骨缺损是临床上的常见病，据统计，我国每年因疾病、创伤、肿瘤等造成的骨缺损病人超过100万，大范围骨缺损的修复目前仍是骨科治疗的难题之一。 Bone defects are common clinical diseases. According to statistics, the number of patients with bone defects caused by diseases, trauma, and tumors exceeds 1 million per year. The repair of large-scale bone defects is still one of the difficult problems in orthopedic treatment. 关节软骨自身修复仅限于较小的缺损或者轻微的病变。由于运动损伤、疾病等原因引起的关节软骨损伤自身无法修复或者修复效果欠佳将最终发展成为骨性关节炎，并形成恶性循环。因此如何很好的修复关节软骨损伤和病变一直以来都是骨科领域的热点和难点问题 。 Articular cartilage self-repair is limited to minor defects or minor lesions. Articular cartilage damage caused by sports injuries, diseases, etc., which cannot be repaired by itself or poorly repaired, will eventually develop into osteoarthritis and form a vicious circle. And therefore, how to repair articular cartilage damage and lesions has always been a hot and difficult problem in the field of orthopedics. 采用负载基因载体/功能基因复合纳米粒子的PLGA/纤维蛋白凝胶支架用于新西兰大白兔软骨缺损的再生，取得了较好的修复效果。另外，还可以采用骨缺损模型进行骨支架材料的评价，相关论文发表在Biomaterials(IF 8.3)、Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenertive Medicine (IF 4.4)等杂志上。 PLGA/fibrin gel scaffolds loaded with gene vector/functional gene composite nanoparticles were used to regenerate cartilage defects in New Zealand white rabbits, and a good repair effect was obtained. In addition, bone defect models can be used to evaluate bone scaffold materials. The related papers are published in the journals Biomaterials (IF 8.3), Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenertive Medicine (IF 4.4). —————————— 文章来源： http://www.qingzitech.net/bone-and-cartilage-repair-materials
刚参加完美国化学会普林斯顿分会的有机化学年度学术报告会。【1a】报告人包括一位默克的（前）副总裁，1位MIT和2位Harvard 的教授。最著名的是晚餐之后的讲演者，哈佛的Stuart Schreiber，他上一次在这里做报告是20年前的事。【1b] 他的名字和化学生物学连在一起，和波士顿地区好几个生物技术公司连在一起，也是一本书里面的重要人物。【2】当普林斯顿大学的David MacMillan教授介绍他时，开玩笑说他参考了wikipedia【3】才得到全面的数据。 考虑到正在忙着过生日的祖国依旧禁止wikipedia登陆，为了帮助读者了解他的工作和化学生物学，后面拷贝wikipedia的内容。 他的一些讲课录像可以在何士刚曾经担任过研究员的HHMI网站找到。这是个非常重要的领域，值得感兴趣的读者参考。【4】 如果哪天化学生物学这一领域被瑞典人选中发奖，他应该是接到电话的那个人。 参考资料 【1a】 http://www.pacsfocs.org/ 【1 b] http://www.pacsfocs.org/history 【2】 http://www.amazon.com/Billion-Dollar-Molecule-Companys-Perfect/dp/0671510576 【3】 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Schreiber 【4】 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/lectures.html Stuart Schreiber From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Stuart L. Schreiber (born 6 February 1956) is a scientist at Harvard University and the Broad Institute . He has been a pioneer in a field of research named chemical biology for over 20 years. His name is closely associated with the increasingly common use of small molecules as probes of biology and medicine. Small molecules are the molecules of life most associated with dynamic information flow; these work in concert with the macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) that are the basis for inherited information flow. During the 1980s and '90s, he provided dramatic advances in biology using this approach, and, in the past ten years, his systematization efforts have made this one of the fastest growing areas of life-science research. Contents 1 Education and Training 2 Key discoveries, 1980s and 1990s 3 Advancing chemical biology through the 1990s and 2000s 4 Selected Awards 5 External links 6 Notes and references // Education and Training Schreiber obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from the University of Virginia, after which he entered Harvard University as a Graduate Student in Chemistry. He joined the research group of Robert B. Woodward and after Woodward's death continued his studies under the supervision of Yoshito Kishi . In 1980 he joined the faculty of Yale University as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry. Key discoveries, 1980s and 1990s Schreiber started his research work in Organic Synthesis, pioneering concepts such as the use of photocycloaddition to establish stereochemistry in complex molecules, the fragmentation of hydroperoxides to produce macrolides, ancillary stereocontrol, group selectivity and two-directional synthesis. Notable accomplishments include the total syntheses of complex natural products such as talaromycin B, asteltoxin, avenaciolide, gloeosporone, hikizimicin, mycoticin A, epoxydictymene and the immunosuppressant FK-506 . Following his co-discovery of the FK506-binding protein FKBP12 in 1988, Schreiber reported that the small molecules FK506 and ciclosporin inhibit the activity of the phosphatase calcineurin by forming the ternary complexes FKBP12-FK506-calcineurin and cyclophilin-ciclosporin-calcineurin. This work, together with work by Gerald Crabtree at Stanford University concerning the NFAT proteins, led to the elucidation of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. This landmark discovery, an early example of defining an entire cellular signaling pathway from the cell surface to the nucleus, can be appreciated when it is considered that the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway was not elucidated for another year. In 1993 Schreiber and Crabtree developed small-molecule dimerizers, which provide small-molecule activation over numerous signaling molecules and pathways (e.g., the Fas, insulin, TGF and T-cell receptors ) through proximity effects. Schreiber and Crabtree demonstrated that small molecules could activate a signaling pathway in an animal with temporal and spatial control. Dimerizer kits have been distributed freely to (as of February, 2005) 898 laboratories at 395 different institutions worldwide, resulting thus far in over 250 peer-reviewed publications from the scientific community. Its promise in gene therapy has been highlighted by the ability of a small molecule to induce production of erythropoeitin (EPO) in primates without diminution over, thus far, a six-year period, and more recently in phase II human clinical trials for treatment of graft-vs-host disease (ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). In 1994, Schreiber discovered that the small molecule rapamycin simultaneously binds FKBP12 and mTOR (originally named FKBP12-rapamycin binding protein, FRAP). Using diversity-oriented synthesis and small-molecule screening, Schreiber helped illuminate the nutrient-response signaling network involving TOR proteins in yeast and mTOR in mammalian cells. Small molecules such as uretupamine and rapamycin were shown to be particularly effective in revealing the ability of proteins such as mTOR, Tor1p, Tor2p, and Ure2p to receive multiple inputs and to process them appropriately towards multiple outputs (in analogy to multi-channel processors). Several pharmaceutical companies are now targeting the nutrient-signaling network for the treatment of several forms of cancer, including solid tumors. In 1996 Schreiber used the small molecules trapoxin and depudecin to characterize molecularly the histone deacetylases (HDACs). Prior to Schreibers work in this area, the HDAC proteins had not been isolated despite many attempts by others in the field who had been inspired by Allfrey's detection of the enzymatic activity in cell extracts over 30 years earlier. Coincident with the HDAC discovery, David Allis and colleagues reported their discovery of the histone acetyltransferases (HATs). These two contributions catalyzed much research in this area, eventually leading to the characterization of numerous histone-modifying enzymes, their resulting histone marks, and numerous proteins that bind to these marks. By taking a global approach to understanding chromatin function, Schreiber proposed a signaling network model of chromatin and compared it to an alternative view, the histone code hypothesis presented by Strahl and Allis. The work by chromatin researchers has shined a bright light on chromatin as a key regulatory element rather than simply a structural element. Advancing chemical biology through the 1990s and 2000s During the past 10 years, Schreiber has attempted to systematize the application of small molecules to biology through the development of diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), chemical genetics, and ChemBank . Schreiber has shown that DOS can produce small molecules distributed in defined ways in chemical space by virtue of their different skeletons and stereochemistry, and that it can provide chemical handles on products anticipating the need for follow-up chemistry using, for example, combinatorial synthesis and the so-called Build/Couple/Pair strategy of modular chemical synthesis. DOS pathways and new techniques for small-molecule screening provided many new, potentially disruptive insights into biology. For example, Schreiber and collaborator Tim Mitchison used cytoblot screening to discover monastrol the first small-molecule inhibitor of mitosis that does not target tubulin . Monastrol was shown to inhibit kinesin-5 , a motor protein and was used to gain new insights into the functions of kinesin-5. This work led pharmaceutical company Merck, among others, to pursue anti-cancer drugs that target human kinesin-5. Small-molecule probes of histone and tubulin deacetylases, transcription factors, cytoplasmic anchoring proteins, developmental signaling proteins (e.g., histacin, tubacin, haptamide, uretupamine, concentramide, and calmodulophilin), among many others, have been discovered in the Schreiber lab using diversity-oriented synthesis and chemical genetics. Multidimensional screening was introduced in 2002 and has provided insights into tumorigenesis, cell polarity, and chemical space, among others. More than 100 laboratories from over 30 institutions have performed small-molecule screens at the screening center he developed ( Broad Chemical Biology (BCB), formerly the Harvard ICCB), leading to many small-molecule probes (81 probes were reported in the 2004 literature alone) and insights into biology. To facilitate the open sharing of small-molecule-based insights, Schreiber pioneered the development of the assay-data repository and analysis environment named ChemBank, which was launched on the Internet in 2003. A complete rework of ChemBank (v2.0) , which makes accessible to the public results and analyses from 1,209 small-molecule screens that have yielded 87 million measurements, was re-launched in March 2006. Schreibers laboratory has served as a focal point for the field of chemical biology, first by the ad hoc use of small molecules to study three specific areas of biology, and then through the more general application of small molecules in biomedical research. As a principal architect of chemical biology, he has influenced the public and private research communities. Academic screening centers have been created that emulate the Broad Institute Chemical Biology Program; in the U.S., there has been a nationwide effort to expand this capability via the government-sponsored NIH Road Map. Chemistry departments have changed their names to include the term chemical biology and new journals have been introduced ( Chemistry Biology , ChemBioChem , Nature Chemical Biology , ACS Chemical Biology ) to cover the field. Schreiber has been involved in the founding of three biopharmaceutical companies based on chemical biology principles: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (VRTX), Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ARIA), and Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc (INFI). These companies have produced new medicines in several areas of disease, including AIDS and cancer. Selected Awards Award in Pure Chemistry, ACS (1989). For pioneering investigations into the synthesis and mode of action of natural products. Ciba-Geigy Drew Award for Biomedical Research: Molecular Basis for Immune Regulation (1992). For the discovery of immunophilins and for his role in elucidating the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award, North Jersey Section of ACS (1993). For outstanding achievement in creative chemistry. Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, ACS (1993). For fundamental research in biological chemistry. American Chemical Society Award in Synthetic Organic Chemistry (1994). For creative accomplishments at the interface of organic synthesis, molecular biology, and cell biology as exemplified by landmark discoveries in the immunophilin area. George Ledlie Prize (Harvard University) (1994). For his research which has profoundly influenced out understanding of the chemistry of cell biology and illuminated fundamental processes of molecular recognition and signaling in cell biology. Harrison Howe Award (1995). In recognition of accomplishments in the synthesis of complex organic molecules, progress in understanding the immunosuppressant action of FK506, and innovation in molecular recognition and its role in intracellular signaling. Warren Triennial Award (shared with Leland Hartwell) (1995). For creating a new field in organic chemistry, what Phil Sharp has coined 'chemical cell biology.' In these studies, small molecules have been synthesized and used to understand and control signal transduction pathways. Schreiber has made it possible to generalize the use of small molecules to study protein function in analogy to the use of mutations in genetics. This approach has illuminated fundamental processes in cell biology and has great promise in medicine. Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry (1997). For his fundamental contributions to chemical synthesis with biological and medicinal implications. ACS Award for Bioorganic Chemistry (2000). For his development of the field of chemical genetics, where small molecules are used to dissect the circuitry of cells using genetic-like screens. William H. Nichols Medal (2001). For contributions toward understanding the chemistry of intracellular signaling. Chiron Corporation Biotechnology Research Award, American Academy of Microbiology (2001). For the development of systematic approaches to biology using small molecules. Society for Biomolecular Screening Achievement Award (2004). In recognition of the advances made in the field of chemical biology through the development and application of tools that enable the systematic use of small molecules to elucidate fundamental biological pathways. American Association of Cancer Institutes (2004). For his development of the field of chemical biology, which has resulted in a new approach to the treatment of cancer. External links Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Chemical Biology Program Schreiber lab, Harvard University HHMI Genomics Chemical Genetics, Video Lecture ChemBank Notes and references ^ Liu J, Farmer JD, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL (August 1991). Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 66 (4): 80715. doi : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90124-H . PMID 1715244 . ^ Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR (1995). Immunophilins, ligands, and the control of signal transduction. Harvey Lectures 91 : 99114. PMID 9127988 . ^ Yang J, Symes K, Mercola M, Schreiber SL (January 1998). Small-molecule control of insulin and PDGF receptor signaling and the role of membrane attachment. Current Biology 8 (1): 118. doi : 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70015-6 . PMID 9427627 . ^ Stockwell BR, Schreiber SL (June 1998). Probing the role of homomeric and heteromeric receptor interactions in TGF-beta signaling using small molecule dimerizers. Current Biology 8 (13): 76170. doi : 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70299-4 . PMID 9651680 . ^ Functional Analysis of Fas Signaling in vivo Using Synthetic Dimerizers David Spencer, Pete Belshaw, Lei Chen, Steffan Ho, Filippo Randazzo, Gerald R. Crabtree, Stuart L. Schreiber Curr. Biol . 1996 , 6, 839-848. ^ Brown EJ, Albers MW, Shin TB, et al. (June 1994). A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin-receptor complex. Nature 369 (6483): 7568. doi : 10.1038/369756a0 . PMID 8008069 . ^ Dissection of a glucose-sensitive pathway of the nutrient-response network using diversity-oriented synthesis and small molecule microarrays Finny G. Kuruvilla, Alykhan F. Shamji, Scott M. Sternson, Paul J. Hergenrother, Stuart L. Schreiber, Nature , 2002 , 416, 653-656. ^ Shamji AF, Nghiem P, Schreiber SL (August 2003). Integration of growth factor and nutrient signaling: implications for cancer biology. Molecular Cell 12 (2): 27180. doi : 10.1016/j.molcel.2003.08.016 . PMID 14536067 . ^ Taunton J, Hassig CA, Schreiber SL (April 1996). A mammalian histone deacetylase related to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p. Science 272 (5260): 40811. doi : 10.1126/science.272.5260.408 . PMID 8602529 . ^ Schreiber SL, Bernstein BE (December 2002). Signaling network model of chromatin. Cell 111 (6): 7718. doi : 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01196-0 . PMID 12526804 . ^ (a) Schreiber SL (March 2000). Target-oriented and diversity-oriented organic synthesis in drug discovery. Science 287 (5460): 19649. doi : 10.1126/science.287.5460.1964 . PMID 10720315 . (b) Burke MD, Berger EM, Schreiber SL (October 2003). Generating diverse skeletons of small molecules combinatorially. Science 302 (5645): 6138. doi : 10.1126/science.1089946 . PMID 14576427 . (c) Burke MD, Schreiber SL (January 2004). A planning strategy for diversity-oriented synthesis. Angewandte Chemie 43 (1): 4658. doi : 10.1002/anie.200300626 . PMID 14694470 . ^ The small-molecule approach to biology: Chemical genetics and diversity-oriented organic synthesis make possible the systematic exploration of biology, S L Schreiber, CE News , 2003 , 81, 51-61. ^ Strausberg RL, Schreiber SL (April 2003). From knowing to controlling: a path from genomics to drugs using small molecule probes. Science 300 (5617): 2945. doi : 10.1126/science.1083395 . PMID 12690189 . ^ Stockwell BR, Haggarty SJ, Schreiber SL (February 1999). High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. Chemistry Biology 6 (2): 7183. doi : 10.1016/S1074-5521(99)80004-0 . PMID 10021420 . ^ Printing Small Molecules as Microarrays and Detecting Protein-Ligand Interactions en Masse Gavin MacBeath, Angela N. Koehler, Stuart L. Schreiber J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999 , 121, 7967-7968. ^ MacBeath G, Schreiber SL (September 2000). Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination . Science 289 (5485): 17603. PMID 10976071 . http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=10976071 . ^ Mayer TU, Kapoor TM, Haggarty SJ, King RW, Schreiber SL, Mitchison TJ (October 1999). Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen. Science 286 (5441): 9714. doi : 10.1126/science.286.5441.971 . PMID 10542155 . ^ Schreiber SL (July 2005). Small molecules: the missing link in the central dogma. Nature Chemical Biology 1 (2): 646. doi : 10.1038/nchembio0705-64 . PMID 16407997 .
标签: 生物医药
