只有蠢人,才是他一个人,或者邀集一堆人,不作调查,而只是冥思苦索地“想办法”,“打主意”。须知这是一定不能想出什么好办法,打出什么好主意的。换一句话说,他一定要产生错办法和错主意。 毛泽东,《反对本本主义》,一九三○年五月, http://www.qstheory.cn/books/2016-08/24/c_1119448591_7.htm 牛顿、爱因斯坦“奇迹年”的共同点有哪些? “奇迹年”的拉丁语是 Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles)。 牛顿、爱因斯坦“奇迹年”的共同点:(1)没有科研费。(2)没有同行评议。 牛顿、爱因斯坦“奇迹年”的其它的共同点有哪些? 一、科学上的一些“奇迹年” (1)科学诞生 1543,维萨里与哥白尼 安德烈·维萨里( Andreas Vesalius,1514-12-31 ~ 1564-10-15 ),著名医生、解剖学家,近代人体解剖学的创始人,与哥白尼齐名,是科学革命的两大代表人物之一。 1543 – The year of science Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) in Basel, which revolutionised the science of human anatomy and the practice of medicine. Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in Nuremberg, Germany, which eventually altered the science of astronomy forever. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andreas-Vesalius https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus (2)牛顿1666 1666 – The year of wonders, Isaac Newton In the year 1666, Isaac Newton made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. As such, it has later been called Isaac Newton's Annus Mirabilis. It was in this year that Isaac Newton was alleged to have observed an apple falling from a tree, and in which he in any case hit upon the law of universal gravitation (Newton's apple). He was afforded the time to work on his theories due to the closure of Cambridge University by an outbreak of plague. (3)爱因斯坦 1905 1905 – Albert Einstein The year 1905 has often been linked to the term annus mirabilis, as it was in this year that Albert Einstein made important discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and the famous E = mc2 equation. His four articles, collectively known as his Annus Mirabilis papers, were published in Annalen der Physik, all in 1905. 二、百业英才,各自有哪些基本特征?这些特征与各个时期的教育有怎样的关系? “我们应当尊敬的是凭真理的力量统治人心的人,而不是依靠暴力来奴役人的人,是认识宇宙的人,而不是歪曲宇宙的人。” 三、真理是客观的 真理可能在少数人一边。---柏拉图(希腊) 没有一个人能全面把握真理。---亚里士多德(希腊) 谬误的好处是一时的,真理的好处是永久的;真理有弊病时,这些弊病是很快就会消灭的,而谬误的弊病则与谬误始终相随。---狄德罗(法国) 历史告诫我们说,一种崭新的真理惯常的命运是:始于异端,终于迷信。---赫胥黎(英国) 真理往往掌握在少数人手里。---列宁(苏联)。 求出处,似为话剧台词,不是列宁原话。 他杀,往往是自杀。 自杀,常常是他杀。 竭尽全力,去阻碍人类文明的进步,去争做历史的罪人? https://cdn.britannica.com/s:s:300x200/09/75509-004-CFE09F17.jpg 爱因斯坦: 在真理和认识方面,任何以权威者自居的人,必将在上帝的戏笑中垮台! 一个人的价值,应当看他贡献什么,而不应当看他取得什么。 相关链接: Annus mirabilis, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis#1759_%E2%80%93_William_Pitt 维萨里,百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BB%B4%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C 江晓原,2009-12-28,爱因斯坦:曾经的超级“民科” http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_485f2bc80100gyz0.html 爱因斯坦:曾经的超级“民科”--《创新时代》2011年11期 http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-CXSD201111053.htm 施郁,2017-10-15,爱因斯坦奇迹年的五篇论文 精选 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-4395-1080881.html 2018-03-14,牛顿、爱因斯坦“奇迹年”的直接原因:没有“同行评议” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1103814.html 2018-09-13, 教育:什么是正确的教育?怎样实现正确的教育? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1134603.html 2018-12-08, 教育之母,是谁? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1150581.html https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Einstein/images-videos/media/181349/69360 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
一个是最重要的粮食作物; 一个是集粮食、饲料和啤酒原料于一身的谷类作物; 而它们的共同点是都是基因组庞大的禾本科作物。 如今,它们的基因组也公布于世,为作物遗传和育种研究者带来新的资源和工具。 2012年11月29日NATURE当期2篇文章以ARTICLE的形式报道了大小麦基组测序结果。其中,来自英国利物浦大学和加州大学戴维斯分校等研究者报道了小麦的全基因组测序结果。小麦的基因组非常复杂和庞大,拥有17G碱基对,包含约9.6万个基因,是水稻基因组的43倍,成为禾本科作物中最重要粮食作物基因组测序的里程碑。 小麦基因组测序(17 Gb): http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v491/n7426/full/nature11650.html Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally important crop, accounting for 20 per cent of the calories consumed by humans. Major efforts are underway worldwide to increase wheat production by extending genetic diversity and analysing key traits, and genomic resources can accelerate progress. But so far the very large size and polyploid complexity of the bread wheat genome have been substantial barriers to genome analysis. Here we report the sequencing of its large, 17-gigabase-pair, hexaploid genome using 454 pyrosequencing, and comparison of this with the sequences of diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes. We identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes, and assigned two-thirds to the three component genomes (A, B and D) of hexaploid wheat. High-resolution synteny maps identified many small disruptions to conserved gene order. We show that the hexaploid genome is highly dynamic, with significant loss of gene family members on polyploidization and domestication, and an abundance of gene fragments. Several classes of genes involved in energy harvesting, metabolism and growth are among expanded gene families that could be associated with crop productivity. Our analyses, coupled with the identification of extensive genetic variation, provide a resource for accelerating gene discovery and improving this major crop. 同时,德国莱布尼茨植物遗传学与农作物研究所Nils Stein教授领衔的一个国际大麦测序联盟公布了大麦基因组测序结果。大麦的基因组也非常庞大,拥有5.1G碱基对,是水稻基因组的13倍。大麦基因组测序的完成,将为大麦遗传育种研究和啤酒工业带来新的动力。 大麦基因组测序(5.1Gb): http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v491/n7426/full/nature11543.html A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is among the world’s earliest domesticated and most important crop plants. It is diploid with a large haploid genome of 5.1 gigabases (Gb). Here we present an integrated and ordered physical, genetic and functional sequence resource that describes the barley gene-space in a structured whole-genome context. We developed a physical map of 4.98Gb, with more than 3.90Gb anchored to a high-resolution genetic map. Projecting a deep whole-genome shotgun assembly, complementary DNA and deep RNA sequence data onto this framework supports 79,379 transcript clusters, including 26,159 ‘high-confidence’ genes with homology support from other plant genomes. Abundant alternative splicing, premature termination codons and novel transcriptionally active regions suggest that post-transcriptional processing forms an important regulatory layer. Survey sequences from diverse accessions reveal a landscape of extensive single-nucleotide variation. Our data provide a platform for both genome-assisted research and enabling contemporary crop improvement.
最近一段时间做了一些 GRE 阅读,发现了一个规律:一篇文章刚开始一看,全蒙了,啥都不懂,再看第二遍,还是蒙的,第三遍,也不行……咋办呢?把不懂的单词一个一个的查出来,尝试理解每一个句子。一遍下来,豁然开朗!一篇文章中,大部分东西我们应该是懂的,只有三四个单词不认识或者三四个句子不明白意思,但就是这些小小的细节,造成了我们对整篇文章的理解程度大幅下降。民间说法:一粒老鼠屎打坏一锅粥。 科研中又何尝不是如此呢?阅读一篇文献,如果有一两个看不懂的公式了,整篇文章就看不懂了;看一段代码,小部分没看懂,整段代码的理解就困难了。所以,我们在很多情况下都要善于发现这些关键的、阻碍我们理解的小问题,理性的看待、分析问题,不要被问题的表面现象所吓倒,一个大问题总有一部分是我们懂的,集中精力消除那一小部分不懂的东西大问题可能就迎刃而解了。 小小的感触,仓促的记录下来,资历尚浅,请大家不要拍砖。