俺的 学院 新版介绍网址(2020-09-10) 当前位置: 首页 师资队伍 现代电工电子技术中心 正文 杨正瓴, http://seea.tju.edu.cn/info/1016/1525.htm 主要代表性创新观点: ① 关于“ P 对 NP ”问题完全证明的个人观点 : “P对NP”问题完全证明的建议为: 对于NTM, P = NP; 对于DTM, P ≠ NP; 不指明NTM或DTM, 则“P对NP”问题没有确定的答案。 该建议可见“从NP结构到超级计算机分类理论”,天津大学百年校庆研究生院学术报告会(一等奖论文),和天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会,1995年10月。期刊论文在 Transactions of Tianjin University (2011),中国电子科学研究院学报(2011, 2008)。 ② 电磁学(物理学)基础: 1948(1946)至2019年的SI基本单位中安培定义的可能存在两种缺陷。建议进行物理实验,以检验“当电流方向不同时,载流平行导体之间的安培力(磁力)是否严格相等?” 该建议可见《中科院科学智慧火花》,2012。以及2008年11月南开大学承办的教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”大会发言。 ③ 预测理论与技术方面: 提出了复杂系统行为预测的“机理+辨识”策略。见《中国科技论文在线》(2006,200609-432),以及《中国科技论文在线精品论文》,2007年12月第1期: 83-87。 在电力负荷预测、风电预测、公路交通流预测等方面,采用了该策略。 ④ 《电路理论》中的“互容 mutual capacitance”概念: 1990年代提出了《电路理论》中的“互容 mutual capacitance”概念;并在1995年提出用互容生产高集成度集成电路的构想。“互容”概念2006年已经被美国工程院院士、IEEE Fellows 承认;高集成度集成电路构想已于2017年被美国学者实现。 此外,对理论计算机科学中的计算复杂性、物理基础、数学基础方面的某些基础问题有浓厚的兴趣。 PERSONAL INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS: ① A FULL PROOF of “the P versus NP (P vs NP)” problem: The FULL PROOF of the P versus NP problem is suggested as: P = NP for an NTM; P ≠ NP for a DTM; The P versus NP problem cannot be proved/decided without necessary designating of NTM or DTM. The suggestion was reported as “A supercomputer classification theory from the hierarchy of NP problem” (a First Prize paper) in the Student Academic Symposium of Graduate School to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, October, 1995. The related papers can see Transactions of Tianjin University (2011), Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology (2011, 2008). ② Foundation of electromagnetics (physics): There are two possible defects in the definition of base unit Ampere in SI (The International System of Units) from 1948(1946) to 2019. It is suggested to check that “whether the ampere forces (magnetic forces) between two parallel conductors are strictly equal, if the directions of currents are different” by physical experiments. The suggestion can see The Chinese Academy of Sciences “Scientific Wisdom Sparks”, 2012, and his conference speech in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by The Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China, Nankai University, 2008. ③ “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior: In forecasting theory and technology, he suggested “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for forecasting/prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper Online” (2006, 200609-432), and “Highlights of Sciencepaper Online”, 2007, (1): 83-87. This strategy is employed to the electrical load forecasting, wind power forecasting, and highway traffic flow prediction. ④ The concept of mutual capacitance in Circuit Theory: In the 1990s, he suggested that the concept of “mutual capacitance” in “Circuit Theory”; and then in 1995, the idea to produce high density integrated circuits by “mutual capacitance”. The theoretical concept of “mutual capacitance” has been recognized by the academician of the National Academy of Engineering and IEEE Fellows in 2006; the physical integrated circuits by his idea have been produced by American scholars in 2017. In addition, some fundamental problems in computing complexity of theoretical computer science, theoretical physics, and foundation of mathematics are concerned by him. 天津市南开区卫津路92号 天津大学 电气与自动化工程学院 邮编: 300072 老网页 http://seea.tju.edu.cn/szdw/xddgdzjszx/201610/t20161011_286338.htm 似已失效。 相关链接: 2020-06-28,真傻的学院网页:主要代表性创新观点(2020-02-25) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1239696.html 2020-02-26,真傻的学院网页介绍更新(2020-02-25) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1220494.html 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
真傻的学院网页:主要代表性创新观点(2020-02-25) 一、春天(2020-02-25)晚上20:30许,俺在学院的介绍进行了更新 主要新增内容: http://seea.tju.edu.cn/szdw/xddgdzjszx/201610/t20161011_286338.htm http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1220494.html 二、学院网页: 主要代表性创新观点 ①关于“P对NP”问题完全证明的个人观点: “P对NP”问题完全证明的建议为: 对于NTM, P = NP; 对于DTM, P≠NP; 不指明NTM或DTM, 则“P对NP”问题没有确定的答案。 该建议可见“从NP结构到超级计算机分类理论”,天津大学百年校庆研究生院学术报告会(一等奖论文),和天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会,1995年10月。期刊论文在Transactions of Tianjin University (2011),中国电子科学研究院学报(2011, 2008)。 ②电磁学(物理学)基础: 1948(1946)至2019年的SI基本单位中安培定义的可能存在两种缺陷。建议进行物理实验,以检验“当电流方向不同时,载流平行导体之间的安培力(磁力)是否严格相等?” 该建议可见《中科院科学智慧火花》,2012。以及2008年11 月南开大学承办的教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”大会发言。 ③ 预测理论与技术方面: 提出了复杂系统行为预测的“机理+辨识”策略。见《中国科技论文在线》(2006,200609-432),以及《中国科技论文在线精品论文》,2007年12月第1期: 83-87。 在电力负荷预测、风电预测、公路交通流预测等方面,采用了该策略。 ④《电路理论》中的“互容 mutual capacitance”概念: 1990年代提出了《电路理论》中的“互容 mutual capacitance”概念;并在1995年提出用互容生产高集成度集成电路的构想。“互容”概念2006年已经被美国工程院院士、IEEE Fellows 承认;高集成度集成电路构想已于2017年被美国学者实现。 此外,对理论计算机科学中的计算复杂性、物理基础、数学基础方面的某些基础问题有浓厚的兴趣。 PERSONAL INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS: ① A FULL PROOF of “the P versus NP (P vs NP)” problem: The FULL PROOF of the P versus NP problem is suggested as: P = NP for an NTM; P ≠ NP for a DTM; The P versus NP problem cannot be proved/decided without necessary designating of NTM or DTM. The suggestion was reported as “A supercomputer classification theory from the hierarchy of NP problem” (a First Prize paper) in the Student Academic Symposium of Graduate School to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, October, 1995. The related papers can see Transactions of Tianjin University (2011), Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology (2011, 2008). ② Foundation of electromagnetics (physics): There are two possible defects in the definition of base unit Ampere in SI (The International System of Units) f rom 1948(1946) to 2019. It is suggested to check that “whether the ampere forces (magnetic forces) between two parallel conductors are strictly equal, if the directions of currents are different” by physical experiments. The suggestion can see The Chinese Academy of Sciences “Scientific Wisdom Sparks”, 2012, and his conference speech in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by The Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China, Nankai University, 2008. ③ “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior: In forecasting theory and technology, he suggested “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for forecasting/prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper Online” (2006, 200609-432), and “Highlights of Sciencepaper Online”, 2007, (1): 83-87. This strategy is employed to the electrical load forecasting, wind power forecasting, and highway traffic flow prediction. In addition, some fundamental problems in computing complexity of theoretical computer science, theoretical physics, and foundation of mathematics are concerned by him. 相关链接: 2020-02-26,真傻的学院网页介绍更新(2020-02-25) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1220494.html 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
有关 集成电路 Integrated Circuit 的网页 第一个晶体管,1947 , https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit 第一个集成电路,1958,Jack Kilby , https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/IC.html Jack Kilby、Robert Noyce 的集成电路原理 , https://www.explainthatstuff.com/integratedcircuits.html (1)集成电路_百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF (2)integrated circuit | Types, Uses, Function | Britannica.com https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit (3)集成电路的过去、现在和将来(一)世界集成电路的发展历史,王龙兴,集成电路应用,2014 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perioid=jcdlyy201401009 (4)A Brief History of the Semiconductor Industry Gargini, Paolo A. (Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega Stanford, CA; 94305, United States) Source: Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, v 1, p 1-52, April 8, 2017 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9783527800728.ch1 (5)Integrated Circuit https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/IC.html (6)How do integrated circuits work? - Explain that Stuff https://www.explainthatstuff.com/integratedcircuits.html (7)A Very Small Big Deal: How the Integrated Circuit Made Silicon Valley http://www.mobileranger.com/blog/a-very-small-big-deal-the-history-of-the-integrated-circuit/ (8)信息革命的技术源流,宋德生,四川人民出版社出版,1986 http://www.ishare5.com/6863663/ 相关链接: 2019-07-13, 有关 Mervin Joe Kelly 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189385.html Kelly ……认为半导体有希望能取代电子管。为此,要加强对固体物理基础理论的研究。从1936年起开始招聘有关的尖端人才,组成研究小组。 最早是他挑选了一队研究员成立了半导体项目组。当最后半导体被发明出来的时候,其实项目已经延期两年了。 2019-07-12, 有关费曼 Richard P. Feynman 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189219.html 2019-06-29, 有关 Fred C. Lee 李泽元老师的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187364.html 2019-07-07, 有关 Geoffrey W. A. Dummer 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1188470.html 2019-03-04, Демирчян、Нейман、Коровкин、Чечурин 里谁是院士? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1165610.html 2019-02-25, 俄罗斯学者将俺的电路理论“互容”概念写入了教材? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1164136.html 4 STRANGE NEW WAYS TO COMPUTE, 作者: Moore, Samuel K.,IEEE SPECTRUM,卷: 55,期: 1,页: 10-11, 出版年: JAN 2018 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8241695 https://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/computing/hardware/4-strange-new-ways-to-make-a-computer 2019-07-01, 量子集成电路、量子芯片 Quantum Chip 今后30年内的实用前景? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187623.html 2019-07-10, 电路概念《互容》汇报后记 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1188921.html 2019-07-11, 有没有必要通过媒体《专访》推动“半电路、半电磁场”集成电路芯片的预研? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189103.html 2018-05-15,中国芯酸: 芯片行业需要百万年薪顶级人才,而非骑自行车的老专家 http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1600541737421569302wfr=spiderfor=pc http://m.kdnet.net/share-12766846.html 芯片的产业化, 需要依靠无数百万年薪的顶级工程师, 而不是把希望寄托在拿几千块工资骑自行车上下班的老专家们的无私奉献。 如果不能正确认识这个问题,中国人只能在产业一次又一次的挫折中,去怀念那些记忆中的劳模和雷锋。 陈省身: “大师”二字这样写 ,张国 《中国青年报》(2011年10月25日03版) http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2011-10/25/nw.D110000zgqnb_20111025_1-03.htm http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/10/254361-2.shtm 当那天才的头脑 沉思时,他会坐着一动不动,两眼盯着一个方向——有时是天花板 。 此时,身边人就知道他在思考,除了端茶送水,不敢打扰。 要做学问就要安静,甚至电话都不要接,不能打断思路。 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
真傻的学院网页介绍更新(2017-11-23) , 如下: 主要代表性创新观点: ① 关于“ P对NP ”问题完全证明的个人观点: “ P对NP ”问题完全证明的建议为: 对于 NTM , P = NP ;对于 DTM , P ≠ NP ;不指明 NTM 或 DTM ,则“ P对NP ”问题没有确定的答案。 该建议可见“从NP结构到超级计算机分类理论”,天津大学百年校庆研究生院学术报告会(一等奖论文),和天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会, 1995年10 月。期刊论文在 Transactions of Tianjin University (2011) ,中国电子科学研究院学报 (2011, 2008) 。 ② 电磁学(物理学)基础: SI 基本单位中安培定义的可能存在两种缺陷。建议进行物理实验,以检验“当电流方向不同时,载流平行导体之间的安培力(磁力)是否严格相等?” 该建议可见《中科院科学智慧火花》, 2012 。以及 2008年11 月南开大学承办的教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”大会发言。 ③ 预测理论与技术方面: 提出了复杂系统行为预测的“机理+辨识”策略。见《中国科技论文在线》 (2006,200609-432) ,以及《中国科技论文在线精品论文》, 2007年12 月第 1期: 83-87 。 在电力负荷预测、风电预测、公路交通流预测等方面,采用了该策略。 此外,对理论计算机科学中的计算复杂性、物理基础、数学基础方面的某些基础问题有浓厚的兴趣。 PERSONAL INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS: ① A FULL PROOF of “the P versus NP (P vs NP)” problem: The FULL PROOF of the P versus NP problem is suggested as: P = NP for an NTM; P ≠ NP for a DTM; The P versus NP problem cannot be proved/decided without necessary designating of NTM or DTM. The suggestion was reported as “A supercomputer classification theory from the hierarchy of NP problem” (a First Prize paper) in the Student Academic Symposium of Graduate School to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, October, 1995. The related papers can see Transactions of Tianjin University (2011), Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology (2011, 2008). ② Foundation of electromagnetics (physics): There are two possible defects in the definition of base unit Ampere in SI (The International System of Units). It is suggested to check that “whether the ampere forces (magnetic forces) between two parallel conductors are strictly equal, if the directions of currents are different” by physical experiments. The suggestion can see The Chinese Academy of Sciences “Scientific Wisdom Sparks”, 2012, and his conference speech in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by The Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China, Nankai University, 2008. ③ “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior: In forecasting theory and technology, he suggested “Mechanism Model + Identification Model” Strategy for forecasting/prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper Online” (2006, 200609-432), and “Highlights of Sciencepaper Online”, 2007, (1): 83-87. This strategy is employed to the electrical load forecasting, wind power forecasting, and highway traffic flow prediction. In addition, some fundamental problems in computing complexity of theoretical computer science, theoretical physics, and foundation of mathematics are concerned by him. 相关链接: 2017-03-23,我的新版网页(天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1041210.html http://www.tju.edu.cn/seea/szdw/xddgdzjszx/201610/t20161011_286338.htm 2016-10-16,俺的旧版网页(天津大学电气与自动化工程学院) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1009021.html http://seea.tju.edu.cn/tea_about.php?teaId=96 支撑资料链接: 2011-08-30 ,“ P对NP ”难题研究的形转换新思路 http://idea.cas.cn/viewdoc.action?docid=1275 2012-04-12,SI基本单位中安培定义的两种可能缺陷 http://idea.cas.cn/viewdoc.action?docid=4681 南开新闻网,2008-11-11,科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班在南开举行 http://news.nankai.edu.cn/zhxw/system/2008/11/10/000019982.shtml 在4天的研修时间中,安排了7场大会报告、15次大会发言、两次分组讨论及7次听课活动, 截取自:“高等学校青年骨干教师高级研修班”大会发言,地点:南开大学 二主楼A203,时间:2008-11-12 上午, http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=107667do=albumid=25104 2017-10-23, 关于“ 1995 天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1082158.html 2017-10-23, 照片: 1995 天津大学百年校庆研究生院学术报告会(一等奖论文) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1082155.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=107667do=albumid=52751 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多权威的资料!
下面的材料来自于Uniprot 网页(ftp://ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/taxonomic_divisions/README) 主要介绍了Uniprot 的两个数据库差别, 以及不同的蛋白质组数据库文件下载目录。 Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) ==================================== The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), a collaboration between the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, and the Protein Information Resource (PIR), is comprised of three databases, each optimized for different uses. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is the central access point for extensively curated protein information, including function, classification and cross-references. The UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) combine closely related sequences into a single record to speed up sequence similarity searches. The UniProt Archive (UniParc) is a comprehensive repository of all protein sequences, consisting only of unique identifiers and sequences. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) has been created from Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and PIR-PSD. It consists of two parts, one containing fully manually annotated records and another one with computationally analysed records awaiting full manual annotation. The two sections will be referred to as the Swiss-Prot section of the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) and TrEMBL section of the UniProt Knowledgebase ( UniProtKB/TrEMBL ), respectively. PIR-PSD release 80.0 of 31-Dec-2004 has been fully integrated into these sections. This was the last release of PIR-PSD. This directory, databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/taxonomic_divisions, (网址:http://www.uniprot.org/downloads) contains the following files, updated four-weekly: reldate.txt uniprot_sprot_archaea.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_bacteria.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_fungi.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_human.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_invertebrates.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_mammals.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_plants.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_rodents.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_vertebrates.dat.gz uniprot_sprot_viruses.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_archaea.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_bacteria.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_fungi.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_human.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_invertebrates.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_mammals.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_plants.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_rodents.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_unclassified.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_vertebrates.dat.gz uniprot_trembl_viruses.dat.gz Entries are attributed to these files as follows: Every entry is present in exactly one file. *human.dat contains all human entries *mammals.dat contains all mammalian entries except those from human and rodents *vertebrates.dat contains all vertebrate entries except those from mammals *invertebrates.dat contains all eukaryotic entries except those from vertebrates, fungi and plants In addition to these sets, based on nodes occurring in the Organism Classification (OC) lines of UniProt Knowledgebase entries, several other data sets are available: o the reference proteomes: ftp://ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/reference_proteomes/ o the pan proteomes: ftp://ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/pan_proteomes/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: The directory databases/uniprot/current_release/complete contains the four-weekly updates of the UniProt Knowledgebase, consisting of the Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase and the TrEMBL Protein Sequence Database. Both, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL, are available separately in flat file, XML and FASTA formats. The /complete/docs subdirectory contains various UniProt documents.
我的新版网页 (天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院) 2016/2017 新版的官方个人介绍: http://www.tju.edu.cn/seea/szdw/xddgdzjszx/201610/t20161011_286338.htm 感谢您指正里面的任何错误! 特别是英文的扼要介绍。 主要代表性创新观点: ① 关 于“ P 对 NP ”问题完全 证明的个人观点: 见“从 NP 结构到超级计算机分类理论 ”,天津大学百年校庆研究 生院学术报告会(一等奖论文),和天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会, 1995 年 10 月。 期刊论文在 Transactions of Tianjin University (2011) ,中国电子科学研究院学报 (2011, 2008) 。 ② 电磁学(物理学)基础: SI 基本单位中安培定义的两种可能缺陷,见《中科院科学智慧火花》, 2012 。以及 2008 年 11 月南开大学承办的教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”大会发言。 ③ 预测理论与技术方面: 提出了复杂系统 行为预测的“机理 + 辨识”策略。 见《中国科技论文在线》( 2006 , 200609-432 ),以及《中国科技论文在线精品论文》, 2007 年 12 月第 1 期 : 83-87 。 在电力负荷预测、风电预测、公路交通流预测等方面,采用了该策略。 此外,对理论计算机科学中的计算复杂性、物理基础、数学基础方面的某些基础问题有浓厚的兴趣。 Zheng-Ling Yang (Yang Zheng-ling, or Yang Zhengling in Chinese journals), male, associate professor. He received the Ph.D. degree (Science Doctor in Engineering, in China degree system) from Tianjin University. He is a master supervisor in two specialties (approximatively corresponding to “department” abroad) of “Control Science and Engineering” and Software Engineering. He is selected into the large national literature and annals, “The Brilliant Course - Achievement and Exploration of 50 Years Since New China”. He took part in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China in November 2008. INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS: ① A FULL PROOF of “the P versus NP (P vs NP)” problem: In the Student Academic Symposium of Graduate School to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, and the Symposium of Electric Power Automation Engineering Department to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, October, 1995. The related papers can see Transactions of Tianjin University (2011), Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology (2011, 2008). ② Foundation of electromagnetics (physics): There are two possible defects in the definition of base unit Ampere in SI (The International System of Units), Chinese Academy of Sciences “Scientific Wisdom Sparks”, 2012. His conference speech in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China, Nankai University, 2008. ③ “Mechanism model + identification model” strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior: In forecasting theory and technology, he suggested “Mechanism model + identification model” strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper Online” (2006, 200609-432), and “Highlights of Sciencepaper Online”, 2007, (1): 83-87. This strategy is employed to the electrical load forecasting, wind power forecasting, and highway traffic flow prediction. In addition, some fundamental problems in computing complexity of theoretical computer science, theoretical physics, and foundation of mathematics are concerned by him. 相关链接: 2016-10-16,俺的旧版网页(天津大学电气与自动化工程学院) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1009021.html 天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,学院网站系统 师资队伍 教师信息 http://seea.tju.edu.cn/tea_about.php?teaId=96 个人资料 男 ,1964年生。 电子邮件:prai@tju.edu.cn 通信地址:天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,邮编:300072 专业学科:控制科学与工程 主要经历 河北灵寿人。 1985年本科毕业于 天津大学,后留校任教至今,并获本校工学硕士、工学博士学位。是“控制科学与工程”、“软件工程” 2个专业的硕士生导师。IEEE电力与能源学会、智能交通学会会员。 2008年11月在南开 大学参加了教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”。 天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,杨正瓴 副教授(2017最新版) http://www.tju.edu.cn/seea/szdw/xddgdzjszx/201610/t20161011_286338.html 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误!
Aging research meetings (updated 13 March 2017 ) Bay Area Aging Symposium (BAAM) March 30, 2017, Buck Institute for Aging Research, Novato, California 8:30 am - 6:00 pm http://agingmeeting.org/ Registration is FREE but we need to know you are coming to prepare foryour breakfast, lunch, and coffee. Please RSVP via the registration link below: http://baam.glennfoundation.org/registration/ For past programs please see the website here: http://baam.glennfoundation.org/programs/ GTC Stem Cell Summit 2017 April 5-7, 2017, Boston, Massachusetts Early registration discount ends March 9. https://www.gtcbio.com/conferences/stem-cell-summit/ Keystone Symposium Aging and Mechanisms of Aging-Related Disease May 15-19, 2017, Yokohama, Japan Scientific Organizers: Kazuo Tsubota, Shin-ichiro Imai, Matt Kaeberlein,Joan Mannick Discounted Registration Deadline: Mar 15, 2017 keystonesymposia.org/17E2 FASEB conference on MitochondrialBiogenesis and Dynamics in Health, Disease and Aging ” May 21-26, 2017, Palm Beach, Florida Organized by Eric Schon, Martin Ott and Carlos T. Moraes. Early bird registration: April 20, 2017 Last day to register: April 28, 2017 cmoraes@med.miami.edu http://www.faseb.org/src/micro/Site/MitoAg/home.aspx www.faseb.org/SR C American Aging Association 46th Annual Meeting Aging: Molecules to Main Street June 9-12, 2017, New York Marriott at Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York Early bird discount registration ends February 28th. Abstracts due May 2nd. Last day to book Marriott room at special conference rate: May 22. Program: http://www.americanagingassociation.org/meeting/program Registration: https://www.regonline.com/registration/Checkin.aspx?EventId=1917893 http://www.americanagingassociation.org/ International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) June 14 - 17, 2017, Boston, Massachusetts http://www.isscr.org/home/annual-meeting/isscr-2017-boston/home Oxygen Club of California World Congress Metabolic Stress and Redox Regulation This is a joint OCC/SFRR Europe meeting. June 21-23, 2017, Berlin, Germany Organized by Tilman Grune and Helmut Sies. Early bird registration/Abstract deadline: March 15, 2017 www.occ-2017.com www.oxyclubcalifornia.org/ Gordon Research Conference on Aging, Biology of The Integrative Biology of Aging: From Networks toArchitecture July 9-14, 2017, Les Diablerets, Switzerland https://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=13715 Chairs: Adam Antebi Shin-Ichiro Imai Vice-Chairs: Thomas Rando Marcia C. Haigis ( Note: An affiliated Gordon ResearchSeminar for graduate students and postdocs will take place on thepreceding two days. Separate registration is required. https://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=14391 ) Alzheimer's Association International Conference - AAIC 2017 July 16-20, 2017, London, England Preconferences: July 14-15 http://www.alz.org/ General abstracts deadline has closed. Developing topicsabstract submission opens April 17 - May 1. 21st IAGG World Congress of Gerontology and Geriatrics “Global Aging and Health: Bridging Science, Policy, and Practice.” with the GSA 2017 Annual Meeting. Co-hosted by American Aging Association July 23 - 27, 2017, San Francisco, California GSA is the largest membership organization of IAGG and will serve as thehost society for the IAGG World Congress. GSA will not convene its own AnnualScientific Meeting that year. IAGG convenes every four years. IAGG Abstracts deadline: July 15, 2016 http://www.iagg2017.org/ https://www.geron.org/meetings-events/gsa-annual-scientific-meeting http://www.americanagingassociation.org/ Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting Aging as a Lifelong Process November 14-18, 2018, Boston, Massachusetts https://www.geron.org/meetings-events/gsa-annual-scientific-meeting ####### END OF AGING RESEARCH MEETINGS LIST ####### Compiled by John Furber. Several other listson related topics are at the following websites: AgingPortfolio.org : http://agingportfolio.org/events/ JenAge Information Centre: http://info-centre.jenage.de/ageing/meetings-calendar.html The Oxygen Club of California: http://oxyclubcalifornia.org/OCC/upcoming_meetings.php Society for Free Radical Research International: http://www.sfrr.org FASEB Scientific Meetings: http://faseb.org/Home.aspx FASEB Science Research Conferences: http://faseb.org/Science-Research-Conferences.aspx Global Healthspan Policy Institute: https://healthspanpolicy.org/world-healthspan-calendar/ Gordon Research Conferences: http://www.grc.org Keystone Symposia: http://www.keystonesymposia.org/ Alzheimer's Research Forum: http://www.alzforum.org/res/res/conf/default.asp UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mitochondria/meetings A variety of biology-related conferences are listed at F1000Research: http://f1000research.com/subjects You might also find the following of interest: http://www.nejm.org/do/10.1056/NEJMdo005102/full/?query=TOC
import re import urllib from bs4 import BeautifulSoup url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info%3Adoi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162069 response = urllib.urlopen(url) page = response.read() soup = BeautifulSoup(page, lxml) # kill all script and style elements for script in soup( ): script.extract() # rip it out # get text text = soup.get_text() # break into lines and remove leading and trailing space on each lines = (line.strip() for line in text.splitlines()) # break multi-headlines into a line each chunks = (phrase.strip() for line in lines for phrase in line.split( )) # drop blank lines text = '\n'.join(chunk for chunk in chunks if chunk) #print(text) #This command will create the ouput.txt file for you. output = open(ouput.txt,a+) #The format of text is unicode. output.write(text.encode(utf-8)) output.close()
俺的旧版网页 (天津大学电气与自动化工程学院) 好像不久就会更换新版网页了。拷贝来留念吧! 俺的旧版网页 http://seea.tju.edu.cn/tea_about.php?teaId=96 2016年10月16日 星期日 设为首页 | 加入收藏夹 | ENGLISH 首页 院庆专题 学院概况 师资队伍 专业课程 招生就业 党建工作 学报 联系我们 您现在的位置: 学院网站系统 师资队伍 教师信息 硕士生导师 杨正瓴 副教授 个人资料 男 ,1964年生。 电子邮件:prai@tju.edu.cn 通信地址:天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,邮编:300072 专业学科:控制科学与工程 主要经历 河北灵寿人。 1985年本科毕业于天津大学,后留校任教至今,并获本校工学硕士、工学博士学位。是“控制科学与工程”、“软件工程”2个专业的硕士生导师。IEEE电力与能源学会、智能交通学会会员。 2008年11月在南开大学参加了教育部“科学素质教育课程骨干教师高级研修班”。 曾在《IEEE Trans on CAS-1》、《Chinese Physics Letters》、《科学通报》、《中国电机工程学报》、《电力系统自动化》、《电网技术》;以及《哲学研究》、《天津大学学报(社科版)》、《中医杂志》等刊物发表第一作者论文30余篇,其中10余篇已被SCI-EXPANDED、Ei CompendxWeb收录。教学研究论文10余篇。 参加过国家级“电工学”教改项目(子课题负责人),主持和参加天津市自然科学基金,参加天津市科技支撑计划重点项目,以及其它科研和教改项目若干项。曾入编国家级大型文献史册《光辉历程——建国五十年成就与探索》(中国文联出版社,2000) Zheng-Ling Yang (Yang Zheng-ling, or Yang Zhengling in Chinese journals), male, associate professor. He was born in Lingshou county, Hebei province, China, in November, 1964. He graduated from Tianjin University in 1985, and has served as a teacher/lecturer in Tianjin University since then. He received the Ph.D. degree (Science Doctor in Engineering, in China degree system) from Tianjin University. He is a master supervisor in two specialties (approximatively corresponding to “department” abroad) of “Control Science and Engineering”and Software Engineering. He is an IEEE member of “Power Energy Society” and “Intelligent Transportation Systems Society”. He works at the Modern Electrotechnics and Electronics Technology Center, School of Electrical Engineering Automation, Tianjin University. He took part in “The Scientific Diathesis Education Curricula Backbone/Cadreman Teacher Senior Seminar” originated by Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China in November 2008. He has published more than 40 journal papers as first author. Among them more than 30 journal papers are published in science and technology research, more than 10 journal papers in teaching research. His papers can be found in the journals of “IEEE Trans on CAS-1”, “Chinese Physics Letters”, “Chinese Science Bulletin”, “Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering”, “Power System Technology”; “Automation of Electric Power Systems”, “Philosophy Research”, “Journal of Tianjin University (Social Sciences)”, and “Journal of Chinese Traditional Medicine” and so on. His 10 papers are indexed by SCI-EXPANDED or Ei CompendxWeb. In recent years, he has been enrolled in many projects, such as the “National Electrotechnics Education Reformation” project (as a principal of a sub-project), the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation project, and some transverse subjects. He is selected into the large national literature and annals, “The Brilliant Course - Achievement and Exploration of 50 Years Since New China”. 研究方向 (1)复杂时间序列预测,包括电力负荷预测、风电预测、交通流预测; (2)混沌理论及其在电力系统中的应用; (3)人工智能基础。 RESEARCH INTERESTS: (1) Forecasting/prediction of complex time series (electrical power, wind power, traffic flow); (2) Chaos and its applications in electric power systems; (3) Foundation of artificial intelligence. 代表论文 Zheng-Ling Yang (杨正瓴), Yan-Wen Song(宋延文), Zhi-Feng Duan (段志峰), Teng Wang(王腾), Jun Zhang (张军). New sigmoid-like function better than Fisher z transformation. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 2013 accepted Yang Zhengling (杨正瓴), Duan Zhifeng (段志峰), Wang Jingjing (王晶晶), Wang Teng (王腾), Song Yanwen (宋延文), Zhang Jun (张军). Quartic radical function better than Fisher z transformation. Transactions of Tianjin University, 2013 accepted Yang Zheng-Ling(杨正瓴), Li Yan, Song Yan-Wen, Chen Xi, Zhang Jun. Empirical study of robust combination of forecasts for short-term highway traffic flow forecast. Proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, ICMLC 2012, July 15 - July 17, 2012, Volume 4, Pages: 1372-1375. EI: 20130115851445 YANG Zhengling (杨正瓴). A non-canonical example to support that P is not equal to NP. Transactions of Tianjin University, 2011, 17(6): 446-449. EI: 20120714762933 Yang Zheng-Ling(杨正瓴), Zou Shu-Chun, Zhang Jun, Lv Bing-Bing. Reduce forecasting errors by low order nonlinear transformations for complex time series. Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control, ICECC 2011, September 9 - September 11, 2011, Volume 4, Pages: 2209-2212. EI: 20114714544339 杨正瓴(Yang Zheng-ling). 第二类计算机构想(Conception of the second class computer). 中国电子科学研究院学报(Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology), 2011, 6(4): 368-374. YANG Zheng-Ling(杨正瓴), GAO Yang(高阳), GAO Yong-Tao(郜永涛), ZHANG Jun(张军). Behavior of a Logistic Map Driven by White Noise. Chinese Physics Letters, 2009, 26(6): 060506. SCI: 452OA 杨正瓴,翟祥志,尹振兴,张军. 超过指数增长速度的年度用电量曲线拟合预测. 天津大学学报(自然版), 2008, 41(11): 1299-1302. EI: 090411873345 杨正瓴,王渭巍,曹东波,张军,陈曦. 短期负荷预测的Ensemble混沌预测方法. 电力系统自动化,2007, 31(23): 34-37. EI: 080211012663 YANG Zheng-Ling(杨正瓴), WANG Wei-Wei(王渭巍), YIN Zhen-Xing(尹振兴), ZHANG Jun(张军), CHEN Xi(陈曦). Differential System's Nonlinear Behaviour of Real Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. Chinese Physics Letters, 2007, 24(5):1170-1172. SCI: 170JJ 杨正瓴,曹东波,张广涛,林孔元. 用奇异性的短期负荷预测混沌方法优化参数. 天津大学学报(自然版), 2006,39(3):334-337. EI: 06219897667 杨正瓴,田勇,张广涛,林孔元. 相似日短期负荷预测的非线性理论基础与改进. 电网技术,2006,30(6): 63 – 66 杨正瓴,田勇,张广涛,林孔元. 短期负荷预测最大李亚普诺夫指数法的改进. 电网技术,2005, 29(7): 31 – 35. EI: 05179068753 杨正瓴,张广涛,陈红新,林孔元. 短期负荷预测“负荷趋势加混沌”法的参数优化. 电网技术,2005, 29(4): 27 – 30, 44. EI: 05139009691 杨正瓴,田勇,林孔元. 短期负荷预测“双周期加混沌”法中的多步法与气象因子的使用. 电网技术),2004,28(12): 20 – 24. EI: 04358326068 杨正瓴,张广涛,林孔元. 时间序列法短期负荷预测准确度上限估计.电力系统及其自动化学报,2004, 16(2): 36 – 39 杨正瓴,林孔元. 电力系统负荷记录混沌特性成因的探讨. 电力系统自动化,2002, 26(10): 18-23. EI: 02397108373 杨正瓴,杨正颖. 中国的气温变化与历史变迁关系的初步研究. 天津大学学报#8226;社会科学版》,2002, 4(1): 57-60 杨正瓴,杨正颖,王风梅. 印象派绘画与狭义相对论物理学比较研究. 天津大学学报#8226;社会科学版,2001, 3(4): 315-319 杨正瓴,吴丽君. 经外穴、阿是穴与“经络、穴位”的实质. 中医杂志,2001, 42(增刊): 8 杨正瓴,林孔元,余贻鑫. 用时间序列的李雅普诺夫指数计算来预报电力系统中的某些失稳现象. 中国电机工程学报,2001, 21(1): 5-8. EI: 01396665727 杨正瓴,林孔元. 人类智能模拟的“第2类数学(智能数学)”方法的哲学研究. 哲学研究,1999, 4: 44 – 50 杨正瓴. 体表形状及某些穴位与器官的相关性. 中医杂志,1999, 40(3): 188 杨正瓴. 《内经》中“女七”、“男八”周期的天文成因. 中医杂志,1998,39(3): 187 – 188 杨正瓴. 排序问题串行算法复杂性下界间的关系. 天津大学学报,1993, (6): 140-141. EI: 94061312261 Zheng – Ling Yang. Mutual capacitance – Duality principle evolved from planar network. IEEE Transactions on Circuit And Systems-1, 1992, 39(12): 1005-1006. SCI: KX386 杨正瓴. 互容的定义和模型. 科学通报,1990, 35(12): 960. 刘鲁源,杨正瓴. 微型计算机间的并行通讯. 自动化与仪表,1986, (2): 18-21 (天津市自动化学会年会优秀论文,1985). 科研项目 主持横向项目1项。 主持完成过天津市应用基础及前沿技术研究计划一项(09JCYBJC07700, 2009-04至2012-03)。 参加天津市科技支撑计划重点项目(10ZCKFSF01100,2010-04至 2013-03月)。 完成横向项目若干。 获奖情况 杨正瓴,王萍,张军,薛俊韬,路志英,刘正光,林孔元. 《电工学》课程教学中学生创新素质的培养. 天津市高校深化教学改革,提高教学质量系列活动,二等奖,2006年1月 讲授课程 本科生课程:电工学(国家精品课程《电气工程学概论》系列课程,课程编号:2030323、2030324、2030388、2030389)。 硕士生课程:主讲《模糊理论及应用(S203E024)》、主讲过《人工智能专题(S203E026)》。 TEACHING STATUS: He is responsible for 3 courses: 1 for undergraduates, 2 for postgraduates for master’s degree. List of courses: 1. Electrotechnics for undergraduates (national superfine course introduction to electrical engineering series, 2030323、2030324、2030388、2030389). 2. Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (for postgraduates for master’s degree, S203E024) 3. Selected Topics in Artificial Intelligence (for postgraduates for master’s degree, S203E026) 其他 近年主要创新性观点: (1)智能基础方面:提出了“知识的复杂性分层与人脑的复杂性估计”。见《哲学研究》(1999,4)。 (2)预测理论与技术方面:提出了复杂系统行为预测的“机理+辨识”策略。见《中国科技论文在线》(2006,200609-432),以及《中国科技论文在线精品论文》,2007年12月第1期: 83-87。 (3)关于“P对NP”问题完全证明的个人观点。见“从NP结构到超级计算机分类理论”,天津大学百年校庆研究生院学术报告会(一等奖论文),和天津大学百年校庆自动化系学术报告会,1995年10月。 (4)物理基础方面:提出了光速极限的逻辑成因。见《天津大学学报(社科版)》(2001,4)。 他还对理论计算机科学中的计算复杂性、理论物理的某些基础问题有浓厚的兴趣。 INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS IN RECENT YEARS: (1) In artificial intelligence field, he presented a complexity hierarchy of knowledge, and the complexity estimation of human brain. Refer to “Philosophy Research” (4, 1999). (2) In forecasting theory and technology, he suggested “Mechanism model + identification model” strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper Online” (2006, 200609-432), and “Highlights of Sciencepaper Online”, 2007, (1): 83-87. (3) A personal viewpoint about a FULL PROOF of “the P versus NP (P vs NP) problem”, in the Student Academic Symposium of Graduate School to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, and the Symposium of Electric Power Automation Engineering Department to Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of Tianjin University, October, 1995. (4) In physics foundation field, he gave an explanation for the logic cause of the limit of velocity of light. Refer to “Journal of Tianjin University (Social Sciences)” (4, 2001). In addition, he focuses his attention on some fundamental problems in theoretical computer science, computing complexity, and theoretical physics. 版权所有:天津大学电气与自动化工程学院 Copyright 2002-2009 All Rights Reserved 当前访问量:8109493人次 Email:autju@163.com 英文旧版网页 http://seea.tju.edu.cn/ev/tea_about_ev.php?teaId=96 Home About the School Faculties Department Site map 返回中文版 Tutor Of Masters Yang Zhengling Associate Professor Personal Datas Male ,birthday:1964 Email:prai@tju.edu.cn Mail Address: School of Electrical Engineering Automation of Tianjin University Zip:300072 Resume Zheng-Ling Yang (Yang Zheng-ling, or Yang Zhengling in Chinese journals), male, associate professor. He was born in Lingshou county, Hebei province, China, in November, 1964. He graduated from Tianjin University in 1985, and has served as a teacher/lecturer in Tianjin University since then. He received the Ph.D. degree (Science Doctor in Engineering, in China degree system) from Tianjin University. He is a master supervisor in two specialties (approximatively corresponding to “department” abroad) of Control Science and Engineering and Software Engineering. He works at the Modern Electrotechnics and Electronics Technology Center, School of Electrical Engineering Automation, Tianjin University. He has published more than 40 journal papers as first author. Among them more than 20 journal papers are published in science and technology research, more than 10 journal papers in teaching research. His papers can be found in the journals of “IEEE Trans on CAS-1”, “Chinese Physics Letters”,“Chinese Science Bulletin”, “Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering”, “Power System Technology”;“Automation of Electric Power Systems”, “Philosophy Research”, “Journal of Tianjin University (Social Sciences)”, and “Journal of Chinese Traditional Medicine” and so on. His 10 papers are indexed by SCI-EXPANDED or Ei CompendxWeb. In recent years, he has been enrolled in many projects, such as the “National Electrotechnics Education Reformation” project (as a principal of a sub-project), the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation project, and some transverse subjects. He is selected into the large national literature and annals, “The Brilliant Course - Achievement and Exploration of 50 Years Since New China”. Field Of Study RESEARCH INTERESTSNULLr (1) Foundation of artificial intelligence. (2) Chaos and its applications in electric power systems. (3) Forecasting/prediction of complex time series. Research Project He is undertaked a research project funded by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (No. 09JCYBJC07700). He is undertaking and undertaked many research projects funded by enterprises. Course Teaching TEACHING STATUSNULLr He is responsible for 3 coursesNULL for undergraduates, 2 for postgraduates for master’s degree. List of coursesNULLr 1. Electrotechnics for undergraduates (national superfine course introduction to electrical engineering series, 2030323、2030324、2030388、2030389). 2. Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (for postgraduates for master’s degree, S203E024) 3. Selected Topics in Artificial Intelligence (for postgraduates for master’s degree, S203E026) Other INNOVATIVE VIEWPOINTS IN RECENT YEARSNULLr (1) In artificial intelligence field, he presents a complexity hierarchy of knowledge, and the complexity estimation of human brain. Refer to “Philosophy Research” (4, 1999). (2) In chaos field, he notices the chaos characteristics of stochastic process with memory. Refer to “Automation of Electric Power Systems” (10, 2002). (3) In physics foundation field, he gives an explanation for the logic cause of the limit of velocity of light. Refer to “Journal of Tianjin University (Social Sciences)” (4, 2001). (4) In forecasting theory and technology, he suggests “Mechanism model + identification model” strategy for prediction of complex systems’ behavior. Refer to “Sciencepaper online” (2006,200609-432). In addition, he focuses his attention on some fundamental problems in theoretical computer science, computing complexity, and theoretical physics. Copyright @ School of Electrical Engineering Automation of Tianjin University 自动化学院办公室维护 Email:autju@163.com 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 2013 版(汉语).zip 2013 Version (English).zip
近些年,我喜欢对水文、气候的一些词语进行重新咀嚼与组合,不惮于制造一些闻所未闻的概念。 昨天(2014.101),我炮制了“由样本推断样本”,百度、谷歌都无踪影。今天我又想到了“统计时代”,百度似乎宣告空手而归,不过,谷歌连续抛出多个“统计时代”网页。 我再抛出“气候时代”,百度、谷歌双双交了白卷,此种游戏煞是有趣。 不过,用GOOGLE英文搜索“climate times”,找到两个网页消息,一个是http://climatetimes.com/网站,另一个是twitter对于climatetimes的介绍。 对我来说,组词仅仅是“游戏其表“,”求真其内”才是我的目的所在。 我认为,当代年代,堪称为“气候时代”,因为气候被提拔到亿人瞩目的惊世高度。 至于“气候时代”有哪些具体表征,我尚没有多想。此帖权当抛出问题吧。 附:顺便介绍一下climatetimes网站的有关内容吧,这个网站看上去内容丰富、及时。已经可以看到前天新增的文章了。 http://climatetimes.com/content/about-us Climate Times: a new beginning, our first step What is Climate Times? We are dedicated to publishing relevant and factual information about the climate crisis and all environmental matters, the good and the bad, affecting our planet. Our goal is simple: to become a go-to stop on the web for thought provoking reports about environmental issues, sustainable living and new technologies that may reverse what is seemingly our troubling march toward ecological disaster. That being said, we want to highlight the other side of the story: the wondrous beauty of our home, Earth, in all its grandeur – geography, flora, fauna, you and me. Not everything is negative, nor do we wish to always ponder such a fate. And perhaps, an occasional exploration of the positive forces around us, we will see the truth. Our editorial philosophy: we shy away from content that blurs the lines of fact and fiction, truth and sensationalism, conviction and ideology. We strive to uphold the standards and ethics of objective journalism, and while we are not adverse to subjective, opinion-oriented content, we must assure it is based on fact. There is nothing wrong with advocacy, so long as it is elucidated through well-formed thought and style. To that end, we will publish a wide spectrum of informed content – scientific, opinion, academic, journalistic works, fiction, poetry and more – to reflect the state of the planet today and show what the future may portend. January 1, 2014 02:28 PM Warming climate may cut cloud cover TIM RADFORD - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 31 December - Australian and French scientists believe they have cracked one of the great puzzles of climate change and arrived at a more accurate prediction of future temperatures. December 30, 2013 07:37 AM 2013: the continued rise of CO2 TIM RADFORD - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 30 December - Global carbon dioxide emissions are likely to hit 36 billion tonnes in 2013, according to new research from the University of East Anglia in the UK. This is a small rise – an estimated 2.1% - on 2012, but it will be 61% above the levels in 1990, which is the baseline year for the Kyoto Protocol. December 28, 2013 07:23 AM Unwanted greenhouse gas could boost geothermal power output ENVIRONMENT NEWS SERVICE MINNEAPOLIS, Minnesota, December 27, 2013 (ENS) – Researchers are developing a new kind of geothermal power plant that will lock away unwanted carbon dioxide, CO2, underground – and use the greenhouse gas in liquid form as a tool to boost electric power generation 10-fold in geothermal power plants. December 28, 2013 07:14 AM Climate disruption: expect more frequent droughts TIM RADFORD - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 28 December - Droughts by the end of this century somewhere in the world will be 20% more frequent. But the catch is that nobody right now can predict with any certainty which places will feel the effects soonest, or more frequently. December 27, 2013 06:31 AM Carbon market looks a little livelier KIERAN COOKE - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 27 December - Don’t put any bets on it - but at long last the world-wide trade in carbon looks set to improve, if only just a little. December 26, 2013 07:25 AM Warming world: winners and losers TIM RADFORD - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 25 December - And now for the good news: climate change could actually make life better for some creatures. The ibex in the Swiss Alps may find an extra spring in its step. The roly-poly pika of the American northwest might find it has gained an edge over its predators because it is adapted to a high fibre diet. December 24, 2013 07:57 AM Planet’s rate of warming: 400,000 hiroshima bombs away ... a day CLEANTECHNICA Conveying abstract or hard-to-visualize ideas is always a challenge. That’s a core reason the best communicators have always used metaphors. December 21, 2013 05:30 AM U.K. university offers free curriculum on climate science KIERAN COOKE - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 21 December - Having trouble explaining the impact of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere? Puzzled by talk of the acidification of the seas? Interested to learn the effect global warming will have on food supplies? December 20, 2013 06:58 AM Small positives but Emission Reduction Fund in Australia falls short on credible climate policy tests THE CLIMATE INSTITUTE The Green Paper on the Emission Reduction Fund, the cornerstone of the Government’s Direct Action Plan, takes some small steps forward but fails to tackle fundamental challenges to achieving credible emission targets, The Climate Institute said today. December 19, 2013 07:36 AM Arctic melting affects temperate zones TIM RADFORD - CLIMATE NEWS NETWORK LONDON, 18 December - The shrinking Arctic sea ice - a loss of 8% per decade during the last 30 years - isn’t just bad news for polar bears. It could be bad news for citizens of Europe and the United States who like to think they live in a temperate zone. December 18, 2013 08:13 AM NOAA: November global temperature highest on record NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION (NOAA) The globally-averaged temperature over land and ocean surfaces for November 2013 was the highest for November since record keeping began in 1880. December 18, 2013 08:04 AM China's farmers innovate to adapt to climate change INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT - KRYSTYNA SWIDERSKA The film Planting for Change tells the story of how farmers in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces have responded to climatic adversity by using their own innovations and biocultural heritage – and by improving this heritage by working with scientists on participatory plant breeding projects. December 17, 2013 06:39 AM Climate change puts forty percent more people at risk of absolute water scarcity POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH Water scarcity impacts people’s lives in many countries already today.
http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/publications/ 石墨烯发现人Novoselov 发表论文目录网页 Graphene and 2D Crystals Strong light-matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films (PDF 2.93MB) L. Britnell, R. M. Ribeiro, A. Eckmann, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, A. Mishchenko, Y.-J. Kim, R. V. Gorbachev, T. Georgiou, S. V. Morozov, A. N. Grigorenko, A. K. Geim, C. Casiraghi, A. H. Castro Neto K. S. Novoselov Science , Published online 2 May 2013. DOI: 10.1126/science.1235547 Resonant tunnelling and negative differential conductance in graphene transistors (PDF 370KB) L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, A. K. Geim, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. Mishchenko, M. T. Greenaway, T. M. Fromhold, K. S. Novoselov L. Eaves Nature Communications 4 , 1794 (2013). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2817 A roadmap for graphene (PDF 1.5MB) K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal'ko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab K. Kim Nature 490 , 192-200 (2012). DOI:10.1038/nature11458 Spin-half paramagnetism in graphene induced by point defects (PDF 2.32MB) R. R. Nair, M. Sepioni, I-Ling Tsai, O. Lehtinen, J. Keinonen, A. V. Krasheninnikov, T. Thomson, A. K. Geim I. V. Grigorieva Nature Physics 8 , 199-202 (2012). DOI: 10.1038/nphys2183 R. R. Nair, H. A. Wu, P. N. Jayaram,I. V. Grigorieva A. K. Geim. Unimpeded Permeation of Water Through Helium-Leak–Tight Graphene-Based Membranes, DOI: 10.1126/science.1211694 , PDF 2.20MB Science 335 , 442-443 (2012) L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, F. Schedin, A. Mishchenko, T. Georgiou, M. I. Katsnelson, L. Eaves, S. V. Morozov, N. M. R. Peres, J. Leist, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov L. A. Ponomarenko. Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based on Vertical Graphene Heterostructures, DOI: 10.1126/science.1218461 , PDF 1.29MB Science 335 , 947-950 (2012) L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, A. A. Zhukov, R. Jalil, S. V. Morozov, K. S. Novoselov, I. V. Grigorieva, E. H. Hill, V. V. Cheianov, V. I. Falko, K.Watanabe, T. Taniguchi R. V. Gorbachev Tunable metal–insulator transition in double-layer graphene heterostructures (PDF 1.58MB) Nature Physics Letters 7 , 958-961 (2011) T.J. Echtermeyer, L. Britnell, P.K. Jasnos, A. Lombardo, R.V. Gorbachev, A.N. Grigorenko, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari K.S. Novoselov Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene (PDF 744KB) Nature Communications 2 , 458 (2011) D.C. Elias, R.V. Gorbachev, A.S. Mayorov, S.V. Morozov, A.A. Zhukov, P. Blake, L.A. Ponomarenko, I.V. Grigorieva, K.S. Novoselov, F. Guinea A. K. Geim . Dirac cones reshaped by interaction effects in suspended graphene (PDF 912KB) Nature Physics 7 , 701-704 (2011). A. S. Mayorov, D. C. Elias, M. Mucha-Kruczynski, R. V. Gorbachev, T. Tudorovskiy, A. Zhukov, S. V. Morozov, M. I. Katsnelson, V. I. Falko, A. K. Geim K. S. Novoselo v Interaction-Driven Spectrum Reconstruction in Bilayer Graphene (PDF4.60MB) Science 333 , 860-863 (2011). . D. A. Abanin, S. V. Morozov, L. A. Ponomarenko, R. V. Gorbachev, A. S. Mayorov, M. I. Katsnelson, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, K. S. Novoselov, L. S. Levitov, A. K. Geim . Giant Nonlocality Near the Dirac Point in Graphene (PDF 268KB) Science 332 , 328-330 (2011) O. Frank, G. Tsoukleri, I. Riaz, K. Papagelis, J. Parthenios, A. C. Ferrari, A. K. Geim, K.. S. Novoselov C. Galiotis Development of a universal stress sensor for graphene and carbon fibres (PDF 2.51MB) Nature Communications 2 , 225 (2011) D. Sen, K. S. Novoselov, P. M. Reis, M. J. Buehler Tearing Graphene Sheets From Adhesive Substrates Produces Tapered Nanoribbons (PDF 268KB) Small 6 , 1108–1116 (2011) Rahul R. Nair,* Wencai Ren, Rashid Jalil, Ibtsam Riaz, Vasyl G. Kravets, Liam Britnell, Peter Blake, Fredrik Schedin, Alexander S. Mayorov, Shengjun Yuan, Mikhail I. Katsnelson, Hui-Ming Cheng, Wlodek Strupinski, Lyubov G. Bulusheva, Alexander V. Okotrub, Irina V. Grigorieva, Alexander N. Grigorenko, Kostya S. Novoselov,* and Andre K. Geim*, Fluorographene: A Two-Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001555 , PDF , Volume 6, Issue 24, page 2773, December 20, (2010). F. Guinea, M. I. Katsnelson A. K. Geim Energy gaps and a zero-field quantum Hall effect in graphene by strain engineering (PDF 618KB) Nature Physics 6 , 30-33 (2010). M.Sepioni, R.R. Nair, S. Rablen, J.Narayanan, F.Tuna, R.Winpenny, A.K.Geim and I.V Grigorieva Limits on Intrinsic Magnetism in Graphene (PDF 1.16MB) Phys Rev Letts 105 , 207205 (2010). A. K. Geim Graphene: Status and Prospects (PDF 317KB) Science 324 , 1530-1534 (2009). D. C. Elias, R. R. Nair, T. M. G. Mohiuddin, S. V. Morozov, P. Blake, M. P. Halsall, A. C. Ferrari, D. W. Boukhvalov, M. I. Katsnelson, A. K. Geim K. S. Novoselov Control of Graphene's Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane (PDF 679KB) Science 323 , 610-613 (2009). A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov A. K. Geim The Electronic Properties of Graphene (PDF 1.87MB) Reviews of Modern Physics 81 , 109-162 (2009). Mhairi H. Gass, Ursel Bangert, Andrew L. Bleloch, Peng Wang, Rahul R. Nair A. K. Geim Free-Standing Graphene at Atomic Resolution (PDF 1.11MB) Nature Nanotechnology 3 , 676-681 (2008). R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, A. K. Geim Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene (PDF 685KB) Science 320 , 1308 (2008). L. A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M. I. Katsnelson, R. Yang, E. W. Hill, K. S. Novoselov A. K. Geim Chaotic Dirac Billiard in Graphene Quantum Dots (PDF 2.11MB) Science 320 , 356-358 (2008). A.K. Geim P. Kim Carbon Wonderland (PDF 1.61MB) Scientific American 90-97, April 2008. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari A. K. Sood Monitoring Dopants by Raman Scattering in an Electrochemically Top-Gated Graphene Transistor (PDF 423KB) Nature Nanotechnology 3 , 210-215 (2008). M. I. Katsnelson Graphene: carbon in two dimensions 219KB) Materials Today V 10, NUMBER 1-2 (2007). A.K. Geim A.H. MacDonald Graphene: Exploring Carbon Flatland (PDF 1.33MB) Physics Today 60 , 35-41 (2007). K.S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Morozov, H.L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J.C. Maan, G.S. Boebinger, P. Kim A.K. Geim Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene (PDF 148KB) Science 315 , 1379 (2007). J.C. Meyer, A.K. Geim, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth S. Roth The Structure of Suspended Graphene Sheets (PDF 1.00MB) Nature 446 , 60-63 (2007). A.K. Geim K.S. Novoselov The Rise of Graphene (PDF 1.33MB) Nature Materials 6 , 183-191 (2007). F. Schedin, A.K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, E. W. Hill, P. Blake, M. I. Katsnelson K.S. Novoselov Detection of Individual Gas Molecules Adsorbed on Graphene (PDF 568KB) Nature Materials 6 , 652-655 (2007). S. Pisana, M. Lazzeri, C. Casiraghi, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari F. Mauri Breakdown of the Adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer Approximation in Graphene (PDF 257KB) Nature Materials 6 , 198-201 (2007). M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov A.K. Geim Chiral Tunnelling and the Klein Paradox in Graphene (PDF 395KB) Nature Physics 2 , 620-625 (2006). K.S. Novoselov, E. McCann, S.V. Morozov, V.I. Fal'ko, M.I. Katsnelson, U. Zeitler, D. Jiang, F. Schedin A.K. Geim Unconventional Quantum Hall Effect and Berry’s Phase of 2π in Bilayer Graphene (PDF 281KB) Nature Physics 2 , 177-180 (2006). K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V.Morozov, D.Jiang, M.I.Katsnelson, I.V.Grigorieva, S.V.Dubonos A.A.Firsov Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene (PDF 322KB) Nature 438 , 197-200 (2005). K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov A.K. Geim. Two Dimensional Atomic Crystals (PDF 305KB) PNAS 102 , 10451-10453 (2005). K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films (PDF 186KB) Science 306 , 666-669 (2004). Quantum Fluids V.B. Eltsov, R. deGraaf, R. Hnninen, M. Krusius, R.E. Solntsev, V.S. L'vov, A.I. Golov P.M. Walmsley Turbulent Dynamics in Rotating Helium Superfluids (PDF 7889KB) Progress in Low Temperature Physics (review, North-Holland 2008), XVI , 45-146. P.M.Walmsley A.I.Golov Quantum and quasiclassical types of superfluid turbulence (PDF 460KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 245301 (2008). P.M.Walmsley, A.I.Golov, H.E.Hall, A.A.Levchenko W.F.Vinen Dissipation of quantum turbulence in the zero-temperature limit (PDF 508KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 265302 (2007). V.B. Eltsov, A.I. Golov, R. deGraaf, R. Hanninen, M. Krusius, V.S. L’vov, R.E. Solntsev Quantum Turbulence in a Propagating Superfluid Vortex Front (PDF 311KB) Phys. Rev. Lett . 99 , 265301 (2007). P.M. Walmsley, I.J. White, A.I. Golov Intrinsic Pinning of Vorticity by Domain Walls of l-Texture in Superfluid 3He-A (PDF 188KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 195301 (2004). A.I. Golov, D. Einzel, G. Lawes, K. Matsumoto, J.M. Parpia Dissipation Mechanisms near the Superfluid 3He Transition in Aerogel (PDF 242KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 , 195301 (2004). P.M. Walmsley, D.J. Cousins, A.I. Golov Critical Velocity of Continuous Vortex Nucleation in a Slab of Superfluid 3He-A (PDF 134KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 , 225301 (2003). G. Lawes, A.I. Golov, E. Nazaretski, N. Mulders, J.M. Parpia Sound Propagation in Co-existent Bose and Fermi Superfluids in Aerogel (PDF 211KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 , 195301 (2003). A. Golov, D.A. Geller, J.M. Parpia, N. Mulders Acoustic Spectroscopy of Superfluid 3He in Aerogel (PDF 237KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 3492 (1999). H. Alles, J.J. Kaplinsky, P.S. Wootton, J.D. Reppy, J.H. Naish, J.R. Hook Evidence for Superfluid B Phase of 3He in Aerogel (PDF 79KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 , 1367 (1999). A. Golov, J.V. Porto, J.M. Parpia Superfluidity of 3He in Aerogel Covered with a Thick 4He Film (PDF 290KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 4486 (1998). H. E. Hall J. R. Hook Comment on Magnus and Iordanskii forces in superfluids (PDF 54KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 , 4356-4357 (1998). T. D. C. Bevan, A. J. Manninen, J. B. Cook, J. R. Hook, H. E. Hall, T. Vachaspati G. E. Volovik Momentum creation by vortices in superfluid 3He as a model of primordial baryogenesis (PDF 889KB) Nature 386 , 689 - 692 (1997). A. J. Manninen, T. D. C. Bevan, J. B. Cook, H. Alles, J. R. Hook H. E. Hall Vortex mutual friction, orbital inertia and history dependent textures in rotating superfluid 3He-A (PDF 147KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 , 5086 (1996). T. D. C. Bevan, A. J. Manninen, J. B. Cook, A. J. Armstrong, J. R. Hook, H. E. Hall Vortex Mutual Friction in Rotating Superfluid 3He-B (PDF 693KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 , 750 (1995) ; Erratum (PDF 27KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 , 3092(E) (1995). NanoOptics and Plasmons A.N. Grigorenko, N. W. Roberts, M. R. Dickinson Y. Zhang Nanometric Optical Tweezers Based on Nanostructured Substrates (PDF 477KB) Nature Photonics 2, 365-370 (2008). A.N. Grigorenko, A.K. Geim, H.F. Gleeson, Y. Zhang, A. A. Firsov, I. Y. Khrushchev, J. Petrovic. Nanofabricated Media with Negative Permeability at Visible Frequencies (PDF 366KB) Nature 438, 335-338 (2005). Layered Superconductors David Cole, Simon Bending, Sergey Savel'ev, Alexander Grigorenko, Tsuyoshi Tamegai, Franco Nori Ratchet Without Spatial Asymmetry for Controlling the Motion of Magnetic Flux Quanta Using Time-Asymmetric Drives (PDF 312KB) Nature Materials 5, 305-311, (2006). A. Grigorenko, S. Bending, T. Tamegai, S. Ooi, M. Henini. A One Dimensional Chain State of Vortex Matter (PDF 537KB) Nature 414, 728-731, (2001). Mesoscopic Superconductivity I.V. Grigorieva, W. Escoffier, V.R. Misko, B.J.Baelus, F.M. Peeters, L.Y. Vinnikov and S.V.Dubonos. Pinning-Induced Formation of Vortex Clusters and Giant Vortices in Mesoscopic Superconducting Disks (PDF 2.32KB) Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 147003 (2007). I.V. Grigorieva, W. Escoffier, J. Richardson, L.Y. Vinnikov, S.Dubonos and V.Oboznov Direct Observation of Vortex Shells and Magic Numbers in Mesoscopic Superconducting Disks(PDF 624KB) Phys Rev Letts 96 077005 (2006). A.K. Geim, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, K.S. Novoselov, F.M. Peeters V.A. Schweigert, Non-Quantized Penetration of Magnetic Field in the Vortex State of Superconductors (PDF 163KB) Nature 407 55-57 (2000). A.K. Geim, S.V. Dubonos, J.G.S. Lok J.C. Maan. Paramagnetic Meissner Effect in Small Superconductors (PDF 266KB) Nature 396 , 144-146 (1998). A.K. Geim, I.V. Grigorieva, S.V. Dubonos, J.G.S. Lok, J.C. Maan, A.E. Filippov F.M. Peeters. Phase Transitions in Individual Sub-Micrometre Superconductors (PDF 741KB) Nature 390 , 259-262 (1997). Magnetic Levitation A.K. Geim. Everyone’s Magnetism (PDF 689KB) Physics Today 51 , 36-39 (1998). A.K. Geim, M.D. Simon, M.I. Boamfa L.O. Heflinger. Magnet Levitation at Your Fingertips (PDF 140KB) Nature 400 , 323-324 (1999). Gecko Tape A.K. Geim, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, K.S. Novoselov, A.A. Zhukov, S.Y. Shapoval. Microfabricated Adhesive Mimicking Gecko Foot-Hair (PDF 395KB) Nature Materials 2 , 461-463 (2003). Magnetic Domains K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Dubonos, E.W. Hill, I.V. Grigorieva. Subatomic Movements of a Domain Wall in the Peierls Potential (PDF 633KB) Nature 426 , 812-816 (2003).
来源: 吟桐.王奕铭的日志 网页保存不了,找地方放着,同学们有兴趣看看还是有用的 一、先想先写最后做: 1. 做研究之前,必须想清楚:结果能不能发表?发表在哪里? 2. 先把文章大框写好,空出数据,等做完实验填完空就可以发了;正所谓心中有沟壑! 3. 在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前,就不要动手做! 4. 继续去看文献,去想;想不清楚就做还不如不做! 5. 要想这样做,就得先看文献!要知道如何把文章架起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东东或别人没有做过……这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程,这些搞清楚了,写就简单了! 6. 要是先做事,做完发现别人做过,或无法用理论来解释,岂不是冤大头? 二、如何科学选题: 1. 课题选择和国际接轨。想在国际核心期刊发表文献,就必须了解国际研究动态,选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。由于多方面因素的影响,我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。我国一家权威科研机构不久前在国内挑选了许多前沿领域的研究课题,准备参与国际合作,但到美国后发现近三分之二的课题已经不属前沿,在美国很少有人研究。在高校,一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实,但科研成果不突出,重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态,不能选得合适的课题。 2. 课题要有可发展性。课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。中国科技大学范洪义另辟蹊径,发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子论的符号法,系统地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”,1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录;他对自己论文高产的解释是,研究“具有开创性,突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展,使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。我院被SCI收录论文最多的杨新民老师从事凸性理论研究,该理论兴起于 20世纪70年代,90年代进入高峰。作为新兴研究领域,该理论本身有许多尚待研究之处,同时该理论也可用来解决最优化方面的问题。反之,有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端,即使在该点上有所突破,也难持续发展。 3. 借助工具选题:①查阅有关领域的检索工具,这些工具各高校都有;②了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态,ISI期刊信息可从http://www.isinet.com查获,也可从SCI印刷版每期A、D分册的来源出版物目录(Lists of Source Publications)查找,还可从ISI引用期刊报告 (Journal Citation Reports,简称JCR)了解期刊信息,该文献有印刷版、网络版(JCR on the Web)和光盘版 (JCR on CD-ROM);③利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助,例如,能对正在开展的工作进行量化分析以保证用户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致的(Essential Science Indicators),介绍有关最杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向的(ISI Highly Cited.com);④利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料。只要有心参与国际学术竞争,选择与国际学术研究接轨的课题并不存在难以克服的障碍。 三、如何获得好的idea 无论是临床还是基础科研,最关键的是idea,idea的出台决定了科研水平和档次。高水平的科学家一听你的科研课题和方向,就能判断你科研水平。因此,获得好的idea是至关重要的。 1. 优秀科学家要具备敏锐的科研嗅觉,而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。通过几天或半个月的苦思苦想得到了一个自以为很好的idea,很可能是别人十几年前就做过的工作。但新手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经验是很正常的。此外,科研要注重质量,千万不要为单纯地追求数量而令懂行的人嘲笑。如何获得 idea呢? A. 大量地、仔细地阅读文献,多听学术报告、多与同行探讨,从中获得启示,不能急于求成。 B. 总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过但很有意义的课题; C. 总结争论性很强的问题,反复比较研究方法和结论,从中发现切入点; D. 善于抓住科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题,往往会成为思维的闪光点; E. 细致地拟定方案,论证可行性。 2. 获得idea的两种途径:传统途径就是先阅读大量科研论文,弄清目前的研究现状和要解决的问题等;非传统的途径是自己先冥思苦想一段时间,有了自己的 idea后再去查文献。这样不会让以往的研究限制你的思维,不失为一个很好的方法。别人没作过的东西,也许不是因为别人没想到,而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。 3. 获得良好idea的基础前提: A. 在科研前必须弥补基础知识,这是看懂文献的基础。 B. 广泛阅读文献是支撑。硕士至少查阅600篇,粗看300篇,细看100篇,研读50篇。博士至少再多一倍,并始终关注国际动态。 C. 学会阅读文献,读懂文章。建议先review再article,先中后英;看10-20篇review后看研究性论文。拿到一篇研究性论文,先看标题,立即停住,问自己几个问题:(1)想想别人这文章是怎么做的(可参考材料方法)?会做哪些内容来说明其标题?(2)明白他为什么要做这个吗?(3)如文章是近半年内发表的,该文章解决了什么问题?引出了什么问题(结合你看的综述)?接下来仔细看摘要,就知道你的想法是否与别人吻合?(4)看完实验结果,再思考有什么地方不完善?有没有深入或拓展到底?一般来说,SCI-3分以下的文章只可能做了一部分机理,下面肯定有东西可做,关键是你自己要思考,去发现。 4. 长期作战持之以恒。做好上面所述要求肯定会有所谓idea,但过程艰辛,需长时间磨练,需要patience和passion。有天赋的人能考上海中科院生命科学院,北京中科院那几个所,北大、清华。耐心干5年,这些地方正为中国带来更多本土nature、science文章。 四、博士如何出牛文章? 1. 几点忠告:多看paper没有坏处;多找非老板的其他人,如其他教授,postdoc,前辈师兄等讨论,借鸡下蛋;可以动手的东西容易上手,比如软件等;找机会去开会,认认牛人,不发paper,做做volunteer,或者参加phd symposium之类。五主动参加seminar,自己讲几次看过的paper,最好自己组织一个topic拉几个师兄弟和postdoc参加,注意找几本教科书看看,打好基础。 2. 如何获得IDEA: A. 需对研究的领域有一个全局性了解,按老板的话说是要有bird eye。 B. 要有bird eye,需比较全面地阅读本领域文章。读文章要其idea,总结成一句话,并用卡片记录好,分类整理。如果把别人文章的idea总结成一句话,就容易理解它的本质,也好作变化。 C. 读了很多文章后,可以写一个special study,将读过的本领域东西系统总结在一起,相当于你的综合理解,也就是bird eye看到的东西了。以后翻阅起来也相当方便。 D. 用心分析别人的idea,任何一个idea都有weakness;想办法解决它,那就成自己idea。最好的办法就是看大牛的paper,无论他有多牛,他的文章总是在说一个方面,总有其他东西没有包括进去,把他的文章认真精读了,总会发现漏洞和不足或不全面之处,然后你就知道怎么做了。记住:每篇文章几乎都有没有考虑完全的东西。 E. 时不时阅读更广泛领域的东西,扩大bird eye范围,对领域外的感兴趣的文章进行copy收藏,这个叫walk around a little bit,很多领域外的东西可以借鉴、学科交叉从而产生new idea。 F. 经常跟牛人、博士后或高年级博士等有思想的人(最好不是相同专业,而是相关专业或交叉学科)讨论,也容易出idea。再有就是,关注其他专业的书籍、杂志等信息,从中获取交叉创新idea 第二部分 SCI论文写作 一、写作框架和各部分要求 Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous; Give your paper a distinct personality; Begin with the subject of the study. Introduction: What is known; What is unknown; Why we did this study? Methods: Participants, subjects; Measurements; Outcomes and explanatory variables; Statistical methods. Results: Sample characteristics; Univariate analyses; Bivariate analyses; Multivariate analyses. Tables and figures: No more than six tables or figures; Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no P values); Put most important findings in a figure. Discussion: State what you found; Outline the strengths and limitations of the study; Discuss the relevance to current literature; Outline your implications with a clear "So what?" and "Where now?" References: All citations must be accurate; Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature; Quote only published journal articles or books; Never quote "second hand"; Cite only 20-35 references. Formatting: Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers; Start each section on a new page; Format titles and subtitles consistently; Comply with "Instructions to authors". 二、英文写作的语言技巧 1. Introduction: A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性?在叙述前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,提出一种新方法或新方向。如:However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如:Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previous results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist……研究方法和方向与前人一样时,可通过以下方式强调自己工作:However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate),We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如:(1)时间问题;(2)研究手段问题;(3)研究区域问题;(4)不确定性;(5)提出自己的假设来验证。如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新,你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性,然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”;如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向,你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质,然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少;如果研究涉及区域问题,就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究,然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足;虽然前人对某一问题研究很多,但目前有两种或更多种观点,这种uncertainties或 ambiguities值得进一步澄清;如果自己的研究是全是新的,没有前人的工作可对比,你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点:We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围:introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer),你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论,在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围:(1) 时间尺度;(2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序,你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题,We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度 (long-term and short term),你可说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题,和时间问题一样,也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域! D. 最后的圆场:在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”;或者说further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。 2. Discussion: A. 怎样提出观点:在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要,不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer置疑。(1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用We confirm that……(2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用We believe that……(3)通常,由数据推断出一定的结论,用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……(4) 在极其特别时才可用We put forward(discover, observe)……"for the first time"来强调自己的创新……(5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to…)Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to resulted from……Or This is probably a consequence of……It seems that……can account for (interpret) this……Or It is posible that it stem from……要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5),那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2),肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。 B. 连接词与逻辑:写英文论文最常见的毛病是文章的逻辑不清楚,解决方法如下。 (1)注意句子上下连贯,不能让句子独立。常见的连接词有,However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚,意思明确。比如,叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献,最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来,可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有,可用More recent studies by DD……如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开AA put forward that……In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面观点错误),如果只表明两种观点对立,用in contrast BB……如果两种观点相近,可用AA suggest……Similarily, alternatively, BB……Or Also, BB or BB allso does……表示因果或者前后关系可用Consequently, therefore, as a result……表明递进关系可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition……写完一段英文,最好首先检查是否较好地应用了这些连接词。 (2) 注意段落布局的整体逻辑:经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份……Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves……The second problem relates to……The third aspect deals with……清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally……当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 (3) 讨论部份的整体结构:小标题是把问题分为几个片段的好方法。通常第一个片段指出文章最重要的数据或结果;补充说明部份放在最后一个片段。一定要明白,文章的读者分为多个档次;除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份,一部份提出观点,另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点,比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子,而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。 C. 讨论部分包括什么内容?(1)主要数据及其特征的总结;(2)主要结论及与前人观点的对比;(3) 本文的不足。对第三点,一般作者看来不可取,但事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,觉得别人看不出来,是非常不明智的。所谓不足,包括以下内容:(1)研究的问题有点片面,讨论时一定要说,It should be noted that this study has examined only……We concentrate (focus) on only……We have to point out that we do not……Some limitations of this study are……(2)结论有些不足,The results do not imply……The results can not be used to determine(or be taken as evidence of)……Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data……Our results are lack of……但指出这些不足之后,一定要马上再次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足,为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏笔。Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest……However, these problems could be solved if we consider……Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate……用中文来说这是左右逢源,把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代,同时表明你已经在思考这些问题,但是由于文章长度,试验进度或者试验手段的制约,暂时不能回答这些问题。但通过你的一些建议,这些问题在将来的研究中有可能实现。 3. Others: A. 为使文章清楚,第一次提出概念时,最好以括弧给出较详细解释。如文章用了很多Abbreviation可用两种方法解决:(1) 在文章最后加上个Appendix,把所有Abbreviation列表;(2)在不同页面上不时地给出Abbreviation的含义,用来提醒读者。 B. 绝对不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是对前人工作最起码的尊重,英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常 negative的评价,比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况,可以婉转地提出:Their studies may be more reasonable if they had……considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they……Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties. 三、撰写外刊论文的体会 有人归纳了外刊论文撰写的五个基本要求,即5C:正确(correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致性(consistency) 。只有满足这5点,才算是一篇合格的外刊文章。 1. Introduction: Introduction 是外刊文章最难写的部分之一(另外就是Discussion)。中文文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵,过于简单,没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素。外刊论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的,一个好的Introduction相当于文章成功了一半。所以大家应该在 Introduction的撰写上下功夫。要写好Introduction,最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,这两点是紧密结的,即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。 A. 阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。要尽量简洁明了,不罗嗦;须知看文章者都是该领域的专家,所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。 B. 文献总结回顾。是Introduction的重头戏之一,要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来,不能有丝毫的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用(这是两个最容易出问题的地方,要极力避免;一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病,很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面,负面作用非常明显)。另一方面,文献引用和数据提供一定要准确,切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果;引用的数据也要正确,特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到,而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据);数据出错会导致文章的印象特差!此外,引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象,即不要原文抄录,要用自己的话进行总结描述。如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话,原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。 C. 分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点。这是整个Introduction的高潮,因而要慎之又慎。阐述局限性时,需要客观公正评价别人的工作,不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上(这是中文文章易犯的毛病),外刊论文写作万万不可如此,一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。在阐述自己的创新点时,要紧紧围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述,完整而清晰地描述自己的解决思路。需要注意文章的摊子不要铺的太大,要抓住一点进行深入的阐述。只要能够很好的解决一个问题,就是篇好文章;创新性描述的越多越大,越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。中文文章的特点是创新性要多要大,而英文文章的特点恰恰相反,深入系统的解决一到两个问题就算相当不错。 D. 总结性描述论文的研究内容,可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述,为Introduction做最后的收尾工作。至此,Introduction的写作算是大功告成。但是写完之后,还是要慎之又慎的仔细修改,琢磨每一个句子是否表达得恰当准确,这对 Introduction的修改完善至关重要。 2. Methods: Methods 部分描述论文实验过程,这一过程的写作相对较为简单,但是需注意的问题不少,重要的在于完整和科学。完整就是实验当中的每一个环节都要注意到,不要顾此失彼,遗漏一些重要内容。Methods部分可按实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等来组织行文。只要能在以下4个方面做到完整和科学的描述,相信写好Methods不是主要问题。 A. 实验对象一般是人、动物或一些组织等,它们的基本信息要描述明确;此外要注意国外刊物大多对牵扯到人或动物的实验都有一些特定要求,有些是不允许在人或动物身上进行的实验操作,这需要认真阅读投稿刊物中关于实验的详细规定;如果违反这一规定,可能会不接受评审或发表。 B. 实验设备,要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明;实验设备之间的连接要科学正确,不要给人混乱或操作错误的感觉。设备使用时一些必要的步骤不可或缺,尤其是可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操作更要详细说明。这样做的好处是为了在Discussion中能够进行对应的分析。比如,一些设备在使用前要校正(calibration),有的要求每阶段实验之后都要重新校正,以保证结果的正确性;一定要详细说明你的操作步骤或校正过程,便于评审人分析你的结果。 C. 实验材料,不同学科有不同要求。总体上来说要注意说明材料选择的必要性,也就是对为什么要选择这种材料,最好有一定的说明。如果这点描述不清,可能会导致整个实验过程不成立。 D. 实验过程,就是清楚描述实验的整个操作流程,一般要附以实验流程图进行说明。流程图的画法很多,有文字式的,有文字和示意图结合的,不同实验有不同做法。一般来说,可能后者多一些(实验性学科尤其如此),因为这样能使评审人对实验过程一目了然。如果示意图画得漂亮,还可以增加一些印象分。描述时要有鲜明的层次感,对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚,不要造成实验过程混乱不堪的印象,因为评审人最终判断你的实验是否合理,是从这个过程描述得来的。 3. Results: 有人把Results和Discussion放在一起写,但是大多数论文都是分开的。这两种做法取决于文章的类型。如果你的结果在分析的同时进行讨论更加合适,并不适合单独拿出来分析(或者是那样做很困难,导致Discussion成为鸡肋时),合在一起是合适的;反之就应该分开写。 A. Results的要求是翔实准确。准确是结果必须是真实的,不能伪造和篡改。翔实是提供最全面的分析结果,把一切从实验中得到的结果都提供给读者,不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要结果。从某种意义上来说,结果不够翔实并不导致论文直接被拒,但结果的真实性被怀疑文章就肯定被拒。 B. 结果提供一般是表和图。不同杂志对图表要求不完全一致,应根据杂志要求分别对待。表格能清晰展示论文获得的第一手结果,便于后人在研究时进行引用和对比。图示能将数据的变化趋势灵活的表现出来,更直接和富于感染力。图表结合,能取长补短,使结果展现更丰富。目前,大家越来越喜欢提供各种各样的图,但杂志却要尽量限制图的个数;因为会增加排版的困难,版面费和出版社的支出也就会增加。因此,建议大家在提供图时,尽量用最少的图提供最多的信息,最多不超过8 个。图片太多显得罗索和累赘,主编不会欣赏;必要时可用表格替代一些图。图片格式要求每个杂志不同,用tif格式较多,不推荐用bmp(jpg更不能用)。有人说用矢量图清楚些,其实和tif没什么区别,只要足够清晰就行。黑白图片可免费,彩色图片绝对要收费,而且价格不菲。 C. Results和Discussion分开写时,Results部分尽量不要涉及对结果的评论,最多是总结陈述结果就可以了。否则造成这两部分的内容重叠,显得累赘,从而对Discussion不利。结果的描述也要注意层次安排,要按照条理性要求分别描述,显得逻辑性较强。不要乱七八糟,降低论文的可读性。 D. Results中大多要提供统计结果。方差分析的结果形式要根据刊物的格式给出,有的要求对分析值、自由度和概率都要详细的给出,有的只要分析值和概率就可以了。概率可以用p=0.02或者p0.03等形式给出,自由度的表达也有特殊要求。这些细节问题虽然关系不大,但是注意格式统一,不要乱七八糟各自为战。统计分析结果过多时,可用表格给出,具体可参照SPSS软件分析之后的结果。如果论文结果部分通篇都是统计分析的数据,会显得凌乱不堪,表格可以避免这种情况。 4. Discussion: Introduction和Discussion是最难写的两部分。Discussion之所以难写,是因为这里面最能够显示一个作者研究问题的深度和广度。深度就是论文对于提出问题的研究到了一个什么样的程度,广度指是否能够从多个角度来分析解释实验结果。要写好Discussion,大概可以分为下面两个步骤: A. 选择要深入讨论的问题。Results中有的结果是重要的,有的则可一笔带过。选择合适的结果在Discussion部分进行深入讨论,是写好该部分首先要面临的问题。一般来说,可根据如下原则来判断:如果你的结果体现了实验的独特性,是其他研究中没有得到的,那这个结果就是要重点讨论的问题;有些结果和前人的研究一致,并没有显著性差异,就应该一笔带过而无需深入讨论。Discussion的一个重要作用就是要突出自己研究的创新性,并体现出显著区别于他人的特点,区别大和小是另外一个问题,重要的是要有区别、区别就是创新。 B. 对选中的问题按一定层次从多个角度进行讨论,说理要有根据、问题要讲清楚、讲透彻。选择的问题有时不只一个(多数情况是2个以上),因此要按一定层次描述清楚。一般来说,把最重要的放在中间,次之的放开头和末尾。放在中间能将评审人的情绪带至高潮,前面是铺垫,后面是总结。这样的顺序似乎更合适。问题无论大小,是否重要,都要从多个角度展开深入讨论:(1)首先要有类似结果的对比,说明自己结论的独特性;(2)其次要系统阐述为什么会有这样的结果,方法有多种(从实验设计角度,从理论原理角度,从分析方法角度,或借鉴别人分析方法等等)。重要的是将这个问题深入阐述清楚,不能让人有意犹未尽之感(要做到这点的确很困难,因为评审人总会提出新的问题,我们只可能尽量做到这一点罢了)。 C. Discussion部分还要注意保持和Results的一致性!就是结果和讨论要一一对应。千万不要出现按讨论的内容可以推出与实验相反的结论这种情形,那证明你的讨论思路是彻底的失败或你的实验压根儿就是失败的。所以Discussion的文字描述和语言表达的精确性尤为重要。由于中英文表达的不同,在投稿之前要尽量避免出现表达上的误解,如果论文因此被拒是很冤枉的。 5. Acknowledge References: Acknowledge 主要分为两个:第一是表明研究的基金来源,中国一般都是Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC,国家自然科学基金),美国大多是National Institute of Health(NIH,美国国家卫生研究院)。写基金时一般要标注清楚基金号码(Grant Number),只有这样才算是该项基金的研究成果,也可以算做实验室的研究成果。须知没有任何一项研究成果是在没有资金资助的情况下完成的,所以这一点非常必要。第二是对参与人员(没有列在作者中的研究人员)和单位表示感谢,如果通过一审和最终接受发表,还要添上对editor和anonymous reviewers的感谢,这是基本礼貌。 References重要在于格式。不同杂志对参考文献格式要求不一样,具体下来有所区别的可以分为:作者的写法,有的是简写在前,有的简写在后,有的简写有点,有的简写没有点;文章的名字,有的要加上引号,有的没有引号;期刊的写法,有的要简写,有的要全称,有的要斜体,有的则不需要;年和期卷号的顺序,有的是年在前,有的是年在后;期刊论文、书、学位论文、会议论文,四种引用的格式各不相同;文献的排列顺序,有的是按照字母的顺序,有的则是按照在论文中出现的顺序用阿拉伯数字排序。基本上就是这些问题,看来很是琐碎,但是如果你的参考文献排列的乱七八糟,那就会使得评审人对你论文的印象很差,认为你没有认知组织和撰写论文,造成一定的负面影响。所以,事情虽小,影响却大,还是要认真组织为好。 此外,论文在撰写时要自始至终都用英语写,千万不要先写中文再译成英文。这样写出来的文章肯定是中不中,英不英,而且极大浪费精力。宁可一开始写得语法差一些,慢慢修改都比这种写法好。如果有同专业英语比较好的人帮助的话,这样写还会更省事。写作时行文时态要注意,中文没有时态问题,英文有,而且要求还相当严格。一般来说,大多数情况下是过去时态,在Introduction文献回顾,Methods整个部分,Results结果总结,Discussion中的大部分,都用过去时态陈述。其他情况下可以用一般时态来描述。时态之间的界限是比较严格的,最好是仔细的通读国外的论文,好好分析一下,或者让有经验的人帮你把把关,这样比较好一些。 四、Writing Skills in English for Research Paper 写 paper注意九个环节:Preparation, Structure, Title, Abstracts, Introduction, Conclusion, Body of Paper, Recision, Acknowledgement。Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是journal in library。Structure是重点,paper的structure应该是两个triangle组成的:上面一个倒三角,下面一个正三角,意思就是选题要宽(wide),研究方向要窄,然后最后的conclusion又发散开来。在paper的body前后都必须有declarative statement,用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。 Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),表达出自己唯一的topic以提升读者的兴趣(promote the interest of reader),然而title中切记不能出现abbreviation和自己的result。 Abstracts 是paper的一个缩写(miniature of whole paper),一定要简明扼要(less than 200 words,one paragraph),按照paper的顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计(design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员 (non-specialist) 能够看懂。 Introduction同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面 (very relevant),而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到body中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个declarative statement。 Body部分可以分为methods、result和discussion三个部分:①Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面(own procedures),按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的subheadings,比如 subsubsubsection等等。②Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的result中的一些结论进行解释说明。③Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study,在其中提出自己的problem或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。 Conclusion中不要包含body以外的information,保持brief、neat和concise,一定要舍得结束自己的paper;如果自己的paper只是project的一部分,稍做说明。Revison是在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣,自己的 declarative statement是否令人满意,Brevity is the soul of literary construction。Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个反应了一个人的个人品质。 五、撰写论文初稿(writing the first draft): (1)材料和方法(methods and materials):做了什么和怎样做?材料和方法是文章开始写作的最理想部分,这部分的内容作者最了解。写作要求:用过去时,尽可能按实验的先后顺序描述。 (2)结果(results):发生了什么?基本写作要求:可用图、表或文字表达,三者间尽量减少重复。在正文部分叙述主要结果和意义,用图或表给出较详细的数据,用过去时。 (3) 讨论(discussion):所得结果是否为“前言”提出的关键问题的答案?结果是如何支持答案的、如何证实假说的?基本写作要求:集中讨论与本结果有关的问题,突出本研究的创新及重要性,;与相关研究结果进行比较分析;给出结果所支持的结论;指出前景、不足和改进。用现在时叙述已知或被证明的事实,用过去时描述本研究结果。 (4)文献(references):与本研究方法、结果、讨论有关的其它研究有哪些?准确完整规范著录。 (5)前言(introduction)本研究的背景和目的是什么?试图回答的关键问题是什么?基本写作要求:本研究之目的和重要性;简要复习文献。 致谢(acknowledgment):除了作者,谁协助完成了本研究、分析结果并撰写论文?谁提供了基金和物质帮助?写作要求:仅列出对本工作提供特殊的实质性贡献者姓名;须得到被致谢者同意。 (7) 摘要(abstract):论文告诉我们什么(通常250字)?摘要是论文要点的浓缩,应在文章各主要部分完成后再写,这样有利于文章要点的提炼。优秀的摘要能有效抓住读者兴趣。写作要求:用含有必要词汇的短的简单句,以使摘要清楚而简洁?避免使用缩写词和晦涩难懂的词句;用小标题叙述研究论文的各部分;用过去时(但问题的陈述和结论可用现在时);强调研究的创新和重要方面。 文题(title):本文关于什么?最佳文题的标准是用最少的必要术语准确描述论文的内容。写作要求:准确(accuracy)、简洁(brevity)、有效(effectiveness)和吸引人。 (9)作者(author list):谁参与了本研究的设计、工作及论文的撰写? (10) 准备论文最后一稿(preparing the final manuscript):论文初稿完成以后,必须对内容及格式进行反复推敲和修改,达到“投稿须知”的一切要求。绝大多数有经验的编辑都认为:不认真准备的稿件绝不是高水平科学研究成果的良好载体(A poorly prepared manuscript is,almost without fail,the carrier vehicle of poor science. Day AR.)。如果希望论文发表,在准备投稿时必须做到打字整洁、无错、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。该过程一般分三步:再次阅读拟投期刊的“投稿须知”;用“投稿须知”中提供的“稿件对照检查表”(manuscript checklist, author's checklist)与自己论文一一核对;根据期刊要求打印输出,完成最后一稿。 六、英语学术论文写作的几个细节 A. 时态:当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时,而不用一般过去时。This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1. B. 数:在学术论文里,有时很难顾及数的逻辑。但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。单、复数的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向: ◆◆ 当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied.The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different. ◆◆当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time. ◆◆在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等,提到具体物质时常用复数。【Polyesters】 Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在标题、小标题或描述一类事物、现象等,提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数。【Step Copolymerization】Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. ◆◆学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章《非学术文章中的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到》。以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词:《但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词》。 application development consideration composition concentration distribution structure length weight ◆◆ 当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数(分别单个地提及则不用):The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show …… C. 冠词: ◆◆单数名词前一般要加冠词:a , the等; 但以下情况可不加:表示不特指的、较抽象的概念: This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm..但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的,这是由它在句中的含义决定的(如有一定的特指意义):Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C). ◆◆目录、标题中通常省略冠词: 1 Introduction 1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations … 1-4 Molecular Weight 1-5 Physical State 图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词:Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.……Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.化学药品、化学物质前通常不加冠词:The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词。 D. 大小写:请注意以下结构的大、小写:当提及具体第几章、节;图、表;方程式时,首个字母通常要大写。As discussed in Chapter 2, ……In Section 1.2, we ……As shown in Figure 1, ……The results are listed in Table 3.当不指明是第几章、节;图、表;方程式时,首个字母如在句中通常用小写。In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, …… E. 缩写:以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等,可以互换。 Figure Fig. Figures Figs. Table Tab. Chapter Chap. Section Sec. Equation Eq. Equations Eqs. F. 一些常用词汇用法 ◆◆research, study, investigate:research可做名词、动词,但通常做名词用,很少见到动词的用法。句中需要动词时常用study或investigate来表达。 ◆◆detail/detailed:The properties of this compound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this compound were studied.//The details of the properties of this compound were studied. ◆◆follows/following:The results are as follows: ……//We got following results: …… ◆◆increase, decrease:均可做名词和动词,We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases. ◆◆focus, concentrate:focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on ……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on …… ◆◆effect, affect:effect: n. //affect: v. ◆◆compose, consist:A is composed of B and C.//A consists of B and C. ◆◆increase, improve:increase: 主要指数值上的增加。improve: 主要指性质的增加、改善。 G. 名词修饰:在学术文章中,很多时候会用到直接用名词做修饰,而不用’s 或 …… of …… 的形式。常见的这类词有:reaction rate;reaction rate constant;reaction temperature;reaction condition molecular weight distribution…… H. 分词修饰:the reaction we studied;the temperature used;the nonlinearity observed。所有格:非人的所有格用……of……, 而不用……’s 。 第三部分 投稿 一、拟投期刊的选择: (1)选用SCI收录期刊。目前SCI收录核心刊 3000种,加上增补期刊约 5600种。研究者可事先将SCI中自己感兴趣的期刊找出来备用。 (2)利用SCI收录期刊的影响引子(Impact Factor)来选择期刊。期刊的影响因子是该刊前2年发表的文献在当前的平均被引次数。《科学》、《自然》影响因子很高,SCI收录中国期刊影响因子都在1.00以下。期刊影响因子愈大,有用信息愈多。作者可根据期刊的影响因子排名决定投稿方向。 (3)利用学科带头人的影响或国际学术交流的条件,物色最了解中国学术研究、信任中国学者的那部分期刊投稿。SCI选用的期刊中约 1 / 3为美国期刊,因而要注意选美国期刊。 二、如何准备投稿? 选择适合刊物投稿:从杂志homepage下载Instruction for Author,按投稿要求,如投稿份数、论文体例、长度、图表、参考文献引法、配图说明(Figure legends)等,逐条遵循。Letter to editor-in-chief : ①声明文稿权转让;②未一稿多投,和在稿件未作出决定前不准备一稿多投;③所有列出作者均对文稿有确切贡献;④文稿内容真实,无作伪;⑤所有作者均已阅读文稿,且同意送稿;⑥通信作者地址、电话、Fax、e-mail;⑦通信作者签名。勿一稿多投。 Title page 的式样如下: Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor-g Ligands Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Zuyi Yuan, MD, PhD; Yan Liu, MD; Yu Liu, MD; Jijun Zhang, MD; Chiharu Kishimoto, MD, PhD*; Yanni Wang, MD; Aiqun Ma, MD, PhD; Zhiquan Liu, MD. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; *Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan First author's surname: Yuan Running head: PPARg ligands ameliorate myocarditis Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (30170371) Address correspondence to: Zuyi Yuan, MD, PhD Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.1 Jiankang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China Tel: +86-29-532-4021 Fax: +86-29-5263190 E-mail: zuyiyuan@mail.xjtu.edu.cn 三、向国外生物医学期刊投稿需注意 A. 期刊选择: 英文生物医学期刊种类繁多,选择一本恰当的期刊并非一件易事,然而这是论文得以发表的一个重要环节。选择期刊应考虑的因素:论文主题是否在刊物征稿范围内?论文格式是否符合刊物要求?论文是否符合刊物的一贯口味?关于期刊的声望(prestige)问题:期刊学术水平高其声望就高;反之声望则低。生物医学工作者都希望科研成果发表在有声望的高质量生物医学期刊上。选择期刊的方法:如果论文主题在一个很窄的分支学科内,那么选择范围只能限制在几种刊物;如果论文信息交叉了几个研究领域,则可有许多种选择。无论是哪种情况,先列出一个简单拟选期刊表,然后逐一对进行比较筛选,作出最后抉择。 B. 阅读和使用投稿须知: (1)读刊头(masthead statement,通常放在期刊前面的文题页上),以了解刊名、简单的办刊宗旨、编辑委员会组成、编辑部成员、出版商及其联系地址等。 (2)浏览目录(table of contents),确定该刊物是否发表你研究领域的文章及发表的比例有多大。 (3)注意栏目设置,确定拟投稿件的栏目。 (4)看拟投栏目文章的范例,了解撰写要求及格式。 (5)某些期刊刊登投稿和接收日期(submitted and accepted dates),可据此计算论文发表周期。 广告数量可间接判断期刊质量。因为广告公司都愿意将金钱投到质量高、影响大的期刊上。 (7)通过11或12月份出版的杂志最后几页上的“所有权、管理和发行声明”(statement of ownership,management,and circulation)查找期刊发行量。 核查有无北美和欧洲以外国家作者撰写的文章。 (9)有些期刊还刊登报道计划,作者可依此拟订自己的投稿计划。 C. 投稿注意事项: 当决定了论文主题,确定了读者群,并选定了拟投期刊后,论文文献检索工作即便完成。下一步是确定论文作者、查看期刊的“投稿须知”,并将研究结果的原始资料收集在一起开始撰写论文。论文撰写是一项艰苦的工作,并非一稿就能完成,往往需要反复易稿(修改)才能使文章达到投稿的要求,即"5C"—正确 (correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致(consistency)。 D. 投稿:论文的最后一稿准备好后,就可向国外投稿。一般来说,投稿程序分以下三步。 (1)准备投稿信 (covering letter,submission letter):生物医学期刊的编辑往往需要一些有关作者及其论文的信息,而作者也希望给编辑提供一些有助于其全文送审及决策的信息。这些信息都应该包括在投稿信中。投稿信应包括以下几方面的内容:文题和所有作者的姓名;稿件适宜的栏目;为什么此论文适合于在该刊而不是其它刊物上发表?关于重复或部分发表或已投它刊的说明;不能转让版权的说明(如美国联邦政府雇员);建议审稿人及因存在竞争关系而不宜做审稿人的名单;通信作者(corresponding author)的姓名、详细地址、电话和传真号码、e-mail地址;能否付出版费(版面费、彩图费)的说明(如果该刊收取版面费和彩图费);希望核校校样或稿件若不接收退回原稿的要求(有的期刊在“投稿须知”中约定,除非作者在投稿信中提出要求,否则原稿不退还给作者)。投稿信举例: Dear Dr.: Enclosed are three copies of a manuscript by Rose N .Dipaola,Donna A.Gallo,and Tom N.Roberts titled ”Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Long-Term Transfusion Patients”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a ”Original Article" in your journal.This paper is~?Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal. We believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal because the study it reports stated the HCV infection rate among long-term transfusion patients is higher than that of the general population and of short-term transfusion patients. Correspondence and phone calls about the paper should be directed to Rose N.Dipaola at the following address,phone and fax number,and e-mail address: Rose N .Dipaola,MD Institute of Internal Medicine Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave. Cleveland,OH44195,USA Tel:1-216-444-5360 Fax:1-216-444-9580 E-mail:dipao@cesmtp .ccf. Org Thanks very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours, Rose N.Dipaola (2) 稿件包装:所谓稿件包装是指将稿件及其拟投期刊所需的伴随资料一并装人信封。一般应按以下顺序备齐资料:投稿信;刊物要求的稿件(包括文题页、文摘页、正文、致谢、参考文献、图注、表及图)拷贝份数,每份图单独装一个信封;版权转让声明;与稿件内容有关资料的拷贝(如学术会议报告论文或已发表的摘要等材料);通知稿件收到的明信片或有作者地址并贴足邮资的信封(适用于不发收稿回执的期刊);致谢和使用病人照片或引用私人通信的书面同意材料的复印件;有些期刊要求附稿件对照检查表。以上材料不要用订书钉固定,以免途中因订书钉移动而损坏稿件;但可以用大型曲别针固定,照片可以在信封中夹硬纸片保护。 (3) 稿件邮寄:邮寄稿件应注意:应至少自留一份打印底稿;信封要足够大,并足够结实;正确的投稿地址及收稿人(“投稿须知”中常有说明,多要求直接寄给主编);照片不可过大,最大不超过8.5英寸x11英寸?贴足邮票;航空邮寄;以打印稿(hard copy)投稿。几乎所有的英文生物医学期刊均不接受传真(fax)投稿,某些期刊仅允许一些没有图表的短文或“给编辑的信”通过电子邮件(e- mail)投稿,长篇论著、研究报告等文章决定刊用后方接受软磁盘。以上信息可以从“投稿须知”中获得、有的期刊在“投稿须知”中特别指出投稿地址与订刊或订单行本地址不一样,以免造成时间耽搁 。 一、正确对待审稿意见和退稿: 国际核心刊物的审稿人大多是各领域权威学者,杂志出版社经常征询编委意见,选择最佳审稿队伍。审稿是无报酬的,审稿人的工作态度大多极其认真。因此,对审稿意见要十分尊重,对每一条批评和建议,都要认真分析,并据此修改论文。自己认为不正确的意见,要极其慎重和认真地回答,有理有据地与审稿人探讨。如何对待杂志拒文,是作者犯难的问题。这里必须分析被拒绝的理由。第一类拒绝是“完全的拒绝”,主编通常会表达个意见,对这类文章永远不愿再看到,再寄送这类文章是没有意义的;第二是文章包含某些有用数据和信息,主编拒绝是因数据或分析有严重缺陷,这类文章不妨先放一放,等找到更广泛的证据支持或有了更明晰的结论后,再将经过修改的“新”文章寄给同一杂志,主编通常会考虑重新受理该文。有审稿人抱怨,个别中国作者在论文被一家杂志拒绝后又原封不动地寄给另外一家杂志,而他们再次被邀请审稿并对此非常反感,论文理所当然地被拒绝。《宇宙物理学》(The,Astrophysical,Journal)的科学主编 Thomas提出:“论文被一家杂志拒绝后不经修改,又寄给另一个杂志,这是很糟的错误。通常,审稿人做了很认真的工作指出论文的问题,并建议修改;如果作者忽视这些忠告,是对时间和努力的真正浪费;同时,寄一篇坏的文章,对作者的科学声望是严重的损害。”影响因子不同的刊物接受论文的标准和要求差别很大。如果被拒论文不是由于文稿中的错误,而是重要性或创新性不够,作者仔细考虑审稿人意见并认真修改文稿后,可以寄给影响因子较低的刊物。值得注意的是,审稿人由于知识限制和某种成见,甚至学术观点不同,判断错误并建议退稿常会发生。如何处理情况?最近某青年的论文被杂志拒绝,经反复讨论检验,判断审稿人是错误的;为了论文及时发表,我们建议作者礼貌和认真地回信给主编并指出审稿人的错误,要求主编将意见转给审稿人,然后撤回论文再做必要改进,改寄影响因子更高的杂志;结果论文立即接受,并得到很好评价。另篇论文在某重要杂志经两年半才得以发表,主要原因是第一位审稿人对我国向量磁场测量的可靠性提出质疑,不同意发表。通过向权威同事请教和反复思考,我们确认所进行的研究及所采用测量都充分准确可靠;作者花了近两年时间与审稿人讨论,不但论文得以发表,还与审稿者和主编建立了良好关系,论文发表后得到良好的国际引述。 二、投稿后若干事宜: (1)稿件追踪(follow-up correspondence)。如果投稿2周仍无任何有关稿件收到的信息,也可打电话、发e-mail或写信给编辑部核实稿件是否收到。 (2) 稿件退修(revised manuscript)。几乎所有的经审查学术水平达到出版要求的自由来稿,在发表前都需要退给作者修改其表述及编辑格式,如压缩文章篇幅、重新设计表格、改善插图质量、限制不规则缩写词使用等。然而退给作者修改的稿件并不代表文章已经被接受,文章最终接受与否取决于作者对文章关键性重要内容和表述方式的修改能否达到审稿专家及编辑的要求。 通常退给作者修改的材料包括原稿、审稿专家意见、(reviewers' comments)和一封编辑的信(covering letter)。当作者收倒退修稿后,首先应该仔细地阅读退修信(modify letter)和审稿专家意见。然后应考虑能否或愿意接受审稿专家或编辑的意见,修改稿件。 (3)如何处理稿件修回?从主编回信和审稿人 (reviewer)修回意见可看出文章录用的可能性。主编的回信会特别提到你文章的科学先进性 (scientific priority);审稿人对文章总的评价中会提到对文章是否感兴趣(interesting)等;修回不要仓促,反复阅读、理解审稿人的问题。对每位审稿人提出的意见要逐条回答(response to reviewer1,2,3);对修回稿中已修改的地方要具体标明(page, lines);给主编回信,感谢给文稿提出的修改意见,并指出按修改建议已作的修改,未作修改的地方要说明理由。 一、认识SCI论文 罗伯特?戴在其名著《如何撰写和发表科学论文》的序言中指出,“对一个科学家的评价,从研究生开始,就主要不是看他在实验室操作的机敏,不是看他对或宽或窄的研究领域固有的知识,更不是看他的智能和魅力,而是看他的著述。他们因此而出名,或依然默默无闻”。 A. 原创性和显著性是论文的生命: 在《再论科学道德问题》中指出,国际核心刊物发表的论文,原则上都应当是 “在国际上首次”描述的新的观测和实验事实,首次提出的概念和模型,首次建立的方程,也包括对已有的重大观测(实验)事实的新的概括和新的规律的提炼。与原创性相联系,任何期刊都不希望发表已见于其它杂志,或由其它语言发表、或以稍有不同的形式发表的论文。太阳物理学权威刊物《太空物理学》(Solar,physics)主编Harvey专门谈到,少数作者主要结果用中文发表后又寄给《太空物理学》,这在过去是可以容忍的,但现在不允许。公认的原则是:作者不能把已在经过审稿的杂志发表的主要结果以不同形式投寄给其它杂志再发表。国际核心刊物的论文,不仅应该是原创的,其结果还必须是显著的,并对学科发展有所推动。用Harvey的话来说,“至少有一两个其他研究者会读这篇文章,并利用这些结果发表他们自己的工作。”对成果显著性的检验是论文被引用的多寡。作者应当关心自己论文被引用的情况,注意国际学术界对自己工作的评价,包括肯定和批评的方面,特别是注意同行们对自己发表结果的不同的理解;这是提高自己研究水平的重要途径。 B. 充分评价已有工作,体现作者学术水平: 是否客观而充分地评价了以往的工作,常常是审稿人和读者衡量作者学术水准和学术风范的重要方面。部分作者引述国外知名学者的工作,往往有点“言必称希腊” 的味道,而对国内同行发表的工作重视不够。有时明明是中国学者首先做的工作,却没有得到自己国内同行的充分评价。应当提倡较多并适当地援引国内同行工作。但也不要学习少数日本作者,他们绝少引用日本学者之外的文章。部分同行在论文中引述相当数量公式,但却不列出公式的出处,让读者分不清是作者发展的,还是引自他人以往的工作。原则上:除了教科书上公认的方程和表达式外,对用于特定目的、特定条件和问题的推演,只要不是自己的工作,都要列出出处和适用条件;即便是作者以往的工作,也要列出相应文献,让读者在充分评价作者以往工作的基础上作必要参考,并清晰指出自己当前工作中独创性的贡献。这是作者对科学负责的表现,是一篇好的学术论文开宗明义必须写清楚的内容。 C. 特别重视论文题目、摘要、图表和结论: 每位作者都有阅读大量论文的经验。读者阅读论文的习惯一般是先浏览目录,对题目有兴趣才愿翻到有关论文;题目有兴趣的论文,读者又先读论文摘要;如果对摘要还有兴趣,接着会去看论文图表,因为图表往往最清楚地反映了论文结果。看过图表之后,如还有兴趣,会读论文的结论。通常只有少数读者会读论文的全文。作者应当清晰地知道,论文的题目将被数以千计的读者读到。对题目的每一个字都要审慎地选择,用最少的词语最确切反映论文的内容。 D. 花大力气提高英语写作水平: 英语不是我们的母语。我国SCI论文和引述偏少,除了基础研究水平的限制,语言的障碍不容忽视。每一位基础研究工作者必须把提高英语写作能力作为一个艰巨的任务。中国科技大学胡友秋教授总是把审稿人的英文修改和自己的原稿中被修改的部分单独抄在本子上一一对照,细心琢磨并背下来,一点一滴地提高英语写作水平;他寄往国际核心刊物的论文常被审稿人称为well-written。美国国家太阳天文台有一个内部审稿制度,目的是保证论文的正确性,对研究也有相互影响和砥砺的好处;未经内部审稿的论文不能寄给杂志。资深太阳物理学家 Sara,Martin建议找一些可作为范例的论文精读,学习怎样组织和写出好英语;她特别提到已故著名天体物理学家Zwaan的论文可作范文。论文初稿完后定要检查拼写,避免简单的拼写错误;对英文写作无把握者,请英文好的同事或国外同行把把英文关是必要的。为从根本上提高英语水平,建议对研究生开设英语写作课程。 二、论文进入SCI的影响因素 (Science Citation Index,简称SCI)是美国科技信息研究(Institute for Scientific Information,简称ISI)编辑出版,用来查询科技文献及其引用情况的检索工具,内容涉及科技领域150多个学科,分为数学、物理学、化学、生物学、微生物学、农业、分子生物学与遗传学、临床医学、神经学、药学、计算机科学、生态与环境等,以基础科学研究为主。SCI对其收录期刊采用了多种严格而科学的定量和定性筛选,所收载的均是集中了各学科高质量优秀论文精萃的期刊,全面覆盖了世界最重要、最有影响的研究成果。SCI的研究成果代表着世界基础学科研究的最高水准,科技论文被SCI收录和引用是评价其国际学术地位、基础科学研究水平、科技创新实力和科技论文质量的国际通用依据。 A. 原创性和影响力: 原创性也就是原始性和创造性。原创性不等同于新颖性,新颖性可以是别人研究的延续,而原创性意味着一个新事物、新领域、新问题的开创。原创性研究通常是指对新的观测和实验事实的描述,首次提出的概念和模型,首次建立的方程,以及对已有的重大观测 (实验)事实的新的概括和新的规律的提炼等。任何期刊都不希望发表已经见于其它杂志,或由其它语言发表、或以稍有不同的形式发表的论文,国际核心期刊更是如此。要想在国际核心期刊发表论文,原创性是最基本的要求;原创性课题通常来源于实践或对各种有关信息的研究,而不是来源于现成文献。 影响力以论文被引频率来衡量。引用频率已被科学界公认是衡量特定研究价值的最为客观公正的方法。在 1961-1971年间,SCI一般作者平均引用频率约 50次,而同期诺贝尔奖获得者的平均引用率为222次,并且SCI中某学科被引用次数最多的论文作者获该学科诺贝尔奖的情形也多次发生。高水平的论文不仅具有原创性,还具有影响力,必须对他人的研究有所帮助,并由此推动科学发展。 B. 论文撰写: (1)撰写英文论文。被SCI收录的我国期基本上为英文,英文文种优势是论文进入SCI期刊的重要因素。1997年SCI收录我国论文10033篇,其中 83%发表在国外刊物,国内发表17%。从语种上看,英语论文占总论文数99.78%,中文论文占 0.09%;法、德、俄、日文论文占 0.12%。东西方语言差异是中国科技工作者学术成果走向世界的一个很大障碍。 (2)英文摘要全面深入,反映研究要点,强调自己的独创。论文要进入SCI,除投SCI来源期刊处,另一途径是为国外读者引用。因此,英文摘要的撰写显得非常重要。许多作者的英文摘要较简略,没有注意将文章主要内容体现在文摘内,从而影响论文交流。例如“综合多种检索技术优势的数据库检索功能设计”的论文摘要,不仅说明采用了什么技术得出了设计方案?还应说明这些技术通过怎样的利用?达到了什么效果?体现实现最终目标的主要过程,这样可增加论文被引用机会。 (3)参考文献应用。论文应清楚地标注引用,完整给出参考文献。原则上,除了教科书上公认的方程和表达式外,特定的目的、特定条件和问题的推演,只要不是自己的工作,都要列出处,并完整给出相应文献。即使是作者自己以往的工作,也要列出相应文献。这样做既对他人研究有充分肯定、免去剽窃之嫌,又能说明自己的论述依据充分,也突出了自己在该研究中的独创内容。 三、如何投稿SCI杂志论文 为什么要鼓励向国外投稿?国内核心刊物版面有限,投稿人多,国内刊物SCI收录杂志发表更难;国内刊物影响因子都较低;大多数国际刊物不收版面费;国际刊物发表周期短。 如何准备稿件?选题新颖、idea好,讲究科学。Title page;Abstract;Text (Introduction; Methods; Results; Discussion); References;Acknowledgements;Figure legends;Tables and Figures。使用清晰合理的语言,避免修饰词(如最好、第一)和社论性语言(如令人惊异地、令人感兴趣地等)。题目醒目,表达清楚而不含糊。介绍研究背景十分重要,说明为什么要进行研究,长度在1页内,引用文献15条内。方法学一定要做到:临床研究有病人知情同意,通过伦理委员会批准;动物实验符合本大学的动物管理与动物实验的章程等。特别注意方法是否合理,是否目前国际上通用。结果要清晰图、表格,合理的结果解释等;特别注意方法学和结果中可能的小的漏洞,最好请多位同行专家审阅。Discussion部分只对本文结果进行讨论,与同类研究结果进行比较,对结果涉及的可能机制不要展开太多,不要进行推理讨论;结论应客观,不要夸大。参考文献尽量最新;注意格式;如有可能,尽可能引用拟投刊物近2年的文章。成稿后请同行专家反复修改;可请语言专家纠正语法错误。 四、撰写SCI文章的经验 1.首先是大量阅读文献,如果要撰写高水平论文,基础是读很多高水平文献。建议多看影响因子高的国外文献,最好IF3以上。国内综述性杂志还是可以看,特别是刚刚接触陌生的研究领域时。 2.看文献的同时注意随时摘录,好记性不如烂笔头。英语论文的写作实际上有很多现成固定的模式和表达方法,将这些固定用法随时做笔记,并随时复习,加上不断阅读新文献,自己动手写时也就不会举步维艰。 3.课题设计的IDEA十分重要,观点的创新性决定了文章能否受editor和reviewer青睐。 4. 实验完成开写文章,或者自己写,实在不行,就找几篇与你的课题十分相近的文章阅读,有些表述方法可以直接借鉴,当然不可以直接照搬,必须进行适当的修改,如语序,近义词替换等等。最后进行通篇连贯的阅读,总体使其变得通顺。投稿前必须仔细修改,不可仓促投稿,可以先放几天,在回头来看,这样反复多次。最好的话是请英语高手帮你修一修。或者也可以请一般同学看看,从别人的角度来取长补短。 5.投递建议多投网上可以submission的杂志,快又省钱,投之前好好看看guideline for authors。严格按照上面的条例修改,象图片的分辨率等等细节都要十分注意。 6.修回的稿件一般是要求point to point的回复,必须一一进行回答,个人建议是所有问题最好都按要求去做,这样的accept可能性很高,当然审稿人的水平也有不同,有些明显错误的观点应当用详细的理由加以回复,有可能的话附上参考文献增加可信度。 7. 文章基本上accept了,有时审稿人会要求你把文章给专业领域离地英语专家修改,有些人可能未必找的到,那怎么办,呵呵,那就自己来,反复阅读,尽量减少一些低级错误比如拼写和语法,还有就是表述以简洁至上,simple is the best。再就是尽量多改一些地方(这是一滥招,高手就免了),就算没什么错误的地方可改用别的表达方法,表面上看来编辑部会觉得你很严谨仔细,呵呵,反复多看看,多修,就能成功,我就是这么做的,你也可以。 五、SCI论文写作经验 要写好文章,思路创新性和数据可靠性是两个基本条件。思路创新有两种方法:(1) 如果你个人在某领域进行了多年研究,你觉得某些问题解决的关键应该在于某个方面的深入研究,如果很少有人注意此方面研究而你首先开始,那你的文章就创新。这种方法创新的前提是,你在该领域有多年研究;否则很有可能失败。因为你认为创新的东西可能是人家已经做过的(只是研究失败,所以没有报道),或者你的思路本身就是错误的。(2) 二次创新。例如最近三年有不同作者发了两篇文章,一篇报道因素A对提高玉米抗逆性有很大影响,第二篇报道因素B对小麦抗逆性有很大影响。那么你就可以参考以上两法,研究因素A和因素B对水稻抗逆性的影响。这样做出来的文章一般也能发在和以上两篇文章档次差不多的杂志。要保证数据的可靠,首先你要选用你的领域中普遍采用的方法,可以找几篇和你的研究类似的SCI文章,参考他们的研究方法。 试验结束后,立即进行总结数据,写文章,主要步骤可参考: A. Result部分。将所有的试验结果整理成图和表,尽力挖掘图和表中的信息,越多越好。在这个过程中尽可能和不同的研究人员探讨你的试验结果,因为不同的人对同一张表和图有不同的看法。这样会给你写文章提供很好的思路。 B. 分析完图表后,寻找你这个试验结果的Key point,一定要保证这个Key point具有较大的新意,或者说一个到这个Key point 有一种振奋人心的感觉。然后从所有图表中找出能够论证你这个Key point 的图和表。合理安排你的图和表,如果可能的话尽可能用图。 C. Result以后是Discussion(一篇文章的精华),可以将discussion分为若干段落,可以是并列关系或者递进关系。但要保证每一段都有一个主题,即每一段讨论一个主要话题。而且每一段中要说明以下几点:(1)你的研究结果说明什么?有什么意义?(2)你的研究结果和别人的类似研究有什么异同?如果不同,可以讨论一些产生差异的可能原因?(3)如果你在研究结果中出现非常新的东西,用以前别人的理论很难解释,那么你可以提出你的假设理论来解释试验中非常新的东西,一定要做到能自圆其说。在Discussion的最后要总结一下,告诉别人你这个研究的几个主要结果。 D. Materials Methods:你在试验中得到的数据,都要写出相应方法。写试验方法要尽可能详细,保证别人看了Materials and Methods 后能够参考你的方法进行相关研究。看一下你可能要投的刊物中的Materials and Methods是怎么写的,你可以参考。 E. Introduction:简介你这个研究领域的意义;介绍该研究领域的一些人所做的工作,指出它们存在的问题;说明你为什么要做这个试验;可在introduction 中提出你的hypothesis。 F. Reference:最好引用原始文献,不要二次引用;注意文献编排格式,与你要投的刊物要一致;不要漏和多参考文献。Acknowledge:帮助过你做试验,写文章的人;提供资金项目。Title要说明你的研究内容,要有一定吸引力;Abstract包括研究目的,主要研究结果,得出什么重要的结论。 G. 写好以后,最好找个搞相关研究的美国或者英国的科学家看一下,改一下英文,就可投出了。 六、写论文的技巧 优秀论文的要素:1、正确选题;2、合适的切入点;3、简洁明了;4、说清自己的贡献; 5、可靠的/可重现的结果;6、可重复的过程;7、好的文章结构和逻辑流程; 8、精选的参考文献 优秀论文的误区:1、Idea越多越好;2、一味追求革命性的,突破性的成果; 3、数学、理论和公式越复杂越好——显示自己的聪明; 4、追求最好,史无前例;5、显示权威性,引文中大量引用自己的论文。 写文章的条件:1、与研究工作相关,确实有了好的想法,不是为了写而写; 2、取得了有价值的成果,对学术界有贡献; 3、实验成熟,经得起检验; 4、已经需要记录下来和其他人分享 写论文的要点:1、写出3~4层的纲要反复修改多次。 2、从Introduction开写,回顾已有的工作。 3、要声明文章结构,不要直接进入细节。 4、声明工作的动机和基本原理,提出潜在的问题,自己进行回答。 5、讲明自己工作与前人的不同,说明自己的贡献及其实际应用前景。 6、最后写Summary和Abstract,反复斟酌后确定标题。 Reviewer Check List: 1、论文是否提出了一个新的问题或者给出了已有问题的一个新的解决方案。 2、论文的主要结果是什么?3、实验结果是否充分?4、论文技术含量如何? 5、论文是否对所提出的技术/结果的有效性和局限性进行了评价? 6、论文写作是否清晰,从而令本行业内多数研究人员可读? 7、论文是否适当地引用和介绍了与之相关的历史文献? 8、论文是否应该给予嘉奖? IEEE Transactions on CSVT Review form: 1、在多大的程度上满足本期刊读者的兴趣? 2、论文所使用的方法的评价?3、结果是否具有新颖性? 4、主要结果是否正确?5、论述是否清晰? 6、是否具有一致性(前/后,论述/结果)? 7、引文是否充足? 8、 Reviewer的意见:(Accept / Accept after a minor revision / Reject / Reject but resubmit after a major revision / Submit to another journal)。 七、论文写作技巧: 1、宣传自己——说明论文的重要性。 流程:a)问题X是重要的;b)前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题;c)A、B有一些缺陷;d)我们提出了方法D;e)对D进行实验,和A、B进行比较;f)实验证明D比A、B优越;g)解释为什么D是更优的,而其他的思路(比如E)是不行的;h)阐述D的有效性和局限性;i)对D进一步发展的讨论。要点:j)简洁最重要;k)不犯粗心的错误,仔细验证结果和适当选择用词。 2、细心修改。 步骤:a)30%的时间细心思考,70%的时间认真写作初稿;b)把写好的论文放一段时间;c)逐字逐句地阅读论文;d)请其他人帮助阅读和修改;e)在修改的时候,从别人的角度来审视论文(Reviewer / boss / colleagues / proof-reader);f)仔细修改的次数 3;修改的总次数 5。要点:g)自己读自己的论文很乏味,并且不易找到错误;h)为了论文的小的层次提升,要付出大量劳动。 3、优化英语。 步骤:a)自顶向下地组织论文(大纲/逻辑/流程);b)用其他的优秀论文(尤其是同期刊/同系列的论文,优秀书籍)作为范例;c)请别人帮忙阅读和修改语法和用词;d)记录自己用词和语法的错误,进行积累。要点:e)用词和语法固然重要,但是结构和逻辑更加重要。 八、优秀论文结构范例: 1、Abstract—— 对自己工作及其贡献的总结:a)阐述问题;b)说明自己的解决方案和结果。 2、Introduction——背景,以及文章的大纲:a)题X是重要的;b)前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题;c)A、B有一些缺陷;d)我们提出了方法D;e)D的基本特征,和A、B进行比较;f)实验证明D比A、B优越;g)文章的基本结构,大纲。 3、 Previous Work——说明自己与前人的不同:a)将历史上前人的工作分成类别;b)对每项重要的历史工作进行简短的回顾(一到几句),注意要回顾正确,抓住要点,避免歧义;c)和自己提出的工作进行比较;d)不要忽略前人的重要工作,要公正评价前人的工作,不要过于苛刻;e)强调自己的工作和前人工作的不同,最好举出各自适用例子。 4、Our Work——描述自己的工作,可分成多个部分:a)从读者角度阐明定义和表示法;b)提供算法的伪码,图解和相应解释;c)用设问的方式回答读者可能提出的潜在问题;d)复杂的冗长的证明和细节可以放在附录中,这里关键是把问题阐述清楚;e)特例和例外应该在脚注中给予说明。 5、Experiments——验证提出的方法和思路:a)合理地设计实验(简洁的实验和详尽的实验步骤);b)必要的比较,突出科学性;c)讨论,说明结果的意义;d)给出结论。 6、Conclusion——总结、前景及结文:a)快速简短的总结;b)未来工作的展望;c)结束全文。 7、References——对相关重要背景文献的全面引用:a)选择引文(众所周知的结论不必引用,其他人的工作要引用);b)与前文保持一致。 8、Others——致谢、附录、脚注。 处理被拒:1、理解被国际权威期刊拒稿是一件正常的事情(70%以上被拒),保持良好心态。 2、感谢编辑和Reviewer的意见和工作。 3、询问副主编,自己可以怎样处理这篇论文最合适(重投/改投/撤回)。 4、继续新的研究或补充修改后改投其他杂志。 常见问题:1、是否可以一稿多投?千万不要!但是一篇会议论文经过修改以后可以再投期刊。 2、是否可以建议副主编如何处理自己的论文呢?不行,但可建议他别让某人评阅。 3、如4个月都未收到副主编回复怎么办?写一封友好的询问信,别催得太紧,别找主编。 4、如和副主编意见严重不和怎么办?可以找主编,但是别经常这样做。 5、如果和主编的最终决定严重不和怎么办?没有办法了。
出版空间以及编辑关注度的竞争异常激烈。将原稿投送给杂志编辑,附上一封信“原稿请见附件”是远远不够的。投稿信是你与拟投杂志直接交流的机会。除了写明你的研究与众不同外,还应直接向总编辑说明为什么你的发现很重要及其应该在此杂志上发表的理由。 投 稿信应含有几个重要内容。具体内容可通过www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter 链接下载。大家可根据批注中的建议起草你自己的投稿信,选择提出的句子类型替代括号中的句子。投稿信的格式几乎适用于所有投稿;当然,某些类别的论文需要 加入额外的内容。例如,关于临床试验数据的存储信息通常需要附上一份临床试验报告,提供你的序列数据进入公共数据库的信息。 查阅目标杂志 的《稿约》是每篇稿件的既定程序,其中很可能含有投稿信必须写入的内容。另外一个信息来源是杂志的投稿网页。尽管以下列出的内容以及关于“Edanz投稿 信模版”中描述的内容不一定完全都是这些目标杂志所要求的,但所有这些都是投稿信中必不可少的,因为这样做可引起编辑对你的关注。以下方法适用于投稿信的 撰写: • 一些杂志根据其刊出文章领域的不同进行编辑分工,你可以根据不同的领域,有时也可根据编辑的专业背景选择最合适的编辑。直接称呼收信编辑,如:“Dear Dr. Smith”。如果不能找到合适的编辑,可将投稿信写给总编辑。 • 信的开头应写出文章题目,希望文章在杂志的哪一个栏目或作为哪一个文章类别发表,以及投稿杂志的名称。 • 之后简单叙述研究背景与理论基础,说明研究目的以及开展的工作。然后简单描述研究成果。 • 接下来的段落很重要。你需要向研究界解释你的发现的意义,特别是对杂志读者的意义。如果你不能解释为什么该杂志读者会对你的发现感兴趣,你需要选择另一家 更合适的刊物,因为编辑只将他们认为会引起读者兴趣的文章送同行评议。研究一下你准备投稿杂志的“目标与刊出范围”会对你有帮助。 • 投稿信的最后一段应包含杂志所要求的声明或说明。这些通常包括关于利益冲突、基金资助与资助来源的声明,以及所有作者已阅读过并同意文章的内容以及未一稿多投的声明。每个作者的作者资格确认也是需要的。 • 最后,留下详细的通讯方式以及礼貌的结束语。 示例: 英文原文 The cover letter: your sales pitch Competition for publication space and for editors’ attention is now very high, and it is no longer sufficient to send a manuscript to a journal editor along with a letter saying little more than “please find my manuscript attached”. The cover letter is your opportunity to directly address the editor of your target journal. It can be used to set your study apart from others and directly explain to the editor why your findings are important and why they should be published in their journal. There are a number of important components of a cover letter, all of which should be included. These components are described in detail in Edanz Cover Letter Template, which is shown on the following page and can be downloaded from: www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter. This template can be used to develop your own cover letters by following the suggestions in the comments and replacing the bracketed sentences with the types of sentences explained. The format of this letter is applicable for most if not all submissions, although additional sections may be required for some types of paper; for example, information about deposition of clinical trial data would most likely need to accompany a report of a clinical trial, and information about the deposition of sequence data into public databases would possibly need to be provided where such data has been obtained. As always, the target journal’s instructions to authors should be consulted; these will most likely outline the information that absolutely must be included in the cover letter. Another source of this information is the journal’s submission webpages. Although not all of the components listed below and described in the cover letter template will be described as required on the target journal’s webpages, all should be included in your letter, because to do so will increase your chances of grabbing the editor’s attention. The following principles apply to cover letter development: • Some journals have different editors for the different areas of research the journal covers and you can choose the most appropriate one based on area and occasionally also editor profiles. Address your letter personally to the appropriate editor, e.g., “Dear Dr. Smith”. If one cannot be readily identified, address your letter to the editor-in-chief. • Begin by providing the title of your manuscript, the section/publication type you would like to see it published as, and the name of the journal you are submitting it to. • You then need to provide a very brief background and rationale for your study, explaining why you did what you did. This can be followed by a brief description of the results. • The following paragraph is very important. You will need to explain the significance of your findings to the research community, and specifically to the readers of your target journal. If you find it difficult to explain why the readers of that journal would be interested in your findings, then you may need to select a more appropriate journal. Editors will only send papers to review that they think will be of interest to their readers. Studying the ‘aims and scope’ of your chosen journal might help with this. • The last paragraph of the letter should contain any statements or declarations required by the target journal. These usually include declarations of any conflicts of interest, grant support or other sources of funding, a statement that all authors have read and approved the manuscript and a statement that the same manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere. Confirmation of each author’s qualification for authorship may also be required. • Finally, include details for correspondence and a polite farewell. Example: Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
晶体结构数据工具网页 http://www.cryst.ehu.es/ 包括用对称群给出原子坐标( WYCKPOS Wyckoff Positions of Space Groups ), 布里渊区高对称点( KVEC The k-vector types and Brillouin zones of Space Groups ), 等数据库。
出版空间以及编辑关注度的竞争异常激烈。将原稿投送给杂志编辑,附上一封信“原稿请见附件”是远远不够的。投稿信是你与拟投杂志直接交流的机会。除了写明你的研究与众不同外,还应直接向总编辑说明为什么你的发现很重要及其应该在此杂志上发表的理由。 投 稿信应含有几个重要内容。具体内容可通过www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter 链接下载。大家可根据批注中的建议起草你自己的投稿信,选择提出的句子类型替代括号中的句子。投稿信的格式几乎适用于所有投稿;当然,某些类别的论文需要 加入额外的内容。例如,关于临床试验数据的存储信息通常需要附上一份临床试验报告,提供你的序列数据进入公共数据库的信息。 查阅目标杂志 的《稿约》是每篇稿件的既定程序,其中很可能含有投稿信必须写入的内容。另外一个信息来源是杂志的投稿网页。尽管以下列出的内容以及关于“Edanz投稿 信模版”中描述的内容不一定完全都是这些目标杂志所要求的,但所有这些都是投稿信中必不可少的,因为这样做可引起编辑对你的关注。以下方法适用于投稿信的 撰写: • 一些杂志根据其刊出文章领域的不同进行编辑分工,你可以根据不同的领域,有时也可根据编辑的专业背景选择最合适的编辑。直接称呼收信编辑,如:“Dear Dr. Smith”。如果不能找到合适的编辑,可将投稿信写给总编辑。 • 信的开头应写出文章题目,希望文章在杂志的哪一个栏目或作为哪一个文章类别发表,以及投稿杂志的名称。 • 之后简单叙述研究背景与理论基础,说明研究目的以及开展的工作。然后简单描述研究成果。 • 接下来的段落很重要。你需要向研究界解释你的发现的意义,特别是对杂志读者的意义。如果你不能解释为什么该杂志读者会对你的发现感兴趣,你需要选择另一家 更合适的刊物,因为编辑只将他们认为会引起读者兴趣的文章送同行评议。研究一下你准备投稿杂志的“目标与刊出范围”会对你有帮助。 • 投稿信的最后一段应包含杂志所要求的声明或说明。这些通常包括关于利益冲突、基金资助与资助来源的声明,以及所有作者已阅读过并同意文章的内容以及未一稿多投的声明。每个作者的作者资格确认也是需要的。 • 最后,留下详细的通讯方式以及礼貌的结束语。 示例: 英文原文 The cover letter: your sales pitch Competition for publication space and for editors’ attention is now very high, and it is no longer sufficient to send a manuscript to a journal editor along with a letter saying little more than “please find my manuscript attached”. The cover letter is your opportunity to directly address the editor of your target journal. It can be used to set your study apart from others and directly explain to the editor why your findings are important and why they should be published in their journal. There are a number of important components of a cover letter, all of which should be included. These components are described in detail in Edanz Cover Letter Template, which is shown on the following page and can be downloaded from: www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter. This template can be used to develop your own cover letters by following the suggestions in the comments and replacing the bracketed sentences with the types of sentences explained. The format of this letter is applicable for most if not all submissions, although additional sections may be required for some types of paper; for example, information about deposition of clinical trial data would most likely need to accompany a report of a clinical trial, and information about the deposition of sequence data into public databases would possibly need to be provided where such data has been obtained. As always, the target journal’s instructions to authors should be consulted; these will most likely outline the information that absolutely must be included in the cover letter. Another source of this information is the journal’s submission webpages. Although not all of the components listed below and described in the cover letter template will be described as required on the target journal’s webpages, all should be included in your letter, because to do so will increase your chances of grabbing the editor’s attention. The following principles apply to cover letter development: • Some journals have different editors for the different areas of research the journal covers and you can choose the most appropriate one based on area and occasionally also editor profiles. Address your letter personally to the appropriate editor, e.g., “Dear Dr. Smith”. If one cannot be readily identified, address your letter to the editor-in-chief. • Begin by providing the title of your manuscript, the section/publication type you would like to see it published as, and the name of the journal you are submitting it to. • You then need to provide a very brief background and rationale for your study, explaining why you did what you did. This can be followed by a brief description of the results. • The following paragraph is very important. You will need to explain the significance of your findings to the research community, and specifically to the readers of your target journal. If you find it difficult to explain why the readers of that journal would be interested in your findings, then you may need to select a more appropriate journal. Editors will only send papers to review that they think will be of interest to their readers. Studying the ‘aims and scope’ of your chosen journal might help with this. • The last paragraph of the letter should contain any statements or declarations required by the target journal. These usually include declarations of any conflicts of interest, grant support or other sources of funding, a statement that all authors have read and approved the manuscript and a statement that the same manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere. Confirmation of each author’s qualification for authorship may also be required. • Finally, include details for correspondence and a polite farewell. Example: Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
先将网页存到Instapaper; 在Instapaper 中以text形式打开,设置成最大字体显示; 在打印选项中,选择Send to Kindle,当然需要先安装好Send to Kindle。 Send to Kindle的下载地址: http://s3.amazonaws.com/sendtokindle/SendToKindleForPC-installer.exe 这是我尝试出的最好方法,其他的有些方法不能把网页的全部给传到Kindle上,这一个方法的唯一缺陷是传的pdf文件,不是mobi,所以字体大小需要在Instapaper里打开后,设置成最大字体,然后在file—print...
出版空间以及编辑关注度的竞争异常激烈。将原稿投送给杂志编辑,附上一封信“原稿请见附件”是远远不够的。投稿信是你与拟投杂志直接交流的机会。除了写明你的研究与众不同外,还应直接向总编辑说明为什么你的发现很重要及其应该在此杂志上发表的理由。 投稿信应含有几个重要内容。具体内容可通过www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter 链接下载。大家可根据批注中的建议起草你自己的投稿信,选择提出的句子类型替代括号中的句子。投稿信的格式几乎适用于所有投稿;当然,某些类别的论文需要加入额外的内容。例如,关于临床试验数据的存储信息通常需要附上一份临床试验报告,提供你的序列数据进入公共数据库的信息。 查阅目标杂志的《稿约》是每篇稿件的既定程序,其中很可能含有投稿信必须写入的内容。另外一个信息来源是杂志的投稿网页。尽管以下列出的内容以及关于“Edanz投稿信模版”中描述的内容不一定完全都是这些目标杂志所要求的,但所有这些都是投稿信中必不可少的,因为这样做可引起编辑对你的关注。以下方法适用于投稿信的撰写: • 一些杂志根据其刊出文章领域的不同进行编辑分工,你可以根据不同的领域,有时也可根据编辑的专业背景选择最合适的编辑。直接称呼收信编辑,如:“Dear Dr. Smith”。如果不能找到合适的编辑,可将投稿信写给总编辑。 • 信的开头应写出文章题目,希望文章在杂志的哪一个栏目或作为哪一个文章类别发表,以及投稿杂志的名称。 • 之后简单叙述研究背景与理论基础,说明研究目的以及开展的工作。然后简单描述研究成果。 • 接下来的段落很重要。你需要向研究界解释你的发现的意义,特别是对杂志读者的意义。如果你不能解释为什么该杂志读者会对你的发现感兴趣,你需要选择另一家更合适的刊物,因为编辑只将他们认为会引起读者兴趣的文章送同行评议。研究一下你准备投稿杂志的“目标与刊出范围”会对你有帮助。 • 投稿信的最后一段应包含杂志所要求的声明或说明。这些通常包括关于利益冲突、基金资助与资助来源的声明,以及所有作者已阅读过并同意文章的内容以及未一稿多投的声明。每个作者的作者资格确认也是需要的。 • 最后,留下详细的通讯方式以及礼貌的结束语。 示例: 英文原文 The cover letter: your sales pitch Competition for publication space and for editors’ attention is now very high, and it is no longer sufficient to send a manuscript to a journal editor along with a letter saying little more than “please find my manuscript attached”. The cover letter is your opportunity to directly address the editor of your target journal. It can be used to set your study apart from others and directly explain to the editor why your findings are important and why they should be published in their journal. There are a number of important components of a cover letter, all of which should be included. These components are described in detail in Edanz Cover Letter Template, which is shown on the following page and can be downloaded from: www.liwenbianji.cn/coverletter. This template can be used to develop your own cover letters by following the suggestions in the comments and replacing the bracketed sentences with the types of sentences explained. The format of this letter is applicable for most if not all submissions, although additional sections may be required for some types of paper; for example, information about deposition of clinical trial data would most likely need to accompany a report of a clinical trial, and information about the deposition of sequence data into public databases would possibly need to be provided where such data has been obtained. As always, the target journal’s instructions to authors should be consulted; these will most likely outline the information that absolutely must be included in the cover letter. Another source of this information is the journal’s submission webpages. Although not all of the components listed below and described in the cover letter template will be described as required on the target journal’s webpages, all should be included in your letter, because to do so will increase your chances of grabbing the editor’s attention. The following principles apply to cover letter development: • Some journals have different editors for the different areas of research the journal covers and you can choose the most appropriate one based on area and occasionally also editor profiles. Address your letter personally to the appropriate editor, e.g., “Dear Dr. Smith”. If one cannot be readily identified, address your letter to the editor-in-chief. • Begin by providing the title of your manuscript, the section/publication type you would like to see it published as, and the name of the journal you are submitting it to. • You then need to provide a very brief background and rationale for your study, explaining why you did what you did. This can be followed by a brief description of the results. • The following paragraph is very important. You will need to explain the significance of your findings to the research community, and specifically to the readers of your target journal. If you find it difficult to explain why the readers of that journal would be interested in your findings, then you may need to select a more appropriate journal. Editors will only send papers to review that they think will be of interest to their readers. Studying the ‘aims and scope’ of your chosen journal might help with this. • The last paragraph of the letter should contain any statements or declarations required by the target journal. These usually include declarations of any conflicts of interest, grant support or other sources of funding, a statement that all authors have read and approved the manuscript and a statement that the same manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere. Confirmation of each author’s qualification for authorship may also be required. • Finally, include details for correspondence and a polite farewell. Example: Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
尽管国内的网络相当自由,但偶尔还会有该页无法显示的情况, 习惯了GOOGLE浏览器和GOOGLE搜索,即使因为连续搜索会屏蔽一会儿,也心甘情愿的等着, 人家能砸倒现实的墙,我现在却找不到翻越网络这堵墙的工具, 喜欢在TIME上搜索一些关于教宗的报道和照片,刚才看到一条,却打不开,挺着急。 Pope Benedict - The Top 10 Everything of 2011 点击链接后 —————————— 贴出全文,感谢网友 anonymity Top 10 Apologies 10. Pope Benedict By Feifei Sun Wednesday, Dec. 07, 2011 A quarter-century after his predecessor, John Paul II, established the World Day of Prayer for Peace, Pope Benedict returned to Assisi on Oct. 27 for an interfaith gathering with 300 leaders. In his address, Benedict apologized for Christians' use of violence throughout history in growing their faith, including holy wars, inquisitions and crusades. "We acknowledge it with great shame. But it is utterly clear that this was an abuse of the Christian faith, one that evidently contradicts its true nature," he said, in one of the few instances when a sitting Pope has acknowledged and apologized for such behavior. ——————
About Us | News | Membership | Conferences | Education | Publications | Aliances Consortium | Contact Membership http://www.issb.org/membership.html http://www.bioss.uni-freiburg.de/cms/589.html Zur Navigation springen Zum Inhalt springen !-- -- Language: !-- Startseite Newsroom Medienecho Pressemitteilungen Videos Downloads Veranstaltungen Forschungsprogramm Bioss Area A Bioss Area B BIOSS Area C Bioss Area D Pathway Assembler 4-D-Analyser Incubator Incubator Team Synthetische Biologie SynBiol-Forschung Analyse durch Synthese Design Soz-Eth.Fragestellungen SynBio News Toolbox Publikationen 2010 2009 2008 People Gender + Career Wiss. Nachwuchs Stellenangebote Kontakt Impressum -- Startseite Newsroom Medienecho Pressemitteilungen Videos Downloads Veranstaltungen Forschungsprogramm Bioss Area A Bioss Area B BIOSS Area C Bioss Area D Pathway Assembler 4-D-Analyser Incubator Incubator Team Synthetische Biologie SynBiol-Forschung Analyse durch Synthese Design Soz-Eth.Fragestellungen SynBio News Toolbox Publikationen 2010 2009 2008 People Gender + Career Wiss. Nachwuchs Stellenangebote Kontakt Impressum Passwort vergessen? Registrierung Tragen Sie bitte Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein um ein neues Passwort zu erhalten: if (document.loginfrm) document.loginfrm.username.focus(); Gefrdert durch: Mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis of cell signaling networks Cell signaling networks involve complicated dynamic processes that are important for cell decisions-making such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Our group aims at studying the principles of cell signaling by merging prior knowledge with quantitative experimental and mathematical modeling analyses. In particularly, we are interested in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signal, which is the cytokine that has a dual role in regulating various cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation and tumorigenesis 1 . The principal molecular components of TGF-beta signaling have been identified, yet relative little is known about how the TGF-beta signal is translated into different biological responses in different cell context. We have developed mathematical models for canonical TGF-beta/Smad signaling dynamics based on quantitative experimental data sets 2,3 . Recently our modeling and experimental analyses revealed that short-term TGF-beta signaling responses are graded, but long-term signaling responses are ultrasensitive (switch-like), which suggests that long-term switch-like signaling responses might be critical for TGF-beta mediated cell fate determination 3 . Our long-term goal is to study how individual components of TGF-beta pathway work together as a system to make cell fate decisions, for example, cell growth inhibition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Other ongoing projects in our lab include the mathematical modeling of T cell, B cell receptor and mTOR signaling pathways. Shi Y, Massague J (2003) Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113: 685–700 Zi Z, Klipp E. (2007) Constraint-based modeling and kinetic analysis of the Smad dependent TGF-beta signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2:e936 Zi Z, Feng Z, Chapnick DA, Dahl M, Deng D, Klipp E, Moustakas A and Liu X. (2011) Quantitative analysis of transient and sustained transforming growth factor-beta signaling dynamics. Molecular Systems Biology. 7:492 Publications Z. Zi (2011). Sensitivity analysis approaches applied to systems biology models. IET Systems Biology, in press M. . Adrover*, Z. Zi *, A. Duch, J. Schaber, A. González-Novo, J. Jimenez, M. Nadal-Ribelles, J. Clotet, E. Klipp, F. Posas. (2011) Time-dependent quantitative multicomponent control of the G1-S network by the stress-activated protein kinase Hog1 upon osmostress. Science Signaling. 4, ra63 . (*These authors contributed equally to this work.) Zi Z a,* , Feng Z a , Chapnick DA, Dahl M, Deng D, Klipp E, Moustakas A and Liu X * . (2011) Quantitative analysis of transient and sustained transforming growth factor-beta signaling dynamics. Molecular Systems Biology. 7:492 ( a These authors contributed equally to this work, * Corresponding authors) Zi Z . (2011) SBML-PET-MPI: a parallel parameter estimation tool for Systems Biology Markup Language based models. Bioinformatics. 27:1028-9. Zi Z * , Liebermeister W, Klipp E * . (2010) A quantitative study of the Hog1 MAPK response to fluctuating osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One. 5:e9522. (* Corresponding authors) Zi Z , Zheng Y, Rundell AE, Klipp E. (2008) SBML-SAT: a systems biology markup language (SBML) based sensitivity analysis tool. BMC Bioinformatics. 9:342. Zi Z , Klipp E. (2007) Constraint-based modeling and kinetic analysis of the Smad dependent TGF-beta signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2:e936. Zi Z , Klipp E. (2007) Cellular signaling is potentially regulated by cell density in receptor trafficking networks. FEBS Lett. 581:4589-95. Zi Z , Klipp E. (2006) SBML-PET: a Systems Biology Markup Language-based parameter estimation tool. Bioinformatics. 22:2704-5. Zi Z , Cho KH, Sung MH, Xia X, Zheng J, Sun Z., (2005) In silico identification of the key components and steps in IFN-gamma induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway. FEBS Lett. 579:1101-8. Groups Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin http://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/ Zentrum für BioPhysik und BioInformatik (BPI), Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin http://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/%7EBPI/ Institute for Theoretial Biology, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin - Hanspeter Herzel, Peter Hammerstein http://itb.biologie.hu-berlin.de/ Computational Systems Biochemistry, Charité - Universittmedizin, Berlin - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter http://www.charite.de/sysbio/people/hergo/ Mathematial Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam - Wilhelm Huisinga http://compphysiol.math.uni-potsdam.de/cms/default/rubrik/2/2995.compphysiol.htm Department of Cell and Molecular Biology/Microbiology, University of Gothenburg - Stefan Hohmann http://www.gmm.gu.se/groups/hohmann/ Cell Systems Modelling, Oxford Brookes University - David Fell http://www.brookes.ac.uk/res/experts/profiles/david_fell Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester - Hans Westerhoff http://www.mcisb.org/people/index.html Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University http://www.bu.edu/bioinformatics Bioinformatics Center, University of Kyoto http://www.bic.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Databases EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl GenBank - all known nucleotide and protein sequences http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/GenbankOverview.html Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg Protein Data Bank (PDB) - structure data determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR http://www.rcsb.org/pdb http://www2.hu-berlin.de/biologie/theorybp/index.php?goto=cv_klipp Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. EddaKlipp edda.klipp rz.hu-berlin.de homepage +49 30 2093 9040 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Edda Klipp Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin Department of Biology Theoretical Biophysics Invalidenstrae 42 D-10115 Berlin (Germany) phone: +49 30 2093 8698 fax: +49 30 2093 8813 e-mail: edda.klipp rz.hu-berlin.de Scientific career 2011 - Spokesperson for the Research Training Group "Computational Systems Biology" 2010 - Member of the prearrangment committee of the "Excellence Initiative" 2009 Doctor honoris causa, University of Gothenburg (Sweden) 2008 - Professor for Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Department of Biology 2007 - 2008 Guest professorship for Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Department of Biology 2006 - 2008 Head of the Research Group „Computational Systems Biology", Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory 2001 - 2006 Group leader of the Junior Research Group „Kinetic Modeling", Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, group of Prof. Hans Lehrach, and Berlin Center for Genome Based Bioinformatics (BCB) 1997 - 2001 Research scientist, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Theoretical Biophysics 1996 - 1997 Postdoc, Charité Berlin, Innovationskolleg Theoretical Biology, group of Prof. Hanspeter Herzel 1995 - 1996 Postdoc, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Department of Biology, TBP/ITB??? 1990 - 1994 PhD thesis (Dr. rer. nat.) in Theoretical Biophysics: "Calculation of optimal kinetic parameters of enzymatic processes based on special reaction mechanisms". At Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, supervisor: Prof. Dr. R. Heinrich. 1985 - 1990 Study at the Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Diploma in Biophysics: "Berechnungen kinetischer Konstanten monomolekularer enzymatischer Reaktionen in den Zustnden maximaler Aktivitt unter Berücksichtigung spezieller Reaktionsmechanismen". Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R. Heinrich. Research profile Mathematical modelling of dynamic biological phenomena. The group is involved in multi-disciplinary research projects to understand cellular organization, cellular processes, stress response, and decision making. Using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as major model organism, we develop predictive models of various signalling pathways, metabolic pathways, cell cycle and the interaction of such pathways upon environmental changes. They closely collaborate with various experimental groups for iterative modelling and experimentation. The mathematical methods include ordinary and partial differential equations, Boolean and Bayesian networks, deterministic and stochastic simulations as well as various aspects of dynamic systems theory. They also develop computational tools for the processing of such models, including parameter estimation, sensitivity analysis and semantic assignments. Klipp is involved in various initiatives for standardization both of mathematical models and respective experimentation. She is founding member of the International Society of Systems Biology, member of several scientific advisory boards for systems biology consortia (Reactome, RoBust, Crisp), co-organiser of FEBS Advanced Lecture Courses in Systems Biology (2007, 2009), and PI in several European and national research consortia for systems biology. Information about... ... education of students you find under Teaching ... mentoring of students and PhD students you find under Theses ... research and third party funding you find under Research ... and about Publications Cufon.now();
http://www.ptable.com/ 比如, 比如改变那个温度拖拽条,你可以看在某个温度下,那些是固体,那些是液体。 再比如, 可以自己定义物理性质看是否有元素满足。 比如你可以指定沸点,电负性,硬度,半径,等等... A small tutorial: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EX56SP-lTHchd=1
非常高兴,今天终于又找到了同我十年多前发现的那个用图形描述四元数一致的图形了。但遗憾的是还没有找到同那时一样的那个有彩色图形的网页。不过也有很有收获,因为,我还找到了关于四元数、八元数更多的描述,而这在那时是没有找到的。 记得十几年前,我在国际互联网上用雅虎一搜a+bi+cj+dk就找到了那个我想要的用图形描述四元数一致的图形,而现在几乎不可能了。例如,我在国际互联网上多次用谷歌搜a+bi+cj+dk可每次搜出来的反馈信息都太多,很难再像十多年前那样幸运了。 这至少说明三个问题: 1.现在关心四元数的人多了很多,至少网页多了很多。 2.现在对四元数的研究也多了不少,各种描述也很多。 3.真正的原创性研究成果报道得虽然少但是确实还有。 另一方面,也说明:目前的搜索引擎还是不令人满意。 这还说明,虽有明确目标但对模糊信息搜索仍很困难。 附件记录,以供分享。 附录1 :Quaternions a+bi+cj+dk 4--dimensional http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/conway_smith/ Quaternions a+bi+cj+dk 4--dimensional http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/conway_smith/ 附件2 :一些相近的图形 http://hubpages.com/hub/How-to-Draw-Four-Dimensional-Figures http://hubpages.com/hub/How-to-Draw-Four-Dimensional-Figures http://www.ui.savba.sk/mobsys/lubo/multi.html http://www.ui.savba.sk/mobsys/lubo/multi.html 附录3 :Hurwitz's theorem (1898) The only normed division algebras are real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and octonions You can divide only in dimensions 1, 2, 4 and 8 http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/mathex8.html http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/mathex8.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Quaternion.html http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/forum/polytope/ http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Quaternion http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=jhmsei-redir=1#search="a+bi+cj+dk+pic+Three-dimensional " http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/algebra/realNormedAlgebra/quaternions/functions/index.htm http://theworld.com/~sweetser/quaternions/qindex/qindex.html http://www.valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/2002SESAPS.html 附件4 : Figure 4. The 2D projection and binary structure of the fifth order hypercube. Figure 5. The lattice of all points of the discrete binary space of the fifth order. http://www.ui.savba.sk/mobsys/lubo/multi.html
如何从数以亿计的文献中,挖掘自己所需要的信息是一件十分复杂的事情。尽管,我们可以通过编程语言的处理就可达到目的,但是互联网中各种不同格式的网页或文本,其字段、关键词、数据、表格、链接抓取等并不是那么容易,特别是pdf文献中那些各种版式的表格、图片、关键语句的获取更是不太容易。这里首推SciMiner。 SciMiner是一个基于网页服务的生物文献挖掘工具。具体可从这个站点了解: http://jdrf.neurology.med.umich.edu/SciMiner/ 。这个工具采用lighttpd驱动,结合数据库Mysql,进行文献的批量挖掘。要下载它,需要使用学术单位邮件地址向进行申请。当前,这个软件包有两种类型,一种可以自行安装配置的核心包,大小145M,而另一种则是预配置好的VmwarePlayer包(即是说,可以利用虚拟机VmwarePlayer直接使用),大小1.1G。核心包的安装需要以下组件或库文件支持(来自SciMiner安装手册): MySQL database ImageMagick Web-server (如Lighttpd) CGI Perl Perl模组: Boulder::Medline;YAML;Text::NSP;CGI::Debug;CGI::Simple;CGI::Session;CGI::Application; HTML::Template;Data::Dumper;Unicode::String;XML::XPath;Spreadsheet::WriteExcel 这个工具推荐使用Linux系统来安装使用,比如可使用 BioInfoServ 4.0 来安装使用,可省去windows中不必要的麻烦。至于具体的安装配置教程,有空找个时间写个文档出来,供大家参考。 其他的挖掘工具还有很多,下面 这个网页 就值得参考: Tools for Literature-based Discovery Sites that Augment the Standard PubMed Search Service. Sites that are, or Contain Lists of, Search Engines that include Biomedical Topics Sites that are devoted to genes, proteins, and other bioinformatic resources Knowledge Environments (Information Portals, Online Communities) Resources and Tools for Text representation and Visualization General Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Sites Listservs