那种断言Y染色体会消失的逻辑很简单：在过去的3亿年里，Y染色体丢失了原有的1438个基因中的1393个基因，仅剩下45个基因（3%）！由此计算出Y染色体平均每100万年丢失4.6个基因，这意味着再过1000万年，Y染色体将完全消失，男人也将不复存在！ 事实果真如此吗？一个简单的事实就能驳倒这个断言：当人类在600万年至700万年前从 黑猩猩 分化出来后，其Y染色体还没有丢失一个基因（ 2005年报告 ），而当人类在2500万年前从恒河猴分化出来后，其Y染色体仅丢失一个基因（ 2012年报告 ）。换句话说，在过去的2500万年里，Y染色体是基本稳定的，没有出现过大规模基因丢失。 这说明Y染色体上基因丢失的速率已经趋缓或不再丢失，很可能可以丢失的基因（非必需基因）已经丢失了，而不能丢失的基因（必需基因）再也不会丢失了。 由此推论，Y染色体丢失的速度可能不是恒定的，也许早期丢失速度快，而晚期丢失速度慢或完全不丢失。也就是说，Y染色体“生物钟”可能走得很不准确，有时快，有时慢。 在2亿至3亿年前，人的Y染色体与X染色体有大约600个基因是相同的，但现在Y染色体上仅有19 个 基因与X染色体的基因 同源，其中12个基因与雄性性别决定及雄性器官发育无关，而是在心肌细胞和血液细胞中表达并发挥重要功能，决定着细胞的生死存亡，因而是其他基因无法替代的（ Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators . Nature 508: 494-499, 24 April, 2014 ） 。 不过，假如Y染色体上的基因仍以非常缓慢的速度丢失，那么Y染色体的最终消失只是时间问题。若这种情况真的出现，是否意味着男人消失乃至人类灭绝呢？让我们看看动物中的情形吧！事实上，有好几个啮齿类动物物种早已进入无Y染色体阶段，但它们却仍能照常传宗接代。那么，它们是如何完成有性生殖的呢？ 第一种解决方案是：Y染色体及其SRY基因完全消失，而其他基因（如TSPY、ZFY）则转移到X染色体上。有的只有一条X染色体，有的则有两条X染色体。第二种解决方案是：除了XX雌性外，还进化出XY雌性，其XY染色体都有大量修饰。第三种解决方案是：性染色体与常染色体融合形成新的X、Y染色体。 总之，即使Y染色体真的会消失，但男人绝对不会消失，大自然总会想出聪明的解决办法。因此，那种对 Y染色体消失 导致 男人消失及人类灭绝的担心完全是“杞人忧天”。 以下提供两个有关的英文科普视频链接，供对此感兴趣的读者参考。 Y Chromosome Not In Danger Of Going Extinct After All Male Y Sex Chromosome Not Headed for Extinction 咖啡杯里的水仙（纪如璟原唱，曾庆平翻唱）
论述“大丈夫”最有名的话是孟子的话。《孟子 · 滕文公下》：“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，此之谓大丈夫。” 另一句话一般人不太熟悉，就是南宋著名的文学家和爱国诗人、与文天祥同科中进士谢枋得的话。谢枋得《与李培养吾书》：“大丈夫行事，论是非不论利害，论逆顺不论成败，论万世不论一生。志之所在，气亦随之；气之所在，天地鬼神亦随之。” 古人学问讲究身体力行，即如大丈夫，做得到也很难呀！ 有人将孟子的话“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”译为“ Immune to temptations, poverty can not be changed, not to be subdued by force ”（ 注意：这个翻译拷贝自网络，翻译不准确，甚至语法有误 。），“大丈夫”译为“ real man ”（“ Big husband ”似不合适）。但英语里“ real man ”绝没有中文里的这些道德深义，可见“大丈夫”并没有对应的英语单词。“ real man ”的意思可参见： Top 10: Traits Of A Real Man - AskMen 、 28 Ways To Spot A Real Man - BuzzFeed 。
Why Men Need Women By ADAM GRANT Published: July 20, 2013 WHAT makes some men miserly and others generous? What motivated Bill Gates, forexample, to make more than $28 billion in philanthropic gifts while many of hisbillionaire peers kept relatively tightfisted control over their personalfortunes? Newevidence reveals a surprising answer. The mere presence of female familymembers — even infants — can be enough to nudge men in the generous direction. In a provocative new study , the researchers Michael Dahl,Cristian Dezso and David Gaddis Ross examined generosity and what inspires itin wealthy men. Rather than looking at large-scale charitable giving, theylooked at why some male chief executives paid their employees more generouslythan others. The researchers tracked the wages that male chief executives atmore than 10,000 Danish companies paid their employees over the course of adecade. Interestingly, the chief executives paidtheir employees less after becoming fathers. On average, after chief executiveshad a child, they paid about $100 less in annual compensation per employee. To be a good provider, the researchers write, it’s all too common for a malechief executive to claim “his firm’s resources for himself and his growingfamily, at the expense of his employees.” But therewas a twist. When Professor Dahl’s team examined the data more closely, the changes in pay depended on thegender of the child that the chief executives fathered. They reducedwages after having a son, but not after having a daughter. Daughters apparently soften fathers andevoke more caretaking tendencies. The speculation is that aswe brush our daughters’ hair and take them to dance classes, we become gentler,more empathetic and more other-oriented. There areeven studies showing that American legislators with daughters vote more liberally ; this is also true of British male voterswho have daughters, especially in terms of referendum and policy choices aboutreproductive rights. “Afather takes on some of the preferences of his female offspring,” arguethe researchers Andrew Oswald at the University of Warwick and NattavudhPowdthavee, then at the University of York. For male chief executives, thisdaughter-driven empathy spike may account for more generous impulses towardemployees that temper the temptation toward wage cuts. Is itpossible that proximity to infant girls prompts greater generosity? Additionalstudies, in a variety of fields, suggest this is the case — and that it mightextend beyond daughters. Consider, for example, the series of studies led by the psychologistPaul Van Lange at the Free University in Amsterdam. To figure out whatmotivates people to act generously, Professor Van Lange and three colleagues setup a game in which more than 600 people made choices about sharing resourceswith someone they didn’t know and would never meet again. The participantschose between these basic options: (a) Youget $25 and your partner gets $10. (b) Youget $20 and your partner gets $30. The firstoption is the selfish one; you’re claiming most of the resources for yourself.The latter option is more generous as it involves sacrificing a small amount($5) to increase your partner’s gains by a much larger amount ($20). Theplayers expressed consistent preferences in each of the nine rounds they playedon Professor Van Lange’s watch. The data showed that players who made the moregenerous choices had more siblings. The givers averaged two siblings; theothers averaged one and a half siblings. More siblings means more sharing,which seems to predispose people toward giving. And onceagain, gender mattered. The givers were 40 percent more likely to have sistersthan the people who made more self-serving, competitive choices. (There was nodifference in the number of brothers; it was the number of sisters, notsiblings, that predicted greater giving.) And Professor Van Lange’s teampointed to another study showing that the more sisters a father has, the moretime he spends raising his own children. After growing up with sisters, men whohave opportunities to give are more likely to do so. SOCIALscientists believe that the empathetic, nurturing behaviors of sisters rub offon their brothers. For example, studies led by the psychologist Alice Eagly atNorthwestern University demonstrate thatwomen tend to do more giving and helping in close relationships than men. Itmight also be that boys feel the impulse — by nature and nurture — to protecttheir sisters. Indeed, Professor Eagly finds that men are significantly morelikely to help women than to help men. Some of the world’s most charitable men acknowledgethe inspiration provided by the women in their lives. Twenty years ago, when Bill Gateswas on his way to becoming the world’s richest man, he rejected advice to setup a charitable foundation. He planned to wait a quarter-century before he startedgiving his money away, but changed his mind the following year. Just threeyears later, Mr. Gates ranked third on Fortune’s list of the most generousphilanthropists in America. In between, he welcomed his first child: adaughter. Mr. Gates has reflected that two female familymembers — his mother, Mary, and his wife, Melinda — were major catalysts forhis philanthropic surge. Mary “never stopped pressing me to do more forothers,” Mr. Gates said in a Harvard commencement speech. The turning pointcame in 1993, shortly before he and Melinda married. At a wedding event, Maryread a letter aloud that she had written to Melinda about marriage. Herconcluding message was reminiscent of the Voltaire (or Spiderman) mantra that great power implies great responsibility:“From those to whom much is given, much is expected.” Along withguiding much of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’s philanthropy, Melindaplayed a pivotal role in shaping the Giving Pledge. She read a book about afamily that sold their home and gave half the proceeds to charity, and beganspreading the word about the idea. When Bill Gates and Warren Buffett conveneddinners for billionaires to discuss philanthropy, Ms. Gates made sure thatwives were invited, too. “Even if he’s the one that made the money, she’s goingto be a real gatekeeper,” she said. “And she’s got to go along with anyphilanthropic plan because it affects her and it affects their kids.” In aprovocative 2007 presentation in San Francisco, the psychologist Roy Baumeisterasked, “Is there anything good about men?” (The short answer, if you haven’tread “Demonic Males,” by Dale Peterson and Richard Wrangham, is not much.) Butour saving grace, Professor Baumeister argues, is that across a wide range ofattributes, “men go to extremes more than women.” Men are responsible for thelion’s share of the worst acts of aggression and selfishness, but they alsoengage in some of the most extreme acts of helping and generosity. On thispoint, the economists James Andreoni at the University of California, SanDiego, and Lise Vesterlund at the University of Pittsburgh report evidence thatwhereas many women prefer to share evenly, “men are more likely to be eitherperfectly selfish or perfectly selfless.” It may be that meaningful contactwith women is one of the forces that tilt men toward greater selflessness. THE warmingeffect of women on men has important implications for education and work. Inschools, we need to think carefully about how we organize children into groups.In 1971, in the wake of Texas school desegregation, Elliot Aronson, apsychologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, validated a simplebut powerful approach to reducing stereotypes and prejudice. His coreidea was that students would learn to respect and care about one another ifthey had to rely upon one another when collaborating in small groups towardshared goals. Professor Aronson made each student responsible for teaching thegroup about a different topic that would be covered on a coming test. It waslike working on a jigsaw puzzle: the group needed pieces of information fromevery member in order to put together the general understanding that would be measuredon the test. After the experiment, stereotypes and prejudice fell — thestudents became significantly less hostile toward one another — and theminority students got better grades. What wouldhappen if every classroom followed the jigsaw structure, with mixed-gender study groupsproviding boys with the opportunity to learn from girls? In addition togaining knowledge, perhaps they would learn something about teaching, helpingand caring for others. When some of those boys grow up to become rich men, theymight be less like Scrooge and more like Mr. Gates — or at least less likely tobecome your wealthy neighbor who refuses to pay his share of the hedgetrimming. Or your (not so) great-uncle who always flies first class but sendsyour kids cheap birthday presents. At work, wesorely need more women in leadership positions. We already know fromconsiderable research that companies are better off when they have more womenin top management roles, especially when it comes to innovation. ProfessorsDezso and Ross have recently shown that between 1992 and 2006 , when companies introducedwomen onto their top management teams, they generated an average of 1 percentmore economic value, which typically meant more than $40 million. We recognize the direct advantages thatwomen as leaders bring to the table, which often include diverse perspectives,collaborative styles, dedication to mentoring and keen understanding of femaleemployees and customers. But we’ve largely overlooked the beneficialeffects that women have on the men around them. Is it possible that when womenjoin top management teams, they encourage male colleagues to treat employeesmore generously and to share knowledge more freely? Increases in motivation,cooperation, and innovation in companies may be fueled not only by the directactions of female leaders, but also by their influence on male leaders. It’s often said that behind every great man stands a great woman. In light of the profound influence that women can have on men’s generosity, it might be more accurate to say that in front ofevery great man walks a great woman. If we’re wise, we’ll follow her lead.
7 A:Was the man strong enough? B:NO,__enough A he was not much too strong B he was not too much srong C he wass not quite stong D he was not too strong 百度知道里面的问题，大概都是这段时间如我这样的家长问的。 这道题生物迷给出的答案是B，为什么不是C呢？
那些怕老婆的男人们 （ Henpecked men） 什么样算是怕老婆？ 如果一个家庭里的男人不得不容忍一个女人改变自己的人格和其所信奉的生活哲学，那么这样的男人就是怕老婆的男人！ If a man allows a woman to not let him be him and change his personality and his philosophy of life then he can be considered henpecked. 怕老婆怕到什么程度？ 女人见男人不听从指挥，就上下其手，大扇男人耳光！ I have a brother in law who is so hen pecked I saw his ex wife slap him across the face like a child when he didn't do what she asked of him. 为什么怕老婆？ 有人认为在一个家庭里，比男人挣钱多的女人会自动占据主导的位置，那么这个家庭的男人自然就成为从属角色。怕老婆。 Depends on who is making the most money in the relationship. Money trumps all! If the man is not bringing home the income to provide for his family then women have no other option but to lead. That might hurt but it's the truth. 男人怕老婆？没影儿事！那是“爱”老婆！ There is nothing sexier than a man who is strong enough to be soft with his family. that's not hen-pecked, that's love. 你怕老婆？还是爱老婆？ 我觉得这是您自己的事情！别人无权干涉你的内政！ 但你是否怕老婆？还是爱老婆？关键还是要你自问：我是不是觉得不是那么心甘情愿？还是你觉得这是周瑜打黄盖的事情？
女人心，海底针！说的是女人的心思难以捉摸。网上流传女人有十句话你绝对不可以按照字面意思来理解,否则你的好日子就要到头了! 这九句分别是：1、就这样吧。2、我没事的。3、随便你好了。4、轻声叹息。5、轻轻摇头。6、等我5分钟。7、求求你了。8、那好吧。9、多谢了。男士朋友们，好好揣摩吧。 男人难读女人心，许多女人对此了然于心，因此许多男士有过血的教训。 但来自于德国科学家的研究表明, 杏仁核是大脑中与共情作用密不可分的部分。科学家发现当男性注视男性的时候，杏仁核活动比男性注视女性的时候更强烈。 扫描数据更是显示男性难以理解女性的情绪。 来源:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2309812/The-brain-scans-reveal-men-REALLY-dont-understand-women.html#ixzz2QhcOc4Qi The brain scans which reveal why men REALLY don't understand women Male test subjects better at guessing 'mood' of men in pictures Linked to activity in amygdala - a portion of brain involved in emotion By FIONA MACRAE PUBLISHED: 10:20 GMT, 16 April 2013 | UPDATED: 23:24 GMT, 16 April 2013 It is something many women will already know – and many a man will have discovered the hard way. Men find it difficult to read women’s emotions. Scientists asked male volunteers to look at pictures of people’s eyes and guess how they were feeling. Perhaps unsurprisingly, they found it twice as hard to guess a woman’s mood as a man’s. But it’s not simply for lack of trying, the study shows. The men were given brain scans while they looked at the pictures. The data suggested an unusual reason for the difficulty in reading women’s feelings. When looking at male eyes, men related what they saw to themselves. The parts of their brains linked to past thoughts and feelings lit up. They understood what other men felt by remembering similar moments in their own lives – and using them to evaluate the image, the researchers said. But when they looked at female eyes, they found themselves mystified. Their brains searched for memories of when they had seen another woman who looked similar to the image. This less personal process meant men found it harder to empathise with women’s feelings. The amygdala is a part of the brain believed to be important for empathy with others. The scientists found it showed more activity when men looked at a man, rather than a woman. And there may be very good reasons why men are better at understanding their own kind. The researchers, from the LWL University Hospital in Bochum, western Germany, said the male inability to decipher a woman’s thoughts from her expression actually made more sense in the past. In those long ago days, being able to tell quickly what another man was thinking – and whether he posed a threat – was much more important. In fact, it could have been a key to survival. The scientists said: ‘As men were more involved in hunting and territory fights, it would have been important for them to be able to predict and foresee the intentions and actions of their male rivals.’ Backing up the theory, recent research has shown men are better than women at picking up signs of anger. For both men and women, facial expressions are important to working out what others are feeling. The researchers said the eyes are one of the ‘richest sources of social information for the attribution of mental states to others’. In the study, published in journal PLoS ONE, they showed 22 healthy young men pictures of 36 pairs of eyes – 18 of each gender. They were asked to choose which of two ‘emotion words’ most accurately described the feeling shown by the eyes. For example, they had to choose between ‘distrustful’ or ‘terrified’. The question of how different men and women really are is still hotly debated. Studies have shown hundreds of genes are switched on and off differently in male and female brains, particularly in areas related to thought and language. Others argue gender differences really owe more to a person’s biology than their upbringing. They also found that when looking at a pair of male eyes, the amygdala - a portion of the brain that has been found to be involved in emotion - was more active than when looking at the women's eyes
我结婚生子算是晚的， 29 岁结婚， 31 岁时小孩出生。跟我的同学比，小孩年龄小了一大截，同龄人中别人家的小孩已考上大学，我的小孩小学还没毕业。 不是我积极响应国家的晚婚晚育政策，实在是各方面条件主要是当时经济条件不允许。另外自己也不满意当时的工作和处境，所以横下一条心再读几年书。尽管我现在混得算不上人模人样，但假如当初我不再上研究生，可能现在的境遇要差得多。 培根（ Francis Bacon ）说：“ He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune, for they are inapediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief ”（有妻儿者实已向命运押了人质，从此难成大事，无论善恶。 ）虽然这话不能绝对理解，可还是有些道理。
Delaying fatherhood may offer survival advantages, say US scientists who have found children with older fathers and grandfathers appear to be "genetically programmed" to live longer. The genetic make-up of sperm changes as a man ages and develops DNA code that favours a longer life - a trait he then passes to his children. The team found the link after analysing the DNA of 1, 779 young adults. Their work appears in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Shoelace tips Experts have known for some time that lifespan is linked to the length of structures known as telomeres（染色体末端） that sit at the end of the chromosomes（染色体） that house our genetic code, DNA. Generally, a shorter telomere length means a shorter life expectancy. Like the plastic tips on shoelaces, telomeres protect chromosomal ends from damage. But in most cells, they shorten with age until the cells are no longer able to replicate. However, scientists have discovered that in sperm, telomeres lengthen with age . And since men pass on their DNA to their children via sperm, these long telomeres can be inherited by the next generation. Dr Dan Eisenberg and colleagues from the Department of Anthropology at Northwestern University studied telomere inheritance in a group of young people living in the Philippines. Telomeres, measured in blood samples, were longer in individuals whose fathers were older when they were born . The telomere lengthening seen with each year that the men delayed fatherhood was equal to the yearly shortening of telomere length that occurs in middle-aged adults. Telomere lengthening was even greater if the child's paternal grandfather had also been older when he became a father. Although delaying fatherhood increases the risk of miscarriage, the researchers believe there may be long-term health benefits. Inheriting longer telomeres will be particularly beneficial for tissues and biological functions that involve rapid cell growth and turnover - such as the immune system, gut and skin - the scientists believe. And it could have significant implications for general population health. "As paternal ancestors delay reproduction, longer telomere length will be passed to offspring, which could allow lifespan to be extended as populations survive to reproduce at older ages." Prof Thomas von Zglinicki, an expert in cellular ageing at Newcastle University, said more research was needed. "Very few of the studies that linked telomere length to health in late life have studied the impact, if any, of paternal age. It is still completely unclear whether telomere length at conception (or birth) or rate of telomere loss with age is more important for age-related morbidity and mortality risk in humans. "The authors did not examine health status in the first generation offspring." It might be possible that the advantage of receiving long telomeres from an old father is more than offset by the disadvantage of higher levels of general DNA damage and mutations in sperm, he said.
此前多个研究发现，人类的Y染色体在逐渐变短，并将于几个million年之后消失。一些新闻媒体据此称，男人将灭绝。最近Nature上发表研究结果显示，包括人类在内的一些灵长类动物Y染色体消失的速度慢下来了。在最近的25million年中，恒河猴的Y染色体没什么变化，人类只丢失了一个基因。 哈哈，男人们终于可以长出一口气，“我们不会灭绝”。 ------------------------------------------------------- 几年前，看到相关新闻报道，很惊讶，竟然国际知名的大新闻媒体的记者编辑的科学素养也有待提高。 一开始是说英国某著名大学（忘了是剑桥还是牛津）的科学家发现人类Y染色体变短，据此说男人要消失了。过了一两年，又有澳大利亚的科学家（我猜可能是下面新闻中的Jennifer Graves，未考证）发现Y染色体变短，新闻媒体又称男人要灭绝。 我没有考证，不知道是那些专家根据Y染色体研究结果推测男人怎么样，还是记者编辑们自己根据Y染色体变短做的大胆推测。如果是英国、澳大利亚的专家推测的，那就说明 砖家 不光中国有，是这个时代的产物。当然，更可能是记者编辑们做的推测，新闻媒体的记者编辑的科学素养有待提高也是没有国界的问题。即便专家是砖家，记者编辑科学素养高一些也会杜绝类似错误出现。毕竟记者编辑是新闻稿的最终把关者。 人类的性别，XX染色体是女性，XY决定了男性。这没错。在自然界，一个对表型（通俗说也就是看得见、观察得着的各种特征）产生不利影响的突变是会被自然选择淘汰的。Y染色体上有决定男性性别的关键基因，这些基因随着Y染色体慢短而丢失掉，这样的突变对表型影响很大，在自然界会被淘汰掉。 那没什么还观察到Y染色体在变短，一些生物的Y染色体消失了呢？自然界确实发生了Y染色体变短消失的现象！ Y染色体可以变短、消失，是因为进化过程中基因有时会从一条染色体移位到别的染色体上。也就是说，Y染色体变短消失，但Y染色体上的重要基因并没有丢失，而是跑到了其他染色体上继续起作用。这样进化的结果，Y染色体消失了，男人和动物的雄性并不会随之灭绝。Y染色体消失结果无非是没有Y染色体的男人（或雄性动物）。这并不是我个人的推测，生物学教科书上已经讲了，有些动物的雄性就是一条X染色体，雌性是两条。下面转载的新闻中也列举了一个例子：Two Japanese rice rat species recently lost their Y chromosomes。虽没看到详细报道，凭我的生物学知识判断，没有Y染色体的这两种日本老鼠并非女鼠国。 呼吁一下，呼吁准备做记者、编辑的大学生们，数理化天地生，每个学科考虑学习一门概论式入门课程。比如，生物学，选我的《生命科学导论》。哈哈，做个广告。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/22/long-live-the-y/ Long Live the Y Despite suggestions to the contrary, the Y chromosome is not necessarily rotting away. By Megan Scudellari | February 22, 2012 About 300 million years ago, early mammalian X and Y chromosomes were identical. But in the intervening time, the Y chromosome lost hundreds of genes, decaying into a shell of its former self. This has led some scientists to propose the “rotting Y” theory, which suggests that the human Y chromosome will continue to decay until it totally disappears in about 5 to 10 million years. New research, however, suggests that the Y chromosome has a long, healthy life ahead of it and is in no danger of disappearing. The study, reported this week in Nature , compared the newly sequenced Y of the rhesus monkey to human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes, and found that the primate Y has been remarkably genetically stable for the past 25 million years. “This and other evidence suggest that some of these genes are important and have been retained in primate lineages,” said Mark Jobling , who studies the sex chromosome at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom and was not involved in the research. The Y chromosome does not appear to be decaying away, he said. But not everyone agrees. “I don’t think this means we can relax about the human Y chromosome,” said Jennifer Graves of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, who was also not involved in the study. Graves has been an outspoken advocate of the rotting Y theory, and, in a 2006 review of the subject, predicted that the Y chromosome will decay in an uneven, jerky process. The new data support that prediction, she argued. “One can’t predict , because it’s a very stochastic process,” she said. Roughly 300 million years ago, during early mammalian evolution, a segment of the X chromosome stopped crossing over with the Y, causing rapid genetic decay on the Y. This occurred another 4 times throughout the history of mammals, and each time the Y chromosome experienced gene loss. The events were so extensive that today the human Y retains only 3 percent of the more than 600 genes it once shared with the X chromosome. Prior to the present study, only the human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes had been sequenced, though numerous organisms, from fish to insects to plants, have independently evolved Y chromosomes. Jennifer Hughes , David Page, and colleagues at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts, sequenced the Y of the rhesus monkey and compared it to the other two sequences. Chimpanzees diverged from humans only 6 million years ago, but rhesus monkeys diverged 25 million years ago, so the new information provides a look at how the primate Y chromosome has changed over a much longer period of time. Genetically speaking, it hasn’t changed much. The rhesus monkey hasn’t lost a single ancestral gene on its Y chromosome in the past 25 million years, and the human Y has lost just one gene in that period. The Y chromosome’s evolution, therefore, is marked by periods of swift decay followed by strict conservation, said Hughes. And that should put the “rotting Y” theory to rest, she added. “We finally have this very strong empirical evidence that there’s been essentially no change in gene content for 25 million years,” she said. “I’m pretty sure it’s going to be hard to argue with that.” Yet the study also revealed that the rhesus Y does not have large sections of repeated DNA sequences, called palindromes, that the human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes both have, Graves pointed out. “This means human and chimp lineages must have quite recently gone berserk and made lots of copies,” she said. “To me, that amplification is the last gasp of the Y chromosome.” Two Japanese rice rat species, for example, recently lost their Y chromosomes, and a third has a Y that is now making lots of palindromes. That Y chromosome has “gone bananas,” said Graves, signaling that it will soon disappear as it did in the other two species. Whether the Y continues to degrade or not, the fact that a core set of genes has stuck around, despite major loss events, suggests that these genes were selected for by natural selection. “The genes that are still on the human Y chromosome have been around for a long time, and that suggests they must actually be doing something useful,” said Jobling. Unfortunately, scientists don’t know what that is. “The Y chromosome has been neglected,” he said. Beyond sex determination, “we really have very little idea” what most of the genes on the chromosome do. “But we’d love to know,” added Hughes, who plans to follow up the research with functional studies of the conserved genes. The team also plans to sequence Y chromosomes from other animals, including the rat, mouse, and opossum. “They have interesting positions in the mammalian tree and are model organisms,” Hughes said. J.F. Hughes et al., “Strict evolutionary conservation followed rapid gene loss on human and rhesus Y chromosome,” Nature , doi:10.1038/nature10843, 2012.
文字的奥秘 - 男人与女人 鲍海飞 2012-1-10 英文的字母里面隐藏着男人和女人的秘密。人们在创造这些字母的时候，就不自觉地把它们‘人化’和‘物化’了。虽然说英文字母是抽象的文字，但里面依然可以窥见象形字的渊源。 你说，‘ A ， a ’ 像什么？看起来它更像一个人。两条岔开的腿，还有腰，脑袋尖尖的。 那么‘ F ， f ’像什么，感觉它更像一只展翅飞翔的鸽子。 那么‘ W ’呢？ ‘ W ’ 显然与‘ V ’类似，‘ V ， U ’应该有容器的含义，因此，有‘ cup ’，‘ bowl ’之类。‘ V ’还有别的含义。但是比较而言，‘ W ’就更加叠嶂起伏了，因此‘ wood ’就是丛林了，而丛林里面是丰富的资源，有水果和种子‘ OO ’；显然，‘ water ’是从山中的峡谷流淌出来的。 ‘ W ’经过 180 度旋转上下颠倒后，这个 ‘ W ’ 就变成了另一个大家熟悉的字母‘ M ’，你说它像个什么，这不就是一座明显的大山吗 (mountain) ！有突起的山峦还有中间的峡谷，就是大山。因此，月亮‘ moon ’是在山上，呵呵，英语也是很浪漫的。你要说你的心情‘ moon ’，太可怕了，是喜悦的，还是悲哀的，它隐藏在大山的山洞里面了。‘ melt ’是融化，只有冰雪融化了，才能从山上下来，大概此意。有趣地是，公元 2000 多年前，闪米特语中，‘ M ’却代表了‘水’。 妙处更在于此。英语里面的男人是什么？是 Man 。呵呵，这一下子就让人明白了，英语里面的男人原来是大山啊 ; 而 male 就是雄性了 ! 男人有力量，所以有 muscle ，骆驼代表了坚忍不拔的性格，所以骆驼是 Camel 。 那我们汉语中的男人是什么？呵呵，我不太同意那种解释，‘是田地下干活的男人’。应该是‘纵横四海的人，肩负着河图洛书的力士，守候一方水土的勇者。’ 比男人更富有创造力和生命力的是谁？那肯定是女人了。你瞧 woman 是女人， Female 是女性。显然‘ woman ’是最复杂的人类的母亲了，两个‘ VV ’构成了‘ W ’ , 就能够孕育了。 类似文章： 文字的奥秘 - 英语都是抽象的字母吗？ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=278905do=blogid=515483
咱接着来自娱自乐。（以下推理无严格的物理证明，仅供娱乐消遣） 今天我们用热力学熵的概念来论证这样一个命题：花心的男人会越来越花心！ 在论述花心男人前我们先准备点物理知识，嘿嘿，这里尽量简单地引入物理概念。熵这个概念学过化学的人应该都有所了解，从热力学角度来叫，熵是系统混乱程度的度量。简单来说，你把房间整理得整整齐齐的，那么熵就很低；反之如果你的房间乱七八糟，那么熵就很大。这个概念不仅在物理学中有着很重要的应用，在现今的经济学，逻辑学，生物学等等学科体系中都是十分重要的一个描述量。所谓的熵增原理，就是说一个系统的熵值只会朝着增大的方向发展，除非有外界的能量干扰，当熵达到极大值时系统趋于稳定的平衡。 OK ，咱不讲这些理论。讲点有意思的，我们先来聊聊麦克斯韦的那只小妖精。（这里顺便吐糟一下，热力学上课时讲的东西真的太乏味了，真正很有意思的东西老师都不给我们介绍的，比如说这里的小妖精）假设有两间屋子，它们构成了一个孤立系统，就是说与外界没有任何联系的。在这两个屋子里面呢关着很多的男人，他们中的一些是善于伪装的坏男人，而有一些则是真的的好男人，但是大家知道的嘛，坏男人是不会主动承认自己坏的，那要怎么把这些坏男人给分辨出来呢？嘿嘿，这时候麦克斯韦的小妖精就出场了，我们姑且给这两个房间取个代号，就叫 A 房间跟 B 房间好了，假设一开始 A 房间里面的坏男人稍微多一点（当然你是看不出哪些人是坏的）， B 房间里面好男人稍微多一点。小妖精是拥有魔力的，她能看出来哪些人好哪些坏，现在，小妖精用她的魔法来一个一个地识别房间里的人，如果小妖精认为他是坏的就把他关进 A 房间里面去，如果他是好的，就把他放在 B 房间里面。这样，经过小妖精的施法，坏的男人就几乎全部被关在了 A 房间，（当然我们假设这个辨别魔法还是有一点误差的，有些好男人可能会被诬陷，也有些坏男人成了漏网之鱼）而 B 房间留下的基本都是好男人了。嘿嘿，要是真有这样的小妖精估计人人都想要一个了。 现在我们来思考这个过程了，在这样一个孤立的系统里面，本来是很混乱的，它起初的熵是很大的，但是经过小妖精的施法，好男人被放在了一起，坏男人被放在了一起，排列变得整齐多了，也就是熵值降低了，但是，这个系统却并未从外界吸收任何能量。这与熵增原理是违背的。用物理的话来描述一下，我们把这帮男人看成是一群运动的粒子，坏男人对应着具有较高的运动能，即温度很高的粒子，好男人对应着运动能量较低，即温度很低的粒子。这样来看， A 和 B 两个房间本来的温度是差不多的，但是经过小妖精辨别一下以后，温度高地粒子都到了 A ，温度低的都到了 B ，那么原本稍微热一点的 A 房间变得更热了，原本冷一点的 B 房间变得更冷了。这样一个孤立体系（小妖精也是这个体系的一部分）的热量竟然从低温物体转移到了高温物体，这是与热力学第二定律违背的。想象一下，现在大冷天的，你本想冲一个热水袋来捂手，结果你把手放在热水带上，热水袋变得越来越热，而你的手却变得更冷了！这怎么可能！ 哈哈，这其实是一个佯谬了。讲这个故事并不是跑题了，下面我们来揭开这个谜底。物理学家通过自己的智慧破解了麦克斯韦的这只小妖精的魔法。原来，我们通常对物质间的能量交换都以为要么是热量要么是粒子，就是说一个物体能量的变化，要么是由于热量变化引起的，要么是质量变化引起的。但是，麦克斯韦的小妖精的魔法就在于——她能获取信息。小妖精要把好男人跟坏男人分开，就得先用魔法来辨别，也就是从这帮男人身上获得辨别他们的信息，这个获得信息的过程就是一个获得“负熵”的过程。整体系统熵值的减少就是因为小妖精在获取信息的过程中获得了负的熵！获得的信息越多，自身的熵值就会减少得越多。嘿嘿，好厉害的妖精啊。 好了，总算把负熵这个概念给引出来了。我们来假设有两个男人， A 男是心理状态不太稳定的， B 男是心理状态很稳定的，显然， A 男的熵值要比 B 大，也就是 A 男变成坏男人的概率要比 B 男大。我们说从外界获取信息同时也是一个汲取负熵的过程，因而他的熵值会减少，这个男人的心理状态会趋于稳定，会变得更加沉稳，厚重。这也就是为什么我们常说成熟的男人有魅力了，因为反应他心理不稳定程度的熵值较低，也就是说他阅历丰富，内涵深厚啊。这个概念其实跟我们前一篇说的哲学质量疑似有点异曲同工的味道的，有时间我们再来论证着两者的哲学关系。所以，如果 B 是一个懂得生活善待人生的智者，他会不断地向周围汲取负熵来降低自己的熵值，那么他变坏人的几率也就相应变低了。相反， A 男就不怎么的了，他的心理状态本来就不是特稳定的那种，又不思进取，整天就知道耍酷扮帅。根据能量守恒原理，我们整个世界的能量应该是守恒的，有人的熵减少了（例如 B ），那么必然就会有人的熵会增加。 （这个很好理解，近年来和平一直是社会的主题，我们现在确实是相对比较和平的，但另一方面我们的环境在变坏，人性的贪婪在扩张，各种不确定的突发事件例如地震海啸森林大火发生的几率都在增加，这何尝不是说我们汲取了大自然生态系统的负熵，但却是其他的系统熵值增大了，不稳定性也增加了） 所以 A 男的熵就很有可能会增加（当然 A 减少的部分不一定就是被 B 拿去了），他的不稳定性也就自然增大了。从我们研究的花不花心的角度看，那么 A 就很有可能变得更加花心了。因此，一旦 A 男心中那点不安分的种子发芽了，就会想大爆炸一样引发链式反应，他的熵值会一路增加（当然这是在他始终不采取措施，接触外部能量来降低自己的熵），不稳定性变得很大，也就是说，他变得更加花心了 (*^ ◎ ^*) 。 顺便吐糟一下，从我们整个大生态系统的角度来看，熵值是在不断上升的，科技的发展，文明的进步，我们向大自然拿了太多的负熵，我们过上了更加文明更加丰富的生活，但是能量守恒的规律却警告我们，我们面临着的各种不确定危险也在增多，虽说类似 2012 的大灾难爆发的可能性不是很大，但是我们的环境确实是变得更加不稳定更加多变了。套用一句台词：“出来混的，总归是要还的”。嘿嘿，这话还是比较贴切的。 虽然论述不怎么严密，但还是说明了一个道理：男人还是得多学习，多阅历，才能变得深厚，有内涵，有“料”！
看过了《一天》。我的理解啊，故事是这样的： 一对原先素不相识的男女在大学毕业狂欢后滚到了床上，不知道为啥没办事儿，但是一起躺在床上聊了几句，提到了7月15日是个什么节日。BTW，这个日子在中国阴历似乎是鬼节。以后的故事就是围绕着这一天以编年体展开了，女的蹉跎过，纠结过，写诗的文艺青年，端盘子的招待，与不爱的男人同居，最后选择了教书；男的喧嚣过、热闹过，电视节目的主持人，风流酗酒，结婚生子，最后总是失落。 无论人生的轨迹如何，他们都一直保持着联系，维系着友情，或者是时隐时现的爱情。一直是相互陪伴着走过，走到一起，最后又......。 面对着这个叫Dexter的男人，忽然发现他是我们的一面镜子，任何一个男人的镜子。 男人其实一直生活在呵护中，Dexter有溺爱他的母亲，严厉的父亲，身边不乏追捧的女孩子，但是这些造就了他自私、和软弱。 我们都是软弱的，外强中干的，一直在寻找一个能接纳我们无所顾忌哭泣的怀抱。如果你的生命中遇到了这样的女人，你就解放了、你就不用装了、你就是幸福的了。如果没找到，或者最有资格给你怀抱的人不知道你的需求，你就只好继续你的探索，在探索，search, search, and research。 感动的一句台词，Emma在Dexter春风得意、酗酒痛哭的时候，拥抱着这个男人，在他耳边缓缓地说： I love you . So much ...I just don't like you anymore. 我愿意把它颠倒过来念。 I don't like you so much, but I still love you so much. 我可以不喜欢你的做派，你的生活习惯，比如在朋友聚会的时候总是没完没了地发短信，比如一个月不洗脚，比如打呼噜......，但是我不能不爱你，因为你一直陪我走过，让我坚强，让我成长，让我成为男人或者女人。
研究：男人多逛街可长寿 The secret to a long life? Just pop to the shops! It may come as old news to many women, but it seems a bit of retail therapy really is good for you. A day at the shop can help you live longer, says a study. And surprisingly, the benefits are actually greater for men. The study even suggests the long-term survival benefits of shopping are better than going to the gym. Seeing friends and just people-watching can stave off loneliness and improve psychological health, suggests research published online in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. It looked at almost 1850 people aged 65 and over living independently at home in Taiwan, who were asked how often they went shopping. The researchers then tracked how long each of the participants lived by linking individuals to national death registration data between 1999 and 2008. They found those who shopped daily lived longer than those who shopped less frequently, even after taking account of people's physical or other health problems. Going to the shops every day cut the chances of a participant dying during the period of the study by more than a quarter compared with those who don't shop regularly. Older men who frequently popped out to the shops had the best survival record, with a reduction of 28 per cent in their chances of dying, while older women saw slightly less benefit with a 23 per cent cut in dying. They said:'An elder who shops less for food would be at risk of poorer diet quality necessary to maintain health. A vicious cycle that involves limited shopping and poor diet could evolve for elders.' But the study added:'In shopping venues,socialising with, or watching others can provide social and mental benefits. Compared with other types of leisure-time physical activity, like formal exercise, which usually requires motivation and sometimes professional instruction, shopping is easier to undertake and maintain.' (Read by Nelly Min. Nelly Min is a journalist at the China Daily Website.)
为什么男人有喉结，女人为何没有？这个问题很简单，但同时也很深奥。从远古至今，人类一直就这个无聊的的话题争吵不停，你有你的观点，我有我的看法，不过，却给平淡的生活增添了不少的乐趣。 浪漫主义者的观点温柔的枣核 传说男人本来也是没有喉结的，只因为很久以前的男人说话很大声，女人觉得男人不够轻言细语，不够温柔，所以第一对情侣中的那个男的为了他的爱情，就吞了一个枣核下去，由于当时喉咙的特殊结构，那个枣核就留在了喉咙那里了，久而久之就成了喉结。 卡在喉咙内的枣核 来自《圣经》的观点亚当的苹果 亚当是《圣经》中人类的始祖，而苹果的历史比人类的历史还悠久。在世界各文明古国的民间故事和神话传说中，苹果都是受人喜爱的一种果实。英语中有个谚语：An apple a day keeps the doctor away。但据《圣经》故事上说，苹果也给人类带来了麻烦，男人的喉结就是因吃苹果引起的。 《旧约创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源，传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃，在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木，树上长着各种各样的果实。上帝吩咐亚当说：你可以随意吃园中的各种果子，只是不能吃那棵能够区分善恶的树上的果实，吃了必定要死。这种禁果就是apple。后来，亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑，不顾神谕，偷吃了善恶树上的禁果，还把这果子给她丈夫吃。亚当禁不住欲望，接过了夏娃递过来苹果，但因心怀恐惧，吃时过于仓促，有一片果肉不慎哽在喉中，不上不下，留下个结块。从此，亚当就永远在脖子前端留下个喉结，作为偷吃禁果的罪证。最终，由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。不过，也有说法是，正当亚当吃的时候，上帝来了，所以亚当情急之中急忙将苹果囫囵吞下去，不料却哽在喉咙间了。嘻嘻，男人的喉结就是卡在那儿的苹果。不信你查查英文词典，喉结的书写就是亚当的苹果（Adam's apple）。 偷吃苹果的亚当和夏娃 进化论者的观点音箱学说 人是由类似现在猴子样的人猿变来的。可能那时男人猿担负着警戒、统领（号召）人猿群的任务，或恐吓其它人猿，或求偶的需要，而要发出洪亮的声音，其发音的喉部需要较宽大的音腔（可以起到音箱的作用），因此喉结的出现则造就了宽大的音腔。时至今日，尽管经历了长久的进化历程，现在绝大多数的男人仍保留着喉结。 进化论的证据 西方医学家的观点雄激素学说 喉结，在人们的认识中是男性的第二性征。喉的发育状况是与年龄、性别有关的。人的喉咙由11块软骨作支架组成，其中最主要、体积最大的一块叫甲状软骨。胎儿在两个月时，喉软骨开始发育，直到出生后5-6年，每年仍在增长。 但从5-6岁到青春期这一时期内喉软骨生长基本停止。所以，在孩童时期，男童女童的甲状软骨都一样大。进入青春发育期以后，由于雄激素的分泌增多，这才使男子的甲状软骨进一步增大，向前方突出，使喉的前后径增加将近一倍，形成突出的喉结。这就是喉结发育的生理过程。青春期前，男女生发音没有明显的区别，即男童音与女童音非常近似，而青春期后，男性的喉前后径变大发出低沉的男性音，女性喉部前后径小，发出尖细的女性音。就像一些乐器，管径小的声音就尖细些，管径粗的声音就浑厚些，其道理是相通的。 喉结的明显与否，与睾丸及阴茎的发育没有必然的联系。一些男性虽然喉结不明显，但其睾丸及阴茎的发育相当好。一部分喉结不明显的成年男性，其中有些是非常健壮的田径、体操运动员等，他们肌肉发达，男性性征也很正常。这些喉结不明显的男性中，绝大多数已结婚、正常生育，且无其他异常表现，内分泌检查也未见异常。现在一些医学书刊上不再把喉结的突出与否作为判断男性第二性征发育是否正常的标准，有些解剖书上甚至已经不再提到喉结这个解剖术语了。当然，只有那些喉结不明显或不发育同时伴有内外生殖器发育不良及嗓音尖细的患者才有治疗的必要。 喉结的解剖 心理学家的观点男性测谎仪 传统的观点认为眼睛是心灵之窗，从中可以看出一个人的灵魂。不过窃以为，喉结才是男人最重要的器官之一，其重要性已经远远高于眼睛。我并不是耸人听闻，而是第一次创造性地发现了这个人们不愿意正视的真理。 可是喉结真的很重要吗？答案是否定的。就像你耳部和鼻子的软骨一样，他并没有什么重要的功能。一些喉结过于突出的人甚至会通过外科手术来剔除它们，同时不会有任何不良影响。 不幸的是，在工作时，辩论中，还有对他们的妻子说谎的时候，喉结往往会使男性陷入窘境。 因为喉结除了在吞咽时会上下摆动外，在男性感到紧张时，他们也会不受控制的跳动。 男人和女人在说谎的时候都会刺激唾液的分泌量，但是这一点往往只在男人身上有所表现，因为他们的喉结会使吞咽口水的动作更加明显。 这个世界还是比较公平的，前面的博文中曾经数次讲到男人比女人更加花心，更擅长欺骗。上帝对此也很无奈，考虑到夏娃的感受，本着公平的原则，只能在亚当身上多做点手脚了。 喉结有时也会暴露男人的隐私 人类学家的观点雄性图腾 进入青春期的少男少女们，他们最明显的变化就是第二性特征的变化。男人就是从这里迈进了成熟的大门。强壮的肌肉，浓密的毛发，粗旷的声音，突出的喉结将陪伴男人一生，这是上天赐给男人的终生礼物。 男人的喉结是同人的成熟联系在一起的，从某种意义上来说，它简直就是男人重要的性器官。甲状软骨的发育与否是喉结是否突出的关键，而其中起决定作用的是荷尔蒙雄性激素的多寡。一篷藤蔓的下面也许是一窝地瓜，也许什么也没有喉结其实仅仅与男人的荷尔蒙有关，虽然它长在男人的脖子上。 就像感知青春、力量、雄壮和阳刚一样，我们从男人突出的喉结上面看到了希望。可是不知道各位看官发现没有，我们这个时代，男人的喉结已经越来越看不清楚了！或者由于颈部较短，或者由于肥胖或者由于其它什么无法言说的原因，男人的喉结已经越来越不突出，越来越没有了立体感，好象男人的雄性特征开始模糊 进化能唤醒某种潜在的特征，使之鲜明、突出。比方人厚厚性感的嘴唇、比方女人丰满突出的乳房从这个意义上来讲，男人喉结的退化，也一定是某种文化结果使然，是当代中国男人的一种集体无意识的表现。 喉结的退化，是男人雄性特征的消失；而精神的沦丧，则是一个民族乃至整个人类的悲剧。 我们生活在一个没有喉结的年代，这个年代丧失了特征，就像麻木的人们没有了悲哀。 喉结的退化，是男人雄性特征的消失 【相关阅读】 Why Do Men Have an Adam's Apple But Women Don't?
速食年代的快餐爱情，这年头所谓的情场快闪族已经成功地在感情世界占领一席之地！在男女之间的交往中，千奇百怪的分手理由总是少不了唯一的借口：我对你没有感觉了。往往分手过程中，女人的心总是被伤得比男人重些，否则那些情歌又怎会首首隽永？无论感情世界对双方而言是谁对谁错，毕竟柔情似水的女人，分手后内心的动荡余震，总是比钢铁般的男子心更不堪负荷。 轰动一时的《失乐园》作者渡边淳一在他的另一本书《男人这东西》中写道：男人的爱往往是相对的。眼下最爱这个女人，但是，不久第二位、第三位会相继出场的。不论她多么出色，男人总免不了偶尔心有旁鹜，希望更有新人。 男人的花心，似乎这是公开的秘密，是不是男人天性就比女人花心呢？很多的专家、学者都研究过这个问题，却难以找到确切的答案。在美国的一个心理学研究测试中，当被问到你期望一生中有几个爱人？时，男人的回答平均是十八、九个，而女人的回答则是四五个。很明显，男人比女人更有博爱的意向。是什么原因呢？从生物学的角度来研究人类行为的进化，科学家的看法是，性爱的目的之一是为了繁衍后代，让基因得以广泛传播，因此动物(人也属于动物)的性行为会受到天生就有的本能影响，以便能够达到其延续种族的使命。看来，某些男人的花心，是因为在这些男人的遗传基因中就存在着远古时代男人的一些动物本能。 以色列耶路撒冷希伯来大学的科学家在为小气鬼的吝啬行为找原因时，偶然发现这些小气鬼们天生缺乏一种基因AVPR1a（Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A ），他们将这种基因戏称为慷慨基因。统计数据显示，拥有慷慨基因的人往往比一般人更加乐善好施，捐钱的可能性比没有慷慨基因的人要高出50％。 随着研究的进一步深入，人们发现AVPR1a基因是荷尔蒙后叶加压素（vasopressin）受体的编码基因。这种荷尔蒙与被成为拥抱化学物的荷尔蒙催产素有关。科学家在此前的研究中早就发现，这种后叶加压素及其受体的存在和数量能影响田鼠对伴侣的忠诚度。给一只田鼠注射后叶加压素，它就会变得对恋人忠贞不二，甚至成为一个独占欲很强的醋缸。长期以来，科学家详细研究了后叶加压素的作用，科学家在对山区田鼠和草原田鼠进行研究之后发现，后叶加压素能够刺激草原田鼠始终如一保持一夫一妻制的关系，而这种激素在山区田鼠却很罕见。科学家给草原田鼠注入后叶加压素，山区田鼠的雄鼠改变了原先的所作所为，甚至当有其它雌鼠试图诱惑它们时，也不为所动，始终忠诚于原配。 在人类，为何有些男人害怕承诺或喜新厌旧？情场浪子脑子里到底在想什么？这是令人匪夷所思的大问号！现在科学家似乎在男人的基因上找到蛛丝马迹。2008年瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡医学院研究小组有项有趣的发现：夫妻关系是否和谐，与男方体内的一种变异基因有关系，带有这种基因变异的男性，婚姻不幸福的比例要高于其它人。他们更在《新科学家》（New Scientists）发表文章说：这种基因改变会影响男性的交往能力和情感转移。换句话说，男人爱作怪，极有可能都是基因惹的祸？ 这项研究是由瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院的Hasse Walum小组做的，该研究小组对552对有长期异性伴侣的志愿者进行了基因检测，受调查者是1944至1971年出生的瑞典中产阶级，同时调查他们的婚姻和恋爱状况，以便与其基因图谱对照。通过研究发现，人体AVPR1A基因上含有0-2个RS3 334片段（花心片段），它的数量多寡与男人究竟是痴情种还是负心汉有着密切关系。一个男人可能有两个、一个或者没有RS3 334片段，而数量越多的男人与伴侣的关系越不牢靠。有2个花心片段的男人婚姻容易破裂，婚姻出现危机的几率是其他男人的两倍，而无花心片段的伴侣关系则较牢靠！不仅如此，AVPR1A基因上有两个RS3 334片段的男人，其结婚的几率比有一个或没有该片段的男人也要小。因此，AVPR1A基因被称为爱情基因或忠诚基因。 研究人员说：没有RS3 334基因片段的男性中，15%发生婚姻危机；带有两个RS3 334基因片段的男性中，婚姻危机的比率高达34%。在带有至少一个RS3 334基因片段的男性中，超过30%未婚；没有RS3 334基因片段的男子中，未婚的只有17%。此项研究更进一步指出，RS3 334基因片段对人类社会行为的影响不仅限于爱情忠诚度，它能影响与信任感有关的大脑扁桃体信号，此外研究还发现，患有孤独症、社会行为异常的人通常有多个RS3 334基因片段。 研究者目前还不清楚，RS3 334片段的数量究竟是怎样影响了后叶加压素受体以及人类的爱情，而这也是最令人感兴趣的问题。尽管仍不清楚基因差异为什么与两性关系有关，但似乎依赖于RS3 334基因的神经传导素受体系统参与了与社会行为相关的神经活动。另一份杂志在介绍Hasse Walum小组的这一成果时，更是取了一个极为渲染的题目：准备结婚？有没有检测他的忠诚基因 ？ 基因检测是一项有趣且有科学根据的指标，这项指标若能被妥善应用，你可以了解自己的个性缺点，或是更了解对方的天性，就像用星座、血型分析你的个性与兴趣那般，只是基因检测是更科学的作法，协助你，使你在感情世界的模糊地带不再彷徨无助。但这项研究报告不代表是绝对的标准，通过基因筛查来判断一个男人是不是花心男并不现实。学者亦强调，单靠基因并不能决定恋情成功与否，更不能靠基因测试的结果来说明一个人适不适合结婚，拥有多个RS3 334的基因片段或许让你有一种易患病体质，但并不能决定你是否能经营好婚姻。所以，即便男性花心是天生的基因在作怪，但如何经营好婚姻也是要看双方的智慧，从事类似研究的美国一教授也附和认为，你永远无法通过一个人的基因类型来预言其婚姻状况，因为还有许多其它因素。 至于女人的基因是否也和情感忠诚度有关呢？科学家在这项研究中并未发现RS3 334片段数量对女性的恋爱和婚姻状况有相同的影响，但他们认为这并不意味着女性的爱情忠诚度与基因无关，而是他们还没找到破 解的密码而已。女性体内可能也有影响婚姻的类似基因变体，科学家还会研究与催产素荷尔蒙有关的基因。 【相关阅读】 Getting Married? Have Him Tested For The Gene Variant As A True Test Of Fidelity Monogamy gene found in people Link between gene variant and relationship difficulties
Man asked God: God, why did you make woman so beautiful? God said: So that you would love her. Man continued: But, why did you make her so dumb? God answered: So that she would love you. 亚当问上帝：神啊，您为什么把女人造得那么漂亮？ 上帝说：好让你爱她呀。 亚当继续问：可您干吗把她造得那么笨呀？ 上帝答道：好让她爱你呀。
男人，是用一生做出来的，不是生出来的。 我还没资格说如何做个男人，但是我很想分享历史上最著名经典影片之一的 《教父》 中的几句经典台词，从中领会：什么是男人，如何做个男人！ 最近发生砍杀小学生事件后，我发现重温这些话很有必要！不懂英文的找电影看吧！ A man who doesn't spend time with his family can never be a real man. Don Corleone to Johnny Fontane Don Corleone : I hoped that we would come here and reason together. And as a reasonable man, I'm willing to do whatever's necessary to find a peaceful solution to these problems. Don Corleone : You talk about vengeance. Is vengeance gonna bring your son back to you and my boy to me? I forgo all the vengeance in my son. But I have selfish reasons. I'm a superstitious man, and if some unlucky accident should befall him, if he should get shot in the head by a police officer, or if he should hang himself in his jail cell, or if he's struck by a bolt of lightning, then I'm going to blame some of the people in this room. And that, I do not forgive. But that aside, let me say that I swear on the souls of my grandchildren, that I will not be the one to break the peace that we have made here today. Fredo, you're my older brother, and I love you. But don't ever take sides with anyone against the family again. Ever. Michael to Fredo MC: My father is no different than any other powerful man -- any man who's responsible for other people, like a senator or president. KAY: You know how naive you sound...senators and presidents don't have men killed. MC: Oh, who's being naive, Kay? Michael and Kay conversing Never tell anybody outside the family what you're thinking again. Don Corleone to Sonny Some day, and that day may never come, I will call upon you to do a service for me. But uh, until that day, accept this justice as a gift on my daughter's wedding day. Don Corleone to Bonasera It makes no difference to me what a man does for a living, understand. Don Corleone to Sollozzo I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse. Don Corleone to Johnny Fontane about Woltz Michael Corleone : There are many things my father taught me here in this room. He taught me: keep your friends close, but your enemies closer. Don Corleone: I spent my whole life trying not to be careless. Women and children can be careless. But not men .
标签: 男人
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