通过将用户友好交互的飞机建模与快速空气动力学分析相结合，本程序直观地描述了 各种设计参数如何影响飞机的飞行方式 。 By interfacing user-friendly aircraftmodeling with rapid aerodynamic analysis, this program visually depicts howvarious design parameters affect the way an airplane flies. MathWorks 网站上验证该代码的视频网址如下： A video demonstrating some of the code'scapabilities can be found on the MathWorks website at https://www.mathworks.com/videos/matlab-and-simulink-robotics-arena-building-interactive-design-tools-1509569729395.html. 除了在调整飞机模型时更新的内置线性稳定近似值之外，程序还支持与下列软件进行接口，以便进行更高级的分析： In addition to built-in, linearizedstability approximations that are updated every time the aircraft model isadjusted, the program interfaces with the following software for more advancedanalysis: 1. Digital DATCOM –U.S.Air Force 2. Tornado Vortex Lattice Method –Tomas Melin (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) 3. AVL (Athena Vortex LatticeMethod) – Mark Drela and Harold Youngren (MIT) 本代码还可以通过以下开源软件获得附加的其它功能： 1. DATCOM Plot InterpolationFunctions – Prof. Glenn Greiner and Lenny Gartenberg (ERAU, Daytona Beach, FL) 2. AVL Input/Output Functions –Joseph Moster (Mathworks File Exchange) 3. Datcomimport – MathWorksAerospace Toolbox – loads DATCOM for006.dat file 4. NACA456 – Ralph Carmichael(PDAS) – calculates NACA 6-series airfoil ordinates 工具箱插件下载地址： \0 http://page5.dfpan.com/fs/clcbj2c21e29f16c9e1/ 更多精彩文章请关注微信号： \0
Design and development of CSP techniques for finding robust solutions in job-shop scheduling problems with operations Master Thesis in Artificial Intelligence, Pattern Recognition and Digital Imaging September 2012 Supervised by: Dr. Miguel á. Salido Gregorio Dr. Federico Barber Sanchís Presented by: Joan Escamilla Fuster 下载地址： http://putpan.com/fs/3lc6j23217290162634/
I am terribly sorry to tell you that Offer has passed away tonight. ------- A tragic news i got in Berlin on july 14th. He said he would attend ADCP2016 if his health condition was good enough for a long journey. Wish he were there. I would say thanks to him for his kind talks, discussions, lectures and visits for adcp seminars and lectures.
Generally we commisioned professional art designer for journal promotion materials design. I designed two pages of flyer for our journal with microsoft publisher. This software provides many color pattens and background selections. It makes the design become simple. The follows are several designs I tried to do . The first two design are almost the same but only the background is different. In your mind which one is better? Or what are your suggestions? Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 中文版式
2/17/2014 Monday 9:44:22 PM Lifestyle Design---Day Four Mylife in the United States Welcome to day 4! John10:10-11 The thief does not come except to steal and kill and destroy; Ihave come that they may have life and may have it abundantly. I am the goodShepherd; the good Shepherd lays down His life for the sheep. The Gospel of John is a book of life, and the life is simply the Triune God Himself.Life always has an issue. All Living things bring forth fruit. Surely the divinelife will have a divine result. Lord Jesus, did I bear a spiritual fruit today?May Your life gain in me more and more each day, Lord Jesus. Nearly spend the whole day finishing the assignment of structural dynamics, a tough task! Anyhow, thanks Lord, He leads me through. Read a wonderful article this evening, just think about the following statements: “The average person, in as little as three to five years, can become recognized as aworld-class expert in a topic of his or her choice just by focusing on the subject for one hour a day.” The Productivity Handbook, Donald E. Wetmore. Sound a little far-fetched, right?But we always underestimate the effect of small steps, such as an hour a day,since we fail to see the big picture, the cumulative effect. An hour a day, is 350 hours a year. Surely an hour won’t make one an expert in anything, but anhour for a year will make a difference. As I read this, I am relating the statement to my future challenge, the rest of mylife. This is Day 4 of my commitment to post to the blog in English. Actually, the real “challenge” to myself is not somuch in the “blogging” as it is in the “Communicating.” I want to be competent in academic knowledgeand English communication. I should be seeing or feeling a sense of momentum bynow in my English. I have spent far morethan an hour a day on English. So after 30days or 365 days, am I picking up skill in my English? Can I see expertise as a counselor in myfuture? Yes or no? Up to now, I have just been winging it one day at a time. Sometimes I sit down with a vague notion of what I plan to write about, and sometimes I wondering around, should I first learnt how to write first, maybe start with somereading? But knowing and doing are two different things. I am having to learn to just “go for it,” to write anything just come to my mind, not write like a celebrated writer at the keyboard, maybe someday ;-). Just start with a few sentences, think about it, backspace, rewrite, read again,backspace, and revise, and so on. I really enjoy the writing process… 6 Simple Steps to Strategic Innovative Thinking:
2/16/2014 Sunday 10:41:25 PM Lifestyle Design---Day Three My life in the United States “I’ve found that small wins, smallprojects, small differences often make huge differences.” – Rosabeth Moss Kanter Now comes the third day, small wins, well done! Try to hang on and I already see the differences! Today is Lord’s Day. I am not fully enjoyed in the gathering, may Lord forgive me. The past week is totally busy, and my daily schedule was thrown out…Many things were distracting me from Life. “That He would grant you, according to theriches of His glory, to be strengthened with power through His Spirit into theinner man,” (Ephesians 3:16) The coming week will still remain challenge. May Lord grant me His daily grace! Lord Jesus, at the end of theweek, I still turn to You, and I consecrate the coming week to You, Lord Jesus,the week is Yours, Lord You lead me walk in the path of life, no panic, nocomplain, no excuse, no delay, no negative thought. Besides, finishing the daily schedule, four major tasks in the following week is: Revise the draft paper for adviser toreview---due on Friday; Discuss the project topic with group member----dueon Tuesday; Complete the assignments of three coursesand review structural dynamics and soil engineering, make up quite a lot ofleeway, other you’ll fall behind-----Saturday Start the first road test practice with David, at least two hours! Come on, the test is inthe next week. Getting results in today’s landscape is noteasy, and sometimes may tough. The worldchanges faster than we can keep up. Evenworsen is that we don’t always have the best practices for focus, managing ourtime, managing our energy, or even our personal productivity. Matt Cutts, asoftware engineer in Google, may give you some assistance with how to manageyour life more efficient. http://www.ted.com/talks/matt_cutts_try_something_new_for_30_days.html Also, in the book, Unlimited Power: The New Science of Personal Achievement, TonyRobbins shares the keys to getting whatever you want, by asking moreeffectively. According to Tony Robbins here are the steps get whatever youwant: Ask specifically Ask someone who can help you Create value for the person you’re asking Ask with focused, congruent belief Ask until you get what you want
My life in the United States 2/14/2014 Friday 11:55:21 PM New Year, new atmosphere, new goals! Come on man! “So then if anyone is in Christ, he is anew creation. The old things have passed away; behold, they have become new.” (Corinthians5:17) Here we are at the beginning of a new year.Another opportunity to look backwards and learn, another chance to look forward and stretch. “I do not account of myself to have laidhold; but one thing I do: Forgetting the things which are behind and stretchingforward to the things which are before” (Philippians 3:13) Time was cracking on, seven months had gone, since I first arrived in the United States on August, 20th ,2013. One of the most important things I learned is that if you want to survivehere, language is the first obstacle you have to overcome. The truth is my English hasn’t been greatly improved in the last months. Pretty rubbish at the beginning, somewhat frustrating… “And looking upon them, Jesus said to them,With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.” (Matthew19:26) So, it is never too late to clear up thepast and begin resolution! Good language environment, learning methodand enough time absolutely count, but, my experience tells, practice, eventually,makes perfect. My challenge in this following days is—youguessed it—to be fluent in English. Start from now, practice in trifles and details,read extensively, speak and read more and grasp language rules of English proficiently and even blog in English, and that’s my first English blog! For the world, I am determined to complete the thing. You’ll hear more about it as I see the end in sight. Good nigth, tomorrow is another day ! I'm looking forward to it !
International Journal of Design ISSN: 1994-036X (online); 1991-3761 (print) The International Journal of Design is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal devoted to publishing research papers in all fields of design, including industrial design, visual communication design, interface design, animation and game design, architectural design, urban design, and other design related fields. It aims to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and findings from researchers across different cultures and encourages research on the impact of cultural factors on design theory and practice. It also seeks to promote the transfer of knowledge between professionals in academia and industry by emphasizing research in which results are of interest or applicable to design practices. Abstracting/Indexing: Science Citation Index Expanded ( SCI-E ), Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI ), Arts Humanities Citation Index ( AHCI ), Scopus, ProQuest ABI INFORM, ProQuest Design Applied Arts Index (DAAI), Ergonomics Abstracts, EBSCO Computers and Applied Sciences Database Archiving: Web Archives of The United States Library of Congress
Archive - Building Bulletin 93: Acoustic design in schools This publication has been archived. The summary text below was correct when the item was first published. It has been made available for reference use but should not be considered to reflect current policy or guidance. PLEASE NOTE: The September 2012 update document below (Acoustic performance standards for the priority schools building programme) should be used in place of Section 1 of the Building Bulletin 93 as the acoustic performance standards for the Priority Schools Building Programme (PSBP). For the purposes of Building Regulations submissions, any variations from the existing BB93 should be taken as Alternative Performance Standards approved by the Education Funding Agency for this programme. The constructional standards for acoustics for new school buildings are required to be achieved under the Building Regulations. Unfortunately a large number of classrooms in the UK currently suffer from poor acoustics. This Building Bulletin guides architects, acousticians, building control officers and building services engineers through the process of the acoustic design of schools in the context of the various types of spaces and activities. It contains performance standards, acoustic principles, good design practice, calculation procedures, case studies on existing schools and an example submission to a Building Control Body. Includes: Specification of acoustic performance Noise control Insulation from external noise The design of rooms for speech The design of rooms for music Acoustic design and equipment for pupils with hearing requirements Case studies · Building Bulletin 93: Acoustic design in schools This document guides architects, acousticians, building control officers and building services engineers through the process of the acoustic design of schools in the context of the various types of spaces and activities. It contains performance standards, acoustic principles, good design practice, calculation procedures, case studies on existing schools and an example submission to a Building Control Body. Publication 27 February 2004 · Building Bulletin 101 - Ventilation of School Buildings This Building Bulletin provides the regulatory framework in support of the Building Regulations for the adequate provision of ventilation in schools. It deals with the design of school buildings to meet the ventilation requirements of both The School Premises Regulations and the Building Regulations Part F (Ventilation). Publication 05 July 2006 · Fire safety design guidance - Building Bulletin 100 Information about 'Building Bulletin 100 (BB100) - design for fire safety in schools', including an option to download the guidance. General article 26 April 2012 · Building Bulletin 100: Design for fire safety in schools This is a design guide which shows clearly how the requirements for life safety, contained in the Building Regulations, can be met in the design of a new school or an extension. It brings together guidance on how to make schools even safer places for children to be in, with guidance on how to protect the continuity of their education. Publication 29 September 2007 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/BB93
General Guidelines siRNA targeted sequence is usually 21 nt in length. Avoid regions within 50-100 bp of the start codon and the termination codon Avoid intron regions Avoid stretches of 4 or more bases such as AAAA, CCCC Avoid regions with GC content 30% or 60%. Avoid repeats and low complex sequence Avoid single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites Perform BLAST homology search to avoid off-target effects on other genes or sequences Always design negative controls by scrambling targeted siRNA sequence. The control RNA should have the same length and nucleotide composition as the siRNA but have at least 4-5 bases mismatched to the siRNA. Make sure the scrambling will not create new homology to other genes. Tom Tuschl's rules Select targeted region from a given cDNA sequence beginning 50-100 nt downstream of start condon First search for 23-nt sequence motif AA(Nsub19). If no suitable sequence is found, then, Search for 23-nt sequence motif NA(Nsub21) and convert the 3' end of the sense siRNA to TT Or search for NAR(Nsub17)YNN Target sequence should have a GC content of around 50% A = Adenine; T = Thymine; R = Adenine or Guanine (Purines); Y = Thymine or Cytosine (Pyrimidines); N = Any. Rational siRNA design By experimentally analyzing the silencing efficiency of 180 siRNAs targeting the mRNA of two genes and correlating it with various sequence features of individual siRNAs, Reynolds et al at Dharmacon, Inc identified eight characteristics associated with siRNA functionality. These characteristics are used by rational siRNA design algorithm to evaluate potential targeted sequences and assign scores to them. Sequences with higher scores will have higher chance of success in RNAi. The table below lists the 8 criteria and the methods of score assignment. Criteria Description Score Yes No 1 Moderate to low (30%-52%) GC Content 1 point 2 At least 3 A/Us at positions 15-19 (sense) 1 point /per A or U 3 Lack of internal repeats (Tm*20C) 1 point 4 A at position 19 (sense) 1 point 5 A at position 3 (sense) 1 point 6 U at position 10 (sense) 1 point 7 No G/C at position 19 (sense) -1 point 8 No G at position 13 (sense) -1 point A sum score of 6 defines the cutoff for selecting siRNAs. All siRNAs scoring higher than 6 are acceptable candidates. *Tm = 79.8 + 18.5*logsub10( ) + (58.4 * GC%/100) + (11.8 * (GC%/100) 2 ) - (820/Length) For example, the Tm can be calculated as follows for the siRNA UUCUCCAGCUUCUAAAAUA Tm = 79.8 + 18.5*logsub10(0.05) + (58.4 * 31.6/100) + (11.8 * (31.6/100) 2 ) - (820/19) Tm = 32.19 There are two siRNA design tools which implement this siRNA design algorithm: one is offered by Dharmacon, Inc; the other is a downloadable Excel template, written by Maurice Ho at http://boz094.ust.hk/RNAi/siRNA. References Elbashir SM et al. (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 411:494-498. Elbahir SM et al. (2001). Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J. 20:6877-6888. Elbashir SM et al. (2002). Analysis of gene function in somatic mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs. Methods. 26:199-213. Reynolds A, Leake D, Boese Q, Scaringe S, Marshall WS, Khvorova A. Rational siRNA design for RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Mar;22(3):326-30. http://www.basic.northwestern.edu/biotools/oligocalc.html Maurice Ho, Rational siRNA Design http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Rules-of-siRNA-design-for-RNA-interference--RNAi--3210.html
Rules for selecting siRNA targets on mRNA sequences : Targets should be located 50-100 nt downstream of the start codon (ATG). Search for sequence motif AA(N 19 )TT or NA(N 21 ), or NAR(N 17 )YNN, where N is any nucleotide, R is purine (A, G) and Y is pyrimidine (C, U). Target sequences should have a G+C content between 35-60%. Avoid stretches of 4 or more nucleotide repeats. Avoid 5'URT and 3'UTR, although siRNAs targeting UTRs have been shown to successfully induce gene silencing. Avoid sequences that share a certain degree of homology with other related or unrelated genes. How to obtain a mRNA or cDNA sequence for target selection: Before picking siRNA target on the gene of your interest, first you have to obtain its mRNA sequence from a nucleic acids database or sequence accession number as some siRNA design tools can take accession number as input. It is recommended to use the gene's RefSeq from NCBI , since the RefSeq represents non-redundant, curated and validated, thus most correct, sequences. RefSeq mRNA sequences have unique accession numbers which start with NM or XM, followed by 6 digits. For example, NM_123456 (curated mRNA sequence) or XM_0123456 (model mRNA sequence predicted by genome sequence analysis). There are several ways of searching and retrieving a RefSeq. Search the NCBI Gene database (Entrez Gene) by gene name or symbol at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ and select the right gene of desired organism, go to the page of the gene, scroll down to the mRNA and Protein(s) section and look for mRNA sequences with a accession number started with NM or XM. Search Nucleotide database using Entrez query tool at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide and use Entrez Limits settings to restrict your query to the RefSeq database only select RefSeq from the Only from menu, this restricts the query to the RefSeq collection select mRNA from the Molecule menu, this restricts the query to mRNA RefSeq records Homology search The siRNA targets on the mRNA sequence of a gene should not share significant homology with other genes or sequences in the genome, therefore, homology search is essential for preventing off-target effects. Although most siRNA design tools provide BLAST search option, some simply use NCBI's BLAST tools which sometimes are quite slow. Here are some BLAST tools for homology search. NCBI Blast tool: Nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST (blastn) or Search for short, nearly exact matches Blat tool on UCSC Genome Website http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat Ensembl Blast http://www.ensembl.org/Multi/blastview Examples of RNAi target selection References Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001 May 24;411(6836):494-8. Elbashir SM, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T. RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev. 2001 Jan 15;15(2):188-200. Reynolds A, Leake D, Boese Q, Scaringe S, Marshall WS, Khvorova A. Rational siRNA design for RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Mar;22(3):326-30. Tuschl Lab, The siRNA user guide . http://www.rnaiweb.com/RNAi/siRNA_Design/index.html
http://personality-project.org/r/r.anova.html Mixed (between and Within) designs Now it's time to get serious. Appendix V contains the data of an experiment with 18 subjects, 9 males and 9 females. Each subject is given one of three possible dosages of a drug. All subjects are then tested on recall of three types of words (positive, negative and neutral) using two types of memory tasks (cued and free recall). There are thus 2 between-subjects variables: Gender (2 levels) and Dosage (3 levels); and 2 within-subjects variables: Task (2 levels) and Valence (3 levels). Get the data from the file and run the following analysis: aov.ex5 _ aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),ex5) Notice that you must segregate between- and within-subjects variables in your command. In the above example, I have put the within-subjects factors first with the within-subjects error term, followed by the between-subjects factors. datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix5.data data.ex5=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.ex5 #show the data aov.ex5 = aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),data.ex5 ) summary(aov.ex5) print(model.tables(aov.ex5,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell boxplot(Recall~Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage,data=data.ex5) #graphical summary of means of the 36 cells boxplot(Recall~Task*Valence*Dosage,data=data.ex5) #graphical summary of means of 18 cells Should result in the following (extensive) output: datafilename=http://personality-project.org/r/datasets/R.appendix5.data data.example5=read.table(datafilename,header=T) #read the data into a table data.example5 #show the data Obs Subject Gender Dosage Task Valence Recall 1 1 A M A F Neg 8 2 2 A M A F Neu 9 3 3 A M A F Pos 5 4 4 A M A C Neg 7 5 5 A M A C Neu 9 6 6 A M A C Pos 10 7 7 B M A F Neg 12 8 8 B M A F Neu 13 9 9 B M A F Pos 14 10 10 B M A C Neg 16 ... SNIP .... 100 100 Q F C C Neg 17 101 101 Q F C C Neu 19 102 102 Q F C C Pos 19 103 103 R F C F Neg 19 104 104 R F C F Neu 17 105 105 R F C F Pos 19 106 106 R F C C Neg 22 107 107 R F C C Neu 21 108 108 R F C C Pos 20 aov.ex5=aov.ex5 = aov(Recall~(Task*Valence*Gender*Dosage)+Error(Subject/(Task*Valence))+(Gender*Dosage),data.example5 ) summary(aov.ex5) Error: Subject Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Gender 1 542.26 542.26 5.6853 0.03449 * Dosage 2 694.91 347.45 3.6429 0.05803 . Gender:Dosage 2 70.80 35.40 0.3711 0.69760 Residuals 12 1144.56 95.38 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Task Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task 1 96.333 96.333 39.8621 3.868e-05 *** Task:Gender 1 1.333 1.333 0.5517 0.4719 Task:Dosage 2 8.167 4.083 1.6897 0.2257 Task:Gender:Dosage 2 3.167 1.583 0.6552 0.5370 Residuals 12 29.000 2.417 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Valence 2 14.685 7.343 2.9981 0.06882 . Valence:Gender 2 3.907 1.954 0.7977 0.46193 Valence:Dosage 4 20.259 5.065 2.0681 0.11663 Valence:Gender:Dosage 4 1.037 0.259 0.1059 0.97935 Residuals 24 58.778 2.449 --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Error: Subject:Task:Valence Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(F) Task:Valence 2 5.389 2.694 1.3197 0.2859 Task:Valence:Gender 2 2.167 1.083 0.5306 0.5950 Task:Valence:Dosage 4 2.778 0.694 0.3401 0.8482 Task:Valence:Gender:Dosage 4 2.667 0.667 0.3265 0.8574 Residuals 24 49.000 2.042 print(model.tables(aov.ex5,means),digits=3) #report the means and the number of subjects/cell Tables of means Grand mean 15.62963 Task C F 16.6 14.7 rep 54.0 54.0 Valence Neg Neu Pos 15.3 15.5 16.1 rep 36.0 36.0 36.0 Gender F M 17.9 13.4 rep 54.0 54.0 Dosage A B C 14.2 13.5 19.2 rep 36.0 36.0 36.0 Task:Valence Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 16.00 16.72 17.00 rep 18.00 18.00 18.00 F 14.56 14.22 15.28 rep 18.00 18.00 18.00 Task:Gender Gender Task F M C 18.93 14.22 rep 27.00 27.00 F 16.81 12.56 rep 27.00 27.00 Valence:Gender Gender Valence F M Neg 17.67 12.89 rep 18.00 18.00 Neu 17.44 13.50 rep 18.00 18.00 Pos 18.50 13.78 rep 18.00 18.00 ... snip .... , , Gender = M, Dosage = B Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 10.00 11.67 12.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 8.33 8.67 11.00 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 , , Gender = F, Dosage = C Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 20.67 21.67 21.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 19.67 18.67 20.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 , , Gender = M, Dosage = C Valence Task Neg Neu Pos C 18.00 19.00 19.00 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 17.33 17.33 17.33 rep 3.00 3.00 3.00
A new breed of custom logic With Cu-45HP, you can leverage all the advantages of SOI technologyin a proven IBM custom logic offering. The design system capitalizeson IBM’s six generations of experience in SOI design and ongoingleadership in delivering high-performance custom silicon solutions fornetworking and storage applications. Cu-45HP is designed to provide apowerful platform for developing innovative semiconductor solutionsfor aerospace and defense, communications and performance-drivenapplications in other market segments. Performance, delivered The Cu-45HP design system is based on IBM’s sophisticated 45-nmSOI technology. This technology offers significant intrinsic perform-ance advantages over bulk CMOS-based semiconductors because of thedecreased junction capacitance provided by the oxide layer in SOI.Advanced strained silicon techniques, such as embedded silicon germa-nium and dual strain liners, enhance the inherent SOI performancebenefits.Cu-45HP leverages dual logic oxide technology. The design system’s12-angstrom logic devices enable you to trade off performance andpower; its 25-angstrom logic devices can help you effectively managehigher I/O voltage while still providing performance advantages overcorresponding 65-nm devices.Because SOI leverages buried oxide isolation and floating bodies in lieuof well contacts, extremely high levels of integration are possible inCu-45HP. Backed by IBM’s record of success in implementing large,complex semiconductors, you can confidently exploit this densityadvantage in developing high-performance, sophisticated system-on-a-chip (SoC) solutions. Building blocks for differentiation Cu-45HP offers an array of compilable eDRAM options thatfeature deep trench capacitors for superior soft error ratecharacteristics. Density-optimized options are designed toprovide high bandwidth; performance-optimized options aredesigned to provide fast random cycle times. The introduc-tion of the fast random-cycle time eDRAMs gives you theflexibility of replacing small blocks of embedded SRAM orlow bit-count embedded SRAMs with eDRAM for leakageand area benefits, while still maintaining high performance.Other memory options, including a broad spectrum of com-pilable SRAMs, provide you with the ability to make trade-offs for active and standby current, area, bandwidth, latencyand performance. The variety of possible memory configura-tions enables extensive customization for optimized memorysolutions across a wide range of applications.Additional design flexibility is available through a broad port-folio of intellectual property (IP) that includes: ●IBMHSS cores that support a broad range of industrystandards and offer superior jitter and equalization characteristics ●IBMPowerPCembedded processors for performance andscalability advantages in SoC designs ●The Ready for SOI Technology portal (offered by the SOIIndustry Consortium) for design building blocks that youcan use to harness the benefits of SOI technology ●Other industry-leading design building blocks availablethrough an extended ecosystem of IBMBusiness PartnersBy leveraging proven IP, you can reduce design time and risk while differentiating your design—differentiation thatcan help you remain competitive in a dynamic business environment. A shared goal—first-pass design success Cu-45HP is designed to help you achieve first pass designsuccess. Statistical timing techniques, holistic designapproaches and the ability to leverage both industry-standard and innovative IBMtools and models provide you with amyriad of options to overcome the challenges of designingwith advanced technologies. The IBMend-to-end designphilosophy, with advances such as concurrent chip and pack-age design, an integrated noise- and power-analysis environ-ment and at-speed structural test, can enable you to verifydesign performance and design around potential pitfallsbefore they become issues in system-level hardware. Cu-45HP is here, and it’s SOI SOI technology opens up new avenues for innovation, deliv-ering performance and power advantages that bulk CMOStechnologies cannot easily match. Yet the SOI manufacturingprocess is competitive with bulk-based CMOS manufacturingprocesses, where bulk isolation and other processes continueto grow in complexity—and costs—with scaling. Take advantage of IBM’s technology leadership and engineer-ing expertise with IBM Cu-45HP, an innovative custom logicsolution built on a proven technology base—the kind of pio-neering technology that offers you the potential to take yoursemiconductor design performance to new heights. Features and specifications Cu-45HP features: ●Dual logic oxide technology, with 12-angstrom logicdevices for significant performance advantages and 25-angstrom logic devices for I/O features ●Multiple Vtdesign libraries (ultra high, super high, highand regular, with the ultra high Vtlibrary offering the low-est leakage and the regular Vtlibrary offering the highestperformance) ●Support for both 9-track and 12-track design libraries fordensity or performance advantages, respectively ●Up to a seven times reduction in the soft error rate (due tothe smaller size of the well area between the drain andsource of SOI-based transistors compared with bulk CMOSdevices) ●A broad range of packaging options 原文见 http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/tgd03009usen/TGD03009USEN.PDF
Accelerate network performance with an application- tuned 32 nm, HKMG custom logic design system It’s never ending. The communications infrastructure must evolve and adapt to stay ahead of exponentially growing numbers of internet-connected devices and skyrocketing volumes of data traffic. Semiconductor solutions targeted for this space must deliver more performance, better power efficiency and added function in less circuit area. Gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage in this environment means implementing advanced semiconductor technology that offers tan-gible differentiation and delivers predictable results. IBM’s 32 nm custom logic offering, Cu-32, is designed to help you meet all these challenges. Achieve higher throughput at system level The IBM Cu-32 design system takes advantage of a breakthrough in the way semiconductor chips are manufactured: silicon-on-insulator (SOI), high-k metal gate (HKMG) technology. The technology is optimized to help you achieve new levels of performance, power efficiency and integration in your designs for higher throughput at the system level. For example, compared with 45 nm SOI technology, IBM HKMG SOI technology offers: ●Up to 25 percent improvement in chip performance ●Up to 30 percent lower power ●Up to 50 percent area savings for logic and memory Built on the seventh generation of IBM SOI technology, Cu-32 enables you to draw on IBM leadership in developing and manufacturing advanced semiconductor technology. You can leverage a proven technology platform designed to meet the demands of solutions for smarter communications. And you can do it today. Differentiate your silicon IBM Cu-32 features application-optimized embedded memories and high-speed SERDES (HSS) cores designed to deliver tangible differentiation. The Cu-32 intellectual property (IP) portfolio includes: ●Algorithmic multiport (AMP) memories. The Cu-32 AMP memory compiler enables you to create a broad range of memory subsystems that improve on the memory-operations-per-second of the underlying single- and multi-ported embedded SRAMs (eSRAMs) or embedded DRAMs (eDRAMs) that are used to build them. The AMP memory structures are multi-ported memories that are lower power and higher density compared to conventional physical multi-ported memories, which carry the power and area overhead of additional circuits. ●Trench-capacitor-based eDRAMs. IBM’s innovative eDRAM technology is optimized to deliver high performance and low power, and enables you to incorporate over one gigabit of memory in SoC designs. IBM eDRAMs feature significantly lower soft error rates than eSRAM alternatives, and can provide up to a 3-fold density improvement and up to a 20-fold reduction in leakage power compared with eSRAMs. More than 3,000 configurations are possible with the Cu-32 eDRAM compiler. ●High performance, low power ternary CAMs (TCAMs). Cu-32 features one of the industry’s fastest, lowest-power ternary TCAMs to accelerate lookups for high speed routers, switches and networking hardware used in cloud computing. ●A broad portfolio of HSS cores. IBM’s HSS cores deliver superior jitter performance and equalization properties across a wide range of interface standards. The Cu-32 HSS offerings include an advanced 28G backplane core supporting the 32G Fibre Channel standard. Additional IP building blocks and design enablement resources are available through IBM and third party suppliers. Boost performance with unique packaging architectures Packaging solutions for IBM Cu-32 are designed to boost performance beyond silicon scaling alone and benefit from pioneering research, close collaboration with industry leaders and integration of advanced materials. The Cu-32 packaging portfolio comprises a wide range of options that take advantage of chip/package co-design, which enables package optimization to support high link rates and density.IBM Cu-32 packaging options include a low-loss carrier and die stacking. The low loss carrier provides improved signal integrity. The unique die stacking architecture, using 3D through silicon vias (TSV), provides the ability to mix and match logic, memory and technology nodes and delivers significantly increased functional density, lower power and higher performance. Die stacking is a semi-custom offering, available now on a limited basis and planned for general availability in 2013. 原文见 http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/tgd03018usen/TGD03018USEN.PDF
Optical Designers may be ed by various parameters in the system, even forget the basic request. When U counter these situations, the list below may awake u from the miscellaneous data. The Optical system purpose: Resolve a specified minimum-sized object over a desired field of view.(1.5 line pairs may acquire , 4 line pairs to recognize and 7 line pairs to identify an object.) The system may consist two parts： the optical element and the detector. The smallest desired resolution element should match the detector's Nyquist Frequency, and the field and the resolution should be the optical problem. There exist other parameters: Basic system parameters: Object distance Image distance Object to Image total track focal length F-number(infinity project) and numerical aperture( finite project) Entrance pupil diameter Wavelength band(for monochromatic system the pressure and nature broaden should also be considered) Wavelength and weights for 3 or 5 lamdas Full field view of view(ambiguous when refer to diagonal or horizontal) Magnification(finite conjugate but entanglement with the infinite project by beam compress factor) Zoom ratio Image surface size and shape Detector type Optical Performance: Transmission Relative illumination(vignetting) Encircled energy MTF as a function of line pairs/mm) Distortion Field curvature Lens System Number of elements Glass versus plastic Aspheric surfaces Diffractive surfaces Coatings Sensor Sensor type Full diagonal Number of pixels(horizontal and vertical) pixel pitch(horizontal and vertical) Nyquist frequency at sensor line pairs/mm Packaging Object to image total track Entrance and exit pupil location and size Back focal distance Maximum diameter Maximum length Weight Environment Thermal soak range to perform over Thermal soak range to survive over vibration shock other(condensation, humidity, sealing,etc) Illumination source type Power Radiometry issues source relative illumination illumination method veiling glare and ghost image Radiometry issues, image Transmission(L-H invariant n*h*Sin == n'*h'* Sin ) relative illumination stray light attenuation Schedule and cost Number of systems required initial delivery date target cost goal
PFRED http://pfred.org/ Launch PFRED Source Code (coming soon...) Key FeaturesOligo enumeration Property calculations Cross-species homology GC content SNPs Intron-exon boundary Duplex thermodynamics Efficacy prediction Off-target matches Oligo visualization An Open Source siRNA and ASO Design Tool Introduction PFRED stands for Pf izer R NAi E numeration and D esign. PFRED is a client-server software system designed for selecting potent and specific siRNAs or RNase H-dependent antisense (ASO) agents. Highly effective sequences for post transcriptional gene regulation are chosen in PFRED using bioinformatics algorithms built upon careful mining of the sequence-activity relationships found in public datasets as well as internal collections. The tool provides researchers with a user friendly interface where the only required input is the gene ID information for the target being studied. It returns a list of properties that might contribute to the effectiveness of an siRNA or ASO; these properties include human transcripts and cross-species homology, GC content, SNPs, intron-exon boundary, duplex thermodynamics, efficacy prediction score and off-target matches. An automated oligonucleotide selection procedure is available in PFRED to quickly select one potential set of sequences with an appropriate property profile. The selection protocol can be customized by the user through changes of the selection cutoffs or the addition of alternate design parameters and algorithms References HELM: A Hierarchical Notation Language for Complex Biomolecule Structure Representation. Tianhong Zhang*, Hongli Li, Simon Xi, Robert V. Stanton and Sergio H. Rotstein, JCIM, In Press PFRED: A Computational Tool for siRNA and Antisense Design. Simon Xi, Qing Cao, Christine Lawrence, Tianhong Zhang, Simone Sciabola, Sergio Rotstein, Jason Hughes, Daniel Caffrey and Robert Stanton, Submitted For further information, please e-mail "biomolecule.toolkit at gmail.com" A Biomolecule Toolkit Application
在Springer出版的新书《Systems Biology in Cancer Research and Drug Discovery》中贡献了一个章节： The Principle of Rational Design of Drug Combination and Personalized Therapy Based on Network Pharmacology （基于网络药理学的个体化治疗与药物组合理性设计原理） The Principle of Rational Design of Drug Combination and Personalized Therapy Ba.pdf
原定10月初召开的第二届轨道交通设计及管理国际会议现推迟至12月3日举行。 会议已经邀请包括UIUC, UCL, STANFORD等国际名校相关专家参会做特邀报告，诚邀国内外同行与会，会议在香港召开，仅收取800港币注册费。 The 2nd International Conference on Mass Transit Rail Facilities Design and Management City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, on December 3 rd , 2012 The topics include but are not limited to: • Pedestrian and passenger flow studies for rail and mass transit facilities; • Performance-based fire safety engineering, conditional health monitoring mass transit rail system; • Planning, development and facilities management in subway/ mass transit rail services; • Signal, train control, equipment, video surveillance and infrastructure for subway/ mass transit rail system; • Security, safety, evacuation and emergency response study for subway/ mass transit rail system; • Quality, Reliability, Risk Analysis and Maintainability Engineering and Management for mass transit rail services. • Energy saving, renewable energy consumption for subway/ mass transit rail services Other topics relating to mass transit facilities and etc. Abstract Submission Due Date: October 15 th , 2012 Notification of Acceptance: October 20 th , 2012 Full Paper received: November 10 th , 2012 Conference Date: December 3 rd , 2012 • attend the conference only • attend the conference present a paper For those who intend to present his or her works in the conference, please submit a short abstract (approximate 250 words) and biographical information to the organizing committee by email to ICMTRFDM@gmail.com A Registration Fee of HK$800 is required for attending the workshop/ conference and presenters and participants are responsible for all of their own traveling, meals and other expenses . If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us at ICMTRFDM@gmail.com .
！！！ Excerpted from TI The Fly-Buck Design Calculator Tool assists designers with routine calculations for the 2W TPS55010 isolated DC/DC Converter. Two versions are available to support a single or a dual output configuration. The tool helps the user select a transformer, the sense resistors, and the power diode as well as the input, output, compensation, and primary capacitors. All equations used in the tool are shown with the corresponding datasheet equation. Primary and secondary waveforms of the voltage and current are also displayed. Fly-Buck Design Calculator Tool ： TPS55010Tool_DualOutput.xls and TPS55010Tool_SingleOutput.xls TPS55010： DC/DC Converter (Integrated Switch)， 2.95V To 6V Input, 2W, Isolated DC/DC Converter with Integrated FETS tps55010.pdf Other useful documents： slvu494.pdf and slvu459.pdf topology
Huabing Ouyang ,B.Shen. Research on the Conversion from Design Features to Machining Features Faced on STEP-NC. IEEE Conference of 2011 3rd International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation(ICMTMA),2011,3:103-106 .(EI: 20111313853572), EI ： 20111313853572
Title: Optimizing the design of nanostructures for improved thermal conduction within confined spaces, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6 (2011)0422 Authors: Jianlong Kou, Huiguo Qian, Hangjun Lu, Yang Liu, Yousheng Xu, Fengmin Wu, Jintu Fan 2011-6-422(Nanoscale Res.Lett.).pdf Figure 1 The design sketch of the total heat conduction structure. This desgin is from the interior of an electronic device to micro space, which includes two sections: I represents the composite stru ...
Design of high strength Fe-(P, C)-based bulk metallic glasses with Nb addition Sheng-feng GUO a , , , Ye SHEN b Abstract Bulk metallic glass (BMG) rods Fe 71 Mo 5- x Nb x P 12 C 10 B 2 ( x =1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) with diameter of 1 or 2 mm were synthesized by copper mold casting. The effects of Nb substitution for Mo on the structure, thermal and mechanical properties of Fe 71 Mo 5- x Nb x P 12 C 10 B 2 alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and compressive testing. The results show that the substitution of Nb for Mo leads to a decreased glass forming ability, but with plasticity of 1.0%, the fracture strength of Fe 71 Mo 2 Nb 3 P 12 C 10 B 2 alloy increases up to 4.0 GPa. The improvement of the fracture strength is discussed in terms of the enhancement of atomic bonding nature and the favorite formation of a network-like structure due to the substitution of Nb for Mo. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003632611610327
. B = REGRESS(Y,X) returns the vector B of regression coefficients in the linear model Y = X*B. X is an n-by-p design matrix, with rows corresponding to observations and columns to predictor variables. Y is an n-by-1 vector of response observations. REGRESS 多元线性回归——用最小二乘估计法 B = REGRESS(Y,X) ， 返回值为线性模型Y = X*B的回归系数向量 X ，n-by-p 矩阵，行对应于观测值，列对应于预测变量 Y ，n-by-1 向量，观测值的响应（即因变量，译者注） = REGRESS(Y,X) returns a matrix BINT of 95% confidence intervals for B. BINT，B的95%的置信区间矩阵 = REGRESS(Y,X) returns a vector R of residuals. R，残差向量 = REGRESS(Y,X) returns a matrix RINT of intervals that can be used to diagnose outliers. If RINT(i,:) does not contain zero, then the i-th residual is larger than would be expected, at the 5% significance level. This is evidence that the I-th observation is an outlier. RINT，区间矩阵，该矩阵可以用来诊断异常（即发现奇异观测值，译者注）。 如果RINT(i，：)所定区间没有包含0， 则第i个残差在默认的5%的显著性水平比我们所预期的要大， 这可说明第i个观测值是个奇异点 （即说明该点可能是错误而无意义的，如记录错误等，译者注） = REGRESS(Y,X) returns a vector STATS containing the R-square statistic, the F statistic and p value for the full model, and an estimate of the error variance. STATS，向量，包括R方统计量，F统计量，总模型的p值（还不清楚） 和方差的一个估计（还不清楚） = REGRESS(Y,X,ALPHA) uses a 100*(1-ALPHA)% confidence level to compute BINT, and a (100*ALPHA)% significance level to compute RINT. 用100*(1-ALPHA)%的置信水平来计算BINT， 用(100*ALPHA)%的显著性水平来计算RINT X should include a column of ones so that the model contains a constant term. The F statistic and p value are computed under the assumption that the model contains a constant term, and they are not correct for models without a constant. The R-square value is one minus the ratio of the error sum of squares to the total sum of squares. This value can be negative for models without a constant, which indicates that the model is not appropriate for the data. X应该包含一个全“1”的列，这样则该模型包含常数项。 F统计量和p值是在模型有常数项的假设下计算的， 如果模型没有常数项，则计算得的F统计量和p值是不正确的。 the R-square value is one minus the ratio of the error sum of squares to the total sum of squares.（此句无法把握，请高手帮忙~~!） 若模型没有常数项，则这个值可以为负值，这也表明这个模型对数据是不合适的。 （即数据不适合用多元线性模型，译者注）If columns of X are linearly dependent, REGRESS sets the maximum possible number of elements of B to zero to obtain a "basic solution",and returns zeros in elements of BINT corresponding to the zero elements of B.如果X的列是线性相关的，则REGRESS将使B的元素中“0”的数量尽量多，以此获得一个“基本解”并且使B中元素“0”所对应的BINT元素为“0”。REGRESS treats NaNs in X or Y as missing values, and removes them.REGRESS 将X或者Y中的NaNs当作缺失值处理，并且移除它 rcoplot(r,rint) displays an errorbar plot of the confidence intervals on the residuals from a regression. The residuals appear in the plot in case order. Inputs r and rint are outputs from the regress function. he interval around the first residual, shown in red, does not contain zero. This indicates that the residual is larger than expected in 95% of new observations, and suggests the data point is an outlier. 这是个画残差的函数，红色的表示超出期望值的数据 圆圈代表残差的值，竖线代表置信区间的范围
转一下一个读者的读书笔记 http://book.douban.com/review/1450874/ 原文在： http://lijuan.yo2.cn /2008/07/22/reading- experimental-design- for-the-life-science s-chapter1-why-you-n eed-to-care-about-de sign/ http://lijuan.yo2.cn /2008/07/23/reading- experimental-design- for-the-life-science s-chapter2-starting- with-a-well-defined- hypothesis/ http://lijuan.yo2.cn /2008/07/23/reading- experimental-design- for-the-life-science s-chapter3-between-i ndividual-variation- replication-and-samp ling/ http://lijuan.yo2.cn /2008/07/25/reading- experimental-design- for-the-life-science s-chapter4-different -experimental-design s/ 还有一个flowchart在： http://lijuan.yo2.cn /2008/07/25/reading- experimental-design- for-the-life-science s-flowchart/ Chapter 1 Why you need to care about design * Experimental design is more about common sense, biological insight and careful planning. * Poor experimental designs waste time and money, also have ethical issues. * Every statistical test have slightly different assumptions, so it is essential to decide in advance how you will analyse your data when you have collected them. * The two major goals of designing experiments are to minimise random variation and account for confounding factors. 下面是新手们经常有的两个认识误区： Myth1 It does not matter how you collect your data, there will always be a statistical 'fix' that will allow you to analyse them. Myth2 If you collect lots of data something interesting will come out, and you'll be able to detect even very subtle effects. Chapter 2 Starting with a well-defined hypothesis A hypothesis is a clear statement articulating a plausible candidate explanation for observations.It should be constructed is such a way as to allow gathering of data that can be used to either refute or support this candidate explanation. For example: 1. Questions: why does chimp activity vary during the day? 2. Hypotheses: Chimp activity pattern is affected by feeding regime. 3. Predictions: The fraction of time that a chimp spends moving around will be higher in the hour aroung feeding time than at other times of day. Make sure that your experiment allows you to give the clearest and strongest evidence for or against the hypothesis. Make sure that you can interpret all possible outcomes of your experiment. Pilot study: Exploration of the study system conducted before the main body of data collection in order to refine research aims , data collection and analysis techniques. Correlational study's advantages: * we handle them with much less time; * We do not affect other functions; * We are dealing with biologically relevant variation Manipulative experiment's advantages: * without third variables; * without reverse causation; A more efficient approach might be to begin with a large correlational study to see which factors seem to be important. Once potentially influential factors had been found, manipulative studies could be used to confirm and refine these findings. There is no perfect study, but a little care can produce a good one instead of a bad one. Chapter 3 Between-individual variation,replication and sampling Whenever we carry out an experiment, we are trying to find ways to remove or reduce the effects of random variation, so that the effects that we care about can be seen more clearly. Replication involves making the same manipulations and taking the same measurements on a number of different experimental subjects. Replication is a way of dealing with the between-individual variation due to the random variation that will be present in any life science experiment. Replicate measures must be independent of each other: Techinicallly, statisticians talk about there being no correlation between the deviations of individuals within a group.If this is the case, this will have the important effect of meaning that if we examine a group of independent individuals their deviations will tend to cancel out, and the mean of the sample will close to the mean of the population. Pseudoreplication is a problem that has to be addressed by biologists and not by statisticians. Accept that sometimes pseudoreplication is unavoidable, so the key if you can't replicate fully is to be aware of the limitations of what you can conclude from your data. Number of replicates: It should be big enough to give you confidence that you will be able to detect any biologically meaningful effects that exist, but not so big that some sampling was unnecessary. * Educated guesswork: reference on previous similar studies. * Formal power analysis: statistical power is the probability that a particular experiment will detect a difference assuming that there really is a difference to be detected. (there are many computer programs that can help you) Randomisation simply means drawing random sanmples for study from the wider population of all the possible individuals that could be in your sample. Proper randomisation means that any individual experimental subject has the same chance of finding itself in each experimental group. The power of an expeiment will be affected by three main things: the effect size, the amount of random variation and the number of replicates. Chapter 4 Different experimental designs The control group must be that it differs from the treatment group in no way except for the treatment being tested. A blind procedure is one in which the person measuring experimental subjects has no knowledge of which experimental manipulation they have experienced or which treatment group they belong to. In experiments with humans, we may use a double-blinded procedure in which the experimental subjects too are kept ignorant of which treatment group they belong to. The procedures are design to remove the perception that unconscious bias might taint the results of a study. 后面讲的paired-design, cross-over design, split-plot design就不如直接看统计书了。 Chapter 5 Taking measures Calibrate your measuring instruments(including human observers.) Adopt clear definitions to reduce subjective decision-making during measurement taking. Watch out for observer drift, intra-observaer variability and inter-observer variability. Watch out for observer effects, where measuring a system influence its behaviour. Recording data effectively is a skill that you must acquire. 1. Don't try and record too much information at once; 2. Beware of shorthand codes. 3. Keep more than one copy of your data. 4. Write out your experimental protocol formally and in detail, and keep a detailed field journal or lab work. 5. Don't overwork. Chapter 6 Final thoughts
Most economic's courses are filled with explanations like the one above. This article will dicuss hand's on activities instructor's can use. This article will discuss some successful hand' s on economic's experiments I have used in my undergraduate courses as well as guidelines for designing a successful economic's experiment to be used for demonstration in college classroom, boardroom, or other teaching environment. Instructions Things You'll Need: Creative Mind Something to sketch out your ideas Group of non-economists to test a designed experiment to ensure success. (If applicable i.e. you designed a new experiment and are not sure if it will work.) Step 1 Guidelines to Follow. 1. Experiments should be quick, simple and timely. I have found that one receives the best results after a concept has been explained and the experiment is used to reinforce the material. Using an experiment to introduce an idea may confuse students and take much more time since there will be a lengthy discussion about the concept and then the rules of the game. It is best to explain the concept and use the experiment to follow up the lecture. Experiments need to be conducted on the same day the concept is introduced. Holding an experiment after the fact results in having to go through another explanation and may not flow with current lecture material. 2. Rules and the payoff you desire. Make sure these are compatible. If one has constructed a poorly thought out experiment the rules used will result in payoffs but not necessarily the ones you wanted. 3. Make sure you test the experiment on non-economists before conducting the experiment to assure that the outcome is the one that you are going to get. Undergraduates do not always look at the simple payoff matrix or result as their sole goal. Fairness or class social status may play a role in outcomes that are not modeled by the game. Well constructed games should work to minimize this. 4. Incentives. Make sure that there are adequate incentives to encourage participation. Step 2 Sample experiment 1 Concept: Diminishing marginal productivity Experiment: Popping Popcorn I have conducted this experiment a couple of different ways. The simplest way is to use a microwave. I found myself teaching economics in a physics lab and had one available. Alternatively one can use a hot plate and a disposable metal pan of popcorn (these are sold at most supermarkets next to the microwavable popcorn). The basic idea is that if one input is fixed as more and more of the other inputs are added total productivity goes up but at a decreasing rate. As the popcorn pops our productivity (popped corn) increases but is going to increase at a slower rate until it stops popping altogether. Here the capital good is fixed (metal pan, microwave or hotplate and kernels) while labor and other inputs such as electricity are variable. Allowing students to eat the popcorn afterwards also wins some instructor brownie points. Step 3 Sample experiment 2 Concept: Diminishing marginal utility Experiment: Eating bite size snickers bars Purchase a large bag of bite sized snickers. Have a student volunteer come to the front of the classroom. Next offer them one snicker's bite sized bar at a time and then ask them to rate their satisfaction after each snicker's bar is eaten on a scale of 1 to 10. Very soon the ratings of satisfaction will start to go down which demonstrates diminishing marginal utility. Step 4 Sample experiment 3 Concept: Tragedy of the commons Experiment: Collecting change from the communal coffers For this experiment I draw one large circle on a desk for each group and two smaller circles on either side. Each group is divided up into groups of two that will each take their turn at collecting change using one finger to pull one item of change from the large circle to their respective smaller circle. Everyone is told that at the end of the timed round (30 seconds is plenty of time) 10% of the remaining value of the change left in the large circle will be added. One dollar in various small domination change is placed in the large circle and the first group is allowed to start at the signal I give them. Of course the players in the first group collect all the change from the large circle and there is nothing left to gain any interest for the second group to collect. This demonstrates the tragedy of over harvesting a common resource which is rival but non-excludable.
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标签: Design
