The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. arex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. Discussion Ask a question about 'Timeline of solar cells'Start a new discussion about 'Timeline of solar cells'Answer questions from other usersFull Discussion Forum Encyclopedia The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. Timeline 1800s 1839 - Alexandre Edmond BecquerelA. E. Becquerel Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel was a France physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity, and optics. He is known for his work in luminescence and phosphorescence.... observes the photoelectric effectPhotoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic wave such as x-rays or visible light.... via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. 1873 - Willoughby SmithWilloughby Smith Willoughby Smith was an English electrical engineer who discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium. This discovery led to the invention of photoelectric cells, including those used in the earliest television systems.... finds that seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... is photoconductive. 1877 - W.G. Adams and R.E. Day observed the photovoltaic effect in solid seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... , and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113. 1883 - Charles FrittsCharles Fritts Charles Fritts was an American inventor credited with creating the first working solar cell in 1884.Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold.... develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency. 1887 - Heinrich Hertz investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity. 1887 - James Moser reports dye sensitised photoelectrochemical cell. 1888 - Edward WestonEdward Weston (chemist) Edward Weston was an English chemist noted for his achievements in electroplating and his development of the electrochemical cell, named the Weston cell, for the voltage standard.... receives patent US389124, Solar cell, and US389125, Solar cell. 1894 - Melvin Severy receives patent US527377, Solar cell, and US527379, Solar cell. 1897 - Harry Reagan receives patent US588177, Solar cell.. 1900-1929 1901 - Nikola TeslaNikola Tesla Nikola Tesla was an inventor and a mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. Tesla was born in the village of Smiljan near the town of Gospic, in Croatia .... receives the patent US685957, Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy, and US685958, Method of Utilizing of Radiant Energy. 1902 - Philipp von Lenard observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency. 1904 - Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein was a Germany-born theoretical physics. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass?energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.... publishes a paper on the photoelectric effect. Wilhelm Hallwachs makes a semiconductor-junction solar cell (copperCopper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.... and copper oxideCopper oxide Copper oxide can refer to*Copper oxide , a red powder;*Copper oxide , a black powder.... ). 1913 - William CoblentzWilliam Coblentz William Weber Coblentz was an United States physicist notable for his contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy.... receives US1077219, Solar cell. 1914 - Sven Ason Berglund patents methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells. 1916 - Robert MillikanRobert Millikan Robert Andrews Millikan was an United States experimental physics, and Nobel Prize for Physics in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.... conducts experiments and proves the photoelectric effect. 1918 - Jan CzochralskiJan Czochralski Jan Czochralski was a Poland chemistry who invented the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers.... , a Polish scientist, produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal silicon. 1920s - Solar water-heating systems, utilizing flat collectors (or flat-plate collectors), relied upon in homes and apartment buildings in FloridaFlorida Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast.... and southern CaliforniaCalifornia California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... . 1930-1959 1932 - Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in Cadmium selenideCadmium selenide Cadmium selenide is a solid, binary compound of cadmium and selenium. Common names for this compound are cadmium selenide, cadmium selenide, and cadmoselite .... (CdSe), a photovoltaic material still used today. 1946 - Russell OhlRussell Ohl Russell Ohl was an American engineer who is generally recognized for patenting the modern solar cell . Ohl was a notable semiconductor researcher prior to the invention of the transistor.... receives patent US2402662, Light sensitive device. 1948 - Gordon TealGordon K. Teal Gordon Kidd Teal invented a method of applying the Czochralski method to produce extremely pure germanium single crystals used in making greatly improved transistors.... and John Little adapt the Czochralski method of crystal growth to produce single-crystalline germanium and, later, silicon. 1950s - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... produce solar cells for space activities. 1953 - Gerald Pearson begins research into lithiumLithium Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft alkali metal with a silver-white color. Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.... -siliconSilicon Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855.... photovoltaic cells. 1954 - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... announces the invention of the first modern silicon solar cell. Shortly afterwards, they are shown at the National Academy of Science Meeting. These cells have about 6% efficiency. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will eventually lead to a source of limitless energy of the sun. 1955 - Western ElectricWestern Electric Western Electric Company was an United States electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of American Telephone Telegraph from 1881 to 1995.... licences commercial solar cell technologies. Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/Watt. 1957 - ATT assignors (Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller) receive patent US2780765, Solar Energy Converting Apparatus. They refer to it as the solar batteryBattery (electricity) In electronics, a battery or voltaic cell is a combination of one or more electrochemical cell Galvanic cells which store chemical energy that can be converted into electric potential energy, creating electricity.... . Hoffman Electronics creates an 8% efficient solar cell. 1958 - T. Mandelkorn, U.S. Signal Corps Laboratories, creates n-on-p silicon solar cells, which are more resistant to radiation damage and are better suited for space. Hoffman Electronics creates 9% efficient solar cells. Vanguard I, the first solar powered satellite, was launched with a 0.1W, 100 cm² solar panel. 1959 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 10% efficient commercial solar cell, and introduces the use of a grid contact, reducing the cell's resistance. 1960-1979 1960 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell. 1961 - Solar Energy in the Developing World conference is held by the United NationsUnited Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, Social change, human rights and achieving world peace.... . 1962 - The TelstarTelstar Telstar was the first active communications satellite, and the first satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications.... communications satellite is powered by solar cells. 1963 - Sharp CorporationSharp Corporation is a Japanese electronics manufacturer, founded in 1912.It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions, the Ever-Sharp mechanical pencil, which was invented by Tokuji Hayakawa in 1915.... produces a viable photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells. 1964 - Farrington DanielsFarrington Daniels Farrington Daniels , an American physical chemist, is considered one of the pioneers of the modern direct use of solar energy.... ' landmark book, Direct Use of the Sun's Energy, published by Yale University PressYale University Press Yale University Press is a book publisher 1908 in literature by George Parmly Day. It became an official Academic department of Yale University 1961 in literature, but remains financially and operationally autonomous.... . 1967 - Soyuz 1Soyuz 1 Soyuz 1 was part of the Soviet Union's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single astronaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed during its return to Earth.... is the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells 1967 - Akira FujishimaAkira Fujishima is a Japanese chemist, professor emeritus, University of Tokyo.He is known for his significant contributions in discovery and research of photocatalytic and superhydrophilic properties of titanium dioxide.... discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for hydrolysisHydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions.... in the photoelectrochemical cellPhotoelectrochemical cell Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells which generate electrical energy from light, including visible light. Each cell consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metal cathode immersed in an electrolyte.... . 1970 - First highly effective GaAsGaas Gaas is a Communes of France in the Landes Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.... heterostructure solar cells are created by Zhores Alferov and his team in the USSR. 1971 - Salyut 1Salyut 1 Salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind, and the first Soviet space station. It was launched on April 19, 1971. Its first crew launched in Soyuz 10 but was unable to board it due to a failure in the docking mechanism; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 productive days.... is powered by solar cells. 1973 - SkylabSkylab Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit, and the second space station ever visited by a human crew. The 100 ton space station was in Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979, and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.... is powered by solar cells. 1974 - Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center The Florida Solar Energy Center is the largest and most active state-supported renewable energy and energy efficiency research, training, testing and certification institute in the United States.... begins . 1974 - J. BaldwinJ. Baldwin James Tennant Baldwin is an American industrial designer and writer. Baldwin was a student of Buckminster Fuller; Baldwin's work has been inspired by Fuller's principles and has popularized and interpreted Fuller's ideas and achievements.... , at Integrated Living Systems, co-develops the world's first building (in New Mexico) heated and otherwise powered by solar and wind powerWind power Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts.... exclusively. 1976 - David Carlson and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 1.1%. 1977 - The Solar Energy Research InstituteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... is established at Golden, ColoradoGolden, Colorado The historic City of Golden is a Colorado municipalities#Home_Rule_Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, Colorado, United States.... . 1977 - President Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.... installs solar panelPhotovoltaic module In the field of photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells.... s on the White HouseWhite House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian architecture and has been the executive residence of every U.S.... and promotes incentives for solar energy systems. 1977 - The world production of photovoltaic cells exceeded 500 kW Late 1970s: the Energy Crisis1979 energy crisis The 1979 oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Amid massive protests, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled his country in early 1979, allowing Ayatollah Khomeini to gain control.... ; groundswell of public interest in solar energy use: photovoltaic and active and passive solar, including in architecture and off-grid buildings and home sites. 1980-1999 1980 - The Institute of Energy Conversion at University of Delaware develops the first thin-film solar cell exceeding 10% efficiency using Cu2S/CdS technology. 1982 - Spherical solar cell was developed. 1983 - Worldwide photovoltaic production exceeds 21.3 megawatts, and sales exceed $250 million. 1984 - 30,000 SF Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Roof completed for the Intercultural Center of Georgetown University. At the time of the 20th Anniversary Journey by Horseback for Peace and Photovoltais in 2004 it was still generating an average of one MWh daily as it has for twenty years in the dense urban environment of Washington, DC. 1984 - Amoco Oil pulled factory loan to takeover of Solarex Corporation factory in Frederick, Maryland. 1985 - 20% efficient silicon cells are created by the Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering at the University of New South WalesUniversity of New South Wales The University of New South Wales, also known as UNSW or colloquially as New South, is a university situated in Kensington, New South Wales, a suburb in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.... . 1986 - 'Solar-Voltaic DomeTM' patented by Lt. Colonel Richard T. Headrick of Irvine, CA as an efficient architectural configuration for building-integrated photovoltaics ; Hesperia, CA field array. 1988-1991 AMOCO/Enron used Solarex patents to sue ARCO Solar out of the business of a-Si, see Solarex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. ) 1989 - Reflective solar concentrators are first used with solar cells. 1990 - The Cathedral of MagdeburgCathedral of Magdeburg The Evangelical Church in Germany Cathedral of Magdeburg , officially called the Cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice , is one of the oldest Gothic architecture cathedrals in Germany.... installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany. 1991 - Efficient Photoelectrochemical cells are developed; the Dye-sensitized solar cell is invented. 1991 - PresidentPresident President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, company, trade unions, university, and country. Etymology, a president is one who Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership .... George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Bush held a variety of political positions prior to his presidency, including Vice President of the United States in the administration of Ronald Reagan and Director of Central Intelligence under Gerald R.... directs the U.S. Department of Energy to establish the National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute). 1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89-percent efficient thin-film cell 1993 - The National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... 's Solar Energy Research Facility is established. 1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal concentrator cell (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion efficiency. 1996 - The National Center for Photovoltaics is established. Graetzel, cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausannecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne The ?cole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne is one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology and is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.... , LausanneLausanne Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French language-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva , and facing ?vian-les-Bains and with the Jura mountains to its north-west.... , Switzerland achieves 11% efficient energy conversion with dye-sensitized cells that use a photoelectrochemical effect. 1998 - August and September University of New South Wales made premiere offering of on-line 'Advanced Photovoltaics Short Course' 1998 - Historic Joint Agency Rulemaking into the Role of the Utility Distribution Company in Distributed Generation before the California Public Utilities Commission 98-12-015 and 99-10-025; California Energy Commission 99-DIST-GEN(1) and 99-DIST-GEN(2); California Oversight Board 99-1-A-DG 1999 - Total worldwide installed photovoltaic power reached 1000 megawatts. 2000 2002 President George W. Bush installed a 9 kW 'building-integrated photovoltaics' panel on the roof of a grounds maintenance building at the White House for the National Parks Service. Also installed were two solar water heating systems. 2004 March California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed Solar Roofs Initiative for one million solar roofs in California by 2017. June 1 Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius issued a mandate for 1,000 MWp renewable electricity in Kansas by 2015 per Executive Order 04-05 2006 Polysilicon use in photovoltaicsPhotovoltaics Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity.... exceeds all other polysilicon use for the first time. January 12 California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Initiative (CSI), a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years. December 5 New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology - New Solar Cell Breaks the 40 Percent Efficient Sunlight-to-Electricity Barrier. 2007 Investors begin offering free installation in return for a long term Power Purchase AgreementPower Purchase Agreement A Power Purchase Agreement is a legal contract between an electricity generator and a host site owner or lessor. The host site owner or lessor purchases energy or capacity from the PPA Provider .... (PPA). April 23 Start of construction of Nellis Solar Power PlantNellis Solar Power Plant The Nellis Solar Power Plant is the largest solar photovoltaic system in North America, and is located within Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada, Nevada, on the northeast side of Las Vegas, Nevada.... , a 15 MW PPA installation. 5 MW began operation on October 12, and the final third was completed in December. May The Vatican announced that in order to conserve Earth's resources they would be installing solar panels on some buildings, in a comprehensive energy project that will pay for itself in a few years. June 18 GoogleGoogle Google Inc. is an United States public company, earning revenue from AdWords related to its Google search, Gmail, Google Maps, Google Apps, Orkut, and YouTube services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the Google Search Appliance.... solar panel project begins operation . July 30 University of Delaware claims to achieve new world record in Solar Cell Technology without independent confirmation - 42.8% efficiency. December 18 NanosolarNanosolar Nanosolar is a developer of solar power technology. Based in San Jose, California, CA, Nanosolar has developed and commercialized a low-cost printed electronics solar cell manufacturing process.... ships the first commercial printed CIGSCopper indium gallium selenide Copper indium selenide redirects here.Copper indium gallium selenide is a I-III-VI compound semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium.... , claiming that they will eventually ship for less than $1/WattWATT WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945.... . However, the company does not publicly disclose the technical specifications or current selling price of the modules. 2008 August 13. New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Efficiency: Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8 percent of the light that hits it into electricity. The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cellMultijunction photovoltaic cell Multijunction photovoltaic cells are a sub-class of solar cell or photovoltaic cell developed for higher efficiency. These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced using molecular beam epitaxy and / or Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.... was designed, fabricated and independently measured at NREL. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Timeline_of_solar_cells http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_time_1900.html http://knol.google.com/k/william-pentland/solar-energy/1g0rrsoesmjko/2?version=113 #
太空太阳能发电系统 来源：日本科技信息门户(Science Links Japan) 刊载日：2008年9月29日 几十年以来 ，全世界的科学家们一直都在努力探寻有无可能在太空中建造发电站，将太阳能转化为能量并将其输送回地球。这个想法由于耗资过大而且不且现实，长期以来未受到大家的重视，但是随着人们越来越关注能源的前景及地球环境，这种太空太阳能发电系统又开始引起人们的注意。 日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(JAXA)的科学家们正在计划在2030年之前将一套太空太阳能发电系统(SSPS)发送至太空轨道。根据科学家们的构思，该系统将由巨大的太阳能帆板组成，这些帆板位于静止轨道中，能够将太阳光线转化为微波或激光能量，然后将其输送至地面上的发电站并生产出总计10亿瓦的商业用电。这大约等同于一座大型核电站的发电能力。 就目前而言，宇宙航空研究开发机构的科学家们尚未考虑复杂的物流程序以及在太空中建造发电设施的预计成本。他们现在的注意力都集中在基本硬件的开发工作上。去年大阪的研究者们成功地利用太阳光生产出约180瓦激光能，随后今年2月北海道的研究者们也开始对一套用来将微波能量从太空中传送回地球的电力传输系统进行测试。 上述基础技术一旦开发成功，紧接着下一步就是如何解决繁重物流工作的难题并降低建造成本。太空发电站的最终目标是以每千瓦时约6日元（约合6.5美分）的目标成本价格提供稳定的电力供给，这一价格接近于当今发电设备的发电成本。 Links: Farming Solar Energy in Space 画家所描绘的太空太阳能发电系统(SSPS)构想图。（日本宇宙航空研究开发机构供图）
标签: 太阳能
