1. Introduction To improve students English proficiency, Chinese education authorities and universities encourage instructors to teach bilingually. In bilingual teaching, students are required to read textbooks in English, and instructors should write blackboard in English and lecture in English and Chinese, in variable proportion. Thus, the precondition of bilingual teaching is the access to textbooks in English. For the course on statics and dynamics, thank to the publishers effort, a few popular western textbooks have been legally distributed in China . Nevertheless, not all western textbooks are usable in Chinese universities. For an extreme example, all textbooks depending on national codes and standards are generally not codes and regulations. Obviously, statics and dynamics do not belong to that category. However, since the differences in teaching contents and the diversity in textbook usages, the suitability of western textbooks is still a problem even for a course line statics and dynamics. This problem will be treated here. At first, the course on statics and dynamics taught in Chinese universities is described. Then the differences in the contents are highlighted. Finally the appropriateness of the western textbooks used in Chinese universities is discussed and a suggestion is proposed. 2. Course designed in Chinese Universities In Chinese universities, statics and dynamics, or engineering mechanics as referred in the north America, are called theoretical mechanics, which is a usage adopted from former Soviet Union. It is taught for students majoring in mechanical, civil, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering as well as engineering mechanics. Engineering mechanics students will take two more courses in the direction, namely, advanced dynamics and vibrations. For most other engineering students, there are no further courses on dynamics, while a few of them may take an optional course on vibrations. The theoretical mechanics course is covered in 60 to 80 hours, depending on the major and the university. The course is usually taught in 20 weeks, a semester or two trimesters. In addition to an introduction to describe the subject and the course, theoretical mechanics typically consists of three parts, statics, kinematics, and dynamics . Usually, less than a third lecturing time is devoted to statics, about a fourth to kinematics, and the others to dynamics. Although there are certain differences among the Chinese textbooks, they have a common core material, which is specified by a document titled The Essential Requirement of Teaching Theoretical Mechanics issued by the Guidance Committee of Mechanics Teaching, Ministry of Education, PRC. Statics covers equivalence, reduction, and equilibrium. It begins with basic concepts such as forces, moments, couples, constraints, and a basic approach, free-body diagram. Concurrent forces, couples, and general force systems, are treated to reduce equivalently, and centers of gravity are introduced as an example of the system of parallel forces. Equations of equilibrium is derived and applied to a rigid body or a system with a few rigid bodies. The equations are also applied to equilibrium problems involving friction and analysis of trusses. Kinematics begins with motion of a point, translation of a rigid body, and rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis. Then composite motion of a point is presented. Velocities and accelerations are analyzed for motion of a point relative to a translating reference frame and a rotating reference frame. Kinematics closes with the discussions on rigid bodies, with the emphasis on general plane motions. Dynamics contains both vector dynamics and introductory analytical mechanics. It begins with dynamics of a particle, including Newton s law and its application in relative motion. Dynamics of a system of particles focuses on theorem of momentum, theorem of angular momentum, and theorem of kinetic energy. Rigid bodies are treated as a special system of particles, with the emphasis on plane motions. Here also introduces some specific topics such as propulsion with variable mass, steady fluid streams, impact, gyroscopic effects, and vibrations. Vector dynamics ends with the method of kineto-statics that is a practical approach to transform dynamics to statics by adding necessary imaginary inertial forces. Analytical mechanics begins with principle of virtual work. Then Lagranges equations are derived form the DAlembert-Lagrange principle, and its applications, including the generalized energy and momentum integrals are discussed. Sometimes advanced topics such as Hamilton s equations and Hamilton s principle are referred. 3. Contrasts with Western Textbooks Compared with typical contents presented in western textbooks on engineering mechanics , there are some significant differences in statics, kinematics, and dynamics. In statics, theoretical mechanics does cover structural analysis, internal forces, and moments of inertia, which all appear in engineering mechanics. Besides, distributed forces are not treated so detailed. These contents are taught in another course, mechanics of materials. Method of virtual work is usually presented in dynamics, although recently some instructors prefer to follow the western practices. However, they found it difficult for students to establish the relations between the virtual displacements, as they do not have necessary background in kinematics. The contents in kinematics are essentially the same, while kinematics in engineering mechanics is not a separate part, and scatters in dynamics instead. Both practices have their own advantages, which will not be reviewed here. In addition, theoretical mechanics stresses more on composite motion of a point and usually does not deal with 3-dimensional motion of rigid bodies in details. In dynamics, theoretical mechanics devotes a chapter to the method of kineto-statics, which is only very briefly referred as DAlemberts principle in engineering mechanics. Perhaps only an exception, applies the principle to dynamic balance of rigid rotors, which is a standard subjects in theoretical mechanics. What is more, another chapter in theoretical mechanics, Lagranges Equations, is not contained in engineering mechanics. In the western, the topic is treated in intermediate (or advanced) dynamics . 4. Discussions The teaching contents in Chinese universities will not substantially change because of the requirements of the education authorities and the transition of the instructors. If the western textbooks are used, to cover most of teaching contents, the students will need textbooks on engineering mechanics and intermediate dynamics. In such a way, about half of statics, some of dynamics, and most of intermediate dynamics will not be used. Besides, so far there have no western textbooks on intermediate dynamics distributed in China . It should be remarked that all second hand textbooks are not used in Chinese universities. As a result, instructors usually lecture most material of the textbooks that he requires or suggests his students to buy. Therefore, it seems feasible to use the western textbooks on engineering mechanics as textbooks of theoretical mechanics. On the other hand, bilingual teaching of theoretical mechanics needs extraordinary textbooks written in standard English. The styles of western textbooks on engineering mechanics are also especially attractive to both Chinese instructors and students. It is a dilemma. Collaboration of Chinese and western instructors on textbooks is a possible way to break away from the dilemma. Those books for Chinese students should be characterized by the following. They should cover all required material in theoretical mechanics textbooks in Chinese. If possible, the presentation should generally follow the Chinese way so that the instructors are easy to prepare their lectures; for example, kinematics should be a separate part. Some traits of the western counterpart should be preserved, such as in-chapter photographs, multicolor artwork, engineering-related examples and problems, necessary computerize exercises, and historical notes. Last but not least, they should be written in standard modern English. References A. Pytel J Kiusalaas, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics (2nd ed.), Tsinghua University Press, 2001. F.P.Beer E.R. Johnston, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics (3rd SI Ed.), Tsinghua University Press, 2003. R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics (10th ed.), Higher Education Press, 2004. Q.S. Fan, K.Z. Xue, B.R. Cheng, Theoretical Mechanics, Higher Education Press, 2000 Y.Z. Liu, H. X. Yang, B. H. Zhu, Theoretical Mechanics (2nd ed.), Higher Education Press, 2001. L.Q. Chen, X.S. Ge, K. Y. Xu, Y. Xue, Theoretical Mechanics. Tsinghua University Press, 2006. S. Timoshenko D. H. Young, Engineering Mechanics (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, 1985. J.H. Ginsberg, Advanced Engineering Dynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1998. in Proceedings of 21 st Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics ( Toronto , June 3-7, 2007) (Kawall G, Yu S, and Naylor D eds., 2007): 117-118
这里汇总整理了18本自然语言处理与计算语言学的相关书籍介绍，按国外书籍（1~4），国内书籍（5~18），其中国内书籍又按自然语言处理（5~9），计算语言学（10~13），中文信息处理（14~17），文选（18）顺序整理，如果有遗漏，欢迎补充！ 一、自然语言处理与计算语言学书籍汇总之一：国外书籍 1、 《Speech and Language Processing》 a) 作者: Daniel Jurafsky / James H. Martin b) 副标题: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics and Speech Recognition c) ISBN: 9780130950697 d) 定价: USD 97.00 e) 出版社: Prentice Hall f) 装帧: Paperback g) 第一版出版年: 2000-01-26；第二版出版年：2006 h) 相关网站： http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~martin/slp.html i) 英文简介：This book takes an empirical approach to language processing, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corpora.Methodology boxes are included in each chapter. Each chapter is built around one or more worked examples to demonstrate the main idea of the chapter. Covers the fundamental algorithms of various fields, whether originally proposed for spoken or written language to demonstrate how the same algorithm can be used for speech recognition and word-sense disambiguation. Emphasis on web and other practical applications. Emphasis on scientific evaluation. Useful as a reference for professionals in any of the areas of speech and language processing. j) 中文译名：自然语言处理综论 k) 译者: 冯志伟 / 孙乐 l) ISBN: 9787121007767 m) 页数: 588 页 n) 出版社: 电子工业出版社 o) 定价: 78.0 p) 装帧: 平装 q) 出版年: 2005 r) 中文简介：本书是一本全面系统地讲述计算机自然语言处理的优秀教材。本书英文版出版之后好评如潮，国外许多著名大学纷纷把本书选为自然语言处理和计算语言学课程的主要教材，该书被誉为该领域教材的黄金标准。本书包含的内容十分丰富，分为四个部分，共21章，深入细致地探讨了计算机处理自然语言的词汇、句法、语义、语用等各个方面的问题，介绍了自然语言处理的各种现代技术。从层次的角度看，本书的论述是按照自然语言的不同层面逐步展开的，首先论述单词的自动形态分析，接着论述自动句法分析，然后论述各种语言单位的自动语义分析，最后论述连贯文本的自动分析、对话与会话的智能代理以及自然语言生成。从技术的角度看，本书介绍了正则表达式、有限状态自动机、文本- 语音转换、发音与拼写的概率模型、词类自动标注、N元语法、隐马尔可夫模型、上下文无关语法、特征与合一、词汇化剖析与概率剖析、一阶谓词演算、词义排歧、修辞结构理论、机器翻译等非常广泛的内容。本书具有覆盖全面、注重实用、强调评测、语料为本四大特色。在本书的配套网站上，还提供了相关的资源和工具，便于读者在实践中进一步提高。 2、 Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing a) 作者: Christopher D. Manning / Hinrich Schuetze b) ISBN: 9780262133609 c) 页数: 680 d) 定价: USD 82.00 e) 出版社: The MIT Press f) 装帧: Hardcover g) 出版年: 1999-06-18 h) 相关网站： http://nlp.stanford.edu/fsnlp/ i) 英文简介：Statistical approaches to processing natural language text have become dominant in recent years. This foundational text is the first comprehensive introduction to statistical natural language processing (NLP) to appear. The book contains all the theory and algorithms needed for building NLP tools. It provides broad but rigorous coverage of mathematical and linguistic foundations, as well as detailed discussion of statistical methods, allowing students and researchers to construct their own implementations. The book covers collocation finding, word sense disambiguation, probabilistic parsing, information retrieval, and other applications. j) 中文译名：统计自然语言处理基础 k) 译者: 苑春法 l) ISBN: 9787505399211 m) 页数: 418 n) 出版社: 电子工业出版社 o) 定价: 55.0 p) 装帧: 平装 q) 出版年: 2005-1-1 r) 中文简介：近年来，自然语言处理中的统计学方法已经逐渐成为主流。本书是一本全面系统地介绍统计自然语言处理技术的专著，被国内外许多所著名大学选为计算语言学相关课程的教材。本书涵盖的内容十分广泛，分为四个部分，共16章，包括了构建自然语言处理软件工具将用到的几乎所有理论和算法。全书的论述过程由浅入深，从数学基础到精确的理论算法，从简单的词法分析到复杂的语法分析，适合不同水平的读者群的需求。同时，本书将理论与实践紧密联系在一起，在介绍理论知识的基础上给出了自然语言处理技术的高层应用（如信息检索等）。在本书的配套网站上提供了许多相关资源和工具，便于读者结合书中习题，在实践中获得提高。 3、 Natural Language Understanding (2nd Edition) a) 作者: James Allen b) ISBN: 9780805303346 c) 定价: USD 66.00 d) 出版社: Addison Wesley e) 装帧: Paperback f) 出版年: 1994-08-03 g) 英文简介：From a leading authority in artificial intelligence, this book delivers a synthesis of the major modern techniques and the most current research in natural language processing. The approach is unique in its coverage of semantic interpretation and discourse alongside the foundational material in syntactic processing. h) 中文译名：自然语言理解 i) 译者: 刘群 j) ISBN: 9787121007552 k) 页数: 508 l) 定价: 59.0 m) 出版社: 电子工业出版社 n) 装帧: 平装 o) 出版年: 2005-01-01 p) 中文简介： 本书是讲授自然语言理解的经典教材。书中全面而深入地介绍了自然语言理解领域中使用的理论和技术，共分为句法处理、语义解释和上下文与世界知识三大部分。具体探讨了上下文无关文法、 chart句法分析器、转移网络形式体系、逻辑形式语言、知识表示、篇章结构和语用推理以及会话agent等多方面的内容。本书理论与实践并重，阐述清晰，简明易懂。世界多所院校采用本书作为自然语言理解的教材。对本领域的研究人员而言，本书也是一本优秀的参考书。 4、 Statistical Language Learning a) 作者: Charniak, Eugene b) ISBN: 9780262531412 c) 定价: $22.00 d) 出版社: The MIT Press e) 出版年：1996年9月1日 f) 英文简介：Eugene Charniak breaks new ground in artificial intelligence research by presenting statistical language processing from an artificial intelligence point of view in a text for researchers and scientists with a traditional computer science background. New, exacting empirical methods are needed to break the deadlock in such areas of artificial intelligence as robotics, knowledge representation, machine learning, machine translation, and natural language processing (NLP). It is time, Charniak observes, to switch paradigms. This text introduces statistical language processing techniques word tagging, parsing with probabilistic context free grammars, grammar induction, syntactic disambiguation, semantic word classes, word-sense disambiguation along with the underlying mathematics and chapter exercises. Charniak points out that as a method of attacking NLP problems, the statistical approach has several advantages. It is grounded in real text and therefore promises to produce usable results, and it offers an obvious way to approach learning: one simply gathers statistics. Language, Speech, and Communication 二、自然语言处理与计算语言学书籍汇总之二：国内书籍 这里汇总整理了18本自然语言处理与计算语言学的相关书籍介绍，按国外书籍（1~4），国内书籍（5~18），其中国内书籍又按自然语言处理（5~9），计算语言学（10~13），中文信息处理（14~17），文选（18）顺序整理，如果有遗漏，欢迎补充！ 5、 统计自然语言处理 a) 作者: 宗成庆 b) ISBN: 9787302165989 c) 页数: 475 d) 定价: 66 e) 出版社: 清华大学出版社 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2008-5-1 h) 内容简介：本书全面介绍了统计自然语言处理的基本概念、理论方法和最新研究进展，内容包括形式语言与自动机及其在自然语言处理中的应用、语言模型、隐马尔可夫模型、语料库技术、汉语自动分词与词性标注、句法分析、词义消歧、统计机器翻译、语音翻译、文本分类、信息检索与问答系统、自动文摘和信息抽取、口语信息处理与人机对话系统等，既有对基础知识和理论模型的介绍，也有对相关问题的研究背景、实现方法和技术现状的详细阐述。 6、 自然语言的计算机处理 a) 作者: 冯志伟 b) ISBN: 9787810460361 c) 页数: 523 d) 定价: 20 e) 出版社: 上海外语教育出版社 f) 出版年: 1996 g) 简介：自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing, 简称NLP）就是利用电子计算机为工具对人类特有的书面形式和口头形式的自然语言的信息进行各种类型处理和加工的技术，这种技术现在已经形成一门专门的边缘性交叉性学科，它涉及语言学、数学和计算机科学，横跨文科、理科和工科三大知识领域。自然语言处理的目的在于建立各种自然语言处理系统，如机器翻译系统、自然语言理解系统、情报自动检索系统、电子词典和术语数据库系统、计算机辅助教学系统、语音自动识别系统、语音自动合成系统、文字自动识别系统等。由于自然语言处理离不开电子计算机，因此，自然语言处理又可以叫做自然语言的计算机处理（Natural Language Processing by Computer），以强调电子计算机对自然语言处理的作用。 7、 自然语言理解:一种让机器懂得人类语言的研究(第2版) a) 作者: 姚天顺 / 朱靖波 b) ISBN: 9787302054351 c) 页数: 470 d) 定价: 39.8 e) 出版社: 清华大学出版社 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2002-10-1 h) 简介：自然语言理解是人工智能的一个重要分支，主要研究如何利用计算机来理解和生成自然语言。本书重点介绍了自然语言理解所涉及的各个方面，包括语法分析、语义分析、概念分析、语料库语言学、词汇语义驱动、中间语言、WordNet、词汇树邻接文法、链接文法、基于语段的机器翻译方法、内识别与文本过滤、机器翻译的评测等，既有对基础知识的介绍，又有对最新研究进展的综述，同时还结合了作者多年的研究成果。本书可作为高等院校计算机、人工智能等专业的高年级本科生或研究生的教材及教学参考书，也可供从事中文信息处理、数据挖掘以及人工智能研究的相关人员参考。 8、 自然语言处理技术基础 a) 作者: 王小捷、常宝宝 b) ISBN: 9787563505272 c) 页数: 146 d) 定价: 19.0 e) 出版社: 北京邮电大学出版社 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2002-12-01 h) 简介：本书包括了三个方面的内容。第一部分介绍基于规则的自然语言处理技术，分别从语法和语义两个层面入手。首先介绍了几种语法系统的形式化表示方案，在此基础上，介绍了几种典型的上下文无关句法分析和基于复杂特征的句法分析方法。在语义层面，分别从词义和句义两个层次介绍了进行词义和句义分析的方法。第二部分介绍基于统计的自然语言处理技术，包括词汇层的一些统计语言模型以及在句法层的概率上下文无关语法。第三部分介绍一种重要的应用机器翻译，分别从规则和统计两个方面来介绍它的理论和实现。 9、 计算机自然语言处理 a) 作者: 王晓龙 b) ISBN: 730210089 c) 页数: 170 d) 定价: 23.0 e) 出版社: 清华大学出版社 f) 装帧: 精装 g) 出版年: 2005-04-01 h) 简介：计算机自然语言处理技术在我国现代化及信息化建设中起着越来越重要的作用,我国政府已经将它列入国家中长期科学技术发展纲领。近年来,语言处理技术, 特别是基于国际互联网的中文语言处理技术正在引起我国广大科技工作者的高度重视。本书既全面阐述了中文语言处理技术的特殊规律,又借鉴了国内外学者在计算语言学领域里的最新成就,还包括了作者的实践经验和体会。本书可以作为计算机相关专业研究生的专业课教材,也可供相关专业高年级大学生和从事自然语言处理技术研究和应用的科技人员参考。 10、 计算语言学概论 a) 作者: 俞士汶 b) ISBN: 9787100037969 c) 页数: 357 d) 定价: 20 e) 出版社: 商务印书馆 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2003-9-1 h) 简介：本教材从基础算法和应用三个方面，较为系统地介绍计算语言学的基础理论、相关的自然语言处理技术和应用。 11、 计算语言学基础 a) 作者: 冯志伟 b) ISBN: 9787100032841 c) 页数: 280 d) 定价: 16.0 e) 出版社: 商务印书馆 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2001-8-1 h) 内容简介：《计算语言学基础》从语言学的角度，回顾了计算语言学的产生和发展的历史，从词汇的计算机处理、自动句法分析、自动语义分析等方面，系统地讲述计算语言学的基础知识，特别是介绍了计算语言学的基本理论和方法。这是一本计算语言学的基础性入门读物，作者尽量考虑到计算语言学跨学科的特点。叙述力求深入浅出，文字力求简明扼要，可供语言学工作者、计算机工作者、计算语言学工作者以及对语言信息处理有兴趣的广大读者阅读。 12、 计算语言学导论 a) 作者: 翁富良 / 王野翊 b) ISBN: 9787500420804 c) 页数: 207 d) 出版社: 中国社会科学出版社 e) 定价: 20.0 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2005-10-01 h) 简介：语言是反映人的思维的最重要的一面镜子，又是人与人之间交流的最重要的媒介。对语言的研究，是一个经久不衰的古老课题。几千年来，中外学者从语言与思维、语言与现实的关系等不同角度。在词源、注释、分类、语法等各个方面开展了广泛的研究。近一两百年来，西方学者在逻辑学、数学和分析哲学方面的成果，大大推动了语言形式他的研究。而随着计算机科学的发展，建立语言的形式化计算模型成为语言学的重要课题。计算语言学作为以形式化的计算模型来分析、理解和处理语言的科学也就应运而生。而信息革命的展开，更使计算语言学的研究达到了一个空前的程度。 13、 计算语言学 a) 作者: 刘颖 b) ISBN: 9787302057888 c) 页数: 185 d) 定价: 22.0 e) 出版社: 清华大学出版社 f) 装帧: 平装 g) 出版年: 2002-10-01 h) 内容简介：计算语言学是一门涉及语言学、计算机科学和数学等多门学科交叉的学科，覆盖面很广，本书侧重最经典的工作，阐述计算语言学的基本理论和方法。主要介绍现代句法理论和语义理论，词法、句法和语义阶段重要的分析算法及语料库和统计语言学。本书结构完整，层次分明，条理清楚。既便于教学，又便于自学。 （注：转载于：我爱自然语言处理： www.52nlp.cn ，略有调整）
标签: 教材
