# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Estimating differences between phylogenetic trees is one of the fundamental questions in computational biology. Conflicting phylogenies arise when, for example, different phylogenetic reconstruction methods are applied to the same data set, or even with one reconstruction method applied to multiple different genes. Gene phylogenies may be codivergent by virtue of congruence (identical trees) or insignificant incongruence. Otherwise, they may be significantly incongruent Maddison (1997) . All of these outcomes are fundamentally interesting. Congruence of gene trees (or subtrees) is often considered the most desirable outcome of phylogenetic analysis, because such a result indicates that all sequences in the clade are orthologs (homologs derived from the same ancestral sequence without a history of gene duplication or lateral transfer), and that discrete monophyletic clades can be unambiguously identified, perhaps supporting novel or previously described taxa. In contrast, gene trees that are incongruent are often considered problematic because the precise resolution of speciation events seems to be obscured. Thus, it would also be very useful to identify significant incongruencies in gene trees because these represent non-canonical evolutionary processes (e.g., Maddison and Knowles, 2006; Edwards et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2008). 估计系统发生树间的差异是计算生物学中的一个基本问题。例如，当不同的系统发育重建方法应用于同一个数据集时，甚至一种重建方法应用于多个不同的基因时，就会产生相互冲突的系统发育树。不同的基因系统发育可能具有一致性（相同的树）或不显著的不一致性。否则，他们可能是明显不一致的（ Maddison ， 1997 ）。所有这些结果从根本上来说都值得研究。基因树（或子树）的一致性通常被认为是系统发育分析最理想的结果，因为这样的结果表明，支系中的所有序列都是直系同源物（源自同一祖先序列的同源序列，没有基因重复或横向转移的历史）。并且离散的单系可以得到明确鉴定，也许支持新的未被描述过的分类群。相反，不一致的基因树通常被认为是有问题的，因为这模糊了物种形成事件的精确解析。因此，识别基因树中的显著不一致也非常有用，因为这些不一致代表非常规的进化过程（例如 , Maddison and Knowles, 2006; Edwards et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2008 ）。 Arnaoudova, Elissaveta et al. “Statistical phylogenetic tree analysis using differences of means.” Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 4 47. 3 Aug. 2010, doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00047
去年浙江古田山采集到的蚁墙蜂的新种 （ Deuteragenia ossarium ） 发表以后，国外媒体广泛报道。其新、奇、特和故事性都比较强。能否进入新一期的十大新种榜单？ 中国物种多样性丰富，还有大量的物种有待研究和发表。期待中国学者发现更多新物种并带给世界更有趣的故事和更美妙的文化。 Top 10 New Species of 2014 January 1, 2015 | by Lisa Winter http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/top-10-new-species-2014 photo credit: Ohl et al. As 2014 draws to a close, let's take a look back and celebrate the top 10 announcements of newly discovered species from the past year. These aren't presented in any particular order, because they're all pretty great. Click on the titles of each species to learn more about the discoveries. River Dolphin Image credit: Nicole Dutra When the discovery of a Brazilian river dolphin was announced in January, it was the first new species of river dolphin that had been described since World War I. Inia araguaiaensis was originally believed to be members of I. geoffrensis, until genetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA and closer examination of the skulls proved otherwise. The dolphins were named in honor of the Araguaia River basin, where they live. 第一次世界大战以来首次描 述的淡水豚。科学家应用线粒体基因和头骨数据，界定了这个新物种。 Pseudoscorpion Image credit: J. Judson Wynne Inside a tiny cave in the north rim of the Grand Canyon renowned for its biodiversity, researchers discovered two species of tiny blind pseudoscorpions. Though they have front pincers like scorpions, they have a rounded body, rather than a venomous stinger tail. The specimens were originally collected between 2005 and 2007. In addition to describing the new species, the researchers recommended that the cave in which they live continue to be under protection, forbidden from entry by tourists who could harm the ecosystem. 大峡谷洞穴中发现伪蝎。 New York Frog Image credit: Brian Curry A new species of frog from New York City was formally described in October, which is the first time the metropolitan area has had a new frog species since 1882. The frogs have a fairly large range, spanning from New York down the coastline down to North Carolina. The frog was originally suspected to be a unique species by Carl Kauffeld in 1937, though the idea didn't gain much traction and was later forgotten. The species was named Rana kauffeldi in his honor. 1882年以来首次在大都市里发现蛙类新种。 Harry Potter Wasp Image credit: Ohl et al. Remember the terrifying ghost-like creatures known as dementors from the Harry Potter series? They have been immortalized in the scientific literature after Ampulex dementor, a wasp native to Thailand, was described earlier this spring. The name was chosen after a public voting campaign held by the Natural History Museum in Berlin. The wasp reminded many of the dementors due to its terrifying way of getting into its prey's head, literally. Females of this species lay eggs inside the head of a cockroach, turning them into zombie-like incubators. The offspring later hatch and then eat their way out. 这种泥蜂的雌性将卵产在蟑螂的脑袋里，并使之成为一个僵尸一样的孵化器。新种的名字， Ampulex dementor 是有柏林自然历史博物馆通过公众投票选出来的。 Supersonus Image credit: University of Lincoln Though they be but little, their mating call is fierce. A paper published in June described a new genus of insect which has a record-setting mating call. Supersonus, as the genus was named, emits an ultrasonic mating call that can be heard by other members of the species, but is outside of the frequency which can be heard by potential predators. These insects, which are related to katydids, live in South America. 南美的这个新种可以发出超声波。这种声波只能被物种内的个体收到，而它的捕食者则不能。 Deep Sea 'Mushroom' Image credit: Just et al. These organisms proved to be a phylogenetic oddity, not quite fitting in with Cnidarians or Ctenophorans. Proper categorization could prove to require a major overhaul of the tree of life, as it would require the addition of an entirely new phylum. Though they look a lot like mushrooms, these are actually animals who live in the deep sea. The specimens were originally collected in 1986, but were luckily preserved well enough to make the proper description nearly 30 years later. 这些标本采集于1986年，看上去很象蘑菇。实际上它们是一类居住在深海的动物，代表了动物界的一个新门。 Praying Mantis Image credit: Gavin Svenson/Cleveland Museum of Natural History A paper published in March described nineteen new species of bark mantis, which span eight countries throughout Central and South America. The coloring of the mantises allows them to blend in with foliage and litter on the forest floor, allowing them to quickly sneak up and attack their prey. Two of the new species were named after the lead author's daughters, and tributes were paid to former Vice President Al Gore, explorer James Stephen Fossett, and TV hosts Chris and Martin Kratt as well. 这篇论文发表了19个螳螂新种。这些物种有很好的隐蔽色，有助于它们快速捕食。 Deep Diving Whale Image credit: Lisa Thompson The first specimen of this new species of deep-diving whale was actually collected over 50 years ago, but the species proved to be so elusive, another would not wash onto the shore for two more years. It was originally predicted to a member of another species, but when another specimen washed ashore recently, scientists were able to perform genetic analysis, and identify the whale as a distinct species. 海浪帮助科学家采集到一头罕见的深潜鲸类。该新种的第一头标本采集于50年前。 Marriage Equality Snail Image credit: Chih-Wei Huang It was announced in October that a species of snail that was originally believed to be a similar species originally described in 1884 was discovered in Taiwan. The species was named in honor of marriage equality, and was dubbed Aegista diversifamilia. Diversi- comes from the Latin diversus meaning different, while familia comes from the female form of the Latin word for family. As the snails are hermaphroditic, the researchers paid tribute to the fact that there are all kinds of different families that exist in the world. 台湾发现一个蜗牛新种，和1884年的另外一种近似。 Threatened Birds Image credit: Steve Garvie In July, the wildlife group BirdLife International announced the recognition of 361 new distinct species of bird. Many of these birds were assumed to have been other species, which meant that they were not given the conservation assessment they may have needed. In fact, about a quarter of the newly-identified species were designated as threatened. However, now that researchers know more about the biodiversity of these birds, more can be done to protect them and preserve the species. BirdLife International认定了361个鸟类新物种。这些鸟类，大部分曾经被认为是其它物种。
标签: 新物种
