从原始社会开始，作为人，我们就开始制造和使用工具，工具的材料当然重要；从小到大受的教育，人最早使用的是石器；自打知道了恐龙灭绝说，而且到四川自贡亲眼看到了恐龙化石，才知道，特殊的石头——陨石还是武器；从这期的自然期刊，就知道，陨石也可以带来钱财：科学家解释地表大量贵金属来源，结果支持“天上掉金子”的观点。 http://paper.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/20119914265290919267.shtm 和材料圈搭关系，起源于纳米：没有眼见为实的无泪针药，把制剂封在象创可贴那样的小材料里，往身上一贴，纳米药剂直接渗透；弱电类型的随身卡片也一度导致 RFID 条码材料的研究，如果纳米成主流，应该都向那边靠；眼下欧洲把纳米级别设备的安全、可信，摆上了桌面 ：号称所有重量级别一网打尽的我，都想抽脚离开了！ 想出海做访问!!! 一直强调主流和通俗，主张以“使用密度”安排有限研究时间：纳米作为材料，日本 NEC 2004年就涉及到使用了，只要在用，谁都绕不过安全！现在欧洲公开全球在线公开召集，因为觉得纳米应用的密度不够，犹豫！Two Topics By HP: · Strong crypto that runs on nano-scale devices · Lightweight data mining that runs on nano-scale devices (keeps data on the device) 只是通过趋近纳米材料的了解，对日本有另外的印象：他们绝非仅有青春偶像，从科研到小野丽莎！ 上海同济大学研究纳米到国内核心的中文文章，和我同名同姓的第一作者，显然当时就可以挣到中科院博士后的收入。 []按照别人的脚印，博士做到国内核心，有足够的 POWER 就可以到中科院做博士后。可是我做完 EI ，做到 SCI 才博士，中国是国内核心的，必须正视之，各个行业、各个学科。只要在国内核心，哪怕可以拿到 NFSC、863、973 也和中专生看齐，无法超脱。所以，.CN 们在自己的圈子里好好表现，实现中国古老谚语就可以了。
“结果”可能是论文最重要的部分。在这部分你要叙述主要的研究结果，读者想知道的也就是这些。而且，研究结果还影响到”引言”和”讨论”部分的编排，目标期刊的选择和以及后续研究的方向。 在开始撰写“结果”之前，你应全盘考虑你的试验发现，并审视他们到底意味/提示什么。此时你应该已经完成了数据分析，并已制作了几幅图表以便简单明了地展示结果。后文将有一些图表制作和统计分析方面的注意事项，所以这里就暂不赘述。不过，一定要记得：图是“结果”的重要组成部分，所以图、表、正文之间不能有重复的叙述。简而言之，如果用图表比用文字表达得更清楚，就用图来表达，然后在正文中简单提及；如果用文字就可以简单阐明，就无需再用图来表达。 一旦确定要把哪些结果纳入正文以及这些结果的意义，，你就可以把它们按一个符合逻辑的顺序组合成一个“故事”。在“引言”部分已经说明了假设或拟研究的问题；现在，在“结果”部分展示你收集的全部证据，用于支持你的假设或排除其他备择解释。用现在时态的子标题把每种不同的结果分成单独的小节。这些子标题应该与“方法”部分的子标题以及图表的标题相互对应。与“方法”部分一样，叙述“结果”时应使用过去时。你用于支持假设的证据种类越多(以及越不含混)，你的结论就越无可置疑。这里暂时不要去讨论你结果的影响或大谈其意义—那是“讨论”部分的任务。这里只用展示你的证据，然后留待读者自行去下结论。 “结果”部分经常需要比较样本和对照，或者比较某个时间点前后的结果，所以有必要了解陈述比较时一些常犯错误。其中一些也包括在“克服语言障碍”一章的注意事项中。最重要的是“同类事物间才能做比较”。例如，有这样一个句子：“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers” 就应该改成“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”。这里的一个关键是“were compared” 这个短语(其他句子中也可能是 “compared with”)的位置。如果这个短语位于被比较双方 (如此例中：吸烟者的p53 levels 和 不吸烟者的p53 levels)之间，那么比较的双方都必须要有足够的信息来清楚界定到底比较的是什么。也可以把这个短语放在被比较双方之前或之后，例如：“Expression levels of p53 in smokers and non-smokers were compared”。叙述比较的另一个问题是，比较性的词语如“more”，“higher”和 “faster”等，后面需要跟一个”than”开始的从句来解释是比谁多、高或者快。比如，“transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol”这个句子中是比谁高就不明确，因此应该加上“than control mice”。 示例 下图节选自《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》上一篇论文的“结果”部分(doi:10.1172/JCI37155；经同意转载)。其中显示了“结果”部分的一些要素。 核对清单 1. 你的数据如果用图表更容易表达就用图表；反之用文字。 2. 使用过去时叙述结果。 3. 同类事物才能做比较。 4. 图、表、正文内容不能重复。 5. 正文中说明统计分析结果，如P值。 英文原文 Results: what you found The results section is possibly the most important section in your paper. In this section you will describe the main findings of your research, which is what everyone who is going to read your paper wants to know about. Also, whatever findings you obtained will determine how the introduction and discussion sections are framed, what target journals you can consider, and what direction(s) your subsequent research needs to take. The easiest way to approach writing a results section is to consider all of your findings and what they mean or suggest. You will already have analyzed your data and probably also generated a number of figures and/or tables to show it in a clear and concise manner. Later tips in this series describe some important considerations to keep in mind when preparing display items and performing statistical analyses, so I won’t go into much detail on those processes here. However, it is important to remember that graphics are important components of the results section, and therefore, that there should be no redundancies or duplications among the text, figures and tables. Put simply, if something can be more clearly shown in a figure or table than explained in the text, then use a graphic and refer to it briefly in the text; if something can be easily summarized with text, then there is no need for an additional graphic showing the same thing. Once you have a clear idea of what results you want to include and what each of them shows, you should assemble them in a logical order to make a ‘story’. You will have already described your hypothesis or research question(s) in the introduction; use the results section to lay out all of the evidence you have gathered, building up a solid case to support your hypothesis or to exclude alternative explanations. Each different finding should have its own subsection, beginning with a subheading in the present tense. These subheadings should match those in the methods section and the headings used in figure/table legends. The results themselves should be described in the past tense, like the methods. The more types of evidence you can provide for a given hypothesis (and the less ambiguous these are), the more irrefutable your conclusions can be. Resist the urge to discuss the implications of findings or go into detail about what they mean—that is what the discussion section is for. Rather, present the evidence and let the reader draw their own conclusions. Results sections frequently involve comparisons between a test sample and a control, or between before and after time-points, so you should be aware of some common errors made when describing comparative results. Some of these have already been described in the tip “Overcoming the language barrier”. It is particularly important to compare “like with like”. For example¸ the sentence “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers” should actually be “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”. The critical point here is the placement of “were compared” (or in other situations, “compared with”): if the comparing term appears between the words describing the two items being compared (here, p53 levels in smokers and p53 levels in non-smokers), then enough information needs to be provided either side of the comparative term to make it absolutely clear what is being compared. An alternative to this is to place the comparative term before or after the words describing the items being compared: for example, “Expression levels of p53 in smokers and non-smokers were compared”. While still on the subject of comparisons, it is important to remember that relative terms, such as “more”, “higher” and “faster”, require an accompanying “than” clause to explain what this change is relative to. For example, in the sentence “transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol” it is unclear what these levels were higher than; thus, a “than clause”, such as “than control mice”, is required. Example The figure below, showing a couple of excerpts from the results section of paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37155; reproduced with permission), shows some of the important components of a results section. Checklist 1. Use figures and tables to summarize data except where such data can be easily summarized in the text 2. Describe results in the past tense 3. Compare like with like 4. Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text 5. Show the results of statistical analyses, for example, p values, in the text. Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
标签: 而且
