研究论文的摘要非常重要,它是通过在线稿件系统向审稿人发出邀请信的一部分,是审稿人决定是否审稿的重要内容,也是决定读者是否会继续去读全文的重要因素.但是很多人的摘要都写得不好。 今天在阅读检索到的资料时看了一篇文章的摘要,感觉问题很多,这篇文章的摘要也代表了我国很多作者在写英文摘要时的一些共性问题。本文将以该篇文章的摘要为例,讲述摘要中存在的常见问题,希望初学写作的同学和科研人员能够有所借鉴。 该篇摘要除了当时排版的问题外,主要的问题有以下几个方面: 1.英文拼写错误:如 between写成了“betwen”; 2.明显的语法错误:如,“Owing to increasing fastly of population” (应为Owing to fast increase of population或者Owing to fast population increase); 3.背景介绍过多,该文110个单词中,介绍背景和研究目的就占了80个; 4.背景内容与研究内容没有直接相关性,读者无法从中清楚地了解作者的的研究目的。看了该篇摘要的背景介绍以后,读者会以为作者是要专门研究人地关系,其实 这篇文章报道的是采用作图的方法展现某县人口在几种土地类型上的 分布! 4. 摘要中没有呈现文章的重要内容。如,在这篇摘要里,读者不清楚本研究的研究区域在哪里,采用了什么研究方法和研究工具,得到了什么研究结果。 5. 结论不具体:本文的最后结论比较空泛,读者从研究结论中获得的信息与读到背景介绍时差不多。 摘要一般包括以下几个方面的内容:研究背景和目的,研究方法(研究区域, 试验设计, 采用的主要方法,重要的实验仪器,重要的统计分析方法或者软件),研究结果(不要罗列,只简述得到的重要结果或者观察到的重要现象),研究结论(从该研究中得到什么启发,该研究有什么意义或者应用价值)。如果是 英文摘要,除了这些基本内容外,还应该保证句法通顺,无语法错误,更不能有拼写错误。否则,几个单词拼写错误就让审稿人将一篇文章给毙了。 Abstract
导论的结构与写法 犹如第一次约会中的第一印象直接影响了以后是否还继续交往和发展。导论的重要性毋庸置疑,导论是以讲故事的形式告诉读者,你已经了解或将要了解的所讨论主题的信息,从而引起读者的引文和兴趣,一篇好的导论包含了发生“冲突”的“背景”,以及由冲突而引发的“研究问题”,而本文正是对研究问题的“回答”。因而,导论包含了四个基本要素: 1. 背景:导论中的第一句或第一段通常介绍故事发生的背景。为凸显研究主题的重要性,一般的做法是介绍介绍某种变化或趋势。比如 Hitt 等( 1991 )在 AMJ 的论文《并购对研发投入和产出的影响》的第一段这样写的: Makingacquisitions has been a popular strategy in U.S.firms for many years (Leontiades, 1986). The resources invested inacquisitions-growing from $43.6 billion in 1968 to $246.9 billion in 1988(Weston Chung, 1990)- reflect this popularity . Furthermore ,the almost $250 billion invested inacquisitions accounted for approximately 40 percent of U.S. corporations' 1988capital expenditures (Weiner, 1989). These data suggest executives believe thatacquisitions create value. 这段话分为三个层次来说明研究主题的主要性,第一句直接点出并购是当前的流行的战略。第二句话用数字说明这种流行性,第三句话进一步论证投资额中并购所占的比重。 再看另一篇论文 Internationalventuring by emerging economy firms: the effects of firm capabilities,ho me countrynetworks, and corporate entrepreneurship ( Yiu , Lau , JIBS,2007 ) Foreigndirect investment (FDI)-based development strategies are now increasingly adopted by many emerging economies, mostnotably Brazil, Russia, India, and China - the BRIC nations (Narula andDunning, 2000). This resulted in the fact that emerging economies accounted forabout 12% of the world's outward FDI in 2002. China, in particular, plays an increasing role inshaping the phenomenon. Its outward FDI amounted to US$5.53 billion in 2004(China OutwardF DIReport,2 004), and China is predicted to be one of the fivelargest sources of outward FDI in the world for the years 2004-2007 (UNCTAD,2003). 第一句话说明 许多新兴市场经济体越来越地采用了对外直接投资战略,第二句话用数字论证,第三句话进一步说明中国的情况。 2. 冲突,导论的第二部分通常说明冲突所在,对这一背景下的现象,我们知道了些什么?还有哪些是不知道的?从而指出当前存在的问题与不足,通常以 However , Despite 等开始。再看以上两个例子中,在导论中是怎么引发冲突的。 Hitt 等( 1991 )在 AMJ 的论文《并购对研发投入和产出的影响》的第二段是这样的 However,the outcomes of acquisitions may not fully support this belief (Roll, 1986).Some evidence suggests ****, but results regarding the value of acquisitionsfor the shareholders of acquiring firms have been decidedly mixed. Someresearchers have found evidence of benefits for acquiring shareholders only inspecific types of acquisitions:**** Additionally, Ravenscraft and Scherer(1987) conservatively estimated that acquirers had divested one-third of allacquisitions made in the 1960s and 1970s by the early 1980s. Both Porter andRavenscraft and Scherer also suggested that the divestitures have largely beenthe result of inadequate performance. Roll (1986) concluded that acquirers mayhave overestimated the expected gains from ac-quisitions. Finally, Jensen(1988) observed that returns from acquisitions to acquiring firms vary closelyaround zero. 介绍我们对这一现象的认识,及不同观点的差异,从而引发冲突 Despitethe growth of outward FDI by firms from emerging economies such as China,theoretical explanations of such actions remain limited (Mathews, 2006). Thepredominant theoretical view of FDI in the literature is an asset-exploitationperspective that conceptualizes international expansion as occurring when firmsseek to leverage their firm-specific ownership advantages in new settings,which in turn allows them to obtain a competitive advantage over indigenousfirms in the host country (Hymer, 1976; Caves, 1971). This perspective ledDunning (1980) to identify owner-ship, location, and internalization (OLI)advantages as the drivers of firms' international expansion. Theasset-exploitation perspective envisions a reasonably direct relationshipbetween firms' ownership advantages and their ability to pursue FDI successfully. However,literatures from other perspectives suggest that firms also move acrossgeographic boundaries for resource and knowledge acquisition as well ascapability enhancement 虽然这一问题的重要性再日益增强 , 但理论探讨较少,之前的理论探讨了 **** ,然而, …… 。冲突的构造非常明显。 3. 研究问题:研究问题凸显了在这一冲突之下,本文所探讨的问题。在第一篇文章中: Theprimary purpose of the present study was to examine one aspect of therelationship between acqui-sitions and performance-the effects of acquisitionson RD inputs and outputs. 在第二篇论文中: To respond to this call, we propose that there maybe either specific ownership advantages that firms have to develop, or specificstrategic actions that firms have to undertake, in response to theinstitutional characteristics of the emerging econo-mies when firms decide topursue outward FDI. 4. 答案与贡献:在答案与贡献部分,主要说明回答研究问题的理论视角,以及为什么这一理论视角是适用的?基于这一理论视角,对研究问题的回答分为哪些部分?回答这一问题会有什么贡献。比如: 范例 1 : Weground our arguments in ecological theory, which fosters understanding of howthe availability of and competition for resources shape the ultimate outcomesof affected firms 。 范例 2 : Underpinning our study is an organizational ecology perspective, whichemphasizes both the imprinting effects of founding conditions and the shapingforces of external environments on the development of organizations. 范例 3 : Drawing from the notions of time compression diseconomies(Dierickxand Cool, 1989) and absorptive capacity (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990) we build atheoretical argument why and how the processof expansion matters. From thisperspective, we identify several concrete characteristics regarding how a firm’sprofitability depends on the process of growth when developing from a domesticfirm to a multinational corporation (MNC). In particular, we examine theeffects of the pace, the rhythm, and the geographic and product scope of a firm’sinternational expansion process. 范例 4 : Usingresourcedependence theory as a theoretical angle (Pfeffer Salancik, 1978),we are the first to develop and test hypotheses on such moderating effects.
论坛快速导航... 逸情生活 外语学习 普通图书 纳米图书 科研供求信息 专业灌水 文献互助 纳米科普 数理材料 化工环境 生物医药 工作求职 Nano Research 纳米器件加工 纳米材料科学 纳米科技应用 综述文献 学术报告 测试表征 软件交流 专题技术 留学海归 科研立项 硕博论文 纳米科技综合 论文投稿 热门关健字: 生活 社会 军事天地 广州考试书店 考试无忧图书城 2010考试书店 北京考试书店 真钱游戏戏 澳门赌城在线 易发国际官方网 真人百家乐 易发国际 来了经济困境 是生生世世是 的生生世世是 的风格地方法规 停车位等级排行 QQ等级排行 农场无验证 好友买卖刷钱 纳米科技综合 纳米科普 外语学习 测试表征 纳米材料科学 综述文献 生物医药 纳米器件加工 硕博论文 专题技术 留学海归 纳米科技应用 文献互助 科研立项 学术报告 纳米图书 普通图书 数理材料 论文投稿 化工环境 软件交流 专业灌水 逸情生活 工作求职 科研供求信息 转至论坛 你的位置: 纳米科技世界 论坛 论文投稿 查看帖子 写文章引言部分是我的最强项 http://www.nanost.net/bbs 发布: 2009-3-12 21:04 作者: oytxtu google_protectAndRun("render_ads.js::google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad); 转自,复旦大学 马臻老师 博客 值得学习 写文章引言部分是我的最强项。引言部分每段话都有功能和目的的,有起承转合。段落里面的几句话都是有层次的。如果能用精炼的语言把本文的背景、目的、结果、重要性有逻辑性地讲清楚,层次分明、逻辑严密、凸现写作者的某种个性,那么审稿人看了就觉得很舒服。现在我介绍最近一篇第一作者文章的引言部分。文章为:Z. Ma, H.F. Yin, S.H. Overbury, S. Dai*, Metal Phosphates as a New Class of Supports for Gold Nanocatalysts, Catalysis Letters 126 (2008) 20-30. link http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-008-9627-x 关于该文的故事已经发表于《酸甜苦辣――文章背后的故事》 http://zhenmafudan.ycool.com/post.2946437.html 本文的大意和实验思路是:黄金催化是当前催化研究热点之一,大多数研究者把黄金放在氧化物载体上,但很少有人把黄金放在金属盐上。本课题组前面一个博士后把黄金放在自己合成的纳米磷酸镧上,发现这样的催化剂也能在低温催化一氧化碳氧化。本人上岗后,就想:如果我不用磷酸镧而用其它磷酸盐行不行?如果我不用精心合成的纳米载体,而用买来的商品化载体行不行?带着这些问题,我买来大量磷酸盐,放上黄金,发现有的行,有的不行。于是我做了系统表征,把实验结果整理成文发表。以下是本文的引言和配套解说。1. IntroductionSupported gold catalysts have many applications in ablating air pollutants, cleaning up H2 streams, and synthesizing fine chemicals . Most gold catalysts are prepared by loading gold on oxide supports via deposition-precipitation and other methods. In addition to the size of gold nanoparticles, supports also play a key role in determining activity. It has been suggested that gold on reducible supports (e.g., TiO2, CeO2, Fe2O3) exhibits higher activity in CO oxidation than gold on non-reducible supports (e.g., Al2O3, SiO2) because the former can activate oxygen . Nevertheless, properly prepared Au/Al2O3 and Au/SiO2 can also show high activities in CO oxidation.第一段首先给出本课题宽泛的背景。第一句讲黄金催化剂的广泛用途,引起读者的兴趣。第二句讲黄金催化剂的制备方法。第三句讲根据文献总结出的两点:黄金的尺寸和载体的性质对催化活性都重要的。第四句说曾有文献说黄金在可还原的载体才好,而在不可还原的载体就不好。第五句笔锋一转暗示这种非此即彼、非黑即白的两分法其实是错误的,因为后来有人发现把黄金放在不可还原的载体(如氧化铝和氧化硅)同样活泼。这样写法,其实是为正文打下伏笔,因为在正文中,我发现把黄金放在一些不可还原的磷酸盐载体上也有催化活性的。综观这段,每句话都很简练,每句话都体现了一层意思,有特定的段落结构和功能在里面。 Although certain metal salts (e.g., sulfates, phosphates) are typical solid acid catalysts , they have rarely been used to support gold nanoparticles. Lian et al. found that Au/BaCO3 is active for CO oxidation at room temperature, but it deactivates quickly on stream . Venugopal et al. and Phonthammachai et al. reported that Au/Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 catalysts show activity in water-gas shift and CO oxidation above 100 and 50 oC, respectively . Au/Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 catalyst is also useful for the wet oxidation of organic compounds in aqueous media . Our group recently communicated that gold nanoparticles supported on nanosized LaPO4 (6-8 nm) are active for CO oxidation below room temperature . More recently, Li and coworkers developed Au/LaVO4 nanocomposite active for CO oxidation below 50 oC . However, the knowledge on the use of metal salts as supports for gold nanoparticles is still quite limited.第二段的结构很清楚。第一句是总起句,说的是文献中别人都用金属氧化物放黄金,但是很少有人用金属盐放黄金。以后的五句诚实地、公正地说出文献中有人用金属盐放黄金的例子。在写文章的时候,为了突出自己文章的原创性,很多人把关键文献和相关文献故意不引或者引到角落里去,我不喜欢干这样的事情,我要让读者看出我的治学态度。既然有文献报道了金属盐放黄金,那么为什么本文指得报道呢?本段最后一句话来了一个转折,说关于把黄金放在金属盐上的知识还非常缺乏。注意这句句子,意思点到为止。我没有说虽然已经有了这些文献,但是相关知识相当缺乏,所以我们决定做这方面的工作。这样的长句子中,前面1/3句和后面1/3句都是多余的。读者自己能体会到已经有了这些文献,因为上面已经罗列五个例子了。读者自己也能体会到所以我们决定做这方面的工作,否则我也不投这篇稿子了,更何况我们决定做这方面工作的信息在引言最后一段就要反映了。The previous work on Au/nano-LaPO4 prompted us to raise further questions. Considering that there are numerous metal phosphates, is it possible to use metal phosphates other than LaPO4 to load gold nanoparticles? Are these metal phosphate-based catalysts active in CO oxidation, or is Au/nano-LaPO4 a unique case? Are these phosphate-based gold catalysts stable on stream? In addition, considering that the homemade supports prepared using various methods under complicated conditions would lead to different particle sizes, crystal phases, morphologies, levels of residual ions from the synthesis mixture, and thus different catalytic performance, it is desirable to use commercially available supports for initial screening, while leaving the further optimization of catalysts the subject of further research.在上一段中,我举了文献中把黄金放在金属盐上的五个例子,其中一个是本课题组以前一个博士后发表在德国应用化学会志上的例子:他把黄金放在磷酸镧上,而本文我把黄金放在一系列磷酸盐上。既然他已经发表了文章,那么为什么我值得做后续研究呢?我要解决什么问题呢?这两个问题,是审稿人必须要问的。于是在这一段,我就指出:虽然前文发表在德国应用化学会志,但是还有如此这般几个问题没有搞清楚。我用连珠炮似的笔法提了几个问题,把审稿人的注意力往问题上拉。审稿人就拍案叫绝:对呀!的确有这些问题,快告诉我,答案是什么?这样审稿人就迫不及待地想读下去。关于连珠炮似的写作方法,见《优美的英语段落欣赏----连珠炮似地问问题法》 http://zhenmafudan.ycool.com/post.2941371.html 提问题的时候注意:只有我在文章里面最后给出解答的问题,才能把伏笔埋在这里,而不在本文讨论范围之内的,就不要留着问题而不给解答。没有答案的问题应该留在讨论部份给读者思考。另外,这里面也有微妙的地方:这些问题看起来象是问题,但是老练的读者也能猜到解答。比如我问:黄金放在其它磷酸盐上行不行?答案必然是也行的,否则我也无法发表这篇文章了。我总不能发表文章说我的催化剂活性都是零吧?这一段话的后半部份其实体现了一种功能,体现了一种打预防针的写作手法。也就是说:任何科研论文都不是十全十美的,于是审稿人就会说:你怎么没有研究黄金含量的影响?你怎么不用自己合成的磷酸盐而用商品化的磷酸盐?于是,一种写作手法就是事先把补丁打好,说自己合成的磷酸盐可能有不同含量的杂质,所以用商品化纯净的磷酸盐做初步尝试,看看活泼不活泼,而其它技术细节(如黄金含量的影响)可以留给后人去做。这样一打补丁,就把审稿人的嘴给预先堵住了。Herein, a number of commercial metal phosphates were used as supports for loading gold via a deposition-precipitation method. The catalytic performance in CO oxidation was studied following catalyst pretreatment in O2-He at 200 or 500 oC, and relevant characterization employing ICP-OES, BET, XRD, TEM, SEM, and H2-TPR was carried out. Interestingly, gold nanoparticles can be well dispersed on many of these metal phosphate supports and show significant activities at room temperature. Since many metal phosphates are useful in acid catalysis and selective oxidation , Au/metal phosphates developed here may be useful for many other reactions to be explored in the future. In addition, gold on chemically distinct supports may provide new opportunities for fundamental studies to elucidate the nature of active sites and reaction mechanisms.最后一段话也是非常标准的写法,里面传达三个层次的意思。第一层次:本文用什么手段做了什么。这里用的是描述性的语言,而不涉及具体的、分散读者注意力的细节。第二层次:概述得到什么重要的、有趣的结果。同样也用描述性的语言。第三层意思:点明工作的意义,指出所谓applications and implications。这样的话,读者就会感到意犹未尽。我要说这些都是非常标准的写作方法,都是有理论指导的。有一本书Write Like A Chemist详细介绍了写文章每一部份的基本结构和套路,就象做广告的、说相声的人都有套路的一样。感想:写引言要体现一种逻辑思考:我为什么要做这个工作?我怎么(巧妙地)想到这个点子?还要体现一种认识:我的工作究竟有什么用?为什么这些结果是重要的?写得好,文章的立意就突出。写得好,文章读起来就有味道,有故事(story)。有故事非常重要,很多文章读起来就如同先进表征武器展,从头到尾就是这个仪器表征结果显示什么,却没有说清楚:为什么要用这个那个仪器?你是要看什么?得到什么信息?你是因为实验室正好有这个仪器所以就用了这个仪器,还是带着特定的问题有针对性地选择这个仪器得到相关信息?引言部分是呈现故事的重要部份,读了引言,有些审稿人就心里有数了