怎样宣传科学研究 ？ 有关新闻官怎样在不夸大其词的情况下有效宣传科学的指南，包括选择时机、目标和受众的提示。 来源: Stempra 2009年5月28日 | EN Event.observe(window, 'load', function() { var list = $('.article_content .article_index_list') ; if(list!=null){ var html = list.innerHTML; new Insertion.Bottom($('article_index_list_box'), html); list.hide(); } }); This guide, published by Stempra a UK-based network for press and public relations officers working in science-related fields helps press officers communicate science effectively and responsibly, while steering clear of hype and over-selling. When promoting research, press officers need to think carefully about the timing, objectives, audiences and tactics for each story, say the authors. They call on press officers to help improve science journalism by writing responsible press releases, being careful when making claims or communicating risk, and including information on the limitations of a specific study. The author suggests that almost all research involving animals can be promoted with some extra preparation. The section on press office essentials provides practical advice on writing, timing, targeting and distributing press releases and explains the purpose and use of embargoes. Tips on selecting and preparing scientists key partners in achieving media success for media work are also given. PR stunts can generate media coverage but press officers need to think about possible pitfalls and unexpected results that could harm the brand of an organisation beforehand, the authors warn. The guide concludes with recommendations for working successfully with agencies and freelancers when you need to outsource. It touches on finding the most suitable agency, establishing a good working relationship and how to build trust with scientists. A key piece of advice is to get a non-disclosure agreement in place to allay fears of intellectual property leaks. Interesting quotes from science journalists about what they find useful and annoying about being on the receiving end of science public relations are also included. Link to full guide from Stempra
http://www.yz365.com/Journal/Detail/301a4cbb-536f-46b9-9468-2cbf3cd8ca70 Cell Research 【参考中文名称】细胞研究 【ISSN】1001-0602 【主题范畴】Cells* 【出版语言】English 【版权单位】Zhongguo ke xue yuan. Shanghai xi bao sheng wu xue yan jiu suo.; Zhongguo ke xue yuan. Shanghai sheng ming ke xue yan jiu yuan. Sheng wu hua xue yu xi bao sheng wu xue yan jiu suo. 【初版单位】Beijing, China : Science Press, 1990- 【现今出版商】Shanghai : Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 2005- 【创刊日期】Vol. 1, no. 1 (Mar. 1990)- 【NLM刊名】Cell research 【出版频率】Quarterly, 1998- 【影响因子】 2002年：1.958 2003年：1.729 2004年：1.936 2005年：2.161 2006年：3.426 2007年：4.217 2008年：4.535 【全文电子版链接】 http://www.nature.com/cr 【所在数据库】 Cell Research ( Cellres ) 1999-2005 EBSCO ( EBSCOPub ) 1999-2008 Nature Publishing Group ( NPG ) 1999-2008 Swets Information Services ( swetswise ) 1999-2008 【关于期刊】 Cell Research, is an international peer-reviewed journal in English that publishes significant original articles, reviews, commentaries and rapid/brief communications in different fields of cell biology and molecular cell biology.中国，刊载有关动植物细胞生物学方面的研究成果。 http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=13900tip=sidclean=0 Cell Research Country : China Subject Area : Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Subject Category : Cell Biology Publisher : Kexue Chubaneshe/Science Press . Publication type : Journals. ISSN : 10010602, 17487838 Coverage: 1996-2009 H Index : 41 Charts Data SJR indicator vs. Cites per Doc (2y) // The SJR indicator measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is. Cites per Doc. (2y) measures the scientific impact of an average article published in the journal, it is computed using the same formula that journal impact factor (Thomson Reuters). Citation vs. Self-Citation // Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Cites per Document vs. External Cites per Document // Evolution of the number of total cites per document and external cites per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Cites per Document in 2, 3 and 4 years windows // Evolution of Citations per Document to a journal's published documents during the two, three and four previous years. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor (Thomson Reuters) metric. International Collaboration // International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country. Journal's Citable vs. Non Citable Documents // Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore citable, this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers, reviews and short reviews) in three years windows. Journal's Cited vs. Uncited Documents // Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year. Indicators 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 SJR 0,324 0,511 0,649 0,625 0,431 0,383 0,526 0,536 0,725 0,791 Total Documents 30 29 44 41 51 60 122 117 131 137 Total Docs. (3years) 75 85 91 103 114 136 152 233 299 370 Total References 803 1.178 1.293 1.329 1.653 2.470 5.492 5.178 5.327 7.044 Total Cites (3years) 49 111 188 199 240 248 374 823 1.116 1.481 Self Cites (3years) 3 1 36 27 21 12 13 11 10 20 Citable Docs. (3years) 75 85 91 103 114 135 150 209 268 321 Cites / Doc. (4years) 0,65 1,08 1,74 2,02 1,99 2,10 2,22 3,85 4,01 4,28 Cites / Doc. (3years) 0,65 1,31 2,07 1,93 2,11 1,84 2,49 3,94 4,16 4,61 Cites / Doc. (2years) 0,84 1,61 2,03 1,90 1,62 2,15 2,33 4,13 4,56 4,02 References / Doc. 26,77 40,62 29,39 32,41 32,41 41,17 45,02 44,26 40,66 51,42 Cited Docs. 23 36 56 67 73 91 108 170 226 268 Uncited Docs. 52 49 35 36 41 45 44 63 73 102 % International Collaboration 16,67 6,90 20,45 7,32 27,45 25,00 21,31 23,93 17,56 21,90
The Red-Hot Research Papers of 2009 Rank Paper Citations 1 E. Komatsu, et al. , Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: Cosmological interpretation, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. , 180(2): 330-76, February 2009. 659 2 J. Dunkley, et al. , Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe observations: Likelihoods and parameters from the WMAP data, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. , 180(2): 306-29, February 2009. 274 3 O. Adriani, et al. , An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5-100 GeV, Nature , 458(7238): 607-9, 2 April 2009. 173 4 W. Duckworth, et al. , Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(2): 129-39, 8 January 2009. 172 5 G. Hinshaw, et al. , Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: Data processing, sky maps, and basic results, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. , 180(2): 225-45, February 2009. 171 6 F.H. Schrder, et al. , Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(13): 1320-8, 26 March 2009. 148 7 Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A ( H1N1 ) Virus Investigation Team (F.S. Dawood, et al. ), Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(25): 2605-15, 18 June 2009. 141 8 N. Arkani-Hamed, et al. , A theory of dark matter, Phys. Rev. D , 79(1): No. 015014, January 2009. 137 9 G.L. Andriole, et al. , Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(13): 1310-9, 26 March 2009. 130 10 J.L. Mega, et al. , Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(4): 354-62, 22 January 2009. 120 11 S. Finfer, et al. , Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(13): 1283-97, 26 March 2009. 109 12 O. Adriani, et al. , New measurement of the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio of up to 100GeV in the cosmic radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 102(5): No. 051101, 6 February 2009. 108 13 K.S. Kim, et al. , Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes, Nature , 457(7230): 706-10, 5 February 2009. 102 14 S.M. Lippman, et al. , Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), JAMA , 301(1): 39-51, 7 January 2009. 102 15 D.C. Elias, et al. , Control of graphenes properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane, Science , 323(5914): 610-3, 30 January 2009. 96 16 Z. Ahmed, et al. , Search for weakly interacting massive particles with the first five-tower data from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 102(1): No. 011301, 9 January 2009. 95 17 M. Cirelli, Model-independent implications of the e(+/-), P (over-bar) cosmic ray spectra on properties of Dark Matter, Nucl. Phys. B , 813(1-2): 1-21, 21 May 2009. 95 18 C. Fraser, et al. , Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): Early findings, Science , 324(5934): 1557-61, 19 June 2009. 93 19 C.J. Willer, et al. , Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation, Nature Genetics , 41(1): 25-34, January 2009. 91 20 A. Gustavsson, Algebraic structures on parallel M2 branes, Nucl. Phys. B , 811(1-2): 66-76, 11 April 2009. 89 21 T. Simon, et al. , Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(4): 363-75, 22 January 2009. 85 22 M.R. Nolta, et al. , Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: Angular power spectra, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. , 180(2): 296-305, February 2009. 84 23 K. Woltjen, et al. , piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells, Nature , 458(7239): 766-70, 9 April 2009. 83 24 P.M. Ho, et al. , Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome, JAMA , 301(9): 937-44, 4 March 2009. 81 25 A.A. Abdo, et al. , Measurement of the cosmic ray e + + e - spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 102(18): No. 181101, 8 May 2009. 80 26 V. Cvetkovic, et al. , Multiband magnetism and superconductivity in Fe-based compounds, EPL , 85(3): No. 37002, February 2009. 80 27 P. Horava, Quantum gravity at a Lifshitz point, Phys. Rev. D , 79(8): No. 084008, April 2009. 77 28 P.W. Serruys, et al. , Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(10): 961-72, 5 March 2009. 77 29 M. Paez-Ribes, et al. , Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis, Cancer Cell , 15(3): 220-31, 3 March 2009. 77 30 S.H. Park, et al. , Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%, Nature Photonics , 3(5): 297-302, May 2009. 70 31 G. Thorleifsson, et al. , Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity, Nature Genetics , 41(1): 18-24, January 2009. 70 32 K. Kaji, et al. , Virus-free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors, Nature , 458(7239): 771-5, 9 April 2009. 69 33 P.L. Alireza, et al. , Superconductivity up to 29 K in SrFe 2 As 2 and BaFe 2 As 2 at high pressures, J. Physics- Condensed Matter , 21(1): No. 012208, 7 January 2009. 69 34 A. Reina, et al. , Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition, Nano Letters , 9(1): 30-5, January 2009. 69 35 F. Soldner, et al. , Parkinsons disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors, Cell , 136(5): 964-77, 6 March 2009. 68 36 J.Y. Yu, et al. , Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences, Science , 324(5928): 797-801, 8 May 2009. 67 37 J.M.L. Ebos, et al. , Accelerated metastasis after short-term treatment with a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis, Cancer Cell , 15(3): 232-9, 3 March 2009. 66 38 A. Garber, et al. , Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomized, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial, Lancet , 373(9662): 473-81, 7 February 2009. 65 39 R.J. Garten, et al. , Antigenic and genetic characteristics of the swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans, Science , 325(5937): 197-201, 10 July 2009. 64 40 F. Wang, et al. , Functional renormalization-group study of the pairing symmetry and pairing mechanism of the FeAs-based high-temperature superconductor, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 102(4): No. 047005, 30 January 2009. 64 41 J. Tol, et al. , Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(6): 563-72, 5 February 2009. 63 42 T.E. Klein, et al. , Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(8): 753-64, 19 February 2009. 62 43 J.P. Collet, et al. , Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study, Lancet , 373(9660): 309-17, 24 January 2009. 61 44 B.C. Fellstrom, et al. , Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis, New Engl. J. Med. , 360(14): 1395-1407, 2 April 2009. 60 SOURCE: ISI Web of Knowledge from Thomson Reuters (Citations recorded as of late December 2009). http://sciencewatch.com/ana/fea/10maraprFea/
Scientists with Multiple Hot Papers Name Institution Field Number of Hot Papers Rudolf Jaenisch Whitehead Institute, MIT Biochemistry 14 Mark J. Daly Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Massachusetts General Hospital Genetics 13 Andre K. Geim University of Manchester Materials 13 David Altshuler Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Massachusetts General Hospital Genetics 13 Konstantin Novoselov University of Manchester Materials 12 Carlo M. Croce Ohio State University Cancer Genetics 12 Goncalo Abecasis University of Michigan Biostatistics 10 Eric S. Lander Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Genomics 10 Mikhail Katsnelson Radboud University of Nijmegen Materials 10 Ji-Huan He Donghua University Mathematics 10 Paul I.W. de Bakker Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Brigham and Women's Hospital Genetics 9 Shizuo Akira ( see also | see also ) Osaka University Immunology 9 SOURCE: Hot Papers Database from Thomson Reuters . http://sciencewatch.com/ana/fea/10maraprFea/
Dear Professor Peiyang, Welcome to the 16th issue of Research Trends, in which we focus on career development, especially for early-career researchers (ECRs). ECRs are defined by Professor Alan M. Johnson in Charting a course for a successful research career. A guide for early career researchers as researchers who are still planning and designing their research career, no matter how much time has passed since the award of their Ph.D. Fundamental to any research career is ensuring that you publish your results in the best journals. Determining where to publish and tracking your performance can be facilitated by using citation-analysis tools, and we discuss the most significant metrics available. Social-networking sites can also help researchers raise their profile and find collaboration partners; yet academics seem to be more interested in studying this phenomenon in their laboratories than actually participating. In many professions, international experience can help candidates stand out in the job market, and this also true in the academic world. We discuss the merits of leaving your home institute to gain research experience abroad. We also ask six successful early-career researchers from the UK/US, Poland and India for their secrets of success; no surprise that hard work is one of the most important. They also tell us how their performance is measured and the value of awards and publications to their careers. Finally, we ask each of our successful early-career researchers to nominate their most inspirational researcher and then we review their publication records. If you would like to comment on any of the topics covered, please use our feedback facility. We welcome your feedback on any of the topics covered. To download a PDF of this issue, please click here. Kind regards, The Research Trends Editorial Board Behind the data Measuring your progress Early-career scientists face a significant hurdle: establishing their credentials via journal publications. Knowing where to publish and tracking your progress compared with your peers can support your career at any level. Research Trends reviews the best bibliometric indicators of success. Research trends Social networking in academia Academic research into and academics' use of social-networking sites has exploded in recent years, but no tool to rival Facebook or LinkedIn has yet caught the attention of the entire academic community. Research Trends introduces the main players . Country trends An international start to a high-flying academic career Most young professionals understand that international experience can boost their career prospects, and they are increasingly seeking such opportunities. However, early-career researchers seem less eager to spread their wings. Research Trends discusses the merits of international research. Expert opinion Secrets of early success Getting an academic career off the ground can be a daunting challenge, involving a lot of hard work. We speak to six successful early-career researchers from the UK/US, Poland and India about their work ethic, and how they and others measure their performance. People focus The importance of inspirational researchers Ask any researcher how they started out, and they will often say it was thanks to a unique individual who inspired them to pursue a career in science. Indeed, the banquet speeches of Nobel Laureates are typically peppered with references to their mentors. Research Trends asked our successful early-career researchers featured in the previous article one more question: which researcher has inspired you most in your career, and why? Data Protection Notice: This e-mail has been sent to you from Scopus, a division of Elsevier B.V., Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, using smartFOCUS DIGITAL's technology and platform. To ensure delivery to your inbox (not bulk or junk folders), please add researchtrends@mail.elsevier-alerts.com to your address book. You are receiving this e-mail because you are a subscriber to Research Trends newsletter or a customer of Scopus. If you no longer wish to receive Research Trends, please visit the unsubscribe link here , enter your email address and click the submit button and you will be unsubscribed. Scopus respects your privacy and does not disclose, rent or sell your personal information to any non-affiliated third parties without your consent, except as may be stated in the Scopus privacy policy. You can read smartFOCUS DIGITAL privacy policy here . For all enquiries, problems or suggestions concerning Research Trends please contact: ResearchTrends@elsevier.com . Scopus is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V . Registered office: Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, under number 33156677, VAT number 002967455B65.
Translational research in universities:To spur innovation and translate research into practice The recent article How Uncle Sam Can Support Innovation by Tom Katsouleas in the Chronicle of Higher Education, March 28, 2010 ( http://chronicle.com/article/How-Uncle-Sam-Can-Support/64834/ ) is thought-provoking for reforming and transforming research universities and doctoral education.Innovation is the golden economic engine, and the research universities should play a big role in spurring technological innovation. PQ on March 29, 2010 From The chronicle of Higher Education ( http://chronicle.com/article/How-Uncle-Sam-Can-Support/64834/ ): March 28, 2010 How Uncle Sam Can Support Innovation By Tom Katsouleas Universities evolve slowly, typically on century-long time scales, but they are changing again, and a new role is emergingthat of innovation engines. This is a desirable and much-needed transformation in a world in which both polar caps and Wall Street are melting. But it won't come about without two key changes: an acceptance of this mission by faculty members and a new type of federal investment in translational research and education (geared toward bridging the gap between basic research discoveries and practical applications), analogous to the establishment of federal financing of basic research after World War II. Shortly after the war, the United States began investing an average of 0.2 percent of gross domestic product in basic research, mostly at universities. That had a transformative effect on American research universities, turning them from repositories of knowledge into prolific creators of knowledge. Today's university still needs to preserve and generate knowledge, but also to play an increasing role in addressing urgent problems facing society. Recently the National Academy of Engineering and the National Science Foundation identified a list of the world's most critical challenges ( http://www.engineeringchallenges.org ). The challenges span issues as varied as sustainability and health, security and joy. It is clear that no single disciplinewhether public policy or engineering or medical sciencecan alone solve problems of such magnitude. Unfortunately, few universities plan to aggressively go beyond research to its translation into practice. Something is missing from our teaching curricula and research plansand that is innovation. For research universities to realize their full potential in tackling global grand challenges and engaging society, revolutionary changes are needed in federal policy, educational programs, and the treatment of intellectual property. The first barrier is the lack of a broad support mechanism for translational research and education. The federal investment in basic research is approximately $43-billion per year. Yet the investment in translational research and education is negligible and has been left to efforts like the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Technology Innovation Program, private foundations like the Coulter Foundation, and projects geared more narrowly to the private sector, like Small Business Innovation Research programs. The emphasis of federal agencies such as the National Science Foundation on basic research and basic-research education has inadvertently created a formidable valley of deatha gap in financing to take the promising new concepts discovered at universities and make them ready for licensing and commercial development by private companies. Why, in our current finance models, have we created such a barrier, and how can we fix it? The United States has been fumbling with this problem since 1980, when the Bayh-Dole Act was passed. That made it possible for universities to profit from licensing their intellectual property to the private sector. It was a turning point in our history, representing both recognition of the value of universities' intellectual property and a desire to benefit society in the form of goods, products, and services. The collective investment of American universities in licensing and tech-transfer offices, on the order of $400-million annually, yields more than 500 new start-up businesses, and many more licenses, per year. That's good, and one could even say an essential competitive American advantage. But it's still a small fraction of the basic-research budget, and an order of magnitude less than support for universities from philanthropy. Two things limit broader translation of intellectual property: the gap, discussed above, in financing translational innovation, and the mandate that university licensing offices recover their costs as quickly as possible. To remedy the second problem, universities should reward the number and impact of technologies transferred rather than early revenue returns, and should allow for more back-end equity from private partners that use the university-created technology, in exchange for lower immediate licensing fees. But what about the first problem, the valley of death in government funds for translational innovations? Recently U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, Nobel laureate in physics, announced a program to create three energy research hubs aimed directly at research to bridge that gap. That is a good start, but it needs to be spread to all of basic research and to all universities, not just energy. How can we do that, and how much would it cost? Fortunately for us, as recent surveys from the National Academy of Engineering have shown, we have a generation of students who are more motivated than ever to see their discoveries and inventions affect society. Why not offer translational-research education to every one of the 30,000 Ph.D.'s graduating each year in science and engineering fields? Such an education should include performing an impact or market analysis of the student's field; minicourses tailored to Ph.D.'s in business skills, finance and accounting, science policy, entrepreneurship, etc.; and mentoring from successful entrepreneurs and from faculty members outside the sciences on how their work is informed by and affects society at large. If one out of every five to 10 Ph.D. students were to take on that extra dimension in their training, and if start-up resources were provided for the top 20 percent, the total cost would be on the order of 1 percent of the federal basic research budget. But the multiplier of the benefits to the economy and for society would be far greater. Such a federal investment is needed because unlike undergraduate and master's education, doctoral education is financed almost entirely through faculty research projects. There is no agency with a mandate to accept proposals for translational research and education except on a pilot levelbut we need our government to own this problem and the exciting possibilities for our country. Now is the time to make a transformative change in the role of research universities. The United States will never recapture its title as a global leader until America turns its ivory towers into golden economic engines and engages future generations of students in tackling the world's most important problems. Tom Katsouleas is dean of Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering
主页 IBM researchers 著名科学家、工程师、企业家诞生的摇篮，原初推动IT产业发展的伟大公司。 Thomas J. Watson Sr. (1874 - 1956) Thomas J. Watson Sr. in mid-1920's 1874 born in Campbell, N.Y. 1892 began his career at age 18 as bookkeeper in Clarence Risley's Market in Painted Post, N.Y. Later, he sold pianos and sewing machines in the same village. 1895 took a job as a salesman with National Cash Register Company and later became general sales manager. 1913 married Jeannette M. Kittredge, daughter of an Ohio industrialist. They had four children. 1914 joined CTR (Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co) as general manager. 1915 became president of CTR. After he was cleared of antitrust charges lingering from his tenure at NCR, Watson was promoted to president. 1924 CTR became IBM. 1937 became president of the International Chamber of Commerce. 1956 died at age 82. President Eisenhower declared, In the passing of Thomas J. Watson, the nation has lost a truly fine American - an industrialist who was first of all a great citizen and a great humanitarian. Thomas J. Watson Jr. (1914 - 1993) Thomas J. Watson Jr. in 1939 1914 born in Dayton, Ohio. 1933 entered Brown University. 1937 graduated from Brown University and joined IBM as a salesman in downtown Manhattan. 1940-1945 served as a B-24 pilot in the U.S. Army Air Corps. 1941 married Olive Field Cawley. They had a son and five daughters. 1946 returned from war and rejoined IBM, within a year he became vice president and a member of the board of directors. 1956 became IBM CEO. 1971 stepped down as chairman and CEO after suffering a heart attack. T. Vincent Learson became CEO. Watson said, This is a very sentimental moment for me, because I am stepping down from a job that I have valued more than anything in my life outside of my own family. Watson remained on the board and served as chairman of the executive committee. 1979 served as U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union until 1981. 1985 stepped down from IBM board. Watson retired at age 70, ending more than 70 years of Watson family leadership at IBM. He remained chairman emeritus and a member of IBM's advisory board. 1993 died at 79 in Greenwich, Conn. Perhaps the most important legacy of his leadership can be summarized in just three words: IBM means service, says IBM Chairman and CEO Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
As a man who takes research as his/her career, it is always to have to beat yourself. In research area, it is only the number one who can carve his name on the memory stone of science history.
For a whole month, I was taking time off for remodeling at home. Each morning, I would take my son to school and then make a quick stop at my office to check my numerical experiments. Since I am only allowed to park next to my office building for 15 mins before 4 pm, there is very little I could do in such a hurry. Still, a quick stop allows me to check new output and submit new jobs. When there is a need, I would return after dinner to spend more time there. Yesterday was the first time I went back to work with an intention to stay. What a calm feeling that was! Since my office neighbors were either retired or on vacation, I was all by myself. It was so quiet and peaceful I was able to review all the recent experiments and make decisions about what to do next. In particular, I regained control of my personal Web page, which was moved to a different server a couple of weeks ago. This Web page is my lifeline to my collaborators, one in Maryland on the east coast, one in India, and one all over the world like a wandering soul. I am on a small island in the mid of the Pacific Ocean, but here is the action center of our NSF-funded project to unlock the mystery behind the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Every day at work (which could be a Saturday or Sunday), I analyze new model output by making various plots and then summarize these results. I condense the information and then post it on the Web. Yes, I am conversing with my computer screen all the time, as I am doing right now, talking to you, my Blog reader. A Web page is a great tool for research. Even if your collaborators are not so far away, I would still recommend you to try it. Here is why. 1) It helps me to organize my thoughts. I can access it while I am home when sudden an idea comes to me 2) It is a shared document for a group of people during a conference call. I use it as a PPT. Though my colleagues are supposed to be able to read it without my help, live discussions are always much more fruitful and fun. 3) Web page is green, since its paperless. No tree branches are wasted. Ok, not totally carbon neutral, since it still uses computers and electricity. p.s. Thank goodness my home remodeling is winding down. My contractors are great people. Believe it or not, I trust them. (I was taught NOT to trust anyone in U.S., but I think one has to trust someone sometime.) They give me good ideas and want the best for me. Of course, I have to pay for their work. BUT, how often can you pay to get rid of stresses, such as the ONES you would encounter while doing home renovation? I am so glad I can afford hiring these people.
一直深知文献信息对科研的重要性，因此曾经沉溺于 灰色检索 而不能自拔，虽然先前看了很多检索的帖子，也逛过不少的检索论坛，但总感觉缺乏体系，走到现在，甚至连检索的科学含义也不曾理解，直到看到了这本书（ How to Find Information ， A guide for researchers ， Second Edition ， Sally Rumsey ），让我有了种耳目一新的感觉，至少可以说，对检索有了一个比较科学的看法。计划好好研读此书，坚持做笔记和实践。 先从目录开始，对全书的结构有一个比较清楚的概念。 Contents 1 The information gathering process 1 The process 1 The skills required 2 Defining the subject 2 Defining the purpose and scope of the research 5 Setting up and getting started 5 Plan of campaign 6 第一章主要针对信息收集的过程，要求目标明确，并事先做好计划。 2 Making the most of a library 9 Getting to know your library and librarian 9 第二章强调图书馆的用途（虽然现在大部分都 E 化了，但老版的书和文献还是需要去图书馆查找的） 3 Finding information about existing research 16 The type of research referred to in this chapter 16 Access to information about research 16 Indexes and online databases of research activity 17 Research Councils UK and other funding bodies 19 Theses 20 第三章讲如何找到现有研究概况的信息，更多强调的是对研究机构的介绍 4 The type and detail of information required 23 Introduction 23 Types of information 24 Primary and secondary sources 25 Multidisciplinarity and subject overlap 26 Defining the area and limits of the research 26 How much information is appropriate? 27 What is already known? 27 Planning an information finding strategy 27 第四章讲所需信息的类型和细节 5 Discovering relevant materials 29 Resource discovery: where details of relevant materials can be found 29 What are abstracts and indexes? 30 Online bibliographic databases 31 Issues relating to online databases 32 e-Books 41 Catalogues and bibliographies 42 Open access materials 46 Other sources and types of information 46 Selecting sources relevant to the subject 47 第五章讲如何如何发现相关材料（个人认为，重在积累！） 6 The online searching process 49 The importance of planning a search 49 The online searching process 51 How to plan a search strategy 52 When to run the search 76 Evaluating the results 76 Saving the results 77 Completion of the search 77 第六章讲在线检索的过程（制定策略 - 检索 - 评价 - 保存结果），是下面几节的总领 7 Citation searching 79 What is citation searching and why is it important? 79 Citation indexes 81 When to stop 82 Electronic citation searching 82 Problems associated with citation searching 85 Cross-referencing 86 第七章讲引文检索的相关问题 8 Obtaining the full text 88 Introduction 88 Location of items at the home institution 91 Locating items not held in the home institution 91 Searching the catalogues of other collections 92 Locating electronic materials 93 Finding a commercial source of the material 95 Grey literature 96 Other sources for locating materials 96 第八章讲获取全文的问题，虽然有一小节涉及了灰色检索，但好像没有很多有用的信息，等读到那部分再仔细看看 9 Using the World Wide Web for research 99 Introduction 99 Means of locating information on the WWW 100 Accessing the selected site 101 Subject gateways 102 Using search engines 103 Evaluating information found on the WWW 109 Some useful tips 111 第九章建议使用万维网来进行研究（毕竟现在网络实在太发达了） 10 Accessing materials 112 Introduction 112 Accessing physical materials held at the home institution 113 e-Resources available via the home institution 113 Using other libraries 115 Document delivery services 115 Open access to scholarly publications 117 Persistent identifiers 120 Accessing other sources of information 120 第十章讲获得的资源（和全文的区别？以后看了才知道了） 11 Evaluation of resources 124 The importance of evaluation 124 Criteria for evaluation 125 第十一章讲对资源的评价 12 Citing references 129 Terminology 129 The purpose of citing references 130 Citation and reference style 131 第十二章讲参考文献的相关问题 13 Keeping records 137 Efficient searching and well ordered records 137 Maintaining records of searches 137 Saving records and details of works accessed 138 Bibliographic software 140 第十三章讲对检索过程和结果进行记录，用于监控和优化 14 Intellectual property and plagiarism 144 Introduction 144 Intellectual property 144 IP considerations when researching and creating documents 148 The IP of the researchers work 149 Plagiarism 151 第十四章讲一些学术道德问题 15 The research community and keeping up to date 154 Introduction 154 The research community 155 Conferences, conventions, colloquia, and symposia 157 Alerting or current awareness services 158 Mailing/discussion lists 160 第十五章讲学术团体问题，要求与时俱进，有交流才有进步！ 16 The changing landscape of research 162 Introduction 162 JISC activities 163 Dissemination of research results 163 Searching for research materials 167 Open URLs 168 e-Books and e-theses 169 The importance of data 170 The e-science programme and the Grid 170 Means of managing and presenting information 171 Digital preservation and curation 172 Research Information Network (RIN) 173 Journal impact factors, peer review, and citation services 173 第十六章讲科研的一些新的变化 在开始正文之前，摘抄点前言的 Highlight ： 1. What is information? In the context of this book, it is any resource such as a document, book, or other format required by the researcher that informs, and contributes to extending their knowledge. 注意，不要以得到全文为乐了，那仅仅是冰山的一角啊！ 2. It is the relevance of information that is crucial the right information available from the most appropriate source at the right time. 如何从相关信息得到灵感才是最重要的：在适当的时间从适当的资源处得到合适的信息，而非越多越好，真正的高手是讲究少而精的。 3. deciding what information is required finding details of what is available obtaining the required information managing and using that information 简洁精练地概括了检索的全部过程，很多人热衷于第二和第三阶段（我就是），而忽略首末两阶段的直接后果就是迷失方向，虽然精通了检索的手段，但到了最后不知道检索的目的，也不知道检索结果的价值，本末倒置（做人何尝不是这样呢）。
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends”please read my 公告 栏 first. An unending and unresolved discussion among concerned citizens and scientists is the support for basic research. A couple of readers of my recent blog articles also raised this issue with me. I don’t pretend that I have a perfect solution for this problem, but merely respond here with my personal observations. 1. One reason citizens and governments support basic research is the “Serendipity” factor. The history of science is full of examples where seemingly useless theory turns out to be crucial in applications later on. Einstein’s theory of relativity surely does not seem to affect any practical things we do, particularly at the time of its invention. But without it, our ubiquitous GPS system found in modern autos would not be possible (see http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=247269 ). Furthermore, the communication satellites used in the GPS was first proposed in science fiction literature by Arthur C. Clarke who also famously said “ New ideas pass through three periods: 1) It can't be done. 2) It probably can be done, but it's not worth doing. 3) I knew it was a good idea all along!” Basic research often passes through similar stages concerning whether or not it represents public money well spent. 2. Basic research can be problem-driven . Especially in academia and universities, basic research can be supported by national goals or society wishes. Note problem-driven is different from applied . Industrial research is applied and aimed at produce products and profits for the company. 3. Basic research can also be methodology oriented , e.g., the theory of automatic control and optimization. Such effort clearly can be justified on economic grounds 4. Society and government support Arts and Music. These efforts do not benefit people in a material way, nor do they benefit all people. But no one would argue against the notion that a civilization without Art and Music will be a lifeless and dull existence indeed. Basic research holds the same kind of inspiration and beauty. 5. Not every bit of basic research needs to be an invention or discovery. Much effort in basic research deal with the codification and simplification of knowledge. Without such efforts, human beings cannot possibly deal with the expansion and accumulation of knowledge through the ages. 6. Chinese culture is heavily experience based rather than knowledge based. Medicine is one example that comes to mind. It is more a matter of 知其然 and not so much 知其所以然 . Since experience must be based on reality, I submit in the Chinese collective conscience there is a preference for “applied” or applications. 7. Even accepting the desirability of basic research, there is the question of “How Much?”. After all, it is mostly public money we are spending to do it. This question of course does not have a simple answer. In a democratic society as opposed to a dictatorship, it is an issue of supply and demand, public policy, culture, and general education level of the populace. Take the example of Western (or Chinese) opera. This used to be a popular art form for the general public before the days of movies, radio, broadcast, cable, and satellite, television. But nowadays it is supported largely by rich patrons, foundations, and the educated elite. The amount of funds for and what kinds of basic research in general should also follow the complex interactions of the market and society. 8. Lastly, it is the responsibility of scientists themselves to communicate the needs for and benefits of basic research to the public. By and large, scientists do a relatively poor job in this regard. Some arrogant scientists even look down at any popularization effort and deem such endeavor to be beneath them. They are the equivalent of the high priests of old religion and cults (the less the public understand, the better. Mystery let me kept my position and power). My past blog articles clearly demonstrates that I do not agree with this view. The best defense for democracy is an educated public. One of the main purposes of platform such as ScienceNet is to educate and provide a forum for the civilized discussion of the history, administration, support, and understanding of science and technology but not a place for quarrels and shouting down others. Long may she live and prosper.
美国这边就是这个特点，必须自己找topic，但是必须是在导师的框架下。如果找不到，就一直这么找下去，有人甚至好几年都找不到。 做研究，到底什么是做研究。在来美之前，我一直认为，一定要找到能够有实用价值的课题。但是后来，可能也是由于环境的影响。让我对研究这样一个概念，有了不同的理解。特别是在看过一部影片，《爱因斯坦与艾丁顿》之后，让我对研究有了全新的认识。 一开始，刚来的时候，当时，导师说希望我能够发表高质量的论文，我心里还有抵触情绪。为什么会这样呢？因为，在国内，很多文章，特别是为了评职称，需要凑很多文章，这样，文章也就只能胡拼瞎凑了，根本没有理论上的价值，实用价值也没有。所以，我也就在心里把写文章和这种不严谨的作风联系了起来。 但是，后来才转过弯来，原来写文章的真正目的，是在学术期刊这样一个平台上，发表自己的见解，报告自己的研究进展，从而与其他的研究人员进行沟通，甚至于还可以为一个问题进行辩论。因为爱因斯坦与拉普拉斯进行谈论的时候，也是希望发表高质量的文章。也就是在学术上有所见解。 又扯远了，还是回到找topic这个问题上。 有人一谈到找topic，马上就说，多看论文吧。多看文章，到底没有错。但到底应该怎么看？ 首先，应针对自己感兴趣的领域，去找这方面的好文章，至于什么是好文章，被好文章引用的一般来说是好文章，特别是那些非常严谨的科学家，你只要去读他的文章，只要按照他所给出来的关于一些具体知识点的出处，也就是所做的引用出处，你就可以找到很多文章。你会发现，在读文章时所遇到的很多问题，都可以在看相应的引用文章时找到答案。 然后，只是这么读不行，光把别人的东西理解还远远不够，虽然理解是第一步，是在学习别人的经验。关键要找到启发点，也就是那些能够让你产生新想法的地方。这就需要在阅读别人文章的时候，充分发挥联想能力，一个比较好的例子就是，scaling law of human travel，我已经在以前的博文中表扬过这篇文章了。作者竟然能够把一个非常有趣的问题，从钞票的流通规律联想到人类的旅行规律。 还有，就是应该在现实生活中，多多思考。在《美丽心灵》中，有一个情节，纳什看到鸟儿觅食马上激发了灵感。当然，这个灵感的出现，应该是基于雄厚的理论知识。但是，联想想象也是非常重要。 雄厚的理论知识，一个坚固的内核，是研究的基石。有了雄厚的理论知识，也非常有利于自己找到topic，比如在看到别人对具体问题的解决过程中，如果自己再另外一种方法论的领域非常熟悉，那么，你马上就会想到，用我所熟悉的另外一种方法能否将这个问题加以解决？
Relaxing Restrictions on Stem Cell Research 2009年3月13日，Science报道（全文见图上的链接），美国总统巴拉克奥巴马签署一项行政命令，废除了由美国前总统乔治布什于2001年8月9日发布的限制干细胞研究规定，为干细胞研究松绑，实乃生物医学研究的一大幸事！
Effect of Darwinsim to Todays Research Enterprise and Universities The year of 2009 marks and celebrates Charles Darwins 200 th birthday (Feb. 12) and the 150 th anniversary of his famous book On the Origin of Species (Nov. 24).The impact of Darwinsim to every aspect of todays life is obvious, enormous and daunting.Darwinism seems to emphasize the selfish sides of human nature and more favor capitalism, and it did thus not get along well with socialism.However, man is an evolved species, and his behavior makes no sense unless its evolution is comprehended (The Economist 2008).In other words, evolution explains not only the nasty and darker side of humanity, but also the nice ones. The above reminds me the evolved process of todays research enterprise and universities.The funding and sponsorship in todays research environment becomes so paramount. Without a well-funded program, it is often difficult (not mention impossible) to achieve any advancement and growth in a research enterprise. Thus, the evaluation system and wellbeing of todays research universities more ties to the funding level of its enterprise (e.g., the research university itself in general and the PI (principal investigator) in particular).Such a trend of pursuing funding and sustaining a viable program fits the bill of Darwinsim and promotes competitiveness.However, it may sometimes overshadow scholarship, i.e., the notion of Funded or Perish rather than Publish or Perish.Pressure of pursuing funding with an intention to sustain a viable research enterprise pushes the researchers working more diligently and aggressively and spending more time in proposal writing and PR campaigning.At the same time, rush in research and rapid scientific progress and discovery all become plausible. Hope that the Darwinsim phenomenon in research enterprise and universities will lead to real scientific discovery, not just its competitiveness and natural selection.Of course, both the nasty and nice sides of research enterprises revolution are unavoidable. References: Evolution: Of music, murder and shopping, The Economist, Dec. 20 th , 2008. p.18.
The year of 2009 marks and celebrates Charles Darwins 200 th birthday (Feb. 12) and the 150 th anniversary of his famous book On the Origin of Species (Nov. 24).The impact of Darwinsim to every aspect of todays life is obvious, enormous and daunting.Darwinism seems to emphasize the selfish sides of human nature and more favor capitalism, and it did thus not get along well with socialism.However, man is an evolved species, and his behavior makes no sense unless its evolution is comprehended (The Economist 2008).In other words, evolution explains not only the nasty and darker side of humanity, but also the nice ones. The above reminds me the evolved process of todays research enterprise and universities.The funding and sponsorship in todays research environment becomes so paramount. Without a well-funded program, it is often difficult (not mention impossible) to achieve any advancement and growth in a research enterprise. Thus, the evaluation system and wellbeing of todays research universities more ties to the funding level of its enterprise (e.g., the research university itself in general and the PI (principal investigator) in particular).Such a trend of pursuing funding and sustaining a viable program fits the bill of Darwinsim and promotes competitiveness.However, it may sometimes overshadow scholarship, i.e., the notion of Funded or Perish rather than Publish or Perish.Pressure of pursuing funding with an intention to sustain a viable research enterprise pushes the researchers working more diligently and aggressively and spending more time in proposal writing and PR campaigning.At the same time, rush in research and rapid scientific progress and discovery all become plausible. Hope that the Darwinsim phenomenon in research enterprise and universities will lead to real scientific discovery, not just its competitiveness and natural selection.Of course, both the nasty and nice sides of research enterprises revolution are unavoidable. References: Evolution: Of music, murder and shopping, The Economist, Dec. 20 th , 2008. p.18.
标签: research
