编者按 : 这是加州理工大学一篇关于钱老的文章。采访了当年的一位同事与好友 Frank Marble ，钱老乘船离开美国前几天就是住在他家里。这位同事后受邀到中科院讲学，与钱老又有过几次接触。 Marble 是钱学森在美国最好的，可能也是唯一的朋友。当年钱学森被打成异己分子。国防部让 Marble 不与钱学森来往，否则就取消他的保密级别。也就是不能接触国防有关的文献，也不能做与国防有关的研究。 Marble 拒接了国防部的要求。在钱学森倒霉的 5 年里，他放弃了他的保密级别。要知道，那时候，像林家翘等很多中国同行都不与钱学森来往。 这篇文章是 Marble 为了钱学森 90 岁生日的中国之行后写的。 Marble 把钱学森的六箱手稿整理后，运回了中国。这些手稿现在应该在西交大的图书馆吧。 Marble 跟我们说，因为他退休了，所以有时间把钱学森的手稿每一页都看了一遍。包括钱学森当年博士论文的手稿。 Tsien Revisited 回忆钱学森 First he was accused, thendetained, then deported. Any of this sound familiar? 他先是被指控，然后被拘留，最后被驱逐出境。是不是听起来有点耳熟？ But there was a twist to this tale. A Caltech professor talks about his long friendship with theCaltech-trained scientist who became the “father of Chinese rocketry." 但是，故事并非如此。一个加州理工学院的教授说起他跟加州理工学院毕业的科学家，后来成为 " 中国火箭之父 " 的钱学森时说到 : This past December, FrankMarble, PhD ’48, and his wife, Ora Lee, went to China to visit and help honor theirlongtime friend Tsien Hsue-Shen, PhD ’39. Many Caltechers, along with Americanswho lived through the Red Scare days of the ’50s, have at least a glancingfamiliarity with Tsien’s story: a brilliant student and later colleague ofaerospace pioneer Theodore von Kármán, commended by the U.S. Air Force for hiscontributions to its technological development after World War II, the Chinese-born scientist was accused of harboring Communist sympathies andstripped of his security clearance in 1950. Tsien and those who knew him bestsaid that the allegations were nonsense, and no evidence ever came to light tosubstantiate them. Despite that, and over a barrage of protests from colleaguesin academia, government, and industry, the INS placed him under a delayeddeportation order, and for the next five years he and family lived under U.S. governmentsurveillance and partial house arrest. In September 1955 they were permitted toleave for China. 去年 12 月， 1948 年博士学位获得者弗兰克 · 马勃 (FrankMarble) 和他的妻子欧拉 · 李 (OraLee) 前往中国访问，并向老朋友， 1939 年博士学位获得者钱学森颁发荣誉。许多加州理工学院的人，特别是那些跟美国人一起经历过五十年代的红色恐怖岁月的，对钱的故事多少都知道一点：一个优秀的学生，后来成为航天先驱冯卡门的同事，因二战后对技术发展做出的贡献得到美国空军的赞扬，这位中国出生的科学家被指控同情共产党，在 1950 年被取消机密工作资格。钱和那些了解他的人都说这些指控是无稽之谈，也没有任何证据证明这一点。尽管如此，移民局不顾来自学术界，政府和工业界的抗议，对钱下达了延迟驱逐令。在后来的 5 年里，他和家人在美国政府的监视和软禁中生活。 1955 年 9 月，他们被允许离开美国前往中国。 Received with open arms inhis homeland, Tsien resumed his research, founded the Institute of Mechanics,and, as one of the world’s leading authorities in aeronautics, went on tobecome the “father” of China’s missile program, a trusted member of thegovernment and Party’s inner circle, and the nation’s “most honored scientist.” 他的祖国对他张开双臂，钱恢复了他的研究，创立了力学研究所，作为世界航空学的领袖权威之一，逐渐成为中国的导弹计划 ( 只有政府信任的成员和党的核心圈子才能参加 )" 之父 " ，和中国 “ 最受尊敬的科学家 ” 。 Early in the INS saga,Tsien and his wife had planned to visit China so that their parents couldmeet their American-born grandchildren for the first time. But the INSimpounded his luggage and charged him with concealing classified documents—themost “secret” of which, suspected of containing security codes, turned out uponinspection to be a table of logarithms. In the meantime the FBI had decidedthat Tsien posed a security risk and imprisoned him in San Pedro; he was freedtwo weeks later after Caltech president Lee DuBridge, among others, flew to Washington to interveneon his behalf. These incidents undoubtedly helped Tsien to conclude, as heconfided to friends, that he had become “an unwelcome guest” in the country inwhich he had spent his whole scientific life. In any case, he was determined toavoid such problems again, and when he sailed to China, he deliberately left all ofhis research notes and papers behind. 早在移民局事件之前，钱和他的妻子曾计划访问中国，这样他们的父母能第一次见到在美国出生的孙子。但移民局扣押他的行李，指控他暗藏了机密文件，即最 “ 机密 ” 的含有安全编号的那种，但检查结果那其实是对数表。同时联邦调查局认定钱构成安全风险，并将他囚禁在圣佩德罗。加州理工学院院长李 · 杜布里奇 ( 还有其他人 ) 飞往华盛顿出面干预。两个星期后他被释放。这些事件无疑促使了钱下结论，如他私下对朋友说的，在这个度过了他的整个科学生活的国家，他已成为 “ 不受欢迎的客人 ” 。他决心避免这些问题在任何情况下再次发生。当他乘船返回中国时，他特意留下了他的研究笔记和论文。 Among the handful of peoplewho saw the Tsien family off in 1955 were Frank and Ora Lee Marble. Marble andTsien had struck up a warm friendship as aeronautics colleagues, and the Tsienfamily had stayed at the Marbles’ Pasadena home during their final weeks in theUnited States. After Tsien’s departure, he and Marble correspondedintermittently; then, with the onset of the Cultural Revolution in China, Marblestopped hearing from him. In 1979 Caltech named Tsien a recipient of theDistinguished Alumni Award in recognition of his pioneering work in rocketscience, but Tsien, although he sent a gracious acknowledgment, did not come tocampus to collect it. 在 1955 年只有几个人目睹了了钱一家人离开美国，弗兰克和欧拉夫妇就是其一。弗兰克和钱是航空学术上的夥伴和好朋友。在美国停留的最后几个星期里，钱和家人就住在弗兰克位于帕萨迪纳的家中。钱离开美国后和弗兰克断断续续的有联络，文化大革命开始之后，弗兰克就再也没听到他的消息。 1979 年，鉴于他在火箭科学上的创举，加州理工学院授予钱 " 杰出校友 " 的名誉。尽管钱发出了礼貌的回复，但并没有到加州理工来领奖。 Time passes. In 1981, Frankand Ora Lee received an invitation from the ChineseAcademy of Sciences to come to Beijing and teachcombustion technology and English. respectively, at the Academy’s newlyestablished Graduate School of Science andTechnology, a small research institute partly modeled on Caltech. Shortlyafterward, the Marble and Tsien families were reunited for the first time in 25years. Marble recalls his feelings before they met. “We had had very differentexperiences and lived in such different circumstances. Would our old, easygoingfriendship and discussions resume? Or was that something that just wasn’t goingto happen?” After half an hour, he says, he had his answer. “There was noobstacle.” 时光流逝。 1981 年，弗兰克和欧拉收到了中国科学院的邀请，来到北京，在中科院新成立的研究生院 ( 一个小型的研究机构，有点类似加州理工 ) 一个教燃烧技术，一个教英语。紧接着，弗兰克和钱一家在分别 25 年后首次团聚了。弗兰克回忆重逢前自己的感受道 : “ 我们有着截然不同的经历，生活在截然不同的环境。曾经的轻松的友谊和讨论能否重现？还是什么都不会发生？ “ 半小时后，他得到了答案 : “ 毫无问题 ” 。 The two families kept intouch after that and saw each other again in China in 1991. In the years sinceTsien had returned to China,Marble had taken on the project of collecting and organizing the extensiveresearch notes—two large file cabinets worth, it turned out—that Tsien had leftat Caltech. Tsien repeatedly said he did not want them back, telling Marble attheir 1981 reunion, “Frank, American students need them much more than Chinesestudents.” A decade or so ago, however, he had a change of heart, and, with thehelp of Tsien’s colleague Cheng Che-Min, PhD ’52, Marble returned thecollection to China.Some papers went to the Institute of Mechanics, founded decades earlier byTsien, and others now form the core holdings of the Tsien Library, which theChinese government had established at Xi’an Jiatong University, about 600 milessouthwest of Beijing. The Chinese Academy of Sciencessubsequently brought out selections from the collection as an elegant, coffeetable-type book entitled Manuscripts of H. S. Tsien 1938–1955, whosepublication coincided with the December 2001 symposium cele-brating Tsien’s90th birthday. 自此，这两个家庭保持联系，在 1991 年他们又相聚了。钱回国之后，弗兰克接手了收集和整理大量的研究笔记的项目 -- 两个大文件柜的笔记，结果这些是钱离开加州理工学院时留下的。钱一再表示，他不打算要回。 1981 年团聚时他对弗兰克说 : “ 弗兰克，美国学生比中国学生更需要它们。 ” 然而十多年前他改变了主意，在钱的同事郑哲敏 ( 加州理工 1952 年博士 ) 的帮助下，弗兰克将笔记还给了中国。一部分笔记到了钱多年前创立的力学研究所，其他的成为今天钱学森图书馆的核心财产，钱学森图书馆是中国政府在西安交通大学设立的。中国科学院后来在这些笔记中选取一部分，出版了一本优雅的适合放在茶几阅读的书，叫《钱学森手稿（ 1938 ～ 1955 ）》，这本书出版时， 2001 年 12 月，碰巧是庆祝钱 90 岁生日的专题讨论会。 When Marble went to visitTsien for that event, he went both as a friend and as the official emissary ofCaltech and President Baltimore, bringing with him the Distinguished AlumniAward that the Institute had presented to Tsien in absentia 23years ago. Tsien is now permanently confined to bed, so Marble made the formalpresentation at his bedside in a ceremony that received widespread coverage inChina, and at last provided a fitting coda to Tsien’s long, complicated, andnever completely sundered association with Caltech. 当弗兰克为此事件去访问钱时，他的身份既是一个朋友，也是加州理工学院和院长巴尔的摩的使者，带着加州理工 23 年前缺席颁发给钱的杰出校友奖。钱已经长期卧床，因此弗兰克在他的床边举行了正式的颁奖仪式，这一典礼得到了中国的广泛报道，并最终对钱与加州理工学院长期的，复杂的，但从未完全断裂的关系提供了一个恰当的尾声。 Marble, who is Caltech’sHayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Professor of Jet Propulsion,Emeritus, spoke with Caltech News editor Heidi Aspaturian about his recent tripand earlier visits with Tsien in China. 加州理工学院的机械工程海曼教授和退休的喷气推进教授弗兰克，在接受 " 加州理工学院新闻 " 的编辑海蒂的采访时谈到了他最近一次，和早些时候去中国访问钱学森。 Tsien does not speak muchEnglish any more, but his family tells me that he still understands it quitewell. He was thoroughly aware that I was presenting Caltech’s highest honor tohim at the official request of David Baltimore, and I think he was deeplyimpressed with and appreciative of that. 钱已经不怎么说英语了，但他的家人说他听得懂。他很清楚我应院长巴尔的摩的要求，向他颁发加州理工的最高荣誉，我想他对此印象深刻，充满感激。 We weren’t able to talk muchduring my most recent visit, but when I saw him in 1991 and again in 1996, wehad some very interesting conversations. I think in general we both felt lessconstrained than we had during our reunion in 1981. One comment he made to mein 1991 particularly stands out: “You know, Frank, we’ve done a lot for China. Peoplehave enough food. They’re working and progress is being made. But Frank,they’re not happy.” He felt very bad about that—almost, I think, a little bitresponsible for it, although it was not an area he was involved in at all. Hisarea of activity was military and civilian rocketry, and this was strictly apersonal observation. That was about as far as he ever went in saying thatthings were not ideal. 我们最近一次会面交谈不多。但是 1991 年和 1996 年见面时，我们有一些非常有趣的交谈。我想，比 1981 年团聚我们都少了一份拘束。 1991 年，他跟我说的一段话格外引人瞩目： “ 你知道，弗兰克，我们已经为中国做了很多。人们有足够的食物。他们努力工作并正在取得进展。但他们不开心。 “ 他感觉很糟糕，我觉得，他似乎觉得自己要为此负责，尽管这根本不是他涉及的领域。他的活动领域是军事和民用火箭，这是严格意义上我个人的看法。这大概是有史以来他说过的最不乐观的话了。 He obviously has good memoriesof Caltech. He speaks of the Institute most fondly, and I think that he feelsthat his time on campus was one of the most enjoyable of his life. In a letterthat his wife, Tsiang Ying, wrote us after our recent visit, she said thatTsien still loves to reminisce about Theodore von Kármán and the wonderfultimes he had at Caltech and to tell the old von Kármán jokes. So I think hestills feels very emotionally tied to the Institute. But it’s important to rememberthat during the entire five-year episode with the INS, Caltech was very good tohim. The Institute continued to honor his professorship and to respect hisreputation. My understanding is that Lee DuBridge, who vigorously supportedTsien, had difficulties with the Board of Trustees, some of whose members wereembarrassed by Tsien’s situation. 他显然对美国加州理工学院有着美好的回忆。他谈到加州理工时最深情，我认为他觉得在加州理工的时光是他最愉快的时光之一。我们最近一次见面后，他的妻子蒋英写给我们的信中说，钱仍喜欢回忆冯卡门和怀念在加州理工的美好时光和讲老冯卡门的笑话。所以我想他跟加州理工仍有感情上的牵连。但重要的是要记住，在移民局软禁他们的整整 5 年中，加州理工学院对他非常好。学院保持了他的教授职务，并尊重他的声誉。我的理解是，曾大力支持钱的院长李杜布里奇，跟董事会有些矛盾，一些董事会成员因为钱的的事情觉得尴尬。 Once Tsien returned to China, I don’tthink he ever made another trip West. He did travel once to the Soviet Union. Evidently he did not endear himself to hishosts, and he never went back. Otherwise, so far as I know, he did not leave China. I wouldguess that this was largely by choice—he never was a great one for traveling. Ithink that he felt he had so many things to do at home that he had no realdesire to go elsewhere. 一旦钱返回中国，他再也没访问过西方。他曾经前往苏联。显然他没有使东道主喜欢上他，他后来就再也没回去过。除此之外，据我所知他没有离开过中国。我猜想，这是他自己的选择，他从来就不是一个伟大的旅行家。我认为他觉得他有那么多事情要在家里做，他没有真正的愿望去别处。 Tsien never spoke to me abouthow his life and scientific career in America had ended. He was not aperson for looking back or for ruminating about how things might have been. Hewas very much a realist, and my feeling is that he just tuned those last fiveyears in Americaout. I do know that he felt, at least when all this started, that he would beable to do better work in the United States than he would initially in China,where research conditions at the time were very primitive. I believe that oncehe returned to China,what he found there was pretty much what he had expected. But he did have veryable people working with him. Many of them had studied in the United States,and they were devoted to him. I met a few of those who had worked with him inthe early days, and they had the highest praise for the way he had laid out anddirected the program for rocketry development. I think that Tsien also had thegreat personal advantage of being technically and scientifically on top ofthings, and he also had the ear of the government. By virtue of his expertiseand reputation he could convince officials of what needed to be done and accomplishthings that other people couldn’t. 钱从来没有与我谈过他的生活和科学事业如何在美国结束了。他不是一个喜欢回顾和琢磨假设这样情况会哪样的人。他在很大程度上是一个现实主义者，我觉得他只是去淡忘在美国的那五年。我知道的是他认为 ( 至少在这一切开始之后 ) 比在中国刚开始时，他在美国可以做更好的工作，因为当时中国的研究条件非常简陋。我相信，当他回到中国时，他发现一切跟他预期的差不多。但确实有一些非常能干的人与他一起工作。其中许多人曾留学美国，他们为他奉献。我见过几个初期与他共事的人，他们对他制定和指导火箭发展计划的方式表达了高度的赞扬。我认为，钱有科技上巨大的个人优势，他也有政府的耳朵。通过他的专业知识和声誉，他可以说服政府官员要做什么，而其他人则无法做到。 He did not talk about hisexperiences during that era. We were both very careful to avoid discussionabout anything that touched on sensitive issues. We would talk about everyother subject—family, music, literature, and some scientific work that wasmutually interesting. He was very enthusiastic and intrigued about some of thework I was doing on combustion processes in vortex flows and told me, “Frank,you have been more honest to von Kármán than I have.” What he meant was that Iwas still involved in the fundamental research areas that von Kármán had workedin, but that he was now in a very different mode of operation. 他没有谈论他在那个时代的经历。我们都非常小心地避开敏感问题。我们谈论其他话题，比如家庭，音乐，文学和一些共同喜好的科学工作。他对我的旋涡流动的燃烧过程工作很热情和很好奇，并对我说： “ 弗兰克，你比我对冯卡门更诚实一些。 ” 他的意思是，我还在冯卡门工作过的基础研究领域，但他有非常不同的运作模式。 Tsien, of course, became ahigh-ranking, trusted Party official, but it was evident that he had hadtrouble during the Cultural Revolution. I heard from his colleagues, but neverdirectly from him, that like many leading scientists and intellectuals, hewrote one or two letters of “confession.” Ying, his wife, had a veryinteresting experience. She was head of the Western Vocal Music Department atthe Beijing Conservatory, and commuted between work and home on a motorbike.Apparently the Red Guard was after her in some way and so for severalmonths—maybe as long as a year—she just lived at the conservatory until shethought it was safe to go out again. Her students brought her food and othernecessities. 当然钱成为一个高级别的可信任的党员，但很明显，他在文革期间也遇到了麻烦。我从来没有听他本人说过，但听他的同事说，像许多著名科学家和知识分子，他写了一两份 “ 检讨书 ” 。他的妻子蒋英则有一个非常有趣的经历。她当时是北京音乐学院西方声乐系主任，骑一辆电动自行车上下班。显然，红卫兵以某种方式跟踪了她几个月 - 或者一年，她就住在学校里哪都不去，直到她认为安全。她的学生给她送食物和其他必需品。 I also spoke to one of Tsien’sclose colleagues, Ch’ien Wei-Zhang. He had earned his doctorate in Canada, was apostdoc at Caltech, and had worked with Tsien at JPL. He also went back to China andpursued a very productive career there. During the Cultural Revolution, the RedGuard accused him of all sorts of things, and he wound up spending some time inthe countryside, stoking an open-hearth furnace for a time at asteel-manufacturing facility. He had a very difficult time of it. So bothTsien’s family and his research circle were affected, although Tsien himselfdoes not talk about that period beyond referring to it as “the 10 lost years.” 我曾跟钱的亲密同事钱伟长谈过话。他在加拿大获得了博士学位，曾在加州理工学院当博士后，并与钱在喷气推进实验室 (JPL) 共事。他也选择了返回中国继续成果丰硕的职业生涯。在文革期间，红卫兵指责他各种各样的事情，他在农村生活了一些时间，一度在一家钢铁厂给锅炉添加燃料。那时他非常艰难。因此，钱的家人和他的研究环境都受到了影响，但除了称之为 " 失去的 10 年 " 之外，钱自己从不谈论自己经历的困难。 Many people have said thatduring his last years in Pasadena Tsien was bitter. I never sensed that. He wasno doubt hurt, but I never saw him brooding about it. It was something that hadhappened, and, as he saw it, he had to react in a way that was appropriate.When he felt he was no longer welcome, he resigned from all the technicalsocieties and sometimes his letters were a bit curt. That was about the extentof it. Apart from the first six months between the cancellation of his securityclearance and the INS hearing, he and his family more or less went on with theirlives as usual. Their circle of acquaintances and friends did narrow, whichmust have been hard. A lot of his former colleagues had become a bit afraid ofassociating with him socially. 很多人说，在帕萨迪纳的最后几年，钱很痛苦。我从来没这么觉得。毫无疑问，他是受伤的，但我从未见过他对此耿耿于怀。事情发生了，在他看来，他必须以一种适当的方式作出反应。当他觉得他不受欢迎时，他辞去所有技术社团的职务，有时他的信很简短。程度仅此而已。在他的机密工作资格被取消到移民局听证会之间的半年时间里，他和他的家人或多或少像往常一样生活。他们的熟人和朋友圈缩小了，这必定是艰难的。他以前的很多同事害怕跟他有关联。 His children were both bornhere, and they have spent time in the United States as adults. His sondid graduate work at Caltech. His daughter studied medicine on the East Coastand has had quite a successful practice there, but she recently decided shewould return to Chinathis summer. Each of them now has a little boy. One of the tender-est picturesI have of Tsien shows him sitting in the backseat of his chauffeur-driven carwith one arm around each little four-year-old grandson. 他的两个孩子都出生在这里，在美国度过了成人的时光。他的儿子在加州理工学院从事研究。他的女儿在东海岸研究药物，在那里相当成功，但她最近决定今年夏天返回中国。他们各有一个小男孩。我有一张最温馨的照片，照片上钱坐在汽车后座，一手搂着一个 4 岁大的孙子。 I do think that after hisproblems with the INS, Tsien lost faith in the American government, but Ibelieve that he has always had very warm feelings for the American people. Thatcame through again and again in the public statements he made, both here duringthe INS hearings, and after he returned to China. But once he went back to China, I don’t think he wanted ever to deal withthe United Statesin an official capacity again. When Caltech’s former president Harold Brownvisited Chinaas secretary of defense in 1980, Tsien avoided seeing him. When I saw him thenext year, I said, “Tsien, you made a big error. Harold Brown is a great admirerof yours and a brilliant guy.” And he said, “I know. It was a mistake on mypart.” But that is how he felt about it. 我认为在跟移民局的问题之后，钱失去了对美国政府的信心，但我相信，他一向觉得美国人民很温暖。这在移民局听证会期间和返回中国之后他做出的公开声明中一而再，再而三地出现。但是，一旦他回到中国，我认为他不想以官方身份与美国打交道。当加州理工前院长布朗以国防部长的身份在 1980 年访问中国时，钱避免见到他。第二年当我看到他，我说： “ 钱，你犯了一个大错误。布朗是你的崇拜者和一个有才气的家伙。 “ 他说， ” 我知道。这是我的错误。 “ 不过，这就是他如何看待这件事的。 Looking back, I think the mostremarkable aspect of the five years he was detained is the resilience withwhich he returned to his teaching and research, making this period one of hismost productive and innovative. He was instrumentally involved in thedevelopment of the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center,Caltech’s academic focus of instruction and research in jet propulsion. 回想起来，我觉得他被拘留的 5 年里最显着的方面是，他愉快地回到教学和研究领域，这一时期是他最有成果和创新的时期之一。他参与了加州理工学院喷气推进教学和研究的学术重点 -” 丹尼尔和佛罗伦萨 · 古根海姆喷气推进中心 ” 的工作。 There’s always been a kind ofsingle-mindedness about his work. He decides what is to be done and heorganizes it and does it. He does not stop to think halfway through, is thisreally what I should be working on? And I believe he adopted the same attitudeonce he returned to China.He did not take time to indulge in speculation or fantasies about “what mighthave been.” He never indicated to me that he had. He was confronted with a newset of problems, and he devoted himself to working full time to solve them. 他的工作中一直有一种单一思维的态度。他决定怎么做，然后他安排并完成它。他并不在中途停下来思考 : 这真是我要做的吗？我相信当他返回中国，他也采取同样的态度。他没有沉迷于猜测和幻想 “ 事情可能会怎么样 ” ，他从来没有在我面前表现过这一点。他面临着一系列的新问题，和献出全身心来解决这些问题。
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