International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (IJABE) Open Access at http://www.ijabe.org Table of Contents Volume 3, Number 2, June, 2010 Power Machinery System (PMS) Property testing for fertilizer feeder based on numerical analysis Li Wenyan, Wang Weili, Yu Yongchang, Hu Fengshou （ 1 ） Land Water Engineering (LWE) Modeling the field-scale effects of conservation agriculture on land and water productivity of rainfed maize in the Yellow River Basin , China Vinay Nangia, Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad, Du Jiantao, Yan Changrong, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Mei Xurong,He Wenqing,Liu Shuang, Liu Qin （ 5 ） Bio-environmental Engineering (BEE) Development and validation of atmospheric gene flow model for assessing environmental risks from transgenic corn crops Junming Wang, Xiusheng Yang （ 18 ） Information Electrical Technologies (IET) Application of TERRA/MODIS images, TM images and weather data to assess the effect of cold damage on rice yield He Yingbin, Satoshi Uchida, Tang Huajun, Chen Youqi, Liu Jia （ 31 ） Renewable Energy System (RES) Effective syngas cleanup and reforming using Ni/-Al 2 O 3 catalyst Duo Wang, Wenqiao Yuan, Wei Ji （ 39 ） Agro-product Food Processing Engineering (AFPE) Influence of colour changes and moisture content during banana drying on laser backscattering Giuseppe Romano, Dimitrios Argyropoulos, Klaus Gottschalk, Emanuele Cerruto, Joachim Mller （ 46 ） Estimation model for electrical conductivity of red grape juice Rittichai Assawarachan （ 52 ） Optimization of xanthophylls extraction from Marigold extractum with supercritical CO2 by response surface methodology Zhou Quancheng, Sheng Guihua, Huang Jingrong, Zhou Ting, Li Quanhong （ 58 ） Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of black soybean peptides (BSP) Ren Haiwei （ 64 ） Cover Caption Rice transplanter winning Second China National Technology Innovation Award by AE Research Team of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Zhao Yun, Chen Jianneng, Wu Chuanyu （ Cover Front Inside Cover ） Information IJABE Guidelines for Authors （ 70 ） IJABE has recently been accepted for indexing in Scopus and Agricola （ 78 ） Message of Important Events （ 78 ） 2010 Sino-U.S. International Workshop on Intelligent Equipment for Precision Agriculture and Airborne Remote Sensing and Measurement for Agriculture （ 79 ） CIGR International Symposium on Sustainable Bioproduction- Water, Energy, and Food （ 81 ） 6th International CIGR Technical Symposium: Towards a Sustainable Food Chain （ 82 ） CIGR-AgEng2012, International Conference of Agricultural Engineering （ 83 ） The XVIII CIGR World Congress 2014 on Agricultural Biosystems Engineering -Upgrading Our Quality of Life （ 85 ） International Editorial Board （ Front Insert I ）
王应宽 2010-06-30 Beijing, China 热烈祝贺国际英文刊 IJABE 被 SCOPUS 和 AGRICOLA 收录 经过斯高帕斯内容选择与咨询委员会（ Scopus Content Selection Advisory Board ）近半年的严格评估， IJABE 通过各项评估，同意被《斯高帕斯数据库》 (Scopus) 收录。同时 IJABE 也通过评估被美国国家农业图书馆（ NAL ）出版的世界著名三大农业类数据库之一的 Agricola 收录。详情参见英文报道（下文）。 IJABE 通过评估被 Scopus 和 Agricola 收录，表明期刊的质量和国际化进程稳步提升。 截至 2010 年 6 月底， IJABE 已先后被十个国际知名数据库收录，具体包括化学文摘（ CA ） , 国际农业与生物工程文摘及全文数据库（ CAB Abstracts 和 CAB Full Text Repository ） , INSPEC 数据库检索系统 ( 物理、电子学和计算文献数据库， Inspec Database) ， EBSCO 数据库学术搜索大全（ Academic Search Complete of EBSCOhost databases ） , 俄罗斯文摘杂志 (Abstract Journal, AJ of VINITI, Russia), 哥白尼索引 (Index Copernicus, IC), 《斯高帕斯数据库》 (Scopus) , 阿格里科拉数据库（ Agricola ）和谷歌学术（ Google Scholar ）。此外， IJABE 还被链接到世界著名的三大网络在线平台： Open J-Gate ( http://www.openj-gate.com ) ， Directory of Open Access Journals ( http://www.doaj.org ) ，和乌里西期刊目录 Ulrich PD, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ( http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/ ) 。 Scopus( www.scopus.com ) 是爱思唯尔 ( www.elsevier.com ) 出版社研发的全球最大的文摘引文数据库，它涵盖了全世界最为广泛的科学、技术、医学和社会科学领域的研究文献及网络资源，是科技工作者不可或缺的信息导航工具。 Scopus 是当今世界最大的文摘和引文（ AI ）数据库。用户通过 Scopus 简洁而直观的界面可以检索到来自全球 4,000 家科学出版公司的超过 15,000 多种同行评审的科学期刊， 1000 多种开放存取期刊和纯电子期刊， 500 余种会议录，超过 600 种的商业协会出版物以及超过 200 种系列丛书或系列图书。此外 Scopus 的检索结果全面集成了科研网络信息，包括超过 4 亿个学术网页，来自 5 个专利组织的 2100 万条专利信息和多种精选资源（如预印本、机构仓储等）。 Scopus 目前提供自 1823 年以来的超过 3500 万篇文摘以及自 1996 年以后的所有文后参考文献信息，每日更新，使科研人员在及时全面地了解当今世界最新的科研成果的同时，也轻松拥有了浩瀚的历史记录，为使用者提供更加全面权威的科研支持。 附：关于 IJABE 被 Scopus 和 Agricola 收录的英文报道 IJABE has recently been accepted for indexing in Scopus and Agricola I have received some good news from Scopus of Elsevier and National Agricultural Library of USDA. After about half-years evaluation of my journal IJABE by the Scopus title evaluation by the Scopus Content Selection Advisory Board has been completed, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering- (1934-6344/1934-6352, IJABE, http://www.ijabe.org ) has been accepted for indexing in Scopus! Meanwhile, I got an official email from Mr. Carlo Nuss, an AGRICOLA Indexing Supervisor, from National Agricultural Library, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. The email informs me that This is to confirm that in 2009 the Journal Evaluation Panel voted to accept International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering for inclusion in AGRICOLA. By the end of June 28, 2010, after having published seven issues including some 70 papers since launched in 2008, IJABE has successively been covered and indexed by Chemical Abstracts(CA), CAB Abstracts databases, and the CAB Full Text Repository, Inspec Database, Academic Search Complete of EBSCOhost databases, Abstract Journal (AJ of VINITI, Russia), Index Copernicus (IC), Scopus, Agricola, and Google Scholar. Moreover, IJABE has been listed in the world's biggest open access journal platform, Open J-Gate ( http://www.openj-gate.com ) and Directory of Open Access Journals ( http://www.doaj.org ). It was also listed in Ulrich PD, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ( http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/ ). Being covered by world famous indexing databases and listed in online directory platform are very helpful to improve the visibility, accessibility, availability and impact of the research articles published in IJABE. (By Wang Yingkuan)
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 6 ）： CIGR 前主席、名誉主席， CIGR-Ejournal 主编 Bill Stout教授 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COMMISSIONINTERNATIONALEDU GENIERURAL INTERNATIONALEKOMMISSIONFRAGRARTECHNIK Dr. B. A. Stout Coordinator Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal August 11, 2008 Dr. Wang Yingkuan Managing Editor of International Journal of Agricultural Biological Engineering(IJABE) No 41, Maizidian Street Chaoyang District Beijing 100125, China Dear Dr Wang, Congratulations for the inauguration of the new technical journal, IJABE. I wish you the greatest success in this new venture. The profession of Agricultural and Biological Engineering is at the forefront of many of the key issues facing the humans today-energy, maintaining environmental quality, feeding a growing world population, and so on. Our profession deals with these key issues by applying engineering principles and analysis to a wide spectrum of technologies, adding value and preserving food quality, managing ever tightening supplies of fresh water, developing and applying appropriate mechanization, applying systems science and IT to look at the big picture and to process the ever increasing mountain of data collected in our laboratory and field experiments. The bottom line is that Agricultural and Biological Engineers are working successfully to make the world a better place for all humans. We live in an information age. Exchange of technical engineering information is more important today than ever before. Our profession has several excellent professional journals and yours will add significantly to those already operating. I look forward to assisting you in any way I can.Best regards. Sincerely, B.A. Stout Honorary President, CIGR and Professor Emeritus Texas AM University
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 5 ）： AOC 主席， USDA-ARS 杨成海教授 Congratulatory Letter from AOC Chenghai Yang On behalf of the Association of the Overseas Chinese Agricultural, Biological and Food Engineers (AOCABFE or AOC), I would like to warmly and sincerely congratulate on the publishing of the first issue of the International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (IJABE). This represents another successful collaboration between AOC and the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (CSAE). This newly launched journal will provide the scientific community and interested readers with latest research accomplishments and applications in six broadly defined technical divisions of the agricultural and biological engineering field. This is a significant contribution to the agricultural and biological engineering profession both in China and in the world. To launch a joint academic journal has been one of the main goals of AOC since it was founded in 2001. All five AOC Past Presidents (Dr. Naiqian Zhang, Dr. Qiang Zhang, Dr. Juming Tang, Dr. Ruihong Zhang, and Dr. Xiusheng Yang) and six Executive Boards have worked hard on this effort. Although it was not an easy process, both AOC and CSAE wanted to see this come to fruition after several years of preparations. Therefore, to make this a reality has been the most important goal during my term as AOC President. In late 2007, both AOC and CSAE reached a tentative agreement to jointly launch the journal. Since then, tremendous efforts have been put forth by AOC and CSAE to work out the details under the leadership of Prof. Maohua Wang and Dr. Yingkuan Wang from CSAE and Prof. Roger Ruan and Dr. Paul Chen from AOC. I have had the pleasure and privilege to work with this fine group of people on this important task. It is not a small task to launch such a comprehensive journal. It takes many people from both AOC and CSAE working together to accomplish this. For example, we now take the journals title for granted, but it was a difficult process for us to select from more than a dozen proposed titles. It took us several weeks to come to agree on the current title after intensive discussion among the AOC Executive Board members and many CSAE members. Similar efforts were devoted to determining the names and scopes of the six technical divisions. Another more difficult process has been to establish the editorial board. Although we have tentatively put together the editorial board, it is by no means complete and more editorial members from different countries will be invited. More importantly, we need a large number of reviewers to review the manuscripts to ensure the technical quality of the journal. I am very glad to see six of our AOC members assume the responsibility as division editors and many more as associate editors. Although there are many challenges ahead of us, this has been a significant step forward. On behalf of AOC, I would like to express our appreciations to Profs. Maohua Wang and Roger Ruan, Editors-in-Chief, and Drs. Yingkuan Wang and Paul Chen, Managing Editors, for a job well done. I would like also to thank the AOC members who have been involved in the process and encourage all our members to actively contribute to the journal and serve as reviewers. Again, congratulations on the launch of IJABE and best wishes for the success of the journal. Chenghai Yang, Ph.D. AOC President for 2007-2008 Agricultural Engineer U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Weslaco , Texas, USA
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 4 ）：中国科学院院士任露泉教授 Congratulations on the launch of IJABE Ren Luquan The launch of the International Journal of Agricultural Biological Engineering (IJABE) is a historical event for agricultural and biological engineers in China and the world. I sincerely wish IJABE to bring domestic Chinese and overseas Chinese research community together to promote the advancement of research in agricultural and biological engineering. In early years, the traditional concept of agricultural engineering may mainly mean the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural production. Nowadays, such a concept has been greatly expanded to include many areas, such as agricultural system engineering, agricultural energy management and utilization, agricultural product and food process engineering, bio-environmental engineering, agricultural land and water management, and so on. In the last few decades, we have seen the applications of almost all new technologies in agricultural production, such as electrical and electronics technologies, artificial intelligence, aviation and remote control, computer aided systems to name just a few. The applications of such new technologies have greatly increased agricultural output and significantly improved the quality of agricultural products. China has less than 10% of the total farmland of the world, but produces agricultural products to feed one fifth of the world population. Scientific research in agriculture and agricultural engineering has made significant contributions to such a great achievement. As the trend of urbanization continues, further reduction of farmland is unavoidable. In the last few years, we have witnessed the global grain price rise. With the limited natural resources and increasing world population, human beings are facing huge challenges to produce enough food, but meanwhile to conserve our natural resources and protect our environment for the sustainable development of agriculture. The only solution to such great challenges has to be increased input to scientific research. Scientists and engineers in agricultural and biological engineering must bear the responsibility to develop new and innovative technologies for agricultural production. I believe that IJABE will provide a great communication platform for scientists and engineers to present their latest research results concerning agricultural and biological engineering and the applications of new bio-agricultural engineering technologies in all areas of agriculture. I wish IJABE all the success. Ren Luquan Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Vice-President Professor of Jilin University
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 3 ）：中国工程院院士李佩成教授 Congratulations on the IJABE L i P eicheng The world has a large population to feed, which must rely on the sustainable development of agriculture. IJABE arises at this historic moment when the world food prices are rising rapidly. I sincerely hope that the journal will make a great contribution to promoting agricultural science and technology development, ensuring food security and safety, and maintaining world peace. Congratulations! L i P eicheng Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Professor of Changan University 附中文稿： 全球人人都要吃饭， 世界农业必须发展， IJABE 应运而生！ 我衷心祝愿它在推动农科技进步、 保证粮食安全、 维护世界和平事业中做出 更大的贡献！ 李佩成 2008.7.7
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 2 ）：中国工程院院士蒋亦元教授 Congratulatory Letter Jiang Yiyuan Please accept my warmest congratulations on the launch of the new journal entitled International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering jointly published by AOCABFE and CSAE. This is a pioneering undertaking in the history of academic exchange and cooperation in the agricultural engineering field between China and the outside world. I hope it will be a budding beauty in the academic garden and ever increasingly prosperous in the Chinese agricultural and biological engineering circle. I heartily endorse the open access policy adopted by this journal, which makes our articles freely accessible online immediately upon publication, removes the price barriers, and thus will greatly facilitate Chinese scientific professionals in a broader spectrum to participate in scientific exchanges with the peers at home and the rest of the world. The inadequate level of the technical English language and the unfamiliarity with the western peer-reviewing process make Chinese professionals reluctant to contribute their papers to the English language publications. IJABE is changing this situation. With the assistance of AOCABFE whose members are mostly bilingual, the communication between the Chinese contributors and the peer-reviewers will be far more convenient than ever before. Nowadays, China is at the all-around developing stage. Food supply is a world wide issue and has been an eternal theme in the domestic economic development in China, a country with about 1.3 billion population and only about 800 m2 of arable land per capita. To greatly increase the cereal output lies in enlarging the production scale and speeding up the farm mechanization. Obviously, the blooming spring of Chinese agricultural and biological engineering cause has come. For instance, the central government planned to allocate 10 billion or so Chinese RMB Yuan to Heilongjiang Provinces farm mechanization, aiming to increase 10 billion kg of cereal production in the period from 20082010. This is an unprecedented high investment in the farm mechanization sector for one province. Although the advanced agricultural equipment in the developed countries has reached an amazing high level, it is still improving, let alone China has quite different economic and social conditions for developing farm mechanization. Chinese agricultural engineers are facing unique challenges and opportunities to make innovations and progress in agricultural and biological engineering. I have only one suggestion in terms of the criteria for decision making on the selection of the paper to be published. I wish to pay more attention to such papers in which new principles and new constructions are used in solving unique problems rather than too much pure mathematic modeling without sufficient, strict experimental support. Surely, for the former the scientific experimental verification is also required. In short, both the inductive and deductive inference (reasoning) approaches in scientific research should be equally emphasized, not stressing one at the cost of the other. But in some Chinese agricultural engineering journals theoretical analysis without substantial experimental justification is prevailing to a greater extent than ever before. I hope this new journal at the very beginning will present itself in a new fashion in front of the worldwide readers, which means it meets the international academic standards and at the same time reflects the realistc conditions in China. Jiang Yiyuan Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Professor of Northeast Agricultural University
IJABE 创刊贺词（ 1 ）：中国工程院资深院士 曾德超教授 王 应 宽 2008-08-11 博主按 ： 创办国际英文刊是一项具有重要社会意义又光荣而艰巨的任务。经过本人数年的持续努力和筹备，《国际农业与生物工程学报》（ IJABE ）即将创刊。为祝贺农业工程学科领域的这一盛举，特别邀请了本学科领域的院士和知名专家题写了创刊贺词。专家院士们高瞻远瞩、高屋建瓴的评点，衷心地祝愿和殷切期盼，令人鼓舞和振奋。今首发于此，与各位同行分享和共勉。 Respectful Congratulations on the Open Publication of the IJABE Zeng Dechao First, I would like extend my respectful congratulations on the open publication of the International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, founded jointly by CSAE and the US-based AOCABFE. The founding and the development of the agricultural engineering discipline in China had involved many international experts, especially the US scholars; even including figures such as Dr. J.B. Davison, the founder of ASAE in 1908. Through the 20th century, USA had marvelously succeeded, throughagricultural mechanization, practically alleviate human chore in all lines of farm work; thus havebrought in a change in human life. One of the consequential impacts to the agricultural engineering departments inthe US land grant universities however,has been a rather urgent need in a modificationon the agricultural engineering(AE) training program, so thatAE graduates can have a better chance to get their jobs after graduation. One of the ways out has been to develop a modified training programalong the line of bio-systems engineering. My first personal contact to this trial was through the very helpful meeting with Professor Norman Scott, then a vice President of Cornel University. His concrete description on the method in his rather well known paper is very interesting, but not so practical. I have gained very much along this line also from Professor J.K.Wang at Hawaii University. Prof. J. K.Wang came to visit the International Cooperation Office, Eastern Campus, China Agricultural University(CAU) and Academician Wang Maohua. He was also one ofthe very first US AE professors with Taiwan origin, visitingtheCAU Eastern Campus right after the Pingpeng diplomacy. Their rather impressively successful work along this line, especially on the medical biological side,required very close or intimatecooperation between the engineers andthe bio-molecular scientists.This is not an easy problem to tackle with, in the case of CAUEastern Campus, or even some other campuses in Chinaas well. So, I heartedly hail and cheer for this initiative in the cooperation between CSAE and the US-based AOCABFE, to publish this International Journal, an excellent and indispensableway to provide relevantinformation and personal contacts for the incubation of agricultural and biological system engineeringin China. I sincerely wish this joint journal IJABE a great success! Zeng Dechao Senior Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Professor of China Agricultural University
与 BioMed Central 期刊发展部亚太区经理 Charlotte 会谈 敝人研究开放存取，在做博士论文期间就与 BioMed Central 编辑和负责人有过面谈和 email 联系，曾对 BioMed Central 进行过案例研究，并应邀作报告多场次。深知 BioMed Central 开放存取期刊出版平台的优势，因此希望我们即将创办的英文刊 IJABE 能够利用这个平台，借船出海，快速发展。于是主动与 BioMed Central 联系，正好 BioMed Central 期刊发展部亚太区（总部在新加坡）经理 Hubbard Charlotte 近期来北京开会，就促成了此次会谈。 2008 年 3 月 25 日下午 3 点 ， Hubbard Charlotte 准时来到我办公室，我与这位金发美女进行了 2 个小时的会谈。我希望以科学家主办的期刊（ Scientist-run journal ）形式加盟 BioMed Central ，适当为其服务支付一定的服务费。商谈的合作方式为我们独立负责期刊内容的组织、编辑和审查， BioMed Central 负责后期制作和网络传播，由其向作者收取论文处理费。但因论文处理费（ article-processing fees, APC ）问题难以达成一致，合作前景渺茫。由于 BioMed Central 的论文处理费标准为平均每篇文章 1600 美元，即使减半，期刊主办者和作者也无法承担。如果我们能够筹集到足够的资金，以主办者替作者向 BioMed Central 付费，以受资助的 OA 期刊加盟，对期刊的发展是很有利的。此路不通，只好另辟蹊径。
International Journal of Agricultural Biological Engineering 1 Title ( 刊名 ) International Journal of Agricultural and Bio logical Engineering (IJABE) Abbreviation: Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng 中文刊名：国际农业与生物工程学报 2 Domain( 国际域名 ) URL: http://www.ijabe.org 3 Sponsors( 主办单位 ) Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng is sponsored jointly by Association of Overseas Chinese Agricultural, Biological and Food Engineers (AOCABFE, 海外华人农业、生物与食品工程师协会 ) and Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, CSAE, 中国农业工程学会 ). The ISSN 1934-6344 and eISSN 1934-6352 numbers for the IJABE have been registered in US. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng will be published in both online version and hard copy. 4 Co-sponsors( 协办单位 ) 拟邀请十余所高校及科研院所参与协办。 5 Editors-in-Chief( 主编 ) 经 AOC 执委会和 CSAE 常务理事会讨论通过，决定主编聘任人选。 AOC 方：主编 -Prof. Roger Ruan from Minnesota University 执行主编： Dr. Paul Chen CSAE 方 : 主编 -Prof. Wang Maohua from China Agricultural University 执行主编： Dr. Wang Yingkuan 6 办刊宗旨与刊登范围 Aims and Scope: 为国内外的农业、食品和生物工程师提供一个发表和讨论最新研究成果的平台，特别为国内专家学者提供一个国际学术交流的窗口。创立并经营知名学术品牌，争取被更多国际权威检索系统 (SCI/EI) 收录，实现自我发展。共设6 个栏目。 This journal provides a home for the latest high-quality research concerning the agricultural , food and biological engineering and the application of bio-agricultural engineering techniques in all areas of agriculture. Topical areas include, but are not limited to: 动力与机械系统Power Machinery System (PMS) Design and manufacturing, Mechanization and automation, Man-machine system interaction, Precision agriculture and emerging technologies. 水土工程Land Water Engineering (LWE) Conservation of water and soil resources and quality, Technology for improvement of soil and water infrastructures, Hydrology, Erosion, Drainage, Water quality and ecosystem integration, Stream corridor restoration, Irrigation management, Infrastructure management. 生物环境工程Bio-environmental Engineering (BEE) Pollution source and emission, Environmental control technology, Ecological engineering, Waste management, Greenhouse engineering, Safety and health, Life cycle analysis. 信息与电气技术Information Electrical Technologies (IET) Artificial intelligence, Advanced sensing technology, Biosensors and system control, Computer aided systems, Application of GIS, GPS, and RS in agriculture. 可再生能源系统Renewable Energy System (RES) Innovative energy sources, Renewable energy technologies, Biomass production, handling, and utilization, Energy efficiency and conservation. 农产品与食品加工工程Agro-product Food Processing Engineering (AFPE) Post-harvest handling and storage, healthy food technology, food and biological processing engineering, Imaging and sensing technology, Safety and security, Biomaterials and bio-chemicals. 新兴科技与工程Emerging Science, Engineering Technologies (ESET) 7 论文类型 ： 述评、原创性研究论文、研究快报、新闻、简讯、读者来信等。 Cover Caption , Editorial, Research Highlights, Science Express, News Focus , Policy Education Forum, Perspectives, Correspondence, Commentary, Brief Communications, Previews , Mini - reviews , Review , Research Articles, Book and Media Reviews, Corrections, Advance Online Publication , Advertisement. 8 Languages: English 9 Publishing Schedule First issue of IJABE in August 20 and second in December 20 2008. Quarterly in 2009. 10 Contact Information Contact phone: 86-10-65929527, Contact person: Dr. Wang Yingkuan http://www.ijabe.org , Email: ijabe@163.com 封面方案1 封面方案2 封面方案3
标签: IJABE
