们不能取消合同。 This contract will come into force as soon as it is signed by two parties. 合同一经双方签定即生效。 Once a contract is made, it must be strictly implemented. 合同一旦确定就应严格执行。 Words and Phrases to bring a contract into effect 使合同生效 to come into effect 生效 to go (enter)into force 生效 to cease to be in effect/force 失效 to carry out a contract 执行合同 to execute/implement/fulfil/perform a contract 执行合同 cancellation of contract 撤消合同 breach of contract 违反合同 to break the contract 毁约 to cancel the contract 撤消合同 to tear up the contract 撕毁合同 to approve the contract 审批合同 to honour the contract 重合同 to annual the contract 废除合同 to terminate the contract 解除合同 to alter the contract 修改合同 to abide by the contract 遵守合同 to go back on one's words 反悔 to be legally binding 受法律约束 to stand by 遵守 non-payment 拒不付款 to secure one's agreement 征得 ... 的同意 Additional Words and Phrases contract price 合约价格 contract wages 合同工资 contract note 买卖合同(证书) contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of engagement 雇佣合同 contract of carriage 运输合同 contract of arbitration 仲裁合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract of sale 销售合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract sales 订约销售 contract law 合同法 to ship a contract 装运合同的货物 contractual dispute 合同上的争议 a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 contract parties 合同当事人 contractual practice/usage 合同惯例 contractual claim 根据合同的债权 contractual liability/obligation 合同规定的义务 contractual income 合同收入 contractual specifications 合同规定 contractual terms conditions 合同条款和条件 contractual guarantee 合同规定的担保 contractual damage 合同引起的损害 contractual-joint-venture 合作经营,契约式联合经营 completion of contract 完成合同 execution of contract 履行合同 performance of contract 履行合同 interpretation of contract 解释合同 expiration of contract 合同期满 renewal of contract 合同的续订 商品检验 inspection (一) Shall we take up the question of inspection today? 今天咱们讨论商品检验问题吧。 The inspection of commodity is no easy job. 商检工作不是那么简单。 Mr. Black is talking with the Chinese importer about inspecting the goods. 布莱克先生与中方进口商就商品检验问题进行洽谈。 As an integral part of the contract, the inspection of goods has its special importance. 作为合同里的一个组成部分,商品检验具有特殊的重要性。 We should inspect this batch of porcelain ware to see if there is any breakage. 我们要检查一下这批瓷器是否有破损的。 The exporters have the right to inspect the export goods before delivery to the shipping line. 出口商在向船运公司托运前有权检验商品。 The inspection should be completed within a month after the arrival of the goods. 商品检验工作在到货后一个月内完成。 How should we define the inspection rights? 商检的权力怎样加以明确呢? I'm worried that there might be some disputes over the results of inspection. 我担心对商检的结果会发生争议。 We'll accept the goods only if the results from the two inspections are identical with each other. 如果双方的检测结果一致,我们就收货。 Words and Phrases inspection 检验 inspect 检验 to inspect A for B 检查 A 中是否有 B inspector 检验员 inspector of tax 税务稽查员 inspection of commodity 商品检验 (二) Where do you wish to reinspect the goods? 您希望在哪里复验商品? The importers have the right to reinspect the goods after their arrival. 进口商在货到后有权复验商品。 What's the time limit for the reinspection? 复验的时限是什么时候? It's very complicated to have the goods reinspected and tested. 这批货测试和复验起来比较复杂。 What if the results from the inspection and the reinspection do not coincide with each other? 如果检验和复验的结果有出入该怎么办呢? Words and Phrases reinspect 复验 reinspection 复验 (三) Who issues the inspection certificate in case the quality do not confirm to the contract? 如果货物的质量与合同不符,由谁出具检验证明书呢? The certificate will be issued by China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau or by any of its branches. 检验证明书将由中国进出口商品检验局或其分支机构出具。 The Inspection Certificate will be signed by the commissioner of your bureau. 检验证明书将由商检局局长签字 Our certificates are made valid by means of the official seal and personal chop of the commissioner. 我们的证明书以盖公章和局长签字为有效。 As a rule, our certificate is made out in Chinese and English. 通常证明书是用中文和英文开具的。 You may have another certificate showing the goods to be free from radioactive contamination. 你们还要出具另一份证明书,以证明货物没有受放射线污染。 Our goods must be up to export standards before the Inspection Bureau releases them. 我们的货物只有在符合出口标准后,商检局才予以放行。 Our Inspection Bureau will issue a Veterinary Inspection Certificate to show that the shipment is in conformity with export standards. 商检局将出具动物检疫证明书以证明货物符合出口标准。 Is it convenient for you to engage a surveyor? 你们联系公证方便吗? We have the best surveyor, China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau. 我们有最好的公证行,即中国进出口商品检验局。 Words and Phrases Inspection Certificate 检验证明 Inspection Certificate of Quality 质量检验证书 Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书 surveyor 检验行,公证行 Additional Words and Phrases Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书 Inspection Certificate of Origin 产地检验证书 Inspection Certificate of value 价值检验证书 Inspection Certificate of Health 健康检验证书 Sanitary Inspection Certificate 卫生检验证书 Veterinary Inspection Certificate 兽医检验证书 inspection of packing 包装检验 inspection of loading 监装检验 inspection of material 材料检验 inspection of risk 被保险物价的检查 inspection of storage 监装 inspection of voucher 凭证检验 inception of carriage 货车检查 inspection of document . nbsp 单证检查 inspection of fixed asset 固定资产检查 inspection of incoming merchandise 到货验收 Inspection Certificate on Damaged cargo 验残检验证书 Inspection Certificate on Tank 验船证书 Certificate of Measurement Weight 货载衡量证书 Authentic Surveyor 公证签定人 inspection on cleanliness 清洁检验 inspection on cleanliness of dry cargo hold 干货舱清洁检验 inspection on cleanliness of tank 油舱清洁检验 inspection and acceptance 验收 inspection before delivery 交货前检验 inspection after construction 施工后检验 inspection during construction 在建工程检验 inspection between process 工序间检验 inspection report 检验报告 inspection tag 检查标签 Inspectorate General of Customs 海关稽查总局 inspection and certificate fee 检验签证费 to issue(a certificate) 发 ... (证明) Sworn Measurer 宣誓衡量人 Underwriters Laboratory 保险商实验室 Loyd's Surveyor 英国劳氏公证行 General Superintendence Co, Geneva (S.G.S) 瑞士日内瓦通用签定后司 http://bbs.yunjian.com/10603p1
至今还记得几个月前Dr.Zhang帮我修改文章的时候,除了强调逻辑性之外,就是强调要多用简单句型了。 原来总以为自己的语法还算过关,可是似乎还需要提高。正好从小木虫上看到这些简单句型,看似简单,应该非常有用。转载过来,以后写paper打开看看。 Beginning l In this paper, we focus on the need for l This paper proceeds as follow. l The structure of the paper is as follows. l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non?fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review l This review is followed by an introduction. l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given. l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision?making logic. l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time?window l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set?based approach to cost variance investigation. l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example. l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order?dense. l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. Next Section l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms. l The usefulness of xx is also considered. l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. l This paper analyses problems in l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... l This paper includes an illustration of the ... l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world l The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the l The development of ... is explored l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions, l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years l There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. l The pioneer work can be traced to xx . l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non?experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer?aided instruction for xxx. l The paper concerns the development of a xx l The scope of this research lies in l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule?based decision making. l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide l The main objective of such a ... system is to l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: l In order to take advantage of their similarity l more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed l In this trial, the objective is to generate... l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. l For an illustrative purpose, four well?known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods l This illustration points out the need to specify l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. l Chapter 2. Literature Review l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. l There is considerable amount of literature on planning l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx. l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis. l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. l The central issue in all these studies is to l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. l Applied ... techniques to l Characterized the ... system as l Developed an algorithm to l Developed a system called ... which l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce l Emphasized the need to l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken l Much work has been reported recently in these filed l Proposed l Presented l State that l Point out that the problem of l Described l Illustrated l Indicated l Has shown / showed l Address l Highlights l A study on ...was done / developed by and is l The system developed by l ' model draws attention to evolution in human development l . l Studies have been completed to established l The ...studies indicated that l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems l ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved l Two major problems have yet to be addressed l An unanswered question l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. l An additional research issue to be tackled is .... l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed l The three prime issues can be summarized: l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... l There have been many attempts to l It is expected to be serious barrier to l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem. l There are several ways to get around this problem. l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. l xx used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.
世界语到汉语和英语的自动翻译试验 --EChA 机器翻译系统概述 第 46 页———————————————————————————————————————————————————— EChA 试验结果 (1) LA ORIGINALA TEKSTO / THE ORIGINAL TEXT / 世界语原文 (001) TIEL EVOLUIGHIS PLI KAJ PLI LA PLANADO PER MASHINOJ . (002) TIUJ MASHINOJ KOMENCE NUR ELKALKULIS LA DIKTITAJN MATEMATIKAJN PROBLEMOJN , KONFORME AL LA ENPROGRAMIGO . (003) LA ELEKTRONIKAN PROGRAMIGON PRETIGIS HOMOJ . (004) PLI POSTE , KIAM LA SCIODISKETOJ ESTIS ELTROVITAJ , LA PLENAN INDIKARON , ENDISKIGITAN , ONI METIS EN MASHINOJN KAJ ILI TIAMANIERE POVIS EN SI MEM AKUMULI SCIENCAN STOKON , PLI GRANDAN OL LA HOMA CERBO . (005) KAJ SE TEMIS EKZEMPLE PRI LA PLANADO DE ELEKTROMOTORO , ONI ENMETIS LA SHABLONDISKETON DE LA ELEKTROMOTOR-PLANADO , DONIS LA INDIKOJN DE LA DEZIRATA MOTORO ( KILOVATO , TENSIO , ROTACIO , TIPO , KTP ) , (006) POST KIO LA MASHINO MEM PROGRAMIGIS SIN KAJ FARIS LA KALKULOJN . POST KELKAJ MINUTOJ GHI JAM PRETE ELDONIS LA MEZUROJN : LA DIAMETRON DE LA ROTACIA PARTO , GHIAN LONGON, LA MEZUROJN DE LA KANELOJ , DRATOJ , LA VOLVONOMBRON , ENTUTE CHION BEZONATAN . (007) ECH PLI : BALDAU ESTIS ATINGITE , KE LA MASHINO FARIS LA TUTAN DESEGNON KAJ TRANSDONIS GHIN AL LA FABRIKO . (008) KOMPRENEBLE TIUJ DESEGNOJ NE ESTIS IDENTAJ KUN NIAJ PAPERDESEGNOJ . (009) ILI ESTIS DISKETOJ , KIUJ ENTENIS CHIUN DETALON . (010) TIAMANIERE LA PLANADON KAJ FABRIKADON DE LA MASHINOJ JAM PLENUMIS SAME MASHINOJ . (011) ILI PLANIS LA MENDITAN MASHINON , FABRIKIS , ECH KONTROLPROVIS GHIN KAJ LA FUSHAN FORJHETIS . (012) SED CHIO CHI ANKORAU OKAZIS SUB HOMA GVIDADO KAJ PLEJ GRAVE ESTIS , KE CHIO CHI BAZIGHIS SUR LA HOMA SCIO . LA TEKSTO TRADUKITA EN LA ANGLAN / THE TEXT TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH / 英语译文 (001) SO DEVELOPED MORE AND MORE THE PLANNING BY MACHINES . (002) THOSE MACHINES AT BEGINNING ONLY CALCULATED OUT THE DICTATED MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS , ACCORDING TO THE PROGRAMMING . (003) MEN PREPARED THE ELECTRONIC PROGRAMMING . (004) MORE LATER , WHEN THE KNOWLEDGE-DISKETTES HAD BEEN FOUND OUT , PEOPLE PUT THE FULL INDICATION , ENDISKED , INTO MACHINES AND THEY THEREFORE COULD IN THEMSELVES ACCUMULATE SCIENTIFIC STOCK , MORE GREAT THAN THE MAN'SBRAIN . (005) AND IF IT CONCERNED FOR EXAMPLE ABOUT THE PLANNING OF ELECTRIC MOTOR , PEOPLE INPUT THE SAMPLE DISKETTE OF THE MOTOR PLANNING , GAVE THE INDICATIONS OF THE DESIRED MOTOR ( KILOWATT , VOLTAGE , ROTATION , TYPE , ETC ) , AFTER WHICH THE MACHINE ITSELF PROGRAMMED ITSELF AND DID THE CALCULATIONS . (006) AFTER SEVERAL MINUTES IT ALREADY READILY GAVE OUT THE MEASUREMENTS : THE DIAMETER OF THE ROTARY PART ,ITS LENGTH , THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE GROOVES , WIRES , THE WINDING NUMBER , IN TOTAL ALL REQUIRED . (007) EVEN MORE : SOON IT HAD BEEN ACHIEVED , THAT THE MACHINE DID THE TOTAL DESIGN AND OVERHANDED IT TO THE FACTORY . (008) OF COURSE THOSE DESIGNS WERE NOT IDENTICAL WITH OUR PAPERDESIGNS . (009) THEY WERE DISKETTES , WHICH CARRIED ALL DETAIL . (010) THEREFORE MACHINES ALREADY FULFILED THE PLANNING AND MANUFACTURING OF THE MACHINES SAMELY . (011) THEY PLANNED THE ORDERED MACHINE , MANUFACTURED , EVEN EXAMINED IT AND THREW AWAY THE USELESS . (012) BUT ALL THIS STILL HAPPENED UNDER MAN'S GUIDING AND IT WAS MOST IMPORTANT , THAT ALL THIS WAS BASED ON THE MAN'S KNOWLEDGE . LA TEKSTO TRADUKITA EN LA CHINAN / THE TEXT TRANSLATED INTO CHINESE / 汉语译文 (001) 这样用机器设计越来越发展了。 (002) 那些机器开始时仅仅按照输入程序计算出所命令的数学问题。 (003) 人准 备了电子程序设计。 (004) 更以后 , 当微型知识磁盘被发明了时 , 人们把所写入磁盘的全套指令集合放到机器里面 , 他 ( 它 ) 们这 样能在自己本身里面积累比人的头脑更大的科学贮蓄。 (005) 如果涉及例如关于电动机的设计 , 人们输入了电动机设计的微 型样品磁盘 , 给了所希望的电动机的指标 ( 千瓦 , 电压 , 运转 , 型号 , 等等 ), 在此以后机器本身把自己程序化了 , 做了计算。 (006) 在几分钟以后它已经就能给出尺寸 : 运转部分的直径 , 它的长度 , 槽纹 , 导线的尺寸 , 圈数 , 总之所需要的一切。 (007) 甚至更 : 很 快达到了 , 机器做了整个图样 , 把它转交到工厂。 (008) 当然那些 图样 与我们的图纸不是一样的。 (009) 他 ( 它 ) 们是储有所 有细节的微型磁盘。 (010) 这样机器已经同样地完成了机器的设计和制造。 (011) 他 ( 它 ) 们设计了所定购的机器 , 制造了 , 甚 至检验了它 , 把废的抛弃了。 (012) 但是这一切仍然在人的指导下进行 , 最重要的是 , 这一切以人的知识作为基础 . (2) DIVERSAJ FRAZOJ / VARIOUS SENTENCES / 各类文句 (016) KIAM MI ESTIS LUDANTA VIOLONON , MIA ONKLO VIZITIS NIAN HEJMON . WHEN I WAS PLAYING VIOLIN , MY UNCLE VISITED OUR HOME . 当我 ( 当时 ) 正在拉小提琴时 , 我的叔叔访问了我的家。 (020) MI ESTOS FININTA LA EKSPERIMENTON PRI MASHINA TRADUKADO POST KELKAJ MONATOJ . I WILL HAVE FINISHED THE EXPERIMENT ABOUT MACHINE'S TRANSLATING IN SEVERAL MONTHS. 我在几月以后将已经完成关于机器的翻译的实验。 (028) BABELO NE ESTIS ELKONSTRUITA. BABEL HAD NOT BEEN BUILT UP . 巴贝尔塔没有被建成。 (029) NEPRE ESTOS ELKONSTRUITA LA NOVA BABELO . ABSOLUTELY WILL HAVE BEEN BUILT UP THE NEW BABEL . 新巴贝尔塔必然地将被建成。 (040) KIAL VI LERNAS ESPERANTON ? WHY DO YOU LEARN ESPERANTO ? 为什么你学习世界语 ? (044) NE PROKRASTU LA HODIAUAN LABORON GHIS MORGAU . DON'T PUT OFF THE TODAY'S WORK TILL TOMORROW . 别把今天的工作推迟到明天。 (045) KIEL BONE PENTRAS LA KNABO ! HOW WELL THE BOY PAINTS ! 男孩多么好地画画啊 ! (048) KIU ESTAS LA AUTORO DE LA LIBRO , KIUN VI JHUS LEGIS ? WHO IS THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK , WHICH YOU JUST READ ? 你刚刚读了的书的作者是谁 ? (050) SE MI PARTOPRENUS EN VIA AMUZA AKTIVADO , MI ESTUS TRE GHOJA . IF I WOULD TAKE PART IN YOUR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY , I WOULD BE VERY GLAD . 如果我参加你 ( 们 ) 的文娱活动 , 我会是很高兴的 . (056) CHU VI MEMORAS LA TAGOJN , KIAM NI KUNE STUDIS EN LA UNIVERSITATO ? DO YOU REMEMBER THE DAYS , WHEN WE TOGETHER STUDIED IN THE UNIVERSITY ? 你记得我们在一起在大学里面学习的日子吗 ? (058) UNUIGHU PROLETOJ DE CHIUJ LANDOJ ! LET PROLETARIANS OF ALL COUNTRIES UNITE ! 让所有国家的无产者联合吧 ! (061) KIEL SAGHA VI ESTAS ! HOW WISE YOU ARE ! 你是多么聪明啊 ! (062) ESPERANTO ESTAS INTERNACIA HELPA LINGVO . ESPERANTO IS INTERNATIONAL HELP LANGUAGE . 世界语是国际辅助语言。 (067) LIA PROPONO ESTAS , KE NI CHIUJ LIBERE ELMETU NIAJN OPINIOJN . HIS PROPOSAL IS , THAT WE ALL FREELY OUTPUT OUR OPINIONS . 他的建议是 , 让我们所有人自由地提出我们的意见。 (068) MI NE SCIAS , KIAM KOMENCIGHOS NIAJ FERIOJ . I DON'T KNOW , WHEN WILL BEGIN OUR HOLIDAYS . 我不知道 , 我们的假日什么时候将开始。 (069) LA LIBRO , KIU KUSHAS SUR LA TABLO , ESTAS VERDA . THE BOOK , WHICH LIES ON THE TABLE , IS GREEN . 在桌子上躺的书是绿的。 (071) LA INFANO PLORAS , CHAR IU LIN BATIS . THE CHILD CRIES , BECAUSE SOMEBODY BEAT HIM . 小孩哭 , 因为某人打了他。 (078) LERNI ESPERANTON NE ESTAS MALFACILE . TO LEARN ESPERANTO IS NOT DIFFICULT . 学习世界语不是困难的。 (084) MI NE SCIAS , CHU VI POVAS PLENUMI TIUN CHI TASKON . I DON'T KNOW , WHETHER YOU CAN FULFIL THIS TASK . 我不知道 , 是否你能完成这个任务。 (086) MULTAJ DIVERSLANDAJ ESPERANTISTOJ CHEESTOS LA UNIVERSALAN KONGRESON DE ESPERANTO OKAZONTAN PEKINE . A LOT OF VARIOUS COUNTRY'S ESPERANTISTS WILL ATTEND THE UNIVERSAL CONGRESS OF ESPERANTO TO BE HELD IN BEIJING . 许多不同国家的世界语者将参加在北京将召开的世界语的国际大会。 (089) LIA PROPONO ELEKTI NOVAN PREZIDANTON NE ESTIS AKCEPTITA . HIS PROPOSAL TO ELECT NEW PRESIDENT HAD NOT BEEN ACCEPTED . 他的选举新总统的建议没有被接受。 (090) SHI ESTAS LA PLEJ BELA EL LA KNABINOJ . SHE IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL OF THE GIRLS . 她在女孩里面是最漂亮的。 (092) FALINTE , LI NE POVIS RELEVIGHI . HAVING FALLEN , HE COULD NOT GET UP . 摔倒了 , 他不能重新起来。 (093) FORIRONTE , LI PREMIS MIAN MANON . TO GO AWAY , HE SHOOK MY HAND . 将要离去 , 他握了我的手。 (098) MI TRE AMAS ESPERANTON , MI PLI AMAS ESPERANTISTOJN , MI PLEJ AMAS LA IDEALON DE ESPERANTO . I VERY MUCH LOVE ESPERANTO , I MORE LOVE ESPERANTISTS , I MOST LOVE THE IDEAL OF ESPERANTO . 我很爱世界语 , 我更爱世界语者 , 我最爱世界语的理想。 (116) NI LUDU , CHU BONE ? LET'S PLAY , ALL RIGHT ? 让我们玩吧 , 好吗 ? (119) KIA MIRAKLO TIO ESTAS , KE NIAJ ANTIKVULOJ KONSTRUIS LA GRANDAN MURON NUR PER SIAJ DU MANOJ ! WHAT MIRACLE IT IS , THAT OUR ANCESTORS BUILT THE GREAT WALL ONLY BY THEIR TWO HANDS ! 我们的祖先仅仅用自己的两手建造了长城 , 这是怎样的奇迹啊 ! (121) FORPASIS UNU TAGO , FORPASIS ANKAU LA DUA . PASSED AWAY ONE DAY , PASSED AWAY ALSO THE SECOND . 一天过去了 , 第二也过去了。 (122) CHU ESTAS EBLE , KE VI NENION SCIAS ? IS IT POSSIBLE , THAT YOU KNOW NOTHING ? 你不知道任何事 , 这是可能的吗 ? (131) LA HOMON , PRI KIU VI PAROLAS , MI NENIAM VIDIS . I NEVER SAW THE MAN , ABOUT WHOM YOU SPEAK . 我从未看见过你提到的人。 (132) NI , ESPERANTISTOJ , DEVAS LABORI PLI ENERGIE OL IAM . WE , ESPERANTISTS , MUST WORK MORE HARD THAN EVER . 我们 , 世界语者 , 应该比任何时候更努力工作。 (133) SOMERE ESTAS TRE VARME . IN SUMMER IT IS VERY HOT . 夏天是很热的。 (134) DOKTORO ZAMENHOF NASKIGHIS LA 15-AN DE DECEMBRO EN 1859 . DOCTOR ZAMENHOF WAS BORN ON THE 15TH OF DECEMBER IN 1859 . 柴门霍夫博士 1859 年十二月的 15 号出生。 (135) SE VI SCIUS , KIU LI ESTAS , VI LIN PLI ESTIMUS . IF YOU WOULD KNOW , WHO HE IS , YOU MORE WOULD ESTEEM HIM . 如果你知道 , 他是谁 , 你更会尊敬他。 (136) CENTOJ DA MALFERMAJ AUTOJ NIN PORTIS AL LA CENTRA LENIN-STADIONO , MALRAPIDE MOVIGHANTE TRA LA HOMA SVARMO . HUNDREDS OF OPEN CARS CARRIED US TO THE CENTRAL LENIN STADIUM , SLOWLY MOVING THROUGH THE MAN'S SWARM . 成百敞篷汽车把我们带到中央列宁运动场 , 缓慢地通过人群运动。 (137) MI VIDIS , KE LI FALIS KAJ LIA VESTO MALPURIGHIS . I SAW , THAT HE FELL AND HIS CLOTHES BECAME DIRTY . 我看见了 , 他摔倒了 , 他的衣服弄脏了。 (139) MI SCIIS , KE LI NE FAROS , KION LI PROMESIS . I KNEW , THAT HE WOULD NOT DO WHAT HE PROMISED . 我知道 , 他将不做他允诺的。 (140) ESTAS PAULO , KIU ARANGHIS LA AFERON . IT IS PAULO THAT ARRANGED THE AFFAIR . 是 PAULO 安排了事情。 (142) KUREGIS LA KNABO PER SIA TUTA FORTO , SED LI NE POVIS ATINGI LA PAPILION . RAN THE BOY BY HIS TOTAL STRENGTH , BUT HE COULD NOT ACHIEVE THE BUTTERFLY . 男孩用自己的整个力量狂奔 , 但是他不能达到蝴蝶。 (144) LI DONIS AL MI MULTAJN INSTRUAJN LIBROJN . HE GAVE ME A LOT OF TEACHING BOOKS . 他给了我许多教科书。 (145) CHU VI PAROLAS CHINE AU JAPANE ? DO YOU SPEAK IN CHINESE OR IN JAPANESE ? 你用中文还是用日文说话 ? (151) NUR TIU NE ERARAS , KIU NENIAM ION FARAS . ONLY THAT PERSON IS NOT WRONG , WHO NEVER DOES SOMETHING . 仅仅从不做某事的那个人不犯错误。 (155) ESPERANTO ESTAS CHIES PROPRAJHO . ESPERANTO IS EVERYBODY'S PROPERTY . 世界语是所有人的财产。 (156) MI MEMORAS CHIUN , KIUN MI VIDIS . I REMEMBER ALL , WHOM I SAW . 我记得我看见了的所有人。 (157) ESTAS NENIU EN LA CHAMBRO . THERE IS NOBODY IN THE ROOM . 在房间里面没有任何人。 (3) DU POEMOJ / TWO POEMS / 两首诗歌 (099) LA ESPERO : ESPERANTISTA HIMNO ( POEMO FAR ZAMENHOF ) . (100) EN LA MONDON VENIS NOVA SENTO , TRA LA MONDO IRAS FORTA VOKO ; (101) PER FLUGILOJ DE FACILA VENTO , NUN DE LOKO FLUGU GHI AL LOKO . (102) NE AL GLAVO SANGONSOIFANTA , GHI LA HOMAN TIRAS FAMILION ; (103) AL LA MOND' ETERNE MILITANTA , GHI PROMESAS SANKTAN HARMONION . (099) THE HOPE : ESPERANTIST'S HYMN ( POEM BY ZAMENHOF ) . (100) INTO THE WORLD CAME NEW FEELING , OVER THE WORLD GOES STRONG VOICE ; (101) BY WINGS OF EASY WIND , NOW FROM PLACE LET IT FLY TO PLACE . (102) NOT TO SWORD BLOODTHIRSTY , IT PULLS THE MAN FAMILY ; (103) TO THE WORLD EVER FIGHTING , IT PROMISES SACRED HARMONY . (099) 希望 : 世界语者的颂歌 ( 柴门霍夫所作的诗歌 ) 。 (100) 新感觉来到了世界 , 有力的声音走遍世界 ; (101) 用顺风的翅膀 , 现在让它从一个地方飞到另一个地方吧。 (102) 它不把人的家庭 引到渴血的刀剑 ; (103) 向永远战争着的世界 , 它允诺神圣的和谐。 (104) AL NIA KARA LINGVO ( FAR IU NOVA ESPERANTISTO ) . (105) LA LINGVO GRACIA , KARA MIA , GHIS KIAM VI VENIS AL MI FINE FIN ? (106) ATENDIS SOIFE MI , ETERNE VIA , MI AMAS VIN ! (107) MI AMAS VIN VERE , PRUVU DIO , KAJ MIA BON-KORO BATAS NUR POR VI ; (108) NE PLU SEKRETETO ESTAS TIO : VIN AMAS MI ! (109) CHU KREDAS VI MIAN AMON MARAN ? (110) CHU KREDAS , KE MIA KORO FLAMAS ? (111) CHU KREDAS LA VORTON PURE KARAN : VIN MI AMAS ! (104) TO OUR DEAR LANGUAGE ( BY SOME NEW ESPERANTIST ) . (105) THE LANGUAGE GRACEFUL , MY DEAR , TILL WHEN YOU CAME TO ME AT LAST ? (106) WAITED LONGINGLY I , EVER YOURS , I LOVE YOU ! (107) I LOVE YOU TRUELY , LET GOD PROVE , AND MY GOOD HEART BEATS ONLY FOR YOU ; (108) NO LONGER THAT IS LITTLE SECRET : I LOVE YOU ! (109) DO YOU BELIEVE MY LOVE LIKE SEA ? (110) DO BELIEVE , THAT MY HEART BURNS ? (111) DO BELIEVE THE WORD PURELY DEAR : I LOVE YOU ! (104) 献给我们的亲爱的语言 ( 某新世界语者所作 ) 。 (105) 优美的语言 , 我的亲爱的 , 到什么时候你最后来到了我这儿 ? (106) 我渴望地等待 , 你的永远的 , 我爱你 ! (107) 我真实地爱你 , 让上帝证明吧 , 我的善良的心仅仅为了你跳动 ; (108) 那已经不再是小秘密 : 我爱你 ! (109) 你相信我的大海一样的爱吗 ? (110) 相信 , 我的心燃烧吗 ? (111) 相信纯粹地亲爱的词吗 : 我爱你 ! 【置顶:立委科学网博客NLP博文一览(定期更新版)】
张 名先鉴 字 少雄 中国大学,凡设有外语专业者,必聘有老外任教,称为外教。 外教之中,有好学者,也有混饭者;两种人先鉴都见识过,前者让人受益,后者让人受气。 先鉴上大学时,遇着一位女老外,三十来岁,姓不知,小名叫 Cathy (为避免不必要麻烦,本文未用真名,以下作文中相应名字亦做连锁改动),可能是 Catherine 之简化。 Cathy 学识贫乏,语言水平与语言能力低下,教学能力更差,几乎完全属于混混行列。不论上什么课, Cathy 都是无主题变奏式闲扯;不论是语音与语调还是措辞与句法, Cathy 都没有榜样意义。 Cathy 上写作课,讲课基本上是闲扯,作文题基本上是乱谈。先鉴曾利用作文两次调侃她。一篇作文题目是我的外教,有些中国味道;先鉴通篇都是调侃她,开头便弄她几句: When the snake of a lady snaked into the classroom, I knew I was given a teacher, foreign, outlandish, and speaking something like English, (当一位蛇样腰身的女士蛇行进入教室时,我知道我有了一位教师,外籍的,外方的,说着一种英语一样的语言的,) 可能是文化差别, Cathy 没有读出调侃味道,还打好分数。后来,又一篇作文,题目是我的宠物。先鉴决定写猫,文章这样开头写道: Country families raise dogs and cats. They raise dogs to guard their houses, and cats to kill mice that steal food. My family raises a yellow cat, a slim blonde of snake-like build. As the cat is a blonde, I name her Cathy. Cathy, to me, is a pet, a semi-pet, a non-pet, as she is raised, but not fed as a pet, (农村家庭都养狗与猫。他们养狗护家,养猫捉老鼠。我家养有一只黄猫,一只精瘦的身形如蛇的金毛碧眼猫。因为她是金毛碧眼,我给她取名叫Cathy。Cathy,对我而言,是宠物,是半宠物,是非宠物,因为我们家只是养她,不作宠物喂她。) 可能还是文化差异, Cathy 竟然表示很喜欢这篇文章,并且写批语说: Oh, marvelous, your pet is a blonde, and is named Cathy, too (太有意思啦,你们家的猫是金毛碧眼,而且也叫 Cathy )! 一些同学不喜欢 Cathy 上课,总想逃课,但 Cathy 了解中国国情,点名之法学得很好,让人无法逃课;于是,同学们变差法子请假。先鉴也不喜欢 Cathy 上课,但是不逃课也基本上不请假。有一次遇 Cathy 上课,先鉴小不舒服,写一个请假条,让同学带去。请假条这样说: O, shake! O Shake can not shake to your shaky and shaking class today, as he is shaking himself in his shaky bed. 这个请假条,很难翻译成汉语。 O Shake 是先鉴上学时英语名字。中国英语学习者,总喜欢弄个英语名字,或由本国教师取,或由外籍教师取。先鉴与同学们,都有英语名字,基本上都由最初任课外教胡乱分配。外教分配名字时,同学们基本上都表示乐意接受,先鉴却站起来说:我自己已经取好一名,叫 O Shake ,我能不能用这个名字?外教说:当然可以, O Shake ! 这个名字不是英语中常用人名,是先鉴自己的创作。
2. 标题的制作类型中的语法句式变换 语法的结构就像一个万花筒,其中蕴藏着千百种变化、无穷的奇妙组合。策划标题如果把握好语法的应用,会给标题带来无穷的活力,给读者一个又一个惊喜。 在医学期刊中常见的标题类型有:单纯名词短语型,并列名词短语型,不定式短语型,分词短语型,主副标题型,陈述句型,疑问句型。 ⑴ 单纯名词短语型标题 通常由一个名词主干加上前位、后位定语或两者都用而构成。医学期刊标题多采用此类写法。 如: Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Scientific review ( JAMA. 2003;290:2301-12 ) 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的现代治疗 : 科学综述 ⑵ 并列名词短语型标题 主要在表达两个或两个以上同等重要的内容时使用,通常由两个或两个以上的名词短语构成。 如: Behavior therapy and sibutramine for the treatment of adolescent obesity : A randomized controlled trial (JAMA. 2003;289:1805-12) 行为疗法和西布曲明治疗青少年肥胖:随机对照研究 Normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases: prospective cohort study(BMJ. 2004;328:983-6) 正常血清转氨酶浓度与肝病死亡率危险性的关系:前瞻性队列研究 这种类型的标题中我们常常会用到 and 和 versus ,前者强调关系 ( Relationship ) 后者强调比较 ( Comparison) 。比如上面所举的 Normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases: prospective cohort study 也可以表示为 Relationship between normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases 。而下面这个标题也可转换成 Comparison of and 形式。 如: Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Phase Z of the A to Z trial (JAMA. 2004;292:1307-16) 辛伐他汀早期强化治疗方案与迟发保守方案治疗急性冠脉综合征的比较: A to Z 试验之 Z 段研究 还有 plus 可替代 combined with 表示 A 和 B 的联合作用。 如: Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial (JAMA. 2003;290:2015) 阿尔茨海默病患者运动加行为疗法:随机对照研究 ⑶ 不定式短语型标题 此种标题通常强调如何做。 如: A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80% (BMJ.2003;326:1419-23) 减少 80 %以上心血管疾病的治疗策略 ⑷ 分词短语型标题 这种标题强调动作,一般由现在分词+宾语+介词短语构成。 如: Improving management of obesity in primary care: cluster randomised trial (BMJ.2003;327:1085) 加强对肥胖的初级预防:群体随机试验 ⑸ 句子型标题 常见的有陈述句型和疑问句型。陈述句型标题 语气更强烈,可以给读者留下更加深刻的印象,但因为它有时语气过于强烈会给人比较武断的印象, 通常也显得不够简洁, 所以不少杂志限制陈述句型标题。因此,在使用时应当谨慎 。但有时标题不仅强调动作,而且强调动作的发出者时,我们就可以用一个完整的句子表示。 如: Cognitive behavior therapy affects brain activity differently from antidepressants (BMJ.2004;328:69) 认知行为治疗对大脑活动的影响有别于抗抑郁药 Carvedilol was more effective than metoprolol tartrate for lowering mortality in chronic heart failure (Evidence Based Medicine. 2003;10:14) 卡维地洛比酒石酸美托洛尔更能有效降低慢性心力衰竭病人的死亡率 前一句用的是一般现在时,表示这是作者的研究结论;后一句用的是过去时,表示这是研究的结果。 采用疑问句做标题是一种不错的表现形式,尤其是在评述类文章的标题中,可使标题显得生动灵活,更易引起读者的兴趣。 如: Why do doctors use treatments that do not work? For many reasons - including their inability to stand idle and do nothing? (BMJ.2004;328:474-5) 为什么医生使用无效的治疗措施?有许多原因包括医生不能什么都不做? ⑹ 主副标题型标题 在英文医学期刊中使用较多,一般由破折号、冒号或副标题另起一行。副标题一般是为了突出标题的主要内容,使之更加醒目。正副标题之间多为同位关系,或是后部分对前部分进行补充解释、细节补充、背景交代、分层说明等等。 如: Aspirin, ibuprofen, and mortality after myocardial infarction: retrospective cohort study (BMJ.2003;327:1322-3) 阿司匹林、布洛芬与心肌梗死后死亡率:回顾性队列分析 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An underrecognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis (JAMA.2003;289:3000-4) 非酒精性脂肪肝病:一个未被认识的隐原性肝硬变的病因 本文中用到的标题范例多为带副标题型,由此可见,与大部分中文期刊相比,主副标题型标题被更多的英文期刊及其读者所接受。 其实,我们大多数的文章标题都是混合型的标题,包含的两到三种不同类型的标题。由于国外一些知名医学期刊的文体多种多样,如《 BMJ 》除了有 Original Contributions (原著) 和 Reviews (综述)外,还有 Preliminary Communications (短讯), Brief Reports ( 报道 ) , Editorial (述评)等多种文体。所以英文期刊的标题逐渐走向多样化、多元化,语法、句式在标题中的应用更加灵活多变。 如: Diet first, then medication for hypercholesterolemia (JAMA. 2003;290:531-3) 高胆固醇血症的治疗:饮食先于药物 Combined hormone therapy and breast cancer : A single-edged sword (JAMA. 2003;289:3304-6) 联合激素替代治疗与乳腺癌:一把单刃刀 前一个例子本应是最基本的名词型标题( Diet and medication for hypercholesterolemia ), first 与 then 两个时间副词的使用突显了高胆固醇血症治疗的先后顺序饮食先于药物 , 条理清晰,更易被读者接受。后一个标题使用了比喻的手法,变平淡为生动,化艰深为浅显,形象的描绘出联合激素替代疗法治疗乳腺癌的副作用,使读者眼前一亮,增加了阅读的兴趣。 一个小小的标题,看起来不起眼,却是文章必不可缺的角色,它是文章开始的报幕员,也是文章终结的落幕人,角色虽小却作用千钧。虽然,医学期刊的专业性和学术性,使其文章标题并不能成为流传一时的时尚用语,但好的标题是优秀期刊的标志这一点无可厚非。一个好的医学标题不仅要抓住小同行的视线,更要能引起大同行的继续阅读的兴趣。正如《鲁滨逊漂流记》作者说的,我的写作原则,是假设对 500 个不同职业的群众讲话,而每一个人都能听懂。不再把医学期刊的读者固定在几种人群上,而是让更多的人喜欢上这些往日被认为是呆板、无趣的冷门杂志。这不是白日做梦,国际知名医学期刊《 BMJ 》, 《 NEJM 》,《 JAMA 》等正在把这梦想转化为现实,每年十几万甚至几十万的固定读者就是最有力的说明。我们要想走上这条康庄大道,就先要把标题做深做精,为创办精品期刊打下坚实的根基,让它帮我们打开进军国际期刊市场的第一扇窗。
刚看到这样的一则新闻,让我不禁想到小时候学英语的情形,对于没有英语基础的人来说,用汉语拼音似乎还是能够起到一定作用的,尽管看起来确实很雷人! Welcome to our store,维尔抗姆奥窝思道 Im sorry,俺么搔瑞 Goodevening,古的衣服宁 Im sorry,I canonly speak a little English,俺么搔瑞,挨坎翁累丝鼻科额累偷英格 历史 just a moment,杰丝特哞闷特
张少雄 英语,对于很多中国人来说,是一壶煮不开的水,是一壶不得不硬着头皮喝的夹生水。 中国的英语教学,主体内容是枯燥的课文翻译、无味的理论灌水和无聊的插科打诨,这些或把学习者弄得一头雾水,或把学习者弄得呆傻不堪。 枯燥的课文翻译,是在念一遍课文之后,将课文逐句译成汉语;往往是念一句英语、念一句汉语。为避免枯燥,这里不举例。 无味的理论灌水,是语言学术语和语言学概念甚至语言学理论灌输。看看两个案例。 第一例是“句子成份”。英语教师总是热衷于讲“句子成份”,也总想让学习者搞清楚“句子成份”。下面一个简单的句子,让教师和学习者犯糊涂了。 He begins to work. 句子中 He 是主语, begins 是谓语,这没有异议。但是 to work 是什么呢?在同一所中学,一部分教师说是宾语,一部分教师说是状语,于是英语教师分化为宾语派和状语派。宾语派和状语派长期争论,弄出人事矛盾。校长想调解矛盾,带着两派代表到省城某大学外国语学院找到两位教授,请他们聚餐,想在就餐时请他们对宾语与状语做出裁决。正巧,在这个问题上,教授们也分为两派,而所请两位教授一个是宾语派,一个是状语派;两位中学教师和两位教授弄成二比二,聚餐裁决自然不会有结果。中学校长只好设法另找一位知名教授,知名教授知道一行人来意后,说:“我不能确定 to work 是宾语还是状语;我也不知道这种探究对提高语言能力与交际能力有没有好处?”教授没有给出期待的答案,两位代表出门时忍不住嘀咕说:“还知名教授哩,连 to work 是宾语还是状语这个简单问题都解决不了!” 第二例是“动名词和现在分词的区别”。先把动词的 –ing 形式分为“动名词”与“现在分词”,再努力区分“动名词”和“现在分词”。而为弄清“动名词”与“现在分词”的区别,教师往往要费很多口舌,学习者也往往要花很多时间与精力。教师经常给出这样的或类似的例子: There is a sleeping dog in front of the small house. There is a sleeping room inside the small house. 给出两个句子之后,开始分析与讲解哪一句的 sleeping 是现在分词,哪一句的 sleeping 是动名词,并给出区别“动名词”与“现在分词”的若干原则。在分析与讲解之后,教师要求学习者理解与记忆这些“区分”原则,要求学习者实质性“区分动名词与现在分词”,要求学习者在使用时清楚是应该用“动名词”还是应该用“现在分词”。 无聊的插科打诨,是穿插在英语教学之中的种种调料。也看看两个案例。 第一例是简单单词讲授,出自某城市初中课堂教学。只是一个简单单词,教师用电脑播放动画课件:小猪、小狗、小猫等七八种动物出场,在天空、树林、道路等复杂背景中,在动物们八九分钟的交流后,在画外音对动物们的言行进行一两分钟的评论分析后,又走进一只动物,随着动物走进,一只气球飞进画面,载着一个单词“ tiger ”,同时动物说:“ I am a tiger ”。播放这节课件后,教师讲解五六分钟;然后,再播放课件,是动物说“ I am a tiger ”的那部分的重复,反复约五六次,让学生跟读。教师讲授大意如: tiger 就是老虎,老虎就是 tiger ;同学们,弄清楚啊, tiger 可不是猫啊,猪可不是 tiger 啊;……;同学们,我现在考考你们, tiger 是狗吗?(学生回答:不是!) tiger 是猪吗? tiger 是牛吗?(学生回答:不是!)……。一个简单单词讲授,花费近一个课时,美其名曰气氛活跃,实则是注水,或掩盖某种不可告人的秘密。 第二例是简单句子写作,出自某重点大学外国语学院中青年骨干教师公开课,讲课者是一位年轻的丰满的女性。该教师先板书一句: We read the novel. 然后说:同学们,这个句子不丰满,咱们来让它丰满一些好不好?学生们果然叫:好!于是,教师将句子扩展为: We all read the novel. 教师说:现在丰满一些了,但是,还是不够丰满,再让它丰满一些好不好?同学们又叫:好!再扩展句子为: We all read the novel by YZ 。然后,……。二十来分钟后,这个句子被“丰满”成一个中长句。一个课时下来,该教师讲完两个句子;课堂上教师和学生接触到与使用的英语就这两句话。这堂公开课受到听课教师与专家一致好评,什么“课堂气氛活跃”,什么“课堂调度自如”,……,通通都是好话。 课文翻译、理论灌水和插科打诨,都用汉语进行,不仅在很大程度上削减学习者接触实际英语的时间、剥夺学习者接触英语实际语言的权利,导致英语教学的费时低效,而且在很大程度上侮辱与忽悠学习者,损伤学习者人格,弱化学习者心智。 一个大国,要走向世界,国民懂外语者少绝对不行,因此,外语教学是社会与教育生活中必不可少之物。但是,如此英语教学,却只能弱化学习者心智;而因为学习者太多,可以说,中国的英语教学正在弱化中国人心智。
怎样才能在国内医学期刊之林中站稳脚跟, 即 求得发展,又能迎接国外优秀期刊的冲击是我们现今急需解决的问题。中国古语说得好:知己知彼,方能百战不殆。我们要想抗击国外期刊的挑战,就必须打造出医学期刊的精品,并包括其具有国际通用语言的英文的准确表述。 一本优秀的期刊拿到手后,首先能擦亮读者眼睛的就是它的标题。标题不是一个简单的符号,好的标题能概括文章内容,揭示文章主题,彰显出文章的价值,是读者阅读时必不可缺的领航灯。标题不同于期刊的栏目,每篇文章都有其特有的标题,所以文章标题是期刊编辑最需要琢磨推敲的部分。言简意赅、豁然醒目的英文标题可以使读者以最直接快速了解期刊内在的质量。如果能掌握英文标题的制作原则,并在实践中灵活应用,我们就能以不变应万变,在今后医学期刊竞争中把握先机。 医学期刊的标题是其论文的心灵之窗,是表达论文的特定内容,反映研究范围和深度的最恰当、最简明的逻辑组合。可以说,小小的标题中蕴藏着巨大的创作和策划空间,即以最少的文字来充分表述论文的内容。 医学期刊的特殊性和专业性决定了其标题作用的两个主要方面: ① 吸引读者。标题是论文的标签,一般读者是根据标题来衡量是否需要阅读摘要或全文,这往往是在一目十行的过程中做出的,所以,如果标题表达不清,就会被读者舍去,使真正需要它的读者错过阅读论文的机会。 ② 文献检索。文献检索时,我们都会经历这样一个过程:在用关键词检索到众多文献后,首先会根据标题进行第一次筛选。假如标题不能很好地反映论文的主题,一种可能是被漏选,使作者的研究不能得到充分的传播,并使检索者不能全面地阅读到符合条件的论文;另一种可能是被误选,最终的结果仍是作者的论文不能得到利用,以及使检索者在不符合条件的文献上耗费了许多无效的时间。因此,毫不夸张地讲,标题的恰当与否是与论文发表后的利用情况息息相关的,也是影响医学信息传播的一个重要环节。 医学论文的标题是其基本思想的浓缩与概括。一则好的标题应该确切、鲜明、扼要地概括论文的基本思想,使读者在未看论文的摘要和正文之前即能迅速准确地判明论文的基本内容,从而做出是否阅读摘要和正文的判断。那么,如何制作一则既符合国际标准又能精确概括论文基本思想的医学研究论文的英文标题呢? 1. 信、达、雅 是标题制作的原则 一百年前,严复先生译赫胥黎天演论,在序中道及:译事三难 : 信、达、雅。自此以后,从事翻译工作的人奉为圭臬,以其要言不烦,后人尊为翻译原则。此也可作为标题制作的基本原则:标题要准确反应论文的主要内容,即为信;言简意赅,力求以最少的单词概括尽可能多的内容,即为达;通顺流畅,合乎英语国家的语言习惯,即为雅。 ⑴ 信就是要突出准确 准确是标题的生命所在,是一切说明性文字在语言上的共同要求,是标题有信息价值的保证。如果文章的内容表达的不够清楚完整,我们还可以用大段话来补充说明,而标题就只能用有限的文字表达整篇文章的意思,不允许详细论述,这是一个好标题的首要条件。好的标题不在面面俱到,只在于点睛之笔论文中的关键词。医学期刊的标题往往是围绕论文的关键词展开的,明确了关键词就等于抓住了标题的主干。并且这些文章中的亮点要易于被读者理解和检索。 ⑵ 达指表述的精炼 医学期刊英文标题要确切、简明。通常不超过 10 个实词,如若能用一行文字表达,就尽量不要用两行,以免削弱或冲淡读者对论文核心内容的印象。 我国颁布的科技论文标题字数的国家标准也将外语标题限制在 10 个实词之内。国际标准化组织则规定每条标题不超过 8 个词,并规定除各国通用的缩写词和特殊符号外,标题内不得使用缩写词和特殊符号。 但, 精炼并不是追求形式上的简短而忽视论文内容的反映。过短的标题常起不到帮助读者理解论文的作用。例如: Studies on Brucella 是有关遗传学、医学还是生物化学方面的论文?标题做的只简不精,读者无法要从标题中直接得到所需的信息。 标题过长的主要原因是标题中多有不含学术信息的赘词冗语,或提炼不够,使语句显得罗嗦 。 这些冗词的存在与否对标题内容的正确表述不会造成任何影响,因而应当删除,使标题更加简洁。常见的冗词有 Study of , Effect of, Experiment of , Experience of , Correlation of, Report of , in the treatment of , administration of 等。在大多数双语医学期刊中,这些冗词多半未受其中文标题影响,所以我们在制作英文标题时应该根据实际情况酌情删减。吕淑湘所说的 写文章有两个理想:一个是严谨,一个字不能加,一个字不能减,一个字不能换;一是流畅,像是吃鸭梨,又甜又脆,同样适用于标题制作。 ⑶ 雅即 表达要合乎英语国家的语言习惯 英、汉语各属于不同的语言体系,表达形式各不相同,制作英文标题时必须合乎英语语言习惯。由于汉语中没有冠词而英语中有冠词,因此,中文期刊标题英译时则往往需增补必要冠词。但标题开头的定冠词一般可以省略。 如: Lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of depression and suicidal behavior (Arch intern Med. 2003; 163: 1926-32) 降脂药与抑郁、自杀行为的危险 其次,标题中使用适当的介词会达到事半功倍的效果。最常遇到的是 of , for , in 。其中 for 主要表示目的,(方法的)用途; of 表示所属关系; in 表示某一方面,某一范围。 如: Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation : How well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? (JAMA. 2003;290:2685-92) 心房纤颤抗凝治疗预防卒中:随机试验转为临床实践有多大益处? Treatment of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction with sildenafil : A randomized controlled trial (JAMA.2003;289:56-64) 用西地那非治疗抗抑郁药所致性功能障碍:随机对照试验 除上述两者外,英文标题的书写形式也很重要。英文标题的书写形式有三种:第一种是首字采用大写体,其余均为小写;第二种是所有实词和首词的第一个字母大写,虚词小写;第三种是所有的字母为大写。通常采用第二种方法书写。对于专有名词、缩略语首字母、德语首字母、句点后单词的首字母等均匀大写。
张少雄 中国人已经陷入英语狂潮,或陷入疯狂英语潮。这让先鉴想起法国人与英语。 法国人、特别是受过教育的法国人,英语说得很好,但是,他们几乎不说英语。在法国,法国人不和外国人说英语,更不和法国人说英语;在国外,法国人、特别是政府官员,在正式交流活动中,从来不说英语,只说法语,然后由人翻译。 两年前,先鉴读到一部当代名著,作者是法国一位大师级教授。先鉴查到地址后,给教授写信,说因为研究需要,想得到一书法文版或英文版。先鉴的信,用英文写,正式,诚恳。法国教授回信,由秘书代劳,两句,一句说来信收到,一句说寄来英文版一本,礼貌,冷淡。先鉴知道冷因所在,给教授秘书回信,表示感谢,还是用英文。摘抄开头部分: Dear Miss , Thank you very much for sending me the book I got it this very day. I am sorry to say that I can write nothing in French, speak little in French, but read much in French, due to the teaching and learning approaches. Actually, I like French better than English. I always have the sayings in my mind: You speak English with everyman, and, The moment you speak you are placed. Whenever and wherever I speak English with people, I feel that I am an everyman speaking to another everyman! I was very often wondering whether that was the reason why English became a world language! 大意是: 谢谢您寄书,我今天收到书。 很遗憾地告诉您,因为学习与教学方法问题,我写不得法语,说得一点法语,读得很多法语。实际上,我更喜欢法语。我脑子里总是记得两句名言:你用英语和任何人说话,你一说话,你就被定位。无论何时,无论何处,我一说英语,就觉得我是一个任何人,在同另外一个任何人说话。我总是在想,英语成为世界语,是否就是这个原因。 这封信之后,法国教授变得热情,不仅表示愿意提供帮助,而且表示愿意进行合作。变化来自信的态度,对英语的态度,是先鉴与这位法国教授的共同态度。
张少雄 朋友阿憨从北京出差到长沙,与先鉴等闲聊北京变化。 北京几乎全民学英语,服务员、出租车司机、街道工作人员热情犹高。英语高潮,弄出一种北京英语,甚是有趣。 阿憨是北京人,北京话味道正宗,汉语普通话水平一流,英语却是正宗英式。阿憨说,北京英语,语音语调,京味很浓。他举出一个例子,Beijing is the capital of China,果然十分好笑。 先鉴等模仿数次,都学得不像。阿憨说,这不是北京英语,是河南英语。几天后,先鉴给两个北京学生复述北京英语笑话,又重复那句;学生说,那是河南英语,不是北京英语。奇怪,先鉴极少到河南,怎么把北京英语学成河南英语哩? 近数月,先鉴多次到北京办事或开会;每次到北京,都在地铁线上往返,在若干个胡同穿行,还在王府井步行街看两三个小时。在地铁,在胡同,在王府井店铺,北京英语,时时处处,灌入耳际。说实话,北京人讲英语,真是京腔京韵十足,听来让人捧腹大笑。 北京英语好笑;而北京英语背后,种种深层事物,却不止是好笑。 法国人几乎从来不说英语(当然也不热衷于说其它外语)。在法国,法国人从来不和外国人说英语,更不和法国人说英语;有笑话说,如果有人落水,用英语呼救,行人只当没有听见,用法语呼救,行人立即搭救。在国外,法国人、特别是政府官员,几乎从来不说英语,只说法语,然后由人翻译。 先鉴能说英式英语;但是,只在几种场合说过英语或说英语:一,当学生时,在英语课堂上和老师说,在外事实习场所作为译员和外国人说;二,当教师时,在《外国教育哲学经典》等英语或多语课堂上说;三,传播中国文化或教育外国人时,对外国人说。在中国境内,在这三种场合之外,和一切人交流,先鉴都只用汉语,不用任何外语,因此,很多不知道先鉴能讲英式英语。 外国人来中国,除开外语教学场合,在一切活动、特别是正式交流之中,都应该讲汉语;不会汉语者,应该自行聘请职业译员翻译。 中国通用语言是汉语,通用文字是汉字,这是一种法律规定,一种文化自觉。在中国境内,在公共活动中,讲什么语言,关涉民族尊严。
(1) What do you call a very small mother? (2) What time is it when an elephant sits onyour watch? (3) What kind of umbrella does a teacher carry on a rainy day? (4) Which fish have got their eyes closest together? (5) What do you call little white things in your head which bite? (6) What's the difference between here and there? (7) What's red and goes up and down? (8) Why do white sheep eat more than black sheep? (9) Why did the student sit on his watch? (10) What goes up but never comes down? (11) What 2 things shouldn't you have before breakfast? (12) What do you find all over a house? (13) What has 6 legs, 2 arms and 2 heads? (14) Which is the shortest month? ********************************************************** 部分答案: (1)A minimum (2) Time to buy a new one. (3) A wet one.
攻克英文(2009-10-29 ) 《世界因你不同》李开复自传 去美国之前,我只学过半年英语,因此,语言障碍成为我面临的最大难关。刚开始,同学和老师说的话,我几乎一句也听不懂,那种感觉非常痛苦,那催眠一般的语速,总让我在课堂上打起瞌睡,有时候,听到同学们因为老师的一句笑话笑得前仰后合,我才从梦中惊醒,但还是摸不着头脑。天书一般的英文,开始让我有些望而却步,后来,我干脆带几本中文的武侠小说到课上去读,因为觉得怎么听也听不懂,还不如看小说。美国的教育颇为宽松,修女老师看到了,多半不会当面指责你,而是听之任之。 其实,我心里是暗暗憋了一股劲的。那么聪明的我,不应该被语言绊倒啊!于是,我找了一大本英文单词来背,经常背到半夜,不会的就一次次地翻厚厚的中英对照字典。不过,没多久,我就发现这并不是学英文的最好方法,因为,即使当时记住了一个单词,但是使用率不高的话,就会完全忘记。我终于悟到了,在没有语境的情况下,背单词是没用的。 后来,我还是下定决心用多交流的方式来学习英文。下了课,我不再胆怯,站在同学中间听他们说话。如果5个词当中有4个听懂了,只有一个听不懂,我也会赶紧问,同学们会再用英文解释一遍给我听。回家以后,我会默默回忆我听不懂的单词,然后记下来。而上课的时候,遇到听不懂的,我也勇敢举手问老师,Sorry,I didn?t follow? Can you say again what you mean?(对不起,我没跟上,可以再说一遍你的意思吗?) 在到橡树岭圣玛丽学校的第一年,修女老师们也对我十分照顾。校长玛丽大卫修女(Sister Mary David)甚至牺牲自己的午饭时间帮我一对一地补习英文,她复印了小学一年级的课文,每天拿来给我念。我还清晰地记得,她教我的第一篇课文是: I have a dog named Spot(我有一条叫小花的狗) See Spot walk (看小花走) See Spot run (看小花跑) 从这样简单的课文起步,我们坚持了一年。在这一年里,我的英文水平迅速提高。学校里所有的老师还允许我享受开卷考试的特殊待遇,她们让我把试卷带回家,并且告诉我,题目里不认识的单词,你就查字典吧,但是你不能看书找答案噢。 我每次回到家都严格按照老师说的做,题目里不认识的单词就去查字典,但是从来没有去翻书找过答案。因为,我觉得这是老师给我的最大信任,我不能辜负这份信任。 通过种种渠道的学习,我的英文终于逐渐接近同龄人的水平了。一年以后,我完全可以听懂老师讲的话了,英文会话也没有问题了。我想,这和我年龄小,容易接受新的语言不无关系,但也和我大胆地使用,不怕出丑有关。后来我也发现,那些12岁以前到美国的孩子,往往都能学会没有口音的英语。 到了暑假,我和妈妈经常去三姐在亚特兰大的家里玩,而她们也经常给我布置很多背单词的功课。到了初中三年级,也就是到美国两年之后,我写的作文《漠视新世纪美国最大的敌人》居然获得了田纳西州的前十名。这对于我的英文水平,无疑是一个莫大的肯定。 州际作文比赛都是订一个笼统的题目,然后让写作者在这个范围内写一篇文章。当时美国即将进入建国以来的第三个世纪,因此,当年州际作文比赛的题目是《美国第三世纪最大的挑战》,当时,很多参赛者将挑战定义为能源危机、环境恶化等。而我另辟蹊径,将挑战定义在了精神层面,那就是漠视。 我在文章里写道: 美国的成功是来自美国人对自由和快乐的追寻。但是,随着越战和其他社会问题的出现,许多美国人不再通过参与来实现价值观,他们不再积极、漠视精神、放弃理想。他们失去了那种让美国伟大的积极精神。许多美国人越来越冷漠,抽烟酗酒、吸食毒品,没有目标。人们在心理上什么都不在乎。以前,人们说美国人只关心自己,现在,美国人甚至连自己也不再关心,这是最大的问题。这种价值观的潜移默化的变化,会使得人类一切进步的因素得以减弱,甚至倒退。因此,当今美国社会面临的最大的挑战,不是别的,而是我们如何改变人与人之间的漠视。 作文比赛的名次一公布,整个学校就轰动了!人们不敢相信,这个中国台湾的男孩,来美国不过两年,居然就在英文方面取得了这样的成绩。 但是,这并非故事的结尾。州作文比赛的传统是评选出前十名优胜者,这十名优胜者还要通过一轮答辩决出第一名,谁的问题回答得好,谁就能取得最终的胜利。 当时,答辩在距橡树岭四个小时车程的另一个小镇举行。那个周末,嫂嫂驱车几百公里把我送到了答辩地点。在答辩的过程中,戴着厚厚眼镜的女老师温和地问我,如果你认为美国人当中缺乏热情,存在漠视的情况,那么你如何看待拉尔夫纳德(Ralph Nader)的观点呢? What?Who is Ralph Nader?(什么?谁是拉尔夫纳德?)我被这个问题问得措手不及,脑子一片空白。我眼神里流露出的惊讶被老师捕捉到了,也许是因为这个原因,我失去了得到州际作文比赛第一名的机会。 回到橡树岭,我对这个让我与第一失之交臂的神秘人物产生了浓厚的兴趣,赶紧去学校的图书馆寻找答案。我得知,纳德是一个著名的消费者权益保护倡导者,促成了一系列法案的产生。他一生都在与人们的漠视作斗争,他的行为与抗议漠视有着紧密的联系。 这件事情给了我很深刻的启示,尽管纳德在美国算不上是家喻户晓的人物,但是,他确实和我的作文有着紧密的联系。我终于理解了,对于一种语言文化的掌握,远远不只是会说当地的语言,了解当地的风俗,更要对这种文化的历史和这个国家的制度有深刻的了解。另外,在写作方面,不仅仅要靠犀利的观点、华丽的语言,还需要充足的论据,而这都需要倾注大量的心血和多年的积累。 有了这次印象深刻的答辩,在学习语言的时候,我也更加关注新闻事件背后的意义,我知道,只有多读书,多查阅资料,多了解历史,才能真正深入一种文化的内核。我徜徉在语言的汪洋大海里,乐此不疲。 在努力攻克英文的同时,我也没有忘记对中文的持续学习。妈妈每年来陪我住6个月,这期间,我们自然是用汉语交流,另外6个月,她要求我每星期给她写一封家信,而且必须用中文写,这样我就不会忘记中文。而妈妈每次在给我回信的同时,都会把我的信寄回来,她会认真地修改,标出错别字和用词不当的地方,就跟批改作文一样。我几乎每天都在用中文写作,这样的习惯,让我没有像很多小留学生一样,习惯了新的语言,却渐渐丢掉了自己的母语。 我没有忘记中文,还要归功于大哥大嫂家成套的金庸小说和琼瑶小说,那个时候,中文小说是我放松神经的一种方式,在哥哥嫂嫂家里住了6年,我居然把金庸和琼瑶的每一本书都读了,金庸的小说还读了整整5遍。 当时回台湾度暑假,我从来都不好意思主动说我读过全套的琼瑶小说,倒是经常跟外甥们比赛谁读金庸小说读得多,人物记得牢。他们后来都不和我比了,因为比不过我,就算某个人不自量力非要同我较量,也总是被人拉住好心地劝阻:别,他真的谁都知道! 注:本文摘录自新书《世界因你不同》。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 这是李开复唯一的一本自传,字里行间,是岁月流逝中沉淀下来的宝贵的人生智慧和职场经验。捣蛋的小皇帝,11岁的留学生,奥巴马的大学同学,26岁的副教授,33岁的苹果副总裁,谷歌中国的创始人,他有着太多传奇的经历,为了他,两家最大的IT公司对簿公堂。而他的每一次人生选择,都是一次成功的自我超越。 透过这本自传,李开复真诚讲述了他鲜为人知的成长史、风雨兼程的成功史和烛照人生的心灵史,也首次全面披露了他亲历的苹果、微软、谷歌等IT巨头风云变幻的内幕。意真情切,字字珠玑。 抓住一切去探寻生命的意义,总有一天,世界将因你不同。
实用英语园:看病时常用到的英文 建议打印保存 人在北美 1) 一般病情: He feels headache, nausea and vomiting. (他觉得头痛、恶心和想吐。) He is under the weather. (他不舒服,生病了。) He began to feel unusually tired. (他感到反常的疲倦。) He feels light-headed. (他觉得头晕。) She has been shut-in for a few days. (她生病在家几天了。) Her head is pounding. (她头痛。) His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever and chills. (他的症状包括没有食欲、体重减轻、非常疲倦、发烧和发冷。) He feels exhausted or fatigued most of the time. (他大部份时间都觉得非常疲倦。) He has been lacking in energy for some time. (他感到虚弱有段时间了。) He feels drowsy, dizzy and nauseated. (他觉得昏昏欲睡,头晕目眩和想吐。) He feels as though everything around him is spinning. (他感到周围的东西都在打转。) He has noticed some loss of hearing. (他发觉听力差些。) She has some pains and itching around her eyes. (她眼睛四周又痛又痒。) (2) 伤风感冒: He has been coughing up rusty or greenish-yellow phlegm. (他咳嗽带有绿黄色的痰。) His eyes feel itchy and he has been sneezing. (他眼睛发痒,而且一直在打喷嚏。) He has a fever, aching muscles and hacking cough. (他有发烧,筋骨酸痛和常常咳嗽。) (hacking = constant) He coughed with sputum and feeling of malaise. (他咳嗽有浓痰,而且觉得很虚弱。) (malaise = debility) He gets a cold with a deep hacking cough. (他伤风咳嗽。) He has a headache, aching bones and joints. (他头痛,骨头、关节也痛。) He has a persistent cough. (他不停地在咳。) 或 He has bouts of uncontrollable coughing. (他一阵阵的咳嗽,难以控制。) He has hoarse and has lost his voice sometimes. (他声音嘶哑,有时失声。) He has a sore throat and a stuffy nose. (他嗓子疼痛而且鼻子不通。) His breathing is harsh and wheezy. (他呼吸时,有气喘似的呼哧呼哧作响。) He has a stabbing pain that comes on suddenly in one or both temples. (有时突然间太阳穴刺痛。) He has a runny nose, sneezing or a scratchy throat. (他流鼻水,打喷嚏和喉咙沙哑。) (3) 女性疾病: She has noticed one lump in her breast. (她发觉乳房有个肿块。) There is a hard, swollen lump on her right breast. (她右乳房有肿块。) Her left breast is painful and swollen. (她左乳房疼痛且肿大。) She has heavy bleeding with her periods. (她月经来的很多。) Her vaginal discharge is white or greenish-yellow and unpleasant smelling. (她阴道分泌物带白色或绿黄色,而且气味不好。) She has noticed occasional spotting of blood between periods. (在月经来的前后,她有时也发觉有滴滴达达的流血。) She has some bleeding after intercourse. (性交后有出血。) She feels some vaginal itching. (她感到阴部发痒。) She has painful periods and abnormal vaginal discharge. (她月经来时疼痛,而且阴道有不正常的分泌物。) (4) 手脚毛病: His both hands and feet ache all over. (他两手两脚都很酸痛。) He has pain on the sole of his feet. (他脚底很痛。) There is a wart-like lump on the sole of right foot. (我右脚底有个像肉疣般的硬块。) His ankles look puffy and they pit when he presses them with his finger. (他的足踝好象肿了,用手按,就有小坑痕。) (pit = small dent form) (句里的 they 和 them 都是指 ankles) The pain in his left foot is accompanied by redness and swelling. (左脚酸痛,并有红肿。) The joints near his fingernails and knuckles look swollen. (指头和指节旁边的关节,似乎有肿大。) He has numbness and tingling in his hands and fingers. (他的手和指头感到麻木和刺痛。) His legs become painful following strenuous exercise. (激烈动后,他的腿就痛。) His knee is misshapen or unable to move. (他的膝盖有点畸形,也不能动。) There are some swellings in his armpit. (他的腋窝肿大。) He is troubled with painful muscles and joints. (他的筋骨和关节都痛。) She is troubled by the pains in the back and shoulders. (她的后背和肩膀都痛。) His knee has been bothering him for some time. (他的膝盖不舒服,已有一段时间了。) (5) 睡眠不好: He is sleeping poorly.(他睡不好) He has difficulty in sleeping, inability to concentrate.(他不易入睡,也难集中精神。) It is usually hard for her to fall asleep when she goes to bed at night.(她晚上就寝,很难入睡。) He wakes during the night or early morning and finds it difficult to fall asleep again.(他晚间或清早醒来后,再也不能入睡。) He has nightmares occasionally.(他有时做噩梦。) (6) 男性疾病: He urinates more frequently than usual.(他小便比平时多。) He has difficulty controlling his bladder.(他很难控制小便。)(bladder 是膀胱) There are some lumps on his testicles. (他的睪丸有些硬块。) He has had burning or pain when he urinates.(他小便时感到发烫和疼痛。) He is passing less urine than usual.(他小便比平时少。) He has had painless swelling in his scrotum.(他的阴囊有不痛的肿大。) He feels lack of interest in sex.(他自觉对性的兴趣大减。) He has difficulty starting his urine flow.(他小便不畅通。) His urine stream is very weak and slow.(他小便流动得很慢很弱。) He dribbles a little urine after he has finished urinating.(他小便后,还会有少量零星地滴下。) He has had some discharge from his penis.(他的阴茎排出一些流脓。) His urine is cloudy and it smells strong.(他的小便混浊,而且气味不好。) He has a dull heavy ache in the crotch.(他的胯部感到隐痛。) He has a small leakage of urine when he coughs or sneezes.(他咳嗽或打喷嚏时,会有点泄尿。) He has trouble urinating.(他小便有困难。) (7) 呼吸方面: His breathing has become increasingly difficult.(他呼吸越来越困难。) He has to breathe through his mouth.(他要用口呼吸。) He is short of breath, even when he has not been exercising, he is breathless.(他喘气;即使不?#092;动,他也是上气不接下气。) His cough is more like wheezing.(他的咳嗽有呼哧呼哧的响声。) His cough is dry, producing no phlegm.(他是干咳,没有痰。) He has coughed up blood.(他咳嗽有血。) His nose stuffed up when he had a cold.(他感冒时鼻子就不通。) He coughs up a lot of phlegm (thick spit) on most days.(他多半时间咳出浓浓的痰。) He has a feeling of tightness in the chest or a feeling that he is suffocating.(他胸部觉得闷闷的,好象透不过气来。) (8)口腔毛病: He has pain in his teeth or jaw. (他的牙齿和下巴疼痛。) He has some problems with his teeth. (他牙齿有问题。) The tooth hurts only when he bites down on it. (他咬东西时,牙齿就痛。) His gums are red and swollen. (他的牙床红肿。) His tongue is red and sore all over. (他的舌头到处红和痛。) His breath smells bad and he has a foul taste in his mouth. (他口里有怪味。) His gums do bleed. (他牙床有出血。) He has some sore swellings on his gum or jaw. (他的牙床和下巴肿痛。) He has sore places on or around the lip. (他的嘴唇和周围都很痛。) There are cracks at the corners of his mouth. (他的嘴巴角落破了。) There are some discolored areas inside on his tongue. (他舌头里边有些地方颜色怪怪的。) (9) 肠胃毛病: He has a bloated, uncomfortable feeling after meal. (他饭后肚子觉得胀胀的,很不舒服。) 或 He feels bloated after eating. He has bouts of abdominal pain. (他有一阵阵的肚痛。) He feels bloated in his abdominal area. (他感到肚子胀胀的。) (注:胀胀的,像「puff up」,但不是真正的肿「swell up」。) The pain is mainly in the lower (upper) right part of the abdomen. (痛是在肚子下半部。) He has nausea and vomiting. (他有恶心和呕吐。) It is difficult or painful for him to swallow. (他吞下食物时会痛。) He has passed more gas than usual. (他放比平常多。) He has been constipated for a few days. (他便秘了好几天。) He suffers pains when he moves his bowels. (他大便时很痛。) He has some bleeding from his rectum. (他的肛门出血。) He has noticed some blood in his bowel movements. (他发觉大便时有些血。) His bowel movements are pale, greasy and foul smelling. (他大便呈灰白色,含油脂的恶臭。) 或 His bowel movements are grey (or black) in color. (他的大便呈灰白色。) He has trouble with diarrhea. (他拉肚子。) (10) 血压等等: His blood pressure is really up. (他的血压很高。) High blood pressure is creeping up on him. He has noticed frequent urination, increased thirst and unexpected tireness. (他发觉常常小便,非常口渴和更加疲倦。) It is a chest pain that gets worse when he bends over or lies down. (他弯腰或躺下时,胸部更痛。) He has noticed excessive sweating and unexplained tireness. (他体会到过度的出汗和难以解释的疲倦。) He has a sharp pain in one area of his spine. (他的脊椎某部位刺痛。) He has pain in other joints including hip, knee and ankle. (其它关节疼痛包括臀部、膝盖和脚踝。) His eyes seem to be bulging. (他的眼睛觉得有点肿胀。) He has double vision. (他的视线有双重影子。) He feels there is a film over his eyes. (他觉得眼里有种薄膜似的东西,挡住视线。) His vision in the right eye blurred. (他右眼视线模糊不清。) He has had some earaches lately. (他近来耳朵有点痛。) He has a repeated buzzing or other noises in his ears. (他耳朵常有嗡嗡的声音。)
周末,轻松一下:) 雷人名人语录 WEDON'TKNOWWEDON'TKNOW 年轻点的,想学英语吗? 不那么年轻的,想学怎么打官腔吗? 已经不年轻的,想找点乐子吗? 请欣赏 Rumsfeld 语录不大全(笔者根据各种网络流传版本改编): 一、绕你没商量: 1. Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns -- the ones we don't know we don't know. 2. I would not say that the future is necessarily less predictable than the past. I think the past was not predictable when it started. 3. As you know, you go to war with the army you have, not the army you might want or wish to have at a later time. 4. I believe what I said yesterday. I don't know what I said, but I know what I think, and, well, I assume it's what I said. 5. There's another way to phrase that and that is that the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. It is basically saying the same thing in a different way. Simply because you do not have evidence that something does exist does not mean that you have evidence that it doesn't exist. -- on Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction 6. I don't know what the facts are but somebody's certainly going to sit down with him and find out what he knows that they may not know, and make sure he knows what they know that he may not know. 二、告诉你的都是无可争辩的事实: 1. We do know of certain knowledge that he is either in Afghanistan , or in some other country, or dead. 2. We know where they are. They're in the area around Tikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south and north somewhat. -- on Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction 3. either alive and well or alive and not too well or not alive. 3. If I said yes, that would then suggest that that might be the only place where it might be done which would not be accurate, necessarily accurate. It might also not be inaccurate, but I'm disinclined to mislead anyone. 4. Death has a tendency to encourage a depressing view of war. 四、实在说不圆,顾左右而言他: 1. I am not going to give you a number for it because it's not my business to do intelligent work. 2. It is unknowable how long that conflict will last. It could last six days, six weeks. I doubt six months. 3. Well, um, you know, something's neither good nor bad but thinking makes it so, I suppose, as Shakespeare said. 一句老实话: Learn to say I don't know. If used when appropriate, it will be often. 马上又改口: If I know the answer I'll tell you the answer, and if I don't, I'll just respond, cleverly. 三、嘴巴有时会大,但说的都是实话: 1. Freedom's untidy and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. 2. Needless to say, the President is correct. Whatever it was he said.
曲 刚 学好英语发音,第一件要做到的事是发准和听清英语音,这就要知道英语的口腔后部发声方法,口腔后部发声方法是英语发音的入场券,不知道这个发声方法,就没法发好英语音。 地球上的每一种语言,都有自己的发音特征,比如中国人讲汉语的时候,用的是口腔的前部发声方法,说话时嘴巴的前半部分动作较大,发出的声音偏高、短促、大用力,大爆破,是一种粗犷式发音。而英美和欧洲人说话时,用的是口腔的后部发声方法,说话时嘴巴的前半部分动作较轻较小,而后半部分动作较大,发出的声音低沉、粘长、爆破轻,是一种细腻式发音。 口腔前部发声和后部发声是不能混用的,用口腔后部是发不准口腔前部音的,反过来,用口腔前部也发不准口腔后部音。若用错发声方法,不仅会造成发音不准确,而且还会造成发音难听、发音障碍和听力障碍,给英语学习造成很大困难。 学习一种外语的发音,主要目标就是克服母语的发音习惯,学会外语的发音特征。汉语和英语是发音特征截然相反的两种语言,中国人要想学会英语发音,就需要系统地学习英语发音知识,克服汉语发音的习惯,学会发低沉、粘长、爆破轻的英语音。 英语为什么要用口腔后部发声法来发音呢? 请看下面的句子,可看出英语句子的发音数量远远大于汉语,并且有音多、音相近、辅音相连的特点,这造成英语发音难度大于汉语,须采用小动作发音和压抑爆破音来解决发音难题。口腔后部发声法,就实现了这两个目的: 1:Before I eat dinner, I read newspaper for a while(18个音). 吃饭前我看会报纸(8个音)。 2:What time did you get up yesterday morning?(18个音). 你昨天早上几点起床?(9个音)。 3:Jane and Peter had been fishing for three hours but they had caught nothing(26个音). 珍和彼得钓了三小时鱼但什么都没钓着(17个音)。 4:Your appointment will be at next Thursday at 10 oclock(27个音). 你的约会在周四上午10点(11个音) 怎样学习英语的口腔后部发声呢? 首先,要学会超慢速的英语发音,谁的发音能最慢,谁的发音就能最好,就好像骑自行车一样,谁骑得最慢,谁的技术就最高。语言的发音具有慢学快用的特点,超慢速发音把发音的细节全部暴露出来,进而一一学会。快速发音把一切发音细节全胡弄过去了,表面上看是流利,其实是假流利,很多人的流利英语发音外国人根本听不懂,一放慢就千疮百孔要不得了。请记住:一快遮百丑,一慢解千愁。 其次,在超慢速发音的前提下,学会后部发声的7字要领,这7字要领也是后部发声的7个方面,英语发音在这7个方面与汉语发音截然相反,它们是: 声、型、气、力、音、节、调 1.声:声音偏低、粘长。英语是用低嗓音来说话的。 2.型:口腔前部的嘴唇收拢,要想口腔后部发声,就得收住口腔前部,收住嘴唇和牙齿的过大开合运动。 3.气:轻柔用气,压抑住爆破音,学会轻发辅音。汉语发音用力重、用气冲,英语发音用力轻、用气柔,并有美声吐字特征。说英语时要改吹气发音为吸气发音,对蜡烛说英语时火苗要不动,对手掌说英语时要无太重的吹气感。 4.力:轻柔用力,压抑住爆破音,学会轻发费力费气的辅音,控发头辅音,轻发尾辅音,减弱用力过猛的舌尖强挤压音,拉长并饱满元音的发音,压抑爆破音,美声吐字发音。 5.音:学会发偏低、粘长、以元音为主的舌根音。英语是一种舌根音语言,很多音是靠舌根用力发出的,说英语时就好像是在用舌根跟别人讲话,不会舌根运动,就发不准英语音。请大家用下一节的语音大表学会发英语的舌根音。 6.节:即节奏,或叫弹性发音,指一组一组地发音,每组音里有一个重音, 其他的音都是轻音,这样发音减小了发音的工作量。 7.调:婉转起伏,自然优美,不拐弯的英语是难听的。 来源 : http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/4a64c9a101000a9r
BET公式 BET formula DLVO理论 DLVO theory HLB法 hydrophile-lipophile balance method pVT性质 pVT property 电势 zeta potential 阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadronumber 阿伏加德罗定律 Avogadro law 阿累尼乌斯电离理论 Arrhenius ionization theory 阿累尼乌斯方程 Arrhenius equation 阿累尼乌斯活化能 Arrhenius activation energy 阿马格定律 Amagat law 艾林方程 Erying equation 爱因斯坦光化当量定律 Einsteins law of photo chem ical equivalence 爱因斯坦-斯托克斯方程 Einstein-Stokes equation 安托万常数 Antoine constant 安托万方程 Antoine equation 盎萨格电导理论 Onsagers theory of conductance 半电池 half cell 半衰期 half time period 饱和液体 saturated liquids 饱和蒸气 saturated vapor 饱和吸附量 saturated extent of adsorption 饱和蒸气压 saturated vapor pressure 爆炸界限 explosion limits 比表面功 specific surface work 比表面吉布斯函数 specific surface Gibbs function 比浓粘度 reduced viscosity 标准电动势 standard electromotive force 标准电极电势 standard electrode potential 标准摩尔反应焓 standard molar reaction enthalpy 标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数 standard Gibbs function of molar reaction 标准摩尔反应熵 standard molar reaction entropy 标准摩尔焓函数 standard molar enthalpy function 标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数 standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓 standard molar combustion enthalpy 标准摩尔熵 standard molar entropy 标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation enthalpy 标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数 standard molar formation Gibbs function 标准平衡常数 standard equilibrium constant 标准氢电极 standard hydrogen electrode 标准态 standard state 标准熵 standard entropy 标准压力 standard pressure 标准状况 standard condition 表观活化能 apparent activation energy 表观摩尔质量 apparent molecular weight 表观迁移数 apparent transference number 表面 surfaces 表面过程控制 surface process control 表面活性剂 surfactants 表面吸附量 surface excess 表面张力 surface tension 表面质量作用定律 surface mass action law 波义尔定律 Boyle law 波义尔温度 Boyle temperature 波义尔点 Boyle point 玻尔兹曼常数 Boltzmann constant 玻尔兹曼分布 Boltzmann distribution 玻尔兹曼公式 Boltzmann formula 玻尔兹曼熵定理 Boltzmann entropy theorem 玻色-爱因斯坦统计 Bose-Einstein statistics 泊 Poise 不可逆过程 irreversible process 不可逆过程热力学 thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆相变化 irreversible phase change 布朗运动 brownian movement 查理定律 Charles law 产率 yield 敞开系统 open system 超电势 over potential 沉降 sedimentation 沉降电势 sedimentation potential 沉降平衡 sedimentation equilibrium 触变 thixotropy 粗分散系统 thick disperse system 催化剂 catalyst 单 分子 层吸附理论 mono molecule layer adsorption 单分子反应 unimolecular reaction 单链反应 straight chain reactions 弹式量热计 bomb calorimeter 道尔顿定律 Dalton law 道尔顿分压定律 Dalton partial pressure law 德拜和法尔肯哈根效应 Debye and Falkenhagen effect 德拜立方公式 Debye cubic formula 德拜-休克尔极限公式 Debye-Huckels limiting equation 等焓过程 isenthalpic process 等焓线 isenthalpic line 等几率定理 theorem of equal probability 等温等容位 Helmholtz free energy 等温等压位 Gibbs free energy 等温方程 equation at constant temperature 低共熔点 eutectic point 低共熔混合物 eutectic mixture 低会溶点 lower consolute point 低熔冰盐合晶 cryohydric 第二类永动机 perpetual machine of the second kind 第三定律熵 third-law entropy 第一类永动机 perpetual machine of the first kind 缔合 化学 吸附 association chemical adsorption 电池常数 cell constant 电池电动势 electromotive force of cells 电池反应 cell reaction 电导 conductance 电导率 conductivity 电动势的温度系数 temperature coefficient of electromotive force 电动电势 zeta potential 电功 electric work 电化学 electro chemistry 电化学极化 electrochemical polarization 电极电势 electrode potential 电极反应 reactions on the electrode 电极种类 type of electrodes 电解池 electrolytic cell 电量计 coulometer 电流效率 current efficiency 电迁移 electro migration 电迁移率 electromobility 电渗 electroosmosis 电渗析 electrodialysis 电泳 electrophoresis 丁达尔效应 Dyndall effect 定容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant volume 定容温度计 Constant voIume thermometer 定压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant pressure 定压温度计 constant pressure thermometer 定域子系统 localized particle system 动力学方程 kinetic equations 动力学控制 kinetics control 独立子系统 independent particle system 对比摩尔体积 reduced mole volume 对比体积 reduced volume 对比温度 reduced temperature 对比压力 reduced pressure 对称数 symmetry number 对行反应 reversible reactions 对应状态原理 principle of corresponding state 多方过程 polytropic process 多分子层吸附理论 adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应 second order reaction 二级相变 second order phase change 法拉第常数 faraday constant 法拉第定律 Faradays law 反电动势 back E.M.F. 反渗透 reverse osmosis 反应分子数 molecularity 反应级数 reaction orders 反应进度 extent of reaction 反应热 heat of reaction 反应速率 rate of reaction 反应速率常数 constant of reaction rate 范德华常数 van der Waals constant 范德华方程 van der Waals equation 范德华力 van der Waals force 范德华气体 van der Waals gases 范特霍夫方程 vant Hoff equation 范特霍夫规则 vant Hoff rule 范特霍夫渗透压公式 vant Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应 non-elementary reactions 非体积功 non-volume work 非依时计量学反应 time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律 Ficks first law of diffusion 沸点 boiling point 沸点升高 elevation of boiling point 费米-狄拉克统计 Fermi-Dirac statistics 分布 distribution 分布数 distribution numbers 分解电压 decomposition voltage 分配定律 distribution law 分散系统 disperse system 分散相 dispersion phase 分体积 partial volume 分体积定律 partial volume law 分压 partial pressure 分压定律 partial pressure law 分子反应力学 mechanics of molecular reactions 分子间力 intermolecular force 分子蒸馏 molecular distillation 封闭系统 closed system 附加压力 excess pressure 弗罗因德利希吸附经验式 Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 负极 negative pole 负吸附 negative adsorption 复合反应 composite reaction 盖吕萨克定律 Gay-Lussac law 盖斯定律 Hess law 甘汞电极 calomel electrode 感胶离子序 lyotropic series 杠杆规则 lever rule 高分子 溶液 macromolecular solution 高会溶点 upper consolute point 隔离法 the isolation method 格罗塞斯-德雷珀定律 Grotthus-Draoers law 隔离系统 isolated system 根均方速率 root-mean-square speed 功 work 功函 work content 共轭溶液 conjugate solution 共沸温度 azeotropic temperature 构型熵 configurational entropy 孤立系统 isolated system 固溶胶 solid sol 固态混合物 solid solution 固相线 solid phase line 光反应 photoreaction 光化学第二定律 the second law of actinochemistry 光化学第一定律 the first law of actinochemistry 光敏反应 photosensitized reactions 光谱熵 spectrum entropy 广度性质 extensive property 广延量 extensive quantity 广延性质 extensive property 规定熵 stipulated entropy 过饱和溶液 oversaturated solution 过饱和蒸气 oversaturated vapor 过程 process 过渡状态理论 transition state theory 过冷水 super-cooled water 过冷液体 overcooled liquid 过热液体 overheated liquid 亥姆霍兹函数 Helmholtz function 亥姆霍兹函数判据 Helmholtz function criterion 亥姆霍兹自由能 Helmholtz free energy 亥氏函数 Helmholtz function 焓 enthalpy 亨利常数 Henry constant 亨利定律 Henry law 恒沸混合物 constant boiling mixture 恒容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant volume 恒容热 heat at constant volume 恒外压 constant external pressure 恒压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant pressure 恒压热 heat at constant pressure 化学动力学 chemical kinetics 化学反应计量式 stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction 化学反应计量系数 stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度 extent of chemical reaction 化学亲合势 chemical affinity 化学热力学 chemical thermodynamics 化学势 chemical potential 化学势判据 chemical potential criterion 化学吸附 chemisorptions 环境 environment 环境熵变 entropy change in environment 挥发度 volatility 混合熵 entropy of mixing 混合物 mixture 活度 activity 活化控制 activation control 活化络合 物理 论 activated complex theory 离子强度 ionic strength 理想混合物 perfect mixture 理想气体 ideal gas 接触电势 contact potential 接触角 contact angle 节流过程 throttling process 节流膨胀 throttling expansion 节流膨胀系数 coefficient of throttling expansion 结线 tie line 结晶热 heat of crystallization 解离化学吸附 dissociation chemical adsorption 界面 interfaces 界面张力 surface tension 浸湿 immersion wetting 浸湿功 immersion wetting work 精馏 rectify 聚(合)电解质 polyelectrolyte 聚沉 coagulation 聚沉值 coagulation value 绝对反应速率理论 absolute reaction rate theory 绝对熵 absolute entropy 绝对温标 absolute temperature scale 绝热过程 adiabatic process 绝热量热计 adiabatic calorimeter 绝热指数 adiabatic index 卡诺定理 Carnot theorem 卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 开尔文公式 Kelvin formula 柯诺瓦洛夫-吉布斯定律 Konovalov-Gibbs law 科尔劳施离子独立运动定律 Kohlrauschs Law of Independent Migration of Ions 可能的电解质 potential electroly 可逆电池 reversible cell 可逆过程 reversible process 可逆过程方程 reversible process equation 可逆体积功 reversible volume work 可逆相变 reversible phase change 克拉佩龙方程 Clapeyron equation 克劳修斯不等式 Clausius inequality 克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 控制步骤 control step 库仑计 coulometer 扩散控制 diffusion controlled 拉普拉斯方程 Laplaces equation 拉乌尔定律 Raoult law 兰格缪尔-欣谢尔伍德机理 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism 兰格缪尔吸附等温式 Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula 雷利公式 Rayleigh equation 冷冻系数 coefficient of refrigeration 冷却曲线 cooling curve 离解热 heat of dissociation 离解压力 dissociation pressure 离域子系统 non-localized particle systems 离子的标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation of ion 离子的电迁移率 mobility of ions 离子的迁移数 transport number of ions 离子独立运动定律 law of the independent migration of ions 离子氛 ionic atmosphere 离子强度 ionic strength 理想混合物 perfect mixture 理想气体 ideal gas 理想气体的绝热指数 adiabatic index of ideal gases 理想气体的微观模型 micro-model of ideal gas 理想气体反应的等温方程 isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions 理想气体绝热可逆过程方程 adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gases 理想气体状态方程 state equation of ideal gas 理想稀溶液 ideal dilute solution 理想液态混合物 perfect liquid mixture 粒子 particles 粒子的配分函数 partition function of particles 连串反应 consecutive reactions 链的传递物 chain carrier 链反应 chain reactions 量热熵 calorimetric entropy 量子统计 quantum statistics 量子效率 quantum yield 临界参数 critical parameter 临界常数 critical constant 临界点 critical point 临界胶束浓度 critical micelle concentration 临界摩尔体积 critical molar volume 临界温度 critical temperature 临界压力 critical pressure 临界状态 critical state 零级反应 zero order reaction 流动电势 streaming potential 流动功 flow work 笼罩效应 cage effect 路易斯-兰德尔逸度规则 Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity 露点 dew point 露点线 dew point line 麦克斯韦关系式 Maxwell relations 麦克斯韦速率分布 Maxwell distribution of speeds 麦克斯韦能量分布 MaxwelIdistribution of energy 毛细管凝结 condensation in capillary 毛细现象 capillary phenomena 米凯利斯常数 Michaelis constant 摩尔电导率 molar conductivity 摩尔反应焓 molar reaction enthalpy 摩尔混合熵 mole entropy of mixing 摩尔气体常数 molar gas constant 摩尔热容 molar heat capacity 摩尔溶解焓 mole dissolution enthalpy 摩尔稀释焓 mole dilution enthalpy 内扩散控制 internal diffusions control 内能 internal energy 内压力 internal pressure 能级 energy levels 能级分布 energy level distribution 能量均分原理 principle of the equipartition of energy 能斯特方程 Nernst equation 能斯特热定理 Nernst heat theorem 凝固点 freezing point 凝固点降低 lowering of freezing point 凝固点曲线 freezing point curve 凝胶 gelatin 凝聚态 condensed state 凝聚相 condensed phase 浓差超电势 concentration over-potential 浓差极化 concentration polarization 浓差电池 concentration cells 帕斯卡 pascal 泡点 bubble point 泡点线 bubble point line 配分函数 partition function 配分函数的析因子性质 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state 碰撞截面 collision cross section 碰撞数 the number of collisions 偏摩尔量 partial mole quantities 平衡常数(理想气体反应) equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases 平动配分函数 partition function of translation 平衡分布 equilibrium distribution 平衡态 equilibrium state 平衡态近似法 equilibrium state approximation 平衡状态图 equilibrium state diagram 平均活度 mean activity 平均活度系统 mean activity coefficient 平均摩尔热容 mean molar heat capacity 平均质量摩尔浓度 mean mass molarity 平均自由程 mean free path 平行反应 parallel reactions 破乳 demulsification 铺展 spreading 普遍化范德华方程 universal van der Waals equation 其它功 the other work 气化热 heat of vaporization 气溶胶 aerosol 气体常数 gas constant 气体分子运动论 kinetic theory of gases 气体分子运动论的基本方程 foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases 气溶胶 aerosol 气相线 vapor line 迁移数 transport number 潜热 latent heat 强度量 intensive quantity 强度性质 intensive property 亲液溶胶 hydrophilic sol 氢电极 hydrogen electrodes 区域熔化 zone melting 热 heat 热爆炸 heat explosion 热泵 heat pump 热功当量 mechanical equivalent of heat 热函 heat content 热化学 thermochemistry 热化学方程 thermochemical equation 热机 heat engine 热机效率 efficiency of heat engine 热力学 thermodynamics 热力学第二定律 the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第三定律 the third law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics 热力学基本方程 fundamental equation of thermodynamics 热力学几率 thermodynamic probability 热力学能 thermodynamic energy 热力学特性函数 characteristic thermodynamic function 热力学温标 thermodynamic scale of temperature 热力学温度 thermodynamic temperature 热熵 thermal entropy 热效应 heat effect 熔点曲线 melting point curve 熔化热 heat of fusion 溶胶 colloidal sol 溶解焓 dissolution enthalpy 溶液 solution 溶胀 swelling 乳化剂 emulsifier 乳状液 emulsion 润湿 wetting 润湿角 wetting angle 萨克尔-泰特洛德方程 Sackur-Tetrode equation 三相点 triple point 三相平衡线 triple-phase line 熵 entropy 熵判据 entropy criterion 熵增原理 principle of entropy increase 渗透压 osmotic pressure 渗析法 dialytic process 生成反应 formation reaction 升华热 heat of sublimation 实际气体 real gas 舒尔采-哈迪规则 Schulze-Hardy rule 松驰力 relaxation force 松驰时间 time of relaxation 速度常数 reaction rate constant 速率方程 rate equations 速率控制步骤 rate determining step 塔费尔公式 Tafel equation 态-态反应 state-state reactions 唐南平衡 Donnan equilibrium 淌度 mobility 特鲁顿规则 Trouton rule 特性粘度 intrinsic viscosity 体积功 volume work 统计权重 statistical weight 统计热力学 statistic thermodynamics 统计熵 statistic entropy 途径 path 途径函数 path function 外扩散控制 external diffusion control 完美晶体 perfect crystalline 完全气体 perfect gas 微观状态 microstate 微态 microstate 韦斯顿标准电池 Weston standard battery 维恩效应 Wien effect 维里方程 virial equation 维里系数 virial coefficient 稳流过程 steady flow process 稳态近似法 stationary state approximation 无热溶液 athermal solution 无限稀溶液 solutions in the limit of extreme dilution 物理化学 Physical Chemistry 物理吸附 physisorptions 吸附 adsorption 吸附等量线 adsorption isostere 吸附等温线 adsorption isotherm 吸附等压线 adsorption isobar 吸附剂 adsorbent 吸附量 extent of adsorption 吸附热 heat of adsorption 吸附质 adsorbate 析出电势 evolution or deposition potential 析因子性质 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state 稀溶液的依数性 colligative properties of dilute solutions 稀释焓 dilution enthalpy 系统 system 系统点 system point 系统的环境 environment of system 相 phase 相变 phase change 相变焓 enthalpy of phase change 相变化 phase change 相变热 heat of phase change 相点 phase point 相对挥发度 relative volatility 相对粘度 relative viscosity 相律 phase rule 相平衡热容 heat capacity in phase equilibrium 相图 phase diagram 相倚子系统 system of dependent particles 悬浮液 suspension 循环过程 cyclic process 压力商 pressure quotient 压缩因子 compressibility factor 压缩因子图 diagram of compressibility factor 亚稳状态 metastable state 盐桥 salt bridge 盐析 salting out 阳极 anode 杨氏方程 Youngs equation 液体接界电势 liquid junction potential 液相线 liquid phase lines 一级反应 first order reaction 一级相变 first order phase change 依时计量学反应 time dependent stoichiometric reactions 逸度 fugacity 逸度系数 coefficient of fugacity 阴极 cathode 荧光 fluorescence 永动机 perpetual motion machine 永久气体 Permanent gas 有效能 available energy 原电池 primary cell 原盐效应 salt effect 增比粘度 specific viscosity 憎液溶胶 lyophobic sol 沾湿 adhesional wetting 沾湿功 the work of adhesional wetting 真溶液 true solution 真实电解质 real electrolyte 真实气体 real gas 真实迁移数 true transference number 振动配分函数 partition function of vibration 振动特征温度 characteristic temperature of vibration 蒸气压下降 depression of vapor pressure 正常沸点 normal point 正吸附 positive adsorption 支链反应 branched chain reactions 直链反应 straight chain reactions 指前因子 pre-exponential factor 质量作用定律 mass action law 制冷系数 coefficient of refrigeration 中和热 heat of neutralization 轴功 shaft work 转动配分函数 partition function of rotation 转动特征温度 characteristic temperature of vibration 转化率 convert ratio 转化温度 conversion temperature 状态 state 状态方程 state equation 状态分布 state distribution
曲津華 今天偶然被某網頁的鏈接帶入了一個國家級機構的網站,其首頁的BANNER文字為“全國哲學社會科學規劃辦公室”及其英文“National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science”。 對其英文,試改為National Planning Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences,自認更貼切一些,理由不詳陳。另想到,英文中還有個片語Social Studies,當與“社會科學”有相當程度的關係。只是聯想,未明所以,不敢擅用,在此就教于方家。 此外,還有一個疑問——“哲學社會科學”與“人文社會科學”的異同,只覺後者用法較新,也請一併賜教。 上述網站地址是 www.npopss-cn.gov.cn 。
我有幸参加的长江大学出国师资培训班2009年1月11日就圆满落幕了。今天在网上遨游的时候,无意中看见了新东方网站上对我们培训班结业的报道。转载如下,以此纪念! http://www.neworiental.org/publish/portal0/tab410/info301596.htm (转自新东方网站) 2009年1月11日下午,荆州新东方学校的企业培训项目长江大学出国师资培训班圆满落幕。在荆州新东方总部503教室举行了盛大的结班毕业典礼,来自长江大学各院系推荐的70多名出国老师齐聚一堂,长江大学人事处领导也出席典礼现场。 典礼首先由年轻的新生代老师张澜作为教师代表发言。张澜老师引用冯小刚贺岁电影《天下无贼》里的台词二十一世纪什么最贵人才!,谦虚地说自己不是什么人才,但在新东方获得发挥自己才能的舞台,同时她表达了对讲台下70多名长江大学学术精英教师的敬佩,以及被他们学习英语的精神所感动。 刘砚群老师作为学员代表发言,刘老师代表学员感谢所有授课的老师,他说,感谢你们半年来的精心授课,在你们身上,我们不仅看到了新东方的精神,还了解到新东方的传奇与魅力,更有你们风味独具的个性风采。 接着,本期培训班班长毛宁波教授发言,毛老师的发言激情而幽默。他说,千里之行始于足下,A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step,新东方的学习是我们迈出的第一步,同学们任重道远啊!毛班长还代表全体学员给荆州新东方赠送一块精心制作的牌匾,上书太阳从东方升起,我们在长大相聚。 荆州新东方学校李茜校长发言,李校长感慨地说,长江大学的教师培训班是我从教以来印象最深的一个班,这是一个三高班级:最高知所有学员都是长江大学的教授、副教授、博士们;最长时间3个月的课,甚至从08年跨度到09年;最深情谊这个班充满了师生之间很多感动的故事。 最后,长江大学人事处高副处长发表重要讲话,他充分肯定了荆州新东方的教学模式、教学质量以及敬业的态度,同时高副处长代表长大校方感谢荆州新东方学校为培训而付出的努力。 典礼结束后,荆州新东方长大企业培训项目的老师与长大的老师们一起合影留念。相聚是一种缘份,感动的故事成为美好的回忆,大家期待下一次的相聚。
抱怨 这集的笔记要来谈谈一些抱怨的说法, 例如交通太差, 或是某个人很糟糕, 这些抱怨的用法在英文中要怎么讲? 我想人生不如意事十之八九, 所以要用到这些句子的机会也一定不少吧! 当然啦, 还是希望每个人每天都能快快乐乐地生活, 都没有什么抱怨才好. 1. Our team sucks. 我们这一队很烂. Suck 这个字在美国用的很多, 它就是指很烂, 很差的意思.Suck 是一个动词, 所以在使用上跟烂这个形容词是不太一样的, 例如你可以说, That traffic here really sucks! 就是说这里的交通糟透了的意思.有时也听得到人家用 suck 的形容词 sucky. 例如有一次我室友的女朋友先是车子抛锚, 然后又下起大雨, 更糟的是她还找不到电话可以求救. 所以她那天一来我们这, 就说了一句, Today is very sucky, everything sucks. 说得很好吧! Suck 这个字的原意是指用嘴巴吸的意思, 所以有人就设计了这么一个吸果冻的比赛.规则很简单, 就是不能用手, 只能用嘴巴把果冻吸光.所以比赛一开始, 只听到观众大喊, Hey, you suck! 表面上听来是说, 你快点吸的意思, 事实上则是暗地里骂人烂的意思. 2. I am sick and tired of doing homework. 我对做作业感到厌烦. Sick and tired of something 可以视之为一个片语, 所以并没有 sick (生病) 的意思在里面! 例如贩卖机老是吃钱, 你也可以说 I am sick and tired of this vending machine. 还有一句话也很有趣, I am so sick and tired of being sick and tired.就是说你对于老是感到厌烦已经感到十分厌烦了, 我想这是很多都市人共同的心声吧. 3. I am terrible. I am horrible 我很糟糕. 这句并不是说我很可怕或恐怖的意思.terrible 翻成中文的意思是糟糕. 像是有次我问班上同学上次为什么没来上课? 他的回答是, I am so terrible.I keep skipping my classes. 他的意思是说他很糟糕, 常常在跷课.有时他们也会用 terrible 来形容一个教授, He is so terrible, 就是说这个老师教的很烂, 而不是说他很会当人.要是用 terrible 来形容一样东西, 则表示该样东西很糟糕, 例如形容食物, 如 The food is terrible, 说的当然就是食物很难吃了! Horrible 跟 terrible 的意思可说是一模一样, 两者可以互换使用, 例如, The coffee is horrible.或是 Our professor is horrible. 4. That movie was a turn-off. 那部电影真是让我倒尽胃口. Turn-off 就是让你倒胃口的东西, 而 turn-on 则是你非常喜欢的东西. 例如你说 She is a turn-off. 就表示说你对她是一点兴趣都没有. 要是 She is a turn-on, 那就表示你对她蛮有兴趣的.此外, turn-on 跟 turn-off 也可以当成一种个人喜好上的标准, 比如说徵友吧, 你说, 我不想要低于 160 cm 的, 则低于 160 就是你的 turn-off, 也等于 What's not. 如果说我喜欢住在美国的, 那 住在美国 就是你的 turn-on. 另也有人说把 turn-on 说成 What's hot. 把 turn off 说成 What's not. 大家可以看情况自行运用. Turn on 当成动词的时候也非常普遍, 例如你可以说, The movie totally turns me off. 或是 she turns me off. 5. You scared me! You frightened me! 你吓到我了. 被惊吓到时就是这么说的, 或是也可以说, I am scared. 记得我刚到美国第二天就在 Washington D.C 迷路了. 想问路又怕自己英文不好, 所以犹豫了好久, 好不容易偷偷走到一个中年妇人的背后, 鼓起我全部的勇气, 大声地说了一句: Excuse me.. 结果你猜如何? 她居然哇的一声, 说 You scared me!害我觉得十分地不好意思. 此外, 自己被吓到你也可以说, I am scared 或是 I am frightened.Scare 跟 frightene 的意思完全相同, 可以随便选一个来用. 6. That'sso stupid. 真是愚蠢. Stupid 这个字很好用, 它含有轻视, 不以为然的味道在里面, 比如说考试题目出的很烂, 你就可以说, that's a stupid test. 或是有人在冬天的时候提议去游泳, 你的反应大概就会是, That's a stupid idea.个人觉得 stupid 不单只是笨的意思, 还有愚蠢的味道在里面. 中文里说: 笨笨的还有点可爱的味道, 但英文中的 stupid 则比较像是我们说的愚蠢的意思, 听来一点也不可爱. 7. I'm so pissed-off with his attitude. 我对他的态度感到非常反感. Piss 原意是上小号的意思, 但是现在几乎没有人会用 piss 来代表上小号的意思了, 反而是常用在 pissed-off 这个片语上, 指的是反感, 厌恶的意思. 例如老美会说 He pissed me off. 就是说他把我给惹毛了. 补充一点就是上小号可以有很多讲法, 例如 pee, take a piss, take a slash, relieve myself, take a number one, urinate 等等. 8. You are mean. 你很坏. Mean 这个字当形容词可以有二种解释, 一种是指别人很坏, 这种坏并不是说是坏人的坏, 而是像有时候男生喜欢耍贫嘴, 亏女孩子, 这种行为你就可以说他,You are so mean. 另外一种 mean 则是解释成 贱. 我想就是指它的行为很让人瞧不起, 比如说吧! 有一只猫, 你拿东西给它吃, 它就过来跟你亲热, 你没东西给它吃它就躲的远远的, 这样的行为你就可以用 mean 来形容. 你可以说 The cat is so mean. 有时候 mean 在口语中也可以当成 cool 的意思喔! 例如别人看到一辆很拉风的跑车, 他说, Wow, look at that car, that is mean! 在这里不可能说一部车很贱, 所以这个 mean 就是当成 cool 来解释. 9. He is shaky. 他不太可靠. Shaky 是指动摇不稳定, 不太确定,通常就是指一个人不太可靠. 另外 Shaky 也可以用来形容数据, 像是有一次教授就在课常上说, The data is shaky, 就是说这些 data 怪怪的, 不太可靠.Shaky 另外有一个惯用法, He has a shaky start. 就是说有人要上台报告准备却不够充份, 以致一上去就开始紧张, 冒冷汗, 不知所云, 这种情况老美就会说, He has a shaky start. 或是另一个很意思很接近的说法, He has a bumpy ride. 10. Don't act black. 不要跟黑人一样. 虽然现在都已经快要迈入二十一世纪了, 不过时至今日还是有些白人会歧视黑人的, 尤其是老一辈的白人, 有时候他们的孩子作错了什么事, 他们还会骂说 Don't act black. 但是这是句非常有种族歧视的话, 不要乱用, 当然也希望各位国人来到国外时要为华人争一点面子, 不要让老美说 Don't act Chinese. 那样就很不好了. 附记:曾有人写了一封信跟我谈到, 关于 'suck' 这个字该不该用. 大家参考看看. I noticed something that I wanna tell you.. Maybe it's not a big deal actually.In your message, I saw a word sucks um.. I think that's not a good word though... you know I think girls souldn't say that words.. even a guy... I don't know I can hear that word all over the place but I still can't get used to it.. in my opinion, that's worser than say fuck or shit but that are all bad words anyway.. ok, don't say those words ok? cause I have very expectation on you and I don't want to hear those words from you ok? maybe it's not that big deal though.... don't know.. 笔者是觉得在美国说 suck 或许没有 shit 或 fuck 来的这么槽, 但是没把握还是不要乱用这个字比较好. 如果要用, 请用在同辈之间及比较熟的好朋友身上. 摘自小笨霖学外语
道谢九句 说谢谢,除了Thank you.之外 九句最常用的道谢语 一般的说法: Thanks. 谢谢。 I really appreciate it. 我很感谢。 比较热情的说法: You're one in a million. 你真是大好人。 You're the greatest. 你最棒了。 要归功于对方的时候: Thanks to you (we made it on time.) 都要多谢你(我们才能准时完成)。 I couldn't have done it without you. 若是没有你,我不可能做到。 比较正式的说法: I'm truly grateful for your help. 我非常感激你的帮助。 Your help was greatly appreciated. 你的帮助备受感激。 I'd like to express my gratitude. 我要表达我的谢忱。 道别九句 说再见,除了说Goodbye之外 九句最常用的道别语 一般的用法: Take care. 保重。 Later. 回头见。 So long. 再见。 Until we meet again (next time.) 下次见。 俏皮的说法: See you later, (alligator.) 回头见,(鳄鱼。)(英文的部份押韵) 约定下次见面时间的用法: See you tomorrow (next week, on Monday, etc.) 明天(下星期、下星期一)见。 非常隆重的说法(或是开玩笑的说法): Farewell. 再会。 异国风味的说法: Adios (西班牙文的「上帝祝福你。」) Hasta la vista! 西班牙文的「下次再见。」) 甜言蜜语九句:如何说爱你 最直接的说法: I love you. 我爱你。 有感情,但不确定有爱情的说法: I have a crush on you. 我对你有点动心。 I care about you deeply. 我非常关心你。 保守含蓄的说法: I'm fond of you. 我对你有好感。 强烈的、戏剧化的说法: You light up my life. 你照亮我的生命。 I can't live without you. 我没有你活不下去。 You mean the world to me. 你对我来说是最重要的。 My heart belongs to you. 我的心属于你。 You take my breath away. 你让我忘记呼吸。 十种语言,都说「爱你」! 法文 Je t'aime. 德文 Ich liebe Dich. 西班牙文 Te quiero./Te amo. 意大利文 Te amo. 土耳其文 Seni Seviyorum. (以下是英文拼音,非书写方式,大写字母表示重音) 俄文 Ya la-Blue teb-Ya. 日文 Ai siteru. 韩文 Sarang heyo. 泰文 Chan rak te. 广东话 Ngoh oi leih. 称赞九句 每天都该对自己跟别人说的话 You are great. 一般的用法: You're great/errific. 你好棒/好厉害。 I admire you. 我佩服你。 You're really cool. 你真酷。 You're amazing. 你真了不起。 You're awesome. 你真了不起。 完成一项任务后的说法: You did a great job. 你做得很好。 You really impress me. 你令我印象深刻。 You're an outstanding individual. 你真是杰出人材。 You are a great asset to our company. 你是本公司的重要资产(台柱)。 杀价九句 Bargaining/Haggling 直接杀价: That's unreasonable! I'd take it for (100¥.) 这真是卖得太贵了!如果(一百块)我就买。 How about (100¥)? 卖(一百块钱)如何? I'd buy this if it were cheaper. 再便宜一点我就买。 拐弯抹角地杀: Lower the price, and I'll consider it. 价钱低一点我才会考虑。 It's a little overpriced. 这标价有点贵。 I like everything about it except the price. 这东西除了价钱之外我都喜欢。 尔虞我诈地杀: I've seen this cheaper (in) other places. 我在别家有看过更便宜的。 I heard other stores were having great mark-downs on this item. 听说别家的这个东西在大减价。 If I buy more than one, will you give me a discount? 多买一点有折扣吗? 惊吓九句 惊吓指数1:听到或碰到很糟糕的事情时,你可以说: That's terrible! 好恐怖! How awful! 可怕噢! That's horrible/dreadful! 好可怕/吓人! What a nightmare! 真是恶梦一场! 惊吓指数2 当情况坏到吓人时,你可以说: How terrifying! 吓死人了! That's scary! 真令人害怕! How frightening! 恐怖噢! 惊吓指数3 当发生不可思议的事情,让你怀疑是灵异事件时,你可以说: How creepy! 真令人毛骨悚然! That's spooky! 阴森森的! 分手九句 开门见山说分手 I want to break up. 我要分手。 It's over. 我们缘分已尽。 Don't call me anymore. 别再打电话给我。 There's someone else. 我有了别人。 We're not meant for each other. 我们命中注定不适合。 旁敲侧击说分手 I need some time alone. 我需要一个人过一阵子。 We're better off as friends. 我们做朋友比较好。 You're too good for me. 我配不上你。 You deserve a better man/woman. 你应该找个更好的对象。 道歉九句 序曲:小小出锤说抱歉 Sorry, I'm (really/so/terribly) sorry. 对不起。我感到(实在∕很∕非常)抱歉。 Apologize./Please accept my apology. 我道歉。∕请接受我的道歉。 I feel really bad about... 我对(某件事)感到非常抱歉。 间奏曲:争取同情说抱歉 I didn't mean it. .我不是故意的。 It's all my fault. 全是我的错。 How could I be so thoughtless? 我怎么会那么粗心大意呢? How can I make it up to you? 我要怎样才能补偿你? 终曲:请求原谅说抱歉 I'll never forgive myself. 我永远不能原谅自己。 Will you ever forgive me? 你会原谅我吗? 贺节九句 直截了当说贺节: Happy New Millennium! 千禧年快乐! Happy *Hanukkah! (如果对方是犹太人) 献殿节(光明节)快乐! 每逢佳节倍思亲: I'll have a blue Christmas without you. 没有你圣诞节我会过得很郁卒。 I'll / We'll be thinking of you during this Christmas season. 在这耶诞时节我(们)会想念你的。 甜言蜜语贺吉祥: Wishing you peace and happiness during the holidays. 祝你假期幸福平安。 Stay warm, safe and healthy during the holidays! 祝你假期温暖、平安、健康。 May your Christmas be filled with joy and warmth! 愿你圣诞节充满喜乐与温暖! Hope the holidays find you happy and healthy. 祝你假期健康快乐。 探询新年新气象: So, what's your New Year's resolution? 那么,你的新年新希望是什么? *Hanukkah犹太教的献殿节(或称光明节),假期在每年12月左右,为期八天,纪念公元前165年犹太人战胜叙利亚人以后,在耶路撒冷寺庙的重新奉献。 求婚九句: 我们结婚吧! 单刀直入法: Will you marry me? 你愿意嫁给(娶)我吗? Would you be my wife/husband? 你愿意当我的妻子/丈夫吗? 迂回暗示法: I think it's time we took some vows. 我想是我们该许下誓言的时候了。 I think it's time we settled down... 我想是我们该稳定下来的时候了 I want to spend the rest of my life with you. 我要与你共度余生。 I want to be with you forever. 我要永远与你相守。 咬文嚼字法: Let's get *hitched! 我们成为比翼鸟吧! Let's tie the knot! 我们结为连理枝吧! 强迫中奖法: I want to have your children. 我要跟你生宝宝。 恭贺新禧九句 祝新年新气象: As the new year begins, let us also start anew. 一元复始,万象更新 祝新年财运佳: Happy New Year and hope you strike it rich! 恭喜发财 May wealth and riches be drawn your way./May you walk the path of prosperity. 招财进宝 May a river of gold flow into your pockets. 财源广进 祝新年好运到: May you succeed at whatever you try./May all your wishes come true. 心想事成 Hope everything goes your way. 万事如意 May the New Year bring you good fortune. 迎春接福 祝福禄双全: I wish you good fortune and every success. 大吉大利 May you always get more than you wish for. 年年有余 选举九句:我支持你 I support you. 我支持你。 I'll stand by you. 我会帮助你。 I'm with you all the way. 我会一直支持你。 I'm behind you all the way. 我随时在后面支持你。 I'm there for you. 我随时听候差遣。 You have my support. 你会得到我的支持。 You have my vote. 我这一票是你的。〈这句话除了字面上的意思,也可以表示「我支持你」。〉 You can count on me. 你可以信得过我。 You got my back. 我给你当靠山。〈上面这句话是一种较为口语的用法〉 神秘兮兮:求求我就告诉你 Guess what! 你猜怎么着! I know something you don't know! 我知道一些你不知道的事情! Ask me what just happened. 你猜刚刚发生什么事。 Have I got news for you! 我有事要告诉你呢! 支支吾吾吞吞吐吐: You'll never guess... 你绝对猜不到 You won't believe... 你不会相信 The weirdest thing just happened... 最怪异的事情发生了 面有难色难以启齿: I don't know how to tell you this... 我不知如何对你启齿 There's something that's been eating at me for a long time... 有件事情在我心里藏了很久 抓狂九句: 受不了,我受不了 I've had enough of your... 我受够了你的 Who do you think you are? 你以为你是谁啊? How dare you! 你好大的胆子! 你是我今生的累赘: You worthless piece of.... 你这没用的东西 You infuriate me. 你气死我了。 You're really full of it! 你满口胡言! 忍无可忍破口大骂: Shut your face! 住口! Get out of my face! 给我闪一边去! Stuff it! 闭嘴! 耍赖九句 游戏时耍赖: That doesn't count. 那不算! We weren't playing for real. 我们不是玩真的。 欠钱时耍赖: Money has been really tight lately... 最近手头有点紧 I've had so many other expenses... 我有太多其它的费用要付 犯错时耍赖: It's not my fault. 那不是我的错。 He / She made me do it. 他(她)要我做的。 交通违规时耍赖: I didn't see the sign. 我没有看到标胖尽? 规避责任时耍赖: It's not my turn to... 这次不是轮到我 I didn't know anything about it... 我对此事一无所知 撒娇九句 无坚不摧,撒娇九句 注意GG不要用,否则后果自负。 我欠你: Just this once. I'll never ask again. 就这么一次。我不会再这样要求了。 I'll make it up to you. 我会报答你的。 I'll give you a massage if you... 如果你我就帮你按摩。 你欠我: You never...for me. 你都不帮我。 If you loved me, you would... 如果你爱我,你就会。 咱俩搏感情: (kids) I'll be your best friend if you... (adults) I'd love you forever if you (小孩用)如果你我就跟你好。 (成人用)如果你我就永远爱你。 鸡皮疙瘩掉满地: Pretty please with sugar on top! 拜托你最好了! Oh, come on! 哎唷,拜托啦! Don't be so mean. 不要这么凶嘛。 搭讪九句 似曾相识:拉近和对方的距离。 You look like someone I know. 你跟我一个朋友长得好象。 Haven't we met before? 我们之前见过吧? 借题发挥:只要有心,总是有借口。 That's a great haircut. 你的发型很棒。 (To the bartender) I'll have what the handsome gentlman (beautiful lady) is having. (对酒保说)我要跟这位帅哥(美女)点一样的东西。 略施小惠 :说这话可是有目的。 Can I buy you a drink? 我可以请你喝一杯吗? You have a great smile. 你的笑容很美。 趁虚而入:此句可以列入防狼手册,单身MM注意了。 Are you here alone? 你一个人在这儿吗? What's a handsome guy (pretty girl) like you doing here alone? 像你这样的帅哥(美女)怎么会落单? 单刀直入:太直接了吧? What do you say we go somewhere quiet... 我们另外找个安静的地方如何 拍马屁九句 任何人都喜欢听好话,你的老板当然也不会例外。下面的句子你可以在合适的时候说说看,不过由此产生的任何后果我们可不负责任。 It's really impressive the way you run this company. 您经营这家公司的模式真是令人印象深刻。 I look forward to coming to work every day. 我每天都迫不及待来上班。 You're the best-dressed boss around. 您是这里穿得最有型的主管。 You're my idol. 您是我的偶像。 I really admire your decision-making ability. 我很钦佩您的决策能力。 考试要 pass,老师当然很重要。尤其是主观性比较强的课程。这里只是提点建议,怎么干全靠您自个了。毕竟真凭实学比什么都重要。 You're too young to be a professor... 您当教授实在太年轻了 Could you autograph your book for me, please? 能否帮我在您写的书上签名? Your teaching is so inspiring. 您的教学真是让人如沐春风。 当孝子,让爸爸妈妈开心开心 You look so much younger than my classmates' moms /dads. 你看起来比我班上同学的妈妈∕爸爸年轻多了。 本资源来自于:小木虫
改 错 以下是一个学生的课堂笔记片断. 老师在黑板上写了句子,要求学生改错 Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the clouds 学生 A 的结果: As soon as the moon hid behing the clouds, he hold her in his arms. B 的结果: After holding her in his arms , the moon hid behind the clouds. C 的结果: Hold her in his arms then the moon hid behind the moon. D 的结果: ehind the clouds, he hold the moon in her arms E 的结果 The moon hold her in his arms behind the clouds. F 的结果: The clouds hid the moon ,and hold her in his arms G 的结果: He dont hold her in his arms, finding his teacher like the moon behind the clouds.