人类的肌肉是动人的,无论男性还是女性。 男性和女性的骨骼肌在外形和力量上具有明显的差别( 如下表所示, 参考文献1-5)。因此,对于男性和女性肌肉的审美,其角度和标准也就不尽相同。 参考文献 1. MaughanRJ; Watson JS; Weir J (1983). Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle . The Journal of Physiology. 338 : 37–49. 2. Olweus D;Mattsson A; Schalling D; Louml;w H (1988). Circulating testosterone levels and aggression in adolescent males:a causal analysis . Psychosomatic Medicine. 50 (3):261–72. 3. MillerAE; MacDougall JD; Tarnopolsky MA; Sale DG (1993). Gender differences instrength and muscle fiber characteristics. European Journal ofApplied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 66 (3):254–62. 4. Frontera WR; Hughes VA; Lutz KJ; Evans WJ (1991). A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to78-yr-old men and women . Journal of Applied Physiology. 71 (2):644–50. 5. Janssen, Ian; Heymsfield, Steven; Wang, ZiMian; Ross, Robert (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged18–88 yr . Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (1):81–88. 钟楚曦 的舞姿, 展现了女性肌肉的线条美。 (引自:电影《芳华》剧照。 钟楚曦饰 萧穗子) 女性肌肉线条美。 引自: https://post.smzdm.com/p/576233/pic_12/#bigImg 虽然女性的骨骼肌细胞(肌纤维)在结构和功能上与男性相同,但是,女性的骨骼肌细胞数目明显少于男性,她们的肌肉在形态上呈条束状。 因此, 女性的肌肉美,在于线条和灵巧 。 男性的肌肉呈团块状, 引自: http://www.sohu.com/a/684837_101521 男性的肌肉比女性的发达,这不是因为骨骼肌细胞的体积大,而是他们的骨骼肌细胞数目相对较多,使其肌肉形态呈块状。 因此, 男性的肌肉美,在于健壮和力量 。 \0 \0 【注】 本博讨论的,是肌肉的 自然美 ,不是健美比赛的标准。
文章来源:Science 【翻译】 怀孕能重塑女性的大脑至少两年 第一个类似研究显示,在第一次怀孕期间,妇女的大脑结构发生显著变化,这种变化至少持续 2 年,尤其是在涉及处理和回应社交信号区域中的灰质会收缩。这可能意味着,新妈妈的大脑在,例如回应婴儿需求或检测环境中危险人物方面更有效。这些变化与母亲对婴儿依恋程度的标准测试相关联。不管是自然怀孕还是体外受精,都有这种变化。 该研究的首席作者、荷兰莱顿大学的神经科学家 Elseline Hoekzema 说:“我们当然不希望在你怀孕的时候发出‘怀孕使你失去了你的大脑’这类信息。灰质体积减少也可以代表成熟或专业化的有益过程”。她同时也是一个有两岁孩子的怀孕母亲。 怀孕期是一个戏剧性的、激素驱动生理和身体变化的时期。血容量、激素水平、营养吸收和其他生理能力显着增长。根据怀孕妇女的轶事报告,一些变化没有那么有益,比如健忘和难于专注。 然而对动物的研究表明,怀孕与明显的大脑结构长期变化相关联,并伴随着适应性变化,例如雌性啮齿动物变得更擅长觅食。实际上,还没有深度探讨怀孕期间人类大脑的结构变化的研究。 Hoekzema 和她的同事开始着手做出改变。他们在西班牙与巴塞罗那自治大学联盟,使用磁共振成像扫描检查了未曾孕育过孩子的 25 名妇女的大脑。再她们分娩后 3 个星期到几个月内再次检查。该研究组还以相同的间隔扫描检查了 19 名新爸爸、 17 名没有孩子的男性和 20 名没孩子同时在研究期间也未怀孕的女性的大脑。 然后,他们基于计算机的分析来测量灰质体积的变化。 研究结果高度一致显示,只在妈妈们的大脑中灰质体积减少了,这一结果报道在了今天的《自然神经科学》上。 这些变化主要发生在参与社会任务的大脑区域,例如从面部和行动中读取他人的欲望和意图。与记忆相关的海马体积也减少了。另外,该小组发现,衡量妈妈对婴儿依恋程度的标准测试得分,在很大程度上可以根据怀孕期间灰质体积的变化来预测。 科学家也用 MRI 扫描观察了当女性看到自己婴儿和其他婴儿照片时大脑实时工作情况。相比其他婴儿照片,在怀孕期间灰质减少的几个脑区域对自己的婴儿最强烈的神经活动回应。(母亲大脑对自己的婴儿照片和其他婴儿的照片的反应比较,是研究人员用来测量对婴儿神经反应的常用方法。) 两年后, 25 个母亲中有 11 个没有再怀孕的母亲回来再进行 MRI 扫描。扫描结果显示,除了海马中大部分灰质体积已经恢复,其他仍保持减少后的状态。这种变化如此一致,以致计算机算法能够根据 MRI 扫描结果 100 %准确地预测一个女人是否怀孕。研究人员不能确定地解释这一结果意味着什么,因为他们不能像科学家接触啮齿类动物大脑那样研究女性大脑,但是他们推测灰质减少可能会带来适应性优势, Hoekzema 说。她指出,在青春期,灰质体积的类似下降发生在当神经网络被微调以提高效率和更专业的功能时。 没有参与这项研究的科学家们指出,这项研究不仅第一次证明了怀孕人类大脑中普遍的结构变化,并且进一步表明这一变化至少持续 2 年。加拿大哈密尔顿的麦克马斯特大学的进化心理学家 Mel Rutherford 说:“它打开了可能导致育儿方式改变的可能性之门,这一改变可能对以后生活中决策和行为有潜在影响。” 他补充说,他希望在养父母和放弃子女养育的母亲中看到类似的研究。这可能增强当前研究的证据:这些变化仅仅来自怀孕这一物理事实,而不是,例如所有父母在婴儿生命早期所经历的压力和睡眠剥夺。(在目前的研究中,新父亲的大脑没有改变,尽管有这些压力。) Abbe Macbeth 是 Noldus 信息技术(弗吉尼亚州利斯堡的行为研究咨询公司)的神经科学家,她自己也是 6 岁和 9 岁孩子的母亲,她说:“当大脑重新构建自身以应对生活变化时,越少就是越多。” “有关于孕妇健忘的所有这些轶事,可能发生在与照顾我们的后代不需要有任何关系的区域”,她说:“这就是大自然想要我们关注的,如本文表明。” 【原文】: Pregnancy resculpts women’s brains for atleast 2 years A first-of-its-kind study hasrevealed that the architecture of women’s brains changes strikingly duringtheir first pregnancies, in ways that last for at least 2 years. In particular,gray matter shrinks in areas involved in processing and responding to socialsignals. This may mean that new mothers’ brains are more efficiently wired inareas that allow them, for instance, to respond to their infant’s needs or todetect threatening people in their environments. The changes correlated withstandard tests of a mother’s attachment to her infant—and they occurredwhether a woman conceived naturally or using in vitro fertilization. “We certainly don’t want to put a messageout there along the lines of ‘pregnancy makes you lose your brain,’” says thestudy's lead author Elseline Hoekzema, a neuroscientist at Leiden Universitythe Netherlands who is also the pregnant mother of a 2-year-old. “Gray mattervolume loss can also represent a beneficial process of maturation orspecialization.” Pregnancy is a time of dramatic,hormone-driven physiological and physical changes. Blood volume, hormonelevels, absorption of nutrients, and other physiological capabilities growdramatically. Other changes, according to anecdotal reports from pregnantwomen, are not so salubrious, like forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating.Whereas animal studies have shown that pregnancy is associated with apparentlylong-lasting anatomical brain changes—accompanied by adaptive changes, such asrodent mothers becoming better at foraging for food—virtually no studies havedrilled down on anatomical changes in the human brain during pregnancy. Hoekzema and her colleagues set out tochange that. Working in Spain, in affiliation with the Autonomous University ofBarcelona, they used MRI scanning to examine the brains of 25 women who hadnever had children, both before they became pregnant and again from 3weeks to a few months after they gave birth. The team also scanned 19first-time fathers at the same intervals, 17 men without children, and 20 womenwithout children who did not become pregnant during the study. Then, they usedcomputer-based analyses to measure changes in gray matter volume. The findings showed highly consistent graymatter volume losses in the mothers and not in the other groups, theteam reports today in Nature Neuroscience. The changes occurred primarilyin areas of the brain involved in social tasks like reading the desires andintentions of others from their faces and actions. The hippocampus, a regionassociated with memory, also lost volume. What’s more, the team found that themothers’ scores on a standard test that gauges the degree of a mom’s attachmentto her infant could be predicted to a significant degree based on the changesin their gray matter volume during pregnancy. The scientists also used MRI scans to watchthe women’s brains work in real time, as they looked at photos of their owninfants and of other babies. Several of the brain areas that had lost graymatter during pregnancy responded with the strongest neural activity to theirown babies as opposed to the photos of other infants.(Comparisons between thebrain’s response to photos of a mother’s own infant and to photos of otherinfants is a common measure researchers use to gauge neural responses tobabies.) Two years later, 11 of the 25 mothers—thosewho had not become pregnant again—returned for MRI scans. The scans showed thatgray matter loss remained—except in the hippocampus, where most volume had beenrestored. The changes were so consistent that a computer algorithm couldpredict with 100% accuracy whether a woman had been pregnant from her MRIscan. The researchers could not explain withcertainty what the findings mean–they do not have the kind of access to thewomen’s brains that scietists have to rodents’, for instance—but they speculatethat the gray matter losses might confer an adaptive advantage, Hoekzemasays. She notes that a similar decline in gray matter volume occurs duringadolescence, when neural networks are fine-tuned for more efficiency and morespecialized functions. Scientists not involved in the study notedthat not only is it the first to demonstrate widespread anatomical changes inthe pregnant human brain, but that it goes further by showing that the changeslast for at least 2 years. “It opens the door to the possibility that it mightcause changes in parenting that might have implications in decision-making andbehavior later in life,” says Mel Rutherford, an evolutionary psychologist atMcMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. He adds that he would like to see similarstudies in adoptive parents and in mothers who give up their children foradoption. That might strengthen the evidence from the current study that thechanges arise solely from the physical fact of pregnancy and not, for instance,from the stress and sleep deprivation that all parents experience early in aninfant’s life. (In the current study, the brains of the new fathers did notchange despite these stresses.) Abbe Macbeth, a neuroscientist with NoldusInformation Technology, a behavioral research consultancy in Leesburg,Virginia, and herself the mother of 6- and 9-year-olds, says that less can bemore when the brain restructures itself to respond to life changes. “There isall this anecdotal talk about pregnant women forgetting things, but that canoccur in areas that don’t necessarily have anything to do with caring for ouroffspring,” she says. “That’s what nature wants us to focus on. This papershows that.”
昨天我说到女性长寿的秘密在于雌激素的“神奇”作用——抗炎。不过,行家和明眼人一看,就知道其中还有很多矛盾之处和未解之谜。 比如,女性在绝经期后雌性激素分泌大减,它又如何能让女性长寿?其次,有很多数据都表明,老年女性比老年男性更易患上老年痴呆症,这岂不是与雌激素抗炎并导致女性长寿的推论相矛盾? 还是让事实说话吧!有关女性更易患老年痴呆症的结论来自流行病学研究,一是女性老年痴呆患者占2/3;二是女性老年痴呆症患者脑部的噬斑沉积更严重;三是女性老年痴呆症的病理变化与临床特征更吻合。于是,女性绝经期后雌激素分泌下降被理所当然地归结为女性更易患老年痴呆症的主要原因。 的确,女性绝经期后血清雌二醇水平急剧下降,甚至低于正常男性的血清浓度。然而,令人惊讶的是,无论衰老还是痴呆,大脑中类固醇激素的水平始终不变,也就是说血清雌二醇水平的降低不会导致大脑雌二醇水平的降低! 一项雌二醇定量测定发现,女性老年痴呆症患者大脑中雌二醇含量,在60-79岁之间与正常值比较无显著差异,只有80岁以上才会出现下降。倒是正常男性大脑组织的睾酮含量随年龄增长而不断下降。 这些研究结果似乎都不支持女性更易患老年痴呆症的结论,更不支持患病原因就是更年期后雌二醇分泌减少。退一步说,假如女性老年痴呆症确实与雌二醇减少有关,那么给患者补充雌二醇应能改善病情吧? 可是,事与愿违,在一项“妇女健康引领记忆研究”(WHIMS)的临床试验中,共有4532位年龄在68岁以上女性参与研究,经过4年半的激素治疗,老年痴呆症患者却增加两倍,而且增加乳腺癌、肺动脉栓塞和中风的风险。 由此可见,女性老年痴呆患者较多的原因并非雌二醇下降,而有可能是另外的原因,比如女性寿命较长,可能带病生存,而男性寿命较短,难以跟同龄女性比较。另外,女性易患妇科疾病,尤其常被白色念珠菌(病原真菌)感染,体内炎症水平很高也是一个可能的原因。 参考文献 Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Schneider JA, Evans DA,Bennett DA (2005) Sex differences in the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer disease pathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):685–691 Corder EH, Ghebremedhin E, Taylor MG, Thal DR, Ohm TG, Braak H (2004) The biphasic relationshipbetween regional brain senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle distributions: modification by age, sex, and APOE polymorphism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019:24–28 Grimm A,Lim YA,Mensah Nyagan AG, Götz J, Eckert A(2012) Alzheimer's Disease, Oestrogen and Mitochondria:an Ambiguous RelationshipMol Neurobiol 46:151–160 Hy LX, Keller DM (2000) Prevalence of AD among whites: a summary by levels of severity. Neurology 55(2):198–204 Rosario ER, Chang L, Head EH, Stanczyk FZ, Pike CJ (2011) Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 32:604–613.
3月8日是国际妇女节,为表庆祝,Wiley精选了一系列发人深省的研究文献,它们或为庆祝女性的功绩,或与两性不平等研究相关,都是各领域相关的最新优秀研究,包括期刊文章和图书章节。 具体涉及的主题如下,点击主题名称即可进入相应页面免费阅读文献。感兴趣的朋友不妨关注: 天花板效应The Glass Ceiling 媒体界的性别歧视Sexism in the Media 教育的性别平等Gender Equality in Education 妇女的医疗保健政策Women's Healthcare Policy From History to 'Herstory' 女权地理学与迁徙Feminist Geography Migration 性别与社会政策Gender Social Policy 儿童时期的性别角色定型Gender Stereotypes in Childhood 女性著作Women's Writing 工资的性别差距The Gender Pay Gap 女性主义哲学Feminist Philosophy 作为社会建构物的性别Gender as a Social Construct 女性在宗教中的作用The Role of Women in Religion 政府中的女性Women in Government 主站地址: http://www.wileyiwdresearch.com/
2013 年 3 月,美国“国家女性史项目”选择了“通过想象力鼓舞创新的女性:表彰从事科学、技术、工程、数学研究的女性”为活动主题。在 115 位被提名的女性中,遴选委员会最后选定了 18 人,她们进入 2013 年“国家女性史活动月”名人榜。 出处: http://www.nwhp.org/whm/honorees2012.php 2013 Honorees Nominees For March 2013, the National Women’ s History Project selected the theme, Women Inspiring Innovation Through Imagination: Celebrating Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics . It is with great pleasure that we announce the Honorees for National Women’s History Month 2013. The 18 women chosen are all extraordinary visionaries and role models in the STEM fields, where women are still noticeably underrepresented. The 2013 Honorees represent a remarkable range of accomplishments and a wide diversity of specialties including medicine, robotics, computer programming, atmospheric chemistry, architecture and primatology. These women’s lives and work span the centuries of American history and come from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. We are proud to honor them and all women seeking to advance these important fields. We extend our sincere thanks to our supporters, who nominated over 115 outstanding women. The Selection Committee faced a very difficult task in narrowing the list to 18. We also want to congratulate and celebrate all of the notable women who were nominated. A complete list follows of the 18 Honorees for 2013. 2013 Honorees Hattie Elizabeth Alexander (1901–1968) Pediatrician and Microbiologist,儿科学家,微生物学家 Hattie Alexander developed the first effective remedies for Haemophilus influenzae, reducing the mortality rate from nearly 100 percent to less than 25 percent. Alexander was also among the first scientists to identify and study antibiotic resistance, which she correctly concluded was caused by random genetic mutations in DNA. In 1964, she became the first woman elected president of the American Pediatric Society. Marlyn Barrett (1954) K-12 STEM Educator ,从幼儿园至高中阶段科学教育专家 Marlyn Barrett is a coordinator of science instruction for Worcester County Public Schools and a project director for a grant which provides professional development for 135 teachers in 14 counties throughout Maryland. Her responsibilities include directing the grant, meeting with other county coordinators and higher education partners, and teacher training, impacting thousands of Maryland students and inspiring them to become the future of science. Patricia Era Bath (1942) Ophthalmologist and Inventor 。眼科专家 Patricia Bath’s invention of the Laserphaco Probe was an important milestone in the advent of laser cataract surgery. Bath co-founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (1976) committed to “protect, preserve, and restore the gift of sight.” She broke ground for both women and African Americans in medicine and ophthalmology, including being the first African American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) Physician,医生,建立了史上第一个面向女性的医学院 Elizabeth Blackwell was the first fully accredited female doctor in the United States. She, along with her sister, Emily, founded the first medical school for women, resulting in greater acceptance of female physicians, more opportunities for meaningful work for American women, and stricter standards for medical schools as a whole. Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898–1979) Physicist and Inventor,物理学家 Katharine Blodgett was the first woman awarded a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Cambridge (1926) and the first woman research scientist for General Electric’s Schenectady, New York laboratory (1920). Blodgett received eight US patents, most famously for inventing low-reflectance invisible glass. The legacy of her work is still seen today in camera lenses, computer screens, eyeglasses, and many other applications. Edith Clarke (1883–1959) Electrical Engineer,电气工程师 Edith Clarke was the first woman to earn an M.S. in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1919) and the first woman professor of electrical engineering in the US (University of Texas at Austin 1947). Before teaching, Clarke worked much of her career as an engineer for General Electric. She invented the Clarke Calculator, a graphical device for solving power transmission line equations, and is also well known for authoring an influential textbook on power engineering. Rita R. Colwell (1934) Molecular Microbial Ecologist and Scientific Administrator ,曾任美国国家科学基金会主任 Rita Colwell, Ph.D. served as the first woman Director of the National Science Foundation (1998-2004), where she exemplified the importance of STEM education by her leadership in K-12 STEM education, graduate STEM education, and the increased participation of women and minorities in science and engineering. Colwell has also served in many leadership and advisory positions for scientific organizations and government agencies. Her award-winning scientific work is focused on water borne diseases of public health significance. Dian Fossey (1932–1985) Primatologist and Naturalist,灵长类动物学家,博物学家 For 18 years Dian Fossey studied, lived amongst, and befriended the gorillas of Rwanda. Fossey made many discoveries about gorillas including understanding gorilla vocalizations, gorilla group hierarchies and social relationships, and gorilla diet and recycling of nutrition. Her book, Gorillas in the Mist (1983) documented her intense study of these animals and the need to protect them from the constant threat of poachers and neglect. Susan A. Gerbi (1944) Molecular Cell Biologist,分子细胞生物学家 Susan A. Gerbi is the George Eggleston Professor of Biochemistry at Brown University, where her research team devised a method to map the start site of DNA replication at the nucleotide level. Her current research suggests that a steroid hormone receptor may play a direct role for regulating the initiation of DNA replication, with potential significance to understand the role of hormones in certain cancers. She also studies eukaryotic ribosomes, the cellular factories for protein synthesis. Helen Greiner (1967) Mechanical Engineer and Roboticist,机械工程师,机器人专家 Helen Greiner is co-founder and former President/Chairman of iRobot Corporation, a world leader in consumer and military robots, and current CEO of CyPhyWorks. She is also a Trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Boston Museum of Science (MOS), serves on the Robotics Advisory Board of Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and Army War College (AWC), and is a member of the Army Science Board (ASB). Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992) Computer Scientist,计算机科学家 Grace Hopper was a pioneering computer scientist and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. Hopper joined the Navy Reserve during World War II and worked as one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark 1 Computer. She later wrote the first computer programming compiler (1952) and conceptualized COBOL, on of the first modern programming language (1954). Upon her retirement she was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat award given by the Department of Defense. Olga Frances Linares (1936) Anthropologist and Archaeologist,人类学家,考古学家 Olga Linares is a senior staff scientist (emerita) at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Her work centers on the social organization and agrarian practices of the Jola peoples living in the Casamance region of Southern Senegal. Formerly, she also did research on the archaeology and ethnography of Central America. Julia Morgan (1872–1957) Architect,建筑师 Julia Morgan was the first woman admitted to the architecture program at l'cole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and the first woman architect licensed in California. Morgan designed over 700 buildings in California and is best known for her work on Hearst Castle in San Simeon. Many of her projects, including designing numerous YWCA buildings and facilities at Mills (women’s) College, sought to advance opportunities for women. Louise Pearce (1885–1959) Physician and Pathologist,医生,病理学家 Louise Pearce was a physician and pathologist with the Rockefeller Institute. Pearce worked on the team that found a cure for African Sleeping Sickness (1919) and made a solo trip to the Belgian Congo to test the new drug (1920). From 1923 until her retirement in 1951 she researched susceptibility or resistance to infection with Dr. Wade Hampton Brown. Their discovery of a transplantable rabbit tumor was studied in cancer laboratories around the world. Jill Pipher (1955) Mathematician,数学家 Jill Pipher is president of the Association of Women in Mathematics (2011), and director of the Institute for Computational and Experimental Research in Mathematics (2011). The ICERM is a NSF funded mathematics institute supporting cutting edge research on the intersections of mathematics and computers. Pipher is a professor of Mathematics at Brown University and has research interests in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, and cryptography. Mary G. Ross (1908–2008) Mechanical Engineer ,机械工程师 Mary Ross was the first woman engineer at Lockheed’s Missiles Systems Division (1952), and the first known Native American woman engineer. At Lockheed, Ross designed missiles and rockets, and developed systems for human space flight and interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus. After retiring, she began a second career as an advocate for women and Native Americans in engineering and mathematics. Susan Solomon (1956) Atmospheric Chemist,大气化学家 Susan Solomon is the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of atmospheric chemistry and climate science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her groundbreaking research on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole was part of the basis of the international treaty that has effectively regulated damaging chemicals. She is also a leader in climate science, and is best known for seminal work showing that climate changes due to human increases in carbon dioxide will last for more than a thousand years. Flossie Wong-Staal (1946) Virologist and Molecular Biologist,黄以静,病毒学家,分子生物学家 Flossie Wong-Staal is one of the world’s foremost authorities in the field of virology. Wong-Staal was a pioneering researcher of retroviruses and with her team deciphered the structure of the HIV virus as the cause of AIDS. She was the first to clone and complete the genetic mapping of HIV making it possible to develop HIV tests. Wong-Staal continues her pioneering work in developing first-in-class therapeutics against Hepatitis C virus.
Frontiers of Medicine:上海交通大学医学院宁光等研究发现流产病史增加中老年女性代谢综合征的患病风险 来源: 丁香园 作者:desperado-c 编辑: 葛根 随着流产次数的增加, 代谢综合征 患者率增加 流行病学研究显示,流产可以对健康产生长期的影响,例如心血管疾病。但到目前为止,关注流产史与代谢综合征(MetS)之间关系的研究较少。针对这种情况,来自 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院的宁光教授 及其卫生部内分泌与代谢病重点实验室的团队进行了一项研究( Association between history of abortion and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women ),探讨中国中老年女性流产病史与MetS之间的关系。该研究结果发表在2013年1期的《医学前沿》(Frontiers of Medicine)杂志上。 该研究是一项由6302名年龄大于40岁的上海女性参与的横断面调查,采用标准问卷调查表获悉入选者的生育史。MetS的诊断采用美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次报告的标准。 该研究结果表明,人工流产与MetS患病率呈正相关,独立于潜在的混杂因素。多元校正logistic回归分析显示,与无人工流产病史女性相比,有人工流产病史者患MetS的风险增加1.5倍(OR=1.25,95%CI=1.06–1.47,P<0.05),且与流产的次数相关。然而,自然流产史和MetS之间的相关性无统计学意义。与没有自然流产史的女性相比,有自然流产史者患MetS的多元校正比值比为0.88(95%CI=0.65–1.47,P<0.05)。 该研究发现,在中老年女性,人工流产史与MetS患者率呈正相关。但仍需进一步的研究探讨流产对健康的长期影响。 丁香园原文链接 http://endo.dxy.cn/article/46290
见:中国科学报20130308 http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2013/3/270317.shtm "The prejudice that brains and beauty never go together" must be changed. 相关:智慧与美貌可以得兼象限论 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/blog-71079-652378.html BTW:YN同学的照片(photo by LL)比报纸上的那几张,还要漂亮。 YN同学博客: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/nyouyou
科学网里的武夷山老师曾经写过一篇《 跟着丈夫走,事业不耽误----一位美国女科学家的故事 》。我今天在瑞典的地铁报( metro )读到个故事,也学着写个文章呼应武夷山老师一下。 知道这个故事源于一个10岁瑞典男孩(发论文时为 10 岁,现在 11 岁了)帮助教授父亲解决一个困扰了他 8 年的关于准晶的科学问题,于是男孩成为了 The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 352年创刊历史以来最年轻的论文合作作者。这个男孩叫 Linus Hovmller Zou , 父亲是斯德哥尔摩大学结构化学专业的教授 Sven Hovmller 。BBC 对他们父子俩的采访和新闻报道请见: Ten-year-old boy co-authors scientific paper 小孩的姓怎么会是Zou 呢? 瑞典当地的英文报纸(The local)对此事件的 报道 让我们明白了这个问题的答案——小孩的妈妈叫Xiaodong Zou,本人也是斯德哥尔摩大学的教授,她丈夫 Sven Hovmller 就归她领导(她是Head of unit,所以应该也算得上是“跟着妻子走”吧),见该系 网页 。Xiaodong Zou 好像是斯大的明星教授,瑞典大众媒体上她是少数出镜率比较高的大学教授了,有兴趣看她的publication list的可以点击 这里 ,对于她的领域我是彻底外行,不过感觉做无机化学也能时不时地出Nature, Nature Chemistry 应该是相当了得的,令人佩服。
电子计算机问世前的“女子计算机” 武夷山 在电子计算机问世前,已经有了“女子计算机”。 二战期间,美国陆军弹道研究实验室实施了一项秘密计划,即建立“费城计算处”。具体说来,陆军招募了一批女子,其作用是“人力计算机”。她们的任务是进行快速而准确的巨量运算,以构造出精确的弹道表,这样就可以预测敌方发射炮弹或空投炸弹的飞行路径。费城计算处的工作地点在宾夕法尼亚大学的摩尔工学院内。美国公共广播公司( PBS )于 2010 年发行的纪录片 Top Secrete Rosies : The Female Computers of WWII (绝密玫瑰:二战中的女子计算者)。 还得说一句,在第一部电子计算机 Eniac 的研制过程中,这些女子就起着“程序员”(尽管当时还没有“编程”的说法)的作用,贡献巨大。 这些绽放的“绝密玫瑰”,比我们常说的“铿锵玫瑰”毫不逊色啊。 以上照片展现了这些女子计算高手的芳容。 参考文献 Joseph November , When Women Were Computers , Technology and Culture, 2011, 52 (4): 788-791
可口可乐或者百事可乐什么的,估计是一些人比较喜欢喝的饮料,特别是年轻人。刚才看到李璐老师可口可乐树的介绍,有网友评论喝可乐可能会导致钙流失,我在网上简单搜索了一下,还真有相关研究。早在 2006 年就有人在 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 发表研究论文宣称无论是有没有去掉咖啡因的可乐都会降低女性的骨密度,增大骨折的概率,同时也增加罹患骨质疏松症的概率。 喝可乐为什么能降低骨矿物质密度( bone mineral density , BMD )? Tucker 博士等 人认为可乐里面的磷酸物质可能是一个重要因素,磷酸是一酸性物质,喝过可乐之后身体为了保持酸碱或者离子平衡身体就排除了钙离子( They suspect that phosphoric acid, an ingredient found in all colas, may be the culprit . )。有意思的是, Noelle Larson 博士也做了一个相关的小样本实验,直接说明了喝可乐与钙、磷代谢的关系,她让 20 名健康的女性饮用水(对照组)和可乐(实验组),发现 3 小时后实验组的小便里包含了更多的钙和磷,这两种是构建硬骨头的关键元素。 Tucker 博士等研究人员还发现,饮用可乐的量与骨密度减少的这种正相关关系与年龄、是否绝经、吸烟或饮酒状况、所摄入钙和维他命 D 的量无关,也就是说, 只要喝可乐,得骨质疏松的可能性就增大 ( The link between cola consumption and women's bone loss was unaffected by age, menopausal status, cigarettes, alcohol, or total calcium and vitamin D intake . )。 但为什么对男性的影响就相对较小呢?研究人员解释,除了两性激素状况本身有差异之外,男性更多的体育活动锻炼减少了可乐对男人的伤害,再加上男性的骨架和体积较大,也在一定程度上缓解了喝可乐造成的骨密度降低( Girls' and women's smaller bones would make them more sensitive to nutritional insult, whereas the higher levels of physical activity in boys and men might be protective . )。看来,做女人真的不容易,做一个喜欢喝碳酸型饮料而不得骨质疏松症的女人更难。所以,作者呼吁女性应该不要再喝可乐了, “ 可乐 ” 女一点也 “ 不可 ” 乐。 相关阅读: 可口可乐树 Diet cola drains calcium in women Cola Raises Osteoporosis Risk For Women Regardless Of Calcium Intake And Age Carbonated Cola Drinks Drop Bone Density in Women Cola Causes Bone Loss
最新出版的Plos One有一篇文章很有意思。文章调查了华南34 个 低收入 女性 性工作者和 28 个 健康 成员的社会网络及其对 性病/艾滋病 检测与防治的关系 ,以及与 暴力 客户 打交道的方式 。分析 表明, 性工作者 的 老乡 关系在 妇女 之间非常 强大 。这些性工作者的 社会关系 往往 迁移 到 城市,他们一起参加 非政府组织组织活动的频率非常高,这些活动包括 包括 集体动员 , 推广使用安全套 , 缓解 暴力 , 以及 促进健康 行为 等 。文章指出 ,彼此是 老乡 的 性工作者 往往 更愿意接受 艾滋病 检测 和 性健康服务 。 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024816 Background Reducing harm associated with selling and purchasing sex is an important public health priority in China, yet there are few examples of sustainable, successful programs to promote sexual health among female sex workers. The limited civil society and scope of nongovernmental organizations circumscribe the local capacity of female sex workers to collectively organize, advocate for their rights, and implement STI/HIV prevention programs. The purpose of this study was to examine social networks among low-income female sex workers in South China to determine their potential for sexual health promotion. Methods/Principal Findings Semi-structured interviews with 34 low-income female sex workers and 28 health outreach members were used to examine how social relationships affected condom use and negotiation, STI/HIV testing and health-seeking behaviors, and dealing with violent clients. These data suggested that sex worker's laoxiang (hometown social connections) were more powerful than relationships between women selling sex at the same venue in establishing the terms and risk of commercial sex. Female sex workers from the same hometown often migrated to the city with their laoxiang and these social connections fulfilled many of the functions of nongovernmental organizations, including collective mobilization, condom promotion, violence mitigation, and promotion of health-seeking behaviors. Outreach members observed that sex workers accompanied by their laoxiang were often more willing to accept STI/HIV testing and trust local sexual health services.
赵承渊 发表于 2011-06-29 05:19 长寿原因:心理压力还是生理差异? 显然,这个问句的参照物是男人。面对女权主义者,男人们有时候还真会提及这个问题,以强调男性为取得社会支配地位所付出的代价——看看吧,社会的重压已经让我们男人折寿了,你们还要闹哪样啊? 当然作为科普文章,笔者今天不准备讨论女权主义,只关注“为什么女性活得更久”这一两性话题的科学解释。其实这个标题并不严谨,非要较真的话,应该问“相对于男人,为什么女性活得越来越长”才对。要知道,在并不久远的过去,除了战争使得大量男性成批死亡之外,女性的寿命优势并不十分明显。由于医学落后,怀孕生产成了女性生存的一大威胁,由此造成的死亡不可胜数。在人类社会进入和平年代、现代医学飞速发展之后,人类寿命才有了大大提高。从世界范围来看,人均寿命已经从一个世纪以前的不到45岁猛增至当前的70岁以上,孕产妇的死亡率也显著下降,在此过程中,女性的寿命优势才变得越来越明显:据2002年的调查,全球女性的平均寿命比男性长4.2年,学者们估计,到了2050年,女性的寿命将比男性平均多出4.8年。从长寿老人的情况来看就更清楚了:到了85岁,女性与男性的比例大约为6:4, 100岁时这个比例已经上升为2:1,到了122岁,剩下的几乎全都是女性了。 这个差距究竟如何解释历来说法不一。从社会和行为学的角度,有人认为是繁忙的工作和社会的重压使得男性寿命更短,不过这无法解释在两性角色越来越平等的今天,男女寿命的差距没有减小反而越来越大的现状——何况,谁说上班工作的男人就一定比居家全职的女人压力更大呢?调查显示,已婚男人要比独身男人的寿命长不少,而类似的优势在已婚女人和独身女人身上却没有那么明显,由此可见,男性在婚姻中的收益比女性还要大一些。另一些人则试图在生活习惯上加以区分:一般来说女性较少吸烟、饮酒,卫生习惯也更好。不过这种猜想也被推翻了:且不论日益增长的女性吸烟率和酗酒率并没有拉近两性的寿命差距;单说在患病之后,女性在病痛中坚持的岁月也要比男性更长,这显然是生活方式不能完全解释的。 医学家们则从探寻两性生理差异的角度入手。性激素水平是两性最大的生理差异之一,雌激素的保护作用是被研究得较为透彻的一个方面。为什么男性冠心病的发病率是女性的3倍?为什么男性死于冠心病的人数要比女性多5倍?动脉粥样硬化的前期改变是血管内皮功能障碍,而这一事件在男性要比女性早发生10年。研究者认为,正是由于雌激素类物质能够促进内皮血管的扩张,保护内皮细胞的血氧供应,使得女性发生心血管疾病的风险要比男性低得多。冠心病风险的差异一定程度上造成了两性寿命长短的差异。而另一方面,睾酮就不是那么有助于长寿了。这一点宠物主人们可能有所感受:做过绝育手术的公猫和狗寿命往往比没做过手术的要长;至于人类......有人曾以中国的太监做例子,不过由于缺乏事实资料支撑,使得这个论据看上去有点可疑。 从遗传物质的差异来看,女性X染色体比起男性的Y染色体也更具优势:X染色体占所有核DNA的5%,Y染色体只有4.6%;X染色体含有900-1200个基因,Y染色体只有不到100个编码蛋白质的基因。由于Y染色体的95%不能与X染色体发生重组,使得有害突变更容易发生在非重组的Y染色体上,也就是说男性承担了更多有害突变的压力,更易罹患某些突变相关的疾病。这也在某种程度上解释了男女寿命的差异。 女性的怀孕和生产也可能对寿命长短施以影响。在孕期,体内激素水平有显著变化,雌孕激素的血清浓度会比正常月经时升高几十倍之多。在多种因素影响下,身体外周循环阻力降低,微血管顺应性增加,心脏输出量增大,这些心血管改变某种程度上可媲美运动员。毫无疑问,这些良好的刺激均与男性无缘。 上面的观点都是以两性差异为前提来说明寿命差距的成因。虽然有一定说服力,但往往给人以就事论事,讨论深度不够的感觉。比如关于雌激素的保护作用,人们就会问:为什么雌激素会有这样的保护作用?雄激素为什么没有?男性和女性为什么会产生这样的差异?这种差异有什么意义?现在,科学家们正在为回答这些问题而努力。 衰老过程:随机损害还是基因注定? 人们注意到,不止人类,在动物界,雌性动物也往往比雄性动物活得更久。这促使研究者从普遍的生物学原理角度探讨人类两性寿命差异的原因。在此之前,人们需要首先对“衰老”有一个清楚的认识。然而遗憾的是,到目前为止,科学尚未明确阐明衰老究竟是一个怎样的过程,关于衰老的假说在学者之间也存在争议。近来,有一种名为“一次性体细胞理论(Disposable Soma Theory,DST)”的假说影响较大。 简单地说,DST认为衰老是一个动态过程,它包含两个方面:随机损害(Random Damage)与修复(Repair)。在生命过程中,机体受到来自外部和内部的各种伤害,衰老的过程就是损害不断积累的过程。当体细胞修复不能满足需要时,过多的损害终将导致细胞死亡。与此同时,修复则是一个消耗能量的过程。事实上,我们的身体修复功能很强大,如果可以的话,我们其实可以永远生存下去——可事实并不是这样,人终难免一死。生物体为什么要选择死亡而不是永生,是因为意外死亡难以避免,且维持永恒的Repair代价过于高昂。迫于自然选择的压力和相对有限的能量,生命需要以死亡和生殖的形式来进行适应和进化,“基因是永恒的,但身体是一次性的”( Genes are immortal, but the body is disposable)。 DST同时提出了支持自己的证据:在自然界,寿命较长的动物修复能力也更好。寿命长的动物往往是更聪明的,体型更大的,能够飞行的(可以有效避免意外死亡);也只有这样的动物,才会把更多的能量投入到生命的维持——修复上去。现在我们可以用DST来解释为什么女性的寿命比男性更长了:一切都因为女性担负着生殖的任务。由于怀孕、生产和哺乳的需要,女性对于身体修复的要求更高,这造成了女性比男性有更好的修复能力,而更好的修复能力自然会带来寿命的延长。 这个理论是不是很漂亮?的确,DST甫一推出就受到了许多支持,但许多学者却对它不屑一顾:在他们看来,DST理论漏洞百出。DST的流行,完全是因为“文章写得天花乱坠,并且发表在有影响力的期刊(指《科学美国人》)上”;并且“理解DST不需要任何生物学和医学知识,这使它看上去很有吸引力”。这种评论可谓不留情面。那么,这些行内人的具体意见是怎样的呢? 用DST解释女性寿命面临的第一个困境就是能量问题——女性既然需要耗费大量能量去维持和完成生殖活动,那么理论上来讲用于机体修复的能量应该更少才对,这是DST理论的自相矛盾之处。事实上,当前针对影响寿命长短因素的研究只有一个较为确定的成果:节食。科学家发现,限制卡路里摄入(即节食)有明显的延年益寿的效果,从小鼠、大鼠到犬类,这一现象都存在。限制能量摄入后,动物不但活得更久,而且活得更健康;另外,在人类,节食被证明能避免一些衰老相关的疾病。然而,这一现象也无法用DST来解释:既然机体修复需要能量,那么多摄入能量应当更有助于修复,吃饱喝足的动物应该更长寿才对,显然事实并非如此。另外,DST也与进化论似有抵触之处。根据DST观点,机体会在资源丰富、能量充足的时候倾向于不修复,而在资源不足、能量匮乏的时候选择修复以使得生命存续得更久;DST从节省能量的角度推得,女性绝经会是一个有益的事情——不过目前普遍认为,绝经并不是一件好事:与动脉硬化、衰老一样,绝经不会使女性受益。总体说来,DST并不是一个基于实验的理论,而只是一个基于纯逻辑的猜想。 那么实验室里的生物学家们对这个问题的解释又是怎样的呢?近些年针对衰老机制的分子生物学研究中,雷帕霉素标靶(Target Of Rapamycin,TOR)的信号传导通路是一个比较热门的领域。哺乳动物的TOR通路又称为mTOR通路。当然,在这个信号通路里面有非常复杂的因子参与,在此不一一详述,我们需要知道的就是mTOR的功能:mTOR的活化调控着人体的发育和衰老。发育和衰老实际上是一个连续的过程,当机体发育完成之后,TOR的作用就是将生命带向衰老。可见,衰老并非是随机损害累积的结果,而是深藏在我们基因内的一个准编程程序。在动物界各个物种之间,有一条规律是普遍存在的:意外死亡率越高,则衰老也就越快,人类也是如此。在人类,男性由于意外、暴力、斗争、抢夺配偶等因素,死亡率要高于女性(在过去尤是如此),故此男性mTOR的活化程度也要高于女性。在mTOR的作用下,男性变得体型更大,肌肉更强壮。这种体力上的高发育赋予了男性善于战斗和竞争的本能并使其在早期占据优势——然而mTOR的高活性同样也会带来加速衰老的后果,换句话说,男人的短寿实际上是早期体力发育优势的副产品,女性则正好相反。这就是目前科学家们对男女寿命差距的答案。 这样一来,节食的问题也就可以解释了:食物会刺激营养素敏感的TOR通路,使得动物在早期加速发育并在发育完成后加速衰老;食物越多,衰老越快。针对TOR通路的研究和干预也许会在未来为我们带来延年益寿的神奇药丸。 (感谢松鼠ent对本文提出的改进意见) 参考文献 Mikhail V. Blagosklonny. Why the disposable soma theory cannot explain why women livelonger and why we age.AGING,. 2010;(2):884-887 Tom Eskes , Clemens Haanen.Why do women live longer than men? European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007;(133): 126–133 Zoncu R, Efeyan A, Sabatini DM. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011;(12):21-35 Sinclair, David A. Guarente, Lenny. Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes. Scientific American; 2006; ( 294):48-57 Kirkwood, Thomas. Why Women Live Longer. Scientific American. 2010;(303):5
骨骼肌与运动能力的改善需要充足的维生素 D 最近参加一个 Seminar, 主要介绍维生素 D 缺乏及补充现状及对策。过去我一直错误的认为黑色及棕色皮肤的人不易缺乏维生素 D ,而实际上黝黑的皮肤有更多的黑色素,干扰维生素 D 的产生,如果饮食不当,更易缺乏。后来又查阅相关文献,又发现一些有意思的研究,维生素 D 不但与骨骼健康有关,也与肌肉的健康有关,甚至与运动能力的季节性也有联系。也发现日常的防晒霜对维生素 D 的合成有影响。看来女性及年老者更要注意维生素 D ;深色皮肤的人更应该向白人学习,多去海滩或草地上进行日光浴。 越探究就越容易发现问题,也越有兴趣,也越感到自己的无知。 维生素 D 又称为阳光维生素,其本质上是一种前类固醇激素,维生素 D 体内的主要活性形式是 1,25-(OH) 2 -D 3 ,其主要功能是维持钙磷的平衡,调节骨代谢和促进多种组织细胞的生长、分化等功能。但最近的一些研究发现维生素 D 除了参与骨钙的代谢之外,与骨质疏松症有关,还参与骨骼肌代谢,与骨骼肌衰减症有关。 研究发现 维生素 D 水平与肌肉萎缩具有一定的相关性,即体内血浆维生素 D 越低,肌肉萎缩的程度越明显。另外也有研究发现衰老过程中维生素 D 水平趋于下降。一些研究认为维生素 D 是维持 II 型肌纤维质量必需成份,随年龄增加,肌肉成退行性的萎缩,肌力也随之下降,而充足的维生素 D 补充能减少老年人肌肉质量衰退。关于维生素 D 影响肌肉的分子机制方面,通常是维生素 D 的活性形式 1,25-(OH) 2 -D 3 活化细胞内受体,即维生素 D 受体( VDR ),后者构象改变,进而调节维生素 D 靶基因转录水平和蛋白质合成来实现。 有些研究发现维生素 D 与运动能力也有关系,运动员运动能力具有季节性,如一些运动员运动能力最好的时间在仲夏季节(也是阳光最充足的时间段),然后在初秋季节运动能力开始下降,同时血清 1,25-(OH)2-D3 水平也降低,在寒冷的冬季,当阳光减弱时, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 处于最低水平,同样运动能力也较低。这种现象表明充足维生素 D 水平与最佳的运动能力是相呼应的。也有些研究表明维生素 D 能增加骨骼肌 II 型肌纤维的尺寸和数量,有助于提高运动能力,但没有证据表明过量的维生素 D 能提高运动能力。 哪些因素影响维生素 D 的营养水平? (1). 不论肤色或居住地如何,需要的维生素 D 的营养是相同的。如果你的皮肤黝黑。黝黑的皮肤有更多的黑色素,干扰维生素 D 的产生。 因此黄色、棕色及黑色人种皮肤合成维生素 D 能力相对弱,需要注意补充。 (2) 每天日照时间较少的北方也容易缺乏。 (3) 遗传因素及消化吸收能力也会影响维生素 D 吸收。对于老年人,由于皮肤合成维生素 D 能力较弱,且膳食维生素 D 的利用率也降低,更应注意维生素 D 的补充。 (4) 不合理的饮食也容易缺乏的因素之一。 (5) 常期使用防晒霜或隔离霜的女性也容易缺乏维生素 D ,尤其是 SPF8 ( Sunburn Protection Factor , SPF 是指防晒产品的防晒系数,表明防晒产品所能发挥的防晒效能的高低, SPF 值越大,其通透性越差,会妨碍皮肤的正常分泌和呼吸)超过 8 以上时。但是若在强烈的日晒灼伤后,皮肤将停止制造维生素 D 。最好的办法是,让皮肤充足暴露于阳光下 10-15 分钟就足以获得维生素 D 的合成,然后再使用防晒霜保护或遮阳措施保护皮肤。这是因为超过 8 级的 SPF 防晒霜会阻断产生维生素 D 的紫外线,但使用防晒霜对防止皮肤癌和过度曝晒很有必要。 参考文献: . Cannell J, Hollis B, Sorenson M, Taft T, Anderson J. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009: 41: 1102–1110. . E. González-Reimers1, M. C. Durán-Castellón1, A. López-Lirola1, et al. Alcoholic Myopathy: Vitamin D Deficiency is Related to Muscle Fibre Atrophy in a Murine Model. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2010 45(3):223-230 . Pentti Tuohimaaa, Vitamin D and aging The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2009, 114(1-2): 78-84 . Sato Y, Iwamoto J, kanoko R, Satoh K. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005: 20: 187–192. . Prince RL, Adustin N, Devine A, et al. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:103–8. . Itsuro Endo, Daisuke Inoue, Takao Mitsui, et al. Deletion of Vitamin D Receptor Gene in Mice Results in Abnormal Skeletal Muscle Development with Deregulated Expression of Myoregulatory Transcription Factors. Endocrinology,2003, 144(12): 5138-5144 . Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, et al. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:234 –9. . Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, et al. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Feb;19(2):265-9.
我转载到这里,其实是想让我们的校长们、副校长们,尤其是985大学的,学学怎么给学生演讲、怎样给学生演讲、怎样发表一份让学生、包括毕业生获益匪浅的演讲。 不要动不动就模仿根哥。 (这位是哈佛2007年2月11日宣布并于7月份正式上任的校长Drew G. Faust给哈佛大学2008年的本科毕业生做的演讲的讲稿,Drew G. Faust是哈佛历史上第一位女性校长,第一位非哈佛毕业生校长,杰出的历史学家,2001年从宾西法尼业大学到哈佛的Radcliffe学院任教,之前的哈佛上一任校长曾因为公开发表“歧视女性”的言论被迫辞职) Baccalaureate address to Class of 2008 2008届本科毕业典礼上的讲话 The Memorial Church 纪念教堂 Cambridge, Mass. 麻省剑桥市 June 3, 2008 2008年6月3日 As prepared for delivery 准备稿 In the curious custom of this venerable institution, I find myself standing before you expected to impart words of lasting wisdom. Here I am in a pulpit, dressed like a Puritan minister — an apparition that would have horrified many of my distinguished forebears and perhaps rededicated some of them to the extirpation of witches. This moment would have propelled Increase and Cotton into a true “Mather lather.” But here I am and there you are and it is the moment of and for Veritas. 在这所久负盛名的大学的别具一格的仪式上,我站在了你们的面前,被期待着给予一些蕴含着恒久智慧的言论。站在这个讲坛上,我穿得像个清教徒教长——一个可能会吓到我的杰出前辈们的怪物,或许使他们中的一些人重新致力于铲除巫婆的事业上。这个时刻也许曾激励了很多清教徒成为教长。但现在,我在上面,你们在下面,此时此刻,属于真理,为了真理。 You have been undergraduates for four years. I have been president for not quite one. You have known three presidents; I one senior class. Where then lies the voice of experience? Maybe you should be offering the wisdom. Perhaps our roles could be reversed and I could, in Harvard Law School style, do cold calls for the next hour or so. 你们已经在哈佛做了四年的大学生,而我当哈佛校长还不到一年。你们认识了三个校长,而我只认识了你们这一届大四的。算起来我哪有资格说什么经验之谈?或许应该由你们上来展示一下智慧。要不我们换换位置?然后我就可以像哈佛法学院的学生那样,在接下来的一个小时内不时地冷不防地提出问题。 We all do seem to have made it to this point — more or less in one piece. Though I recently learned that we have not provided you with dinner since May 22. I know we need to wean you from Harvard in a figurative sense. I never knew we took it quite so literally. 学校和学生们似乎都在努力让时间来到这一时刻,而且还差不多是步调一致的。我这两天才得知哈佛从5月22日开始就不向你们提供伙食了。虽然有比喻说“我们早晚得给你们断奶”,但没想到我们的后勤还真的早早就把“奶”给断了。 But let’s return to that notion of cold calls for a moment. Let’s imagine this were a baccalaureate service in the form of Q A, and you were asking the questions. “What is the meaning of life, President Faust? What were these four years at Harvard for? President Faust, you must have learned something since you graduated from college exactly 40 years ago?” (Forty years. I’ll say it out loud since every detail of my life — and certainly the year of my Bryn Mawr degree — now seems to be publicly available. But please remember I was young for my class.) 现在还是让我们回到我刚才提到的提问题的事上吧。让我们设想下这是个哈佛大学给本科生的毕业服务,是以问答的形式。你们将问些问题,比如:“福校长啊,人生的价值是什么呢?我们上这大学四年是为了什么呢?福校长,你大学毕业到现在的40年里一定学到些什么东西可以教给我们吧?”(40年啊,我就直说了,因为我人生中的每段细节——当然包括我在布林茅尔女子学院的一年——现在似乎都成了公共资源。但请记住在哈佛我可是“新生”) In a way, you have been engaging me in this Q A for the past year. On just these questions, although you have phrased them a bit more narrowly. And I have been trying to figure out how I might answer and, perhaps more intriguingly, why you were asking. 在某种程度上,在过去的一年里你们一直都在让我从事这种问答。从仅仅这些问题上,即使你们措辞问题都倾向于狭义,而我除了思考怎么做出回答外,更激发我去思考的,是你们为什么问这些问题。 Let me explain. It actually began when I met with the UC just after my appointment was announced in the winter of 2007. Then the questions continued when I had lunch at Kirkland House, dinner at Leverett, when I met with students in my office hours, even with some recent graduates I encountered abroad. The first thing you asked me about wasn’t the curriculum or advising or faculty contact or even student space. In fact, it wasn’t even alcohol policy. Instead, you repeatedly asked me: Why are so many of us going to Wall Street? Why are we going in such numbers from Harvard to finance, consulting, i-banking? 听我解释。提问从2007年冬天我的任职被公布时与校方的会面就开始了。然后提问一直持续,不论是我在Kirkland House(哈佛的12个本科生宿舍之一)吃午饭还是在Leverett House(哈佛的12个本科生宿舍之一,本科高年级学生使用)吃晚饭,或是当我在办公时间与学生会见,甚至是我在与国外认识的刚考来的研究生的谈话中。你们问的第一个问题不是关于课业,不是让我提建议,也不是为了和教员接触,甚至是想向我提建议。事实上,更不是为了和我讨论酒精政策。相反,你们不厌其烦问的却是:为什么我们之中这么多人将去华尔街?为什么我们大量的学生都从哈佛走向了金融,理财咨询,投行? There are a number of ways to think about this question and how to answer it. There is the Willie Sutton approach. You may know that when he was asked why he robbed banks, he replied, “Because that’s where the money is.” Professors Claudia Goldin and Larry Katz, whom many of you have encountered in your economics concentration, offer a not dissimilar answer based on their study of student career choices since the seventies. They find it notable that, given the very high pecuniary rewards in finance, many students nonetheless still choose to do something else. Indeed, 37 of you have signed on with Teach for America; one of you will dance tango and work in dance therapy in Argentina; another will be engaged in agricultural development in Kenya; another, with an honors degree in math, will study poetry; another will train as a pilot with the USAF; another will work to combat breast cancer. Numbers of you will go to law school, medical school, and graduate school. But, consistent with the pattern Goldin and Katz have documented, a considerable number of you are selecting finance and consulting. The Crimson’s survey of last year’s class reported that 58 percent of men and 43 percent of women entering the workforce made this choice. This year, even in challenging economic times, the figure is 39 percent. 对于这个问题有多种思考和回答方式。有一种解释就是如Willie Sutton所说的,一切向“钱”看。(Willie Sutton是个抢银行犯,被逮住后当被问到为什么去抢银行时,他说:“Because that is where the money is!”)你们中很多人见过的普通经济学教授Claudia Goldin 和Larry Katz,基于对上世纪70年代以来的学生的职业选择的研究,作出了差不多的回答。他们发现了值得注意的一点:即使从事金融业可以得到很高的金钱回报,很多学生仍然选择做其它的事情。实事上,你们中间有37人签到了“教育美国人”(Teach for America,美国的一个组织,其作用类似于中国的“希望工程”);1人将去跳探戈舞蹈并在阿根廷从事舞蹈疗法;1人将致力于肯尼亚的农业发展;另有1人获得了数学的荣誉学位,却转而去研究诗歌;1人将去美国空军接受飞行员训练;还有1人将加入到与乳癌抗战当中。你们中的很多人将去法学院,医学院或研究生院。但是,和Goldin 和Katz教授有据证明的一样,你们中相当一部分人将选择金融和理财咨询。Crimson对于上届学生的调查显示,在就业的学生中,58%的男生和43%的女生做出了这个选择。今年,即使在经济受挑战的一年,这个数据是39%。 High salaries, the all but irresistible recruiting juggernaut, the reassurance for many of you that you will be in New York working and living and enjoying life alongside your friends, the promise of interesting work — there are lots of ways to explain these choices. For some of you, it is a commitment for only a year or two in any case. Others believe they will best be able to do good by first doing well. Yet, you ask me why you are following this path. 也许是为了高薪——难以抵抗的招聘诱惑,也许是为了留在纽约然后和朋友们一起工作生活和享受人生,也许是为了做自己感兴趣的工作——对于这些选择可以有各种各样的理由。对你们中的一些人,无论如何那也只是个一两年的契约。其他的一部分人相信他们只有在过得“富有”了以后才有可能过得“富有”价值。不过,你们依然会问我,为什么要走这条路? I find myself in some ways less interested in answering your question than in figuring out why you are posing it. If Professors Goldin and Katz have it right; if finance is indeed the “rational choice,” why do you keep raising this issue with me? Why does this seemingly rational choice strike a number of you as not understandable, as not entirely rational, as in some sense less a free choice than a compulsion or necessity? Why does this seem to be troubling so many of you? 我发现我自己有时候对于回答你们的问题并没有多大兴趣,比较而言更感兴趣的却是捉摸你们为什么提那些问题。如果果真如Goldin和Katz教授所说;如果去搞金融确实是一个“理性”的选择,为什么你们会不停地向我提出这类问题?为什么看似理性的选择却让你们当中相当一部分人认为是令人费解的,伪理性的,或出于某种需求和强迫所作出的并不自由的选择?为什么这个问题似乎困扰着你们当中的很多一部分人? You are asking me, I think, about the meaning of life, though you have posed your question in code — in terms of the observable and measurable phenomenon of senior career choice rather than the abstract, unfathomable and almost embarrassing realm of metaphysics. The Meaning of Life — capital M, capital L — is a cliché — easier to deal with as the ironic title of a Monty Python movie or the subject of a Simpsons episode than as a matter about which one would dare admit to harboring serious concern. 我想,你们问我的是:关于人生价值的问题。虽然你们问得比较隐晦——即是些可以观察和衡量的大四学生职业选择的问题,而不是那抽象的,晦涩的,甚至会令人难堪的形而上学范畴的问题。人生价值,要人生?还是要价值?作为Monty Python那部片子(指的是六人行里《人生的价值》那一集)的讽刺意味的片名是不难理解的,作为《辛普森一家》(美国特别受欢迎的动画连续剧)的其中一集的主题也是不难理解的,可是当关系到“生存问题”的时候,就是不那么好办了。 But let’s for a moment abandon our Harvard savoir faire, our imperturbability, our pretense of invulnerability, and try to find the beginnings of some answers to your question. 那让我们还是暂时摘下那戴着的哈佛面具,收起那缺乏热情的冷漠,卸下我们看似刀枪不入的伪装,让我们尝试去探寻你们问的一些问题的答案。(我觉得校长能说出这句话真太棒了!我想她当时面对的听众的表情和我们在听课时的表情差不多。) I think you are worried because you want your lives not just to be conventionally successful, but to be meaningful, and you are not sure how those two goals fit together. You are not sure if a generous starting salary at a prestigious brand name organization together with the promise of future wealth will feed your soul. 我觉得,你们之所以担忧,是因为你们不想仅仅是获得传统意义上的成功,而且要活得有价值。可是你们不清楚“鱼”与“熊掌”怎样才能“兼得”。你们不清楚是否,一家拥有著名品牌的企业提供的数目可观的并且预期着你未来财富的起薪,可以让你们的灵魂得到满足。 Why are you worried? Partly it is our fault. We have told you from the moment you arrived here that you will be the leaders responsible for the future, that you are the best and the brightest on whom we will all depend, that you will change the world. We have burdened you with no small expectations. And you have already done remarkable things to fulfill them: your dedication to service demonstrated in your extracurricular engagements, your concern about the future of the planet expressed in your vigorous championing of sustainability, your reinvigoration of American politics through engagement in this year’s presidential contests. 然而,你们为什么担忧呢?这部分地是我们的责任。当你们一踏进这个学校,我们就告诉你们:你们将成为领导未来的中坚人物,你们将成为美国人民依赖的最顶尖、最杰出的精英,你们将改变整个世界。我们“望子成龙”的期望使你们背上了负担。而你们为了实现这些期望也已经做得很好:在对课外活动的从事中,你们展示出对于服务性工作的奉献精神;从对可持续发展的热情拥护,你们表达出对这个星球的关怀;通过对今年总统竞选的参与,你们做出了希望使美国政治重新恢复活力的实际行动。 But many of you are now wondering how these commitments fit with a career choice. Is it necessary to decide between remunerative work and meaningful work? If it were to be either/or, which would you choose? Is there a way to have both? 但你们中的很多人现在会问,“怎样才能把做这些有价值的事情和一个职业选择结合起来呢?”“是否必须在一份有报酬却没价值的工作和一份有价值却没报酬的工作间做出抉择呢?”“如果是一个单选题,您会选哪一个?”“有没有折中的办法?” You are asking me and yourselves fundamental questions about values, about trying to reconcile potentially competing goods, about recognizing that it may not be possible to have it all. You are at a moment of transition that requires making choices. And selecting one option — a job, a career, a graduate program — means not selecting others. Every decision means loss as well as gain — possibilities foregone as well as possibilities embraced. Your question to me is partly about that — about loss of roads not taken. 你们在问我,也是问你们自己问题,即关于价值观的根本性的问题。你们在试图调解两个商品潜在的相互竞争,承认也许不可能兼得两者。你们在经历一次人生的转折,而这个转折需要你们自己做出一些决定。选择一条道路——一份工作、一项事业或一个研究生课题——不单单是在选择东西。每个决定都意味着“得”与“失”——过去与未来的种种可能。你们问我的问题其实有几分是关于“失”,即你放弃的那条道路让你失去了什么。 Finance, Wall Street, “recruiting” have become the symbol of this dilemma, representing a set of issues that is much broader and deeper than just one career path. These are issues that in one way or another will at some point face you all — as you graduate from medical school and choose a specialty — family practice or dermatology, as you decide whether to use your law degree to work for a corporate firm or as a public defender, as you decide whether to stay in teaching after your two years with TFA. You are worried because you want to have both a meaningful life and a successful one; you know you were educated to make a difference not just for yourself, for your own comfort and satisfaction, but for the world around you. And now you have to figure out the way to make that possible. 金融、华尔街,“招聘”一词已经成了这种博弈的符号,代表着比仅仅选择一条职业道路更广更深的一系列问题。这些问题早晚将面临着你们每个人——如果你是从医学院毕业,你将选择一个具体从医方向——做私人医生还是专攻皮肤病,如果你学的是法律,你将决定是用你的法律知识为一个公司法人卖命还是成为公众的正义化身,或是在 “教育美国人”两年后你决定是否继续从教。你们之所以担忧,是因为你们想拥有充满价值的同时又是成功的人生;你们知道,你们被教育要有大的作为,不仅仅是为了个人,为了自己生活地舒适,而是要让周围的世界因此而改变。(个人最喜欢这一句。 ——李江洪)因此你们才不得不思考怎样才能让其成为可能。 I think there is a second reason you are worried — related to but not entirely distinct from the first. You want to be happy. You have flocked to courses like “Positive Psychology” — Psych 1504 — and “The Science of Happiness” in search of tips. But how do we find happiness? I can offer one encouraging answer: get older. Turns out that survey data show older people — that is, my age — report themselves happier than do younger ones. But perhaps you don’t want to wait. 我认为你们之所以担忧有第二个原因——和第一个有关系但不是完全一样。你们希望过得幸福。你们蜂拥着去修“积极心理学”这门课——课程代号“心1504”——和“幸福的科学”这门课,不就是为了听点人生“小贴士”?可是,我们怎样才能获得幸福?在这儿,我可以提供一个启发性的答案:变老。调查数据显示年长的人——也就是我这把年纪的人——觉得自己比年轻人更幸福。不过,很可能你们没有人愿意去等着去看这个答案。 I have listened to you talk about the choices ahead of you, I have heard you articulate your worries about the relationship of success and happiness — perhaps, more accurately, how to define success so that it yields and encompasses real happiness, not just money and prestige. The most remunerative choice, you fear, may not be the most meaningful and the most satisfying. But you wonder how you would ever survive as an artist or an actor or a public servant or a high school teacher? How would you ever figure out a path by which to make your way in journalism? Would you ever find a job as an English professor after you finished who knows how many years of graduate school and dissertation writing? 在聊天时我听过你们谈到你们目前所面临的选择,我听到你们一字一句地说出你们对于成功与幸福的关系的忧虑——也许,更精确地讲,怎样去定义成功才能使它具有或包含真正的幸福,而不仅仅是金钱和荣誉。你们害怕,报酬最丰厚的选择,也许不是最有价值的和最令人满意的选择。但是你们也担心,如果作为一个艺术家或是一个演员,一个人民公仆或是一个中学老师,该如何才能生存下去?然而,你们可曾想过,如果你的梦想是新闻业,怎样才能想出一条通往梦想的道路呢?难道你会在读了不知多少年研,写了不知多少毕业论文终于毕业后,找一个英语教授的工作? The answer is: you won’t know till you try. But if you don’t try to do what you love — whether it is painting or biology or finance; if you don’t pursue what you think will be most meaningful, you will regret it. Life is long. There is always time for Plan B. But don’t begin with it. 答案是:你不试试就永远都不会知道。但如果你不试着去做自己热爱的事情,不管是玩泥巴还是生物还是金融,如果连你自己都不去追求你认为最有价值的事,你终将后悔。人生路漫漫,你总有时间去给自己留“后路”,但可别一开始就走“后路”。 I think of this as my parking space theory of career choice, and I have been sharing it with students for decades. Don’t park 20 blocks from your destination because you think you’ll never find a space. Go where you want to be and then circle back to where you have to be. 我把这叫做我的关于职业选择的“泊车”理论,几十年来我一直都在向学生们“兜售”我的这个理论。不要因为怕到了目的地找不到停车位而把车停在距离目的地20个路口的地方。直接到达你想去的地方,哪怕再绕回来停,你暂时停的地方只是你被迫停的地方。 You may love investment banking or finance or consulting. It might be just right for you. Or, you might be like the senior I met at lunch at Kirkland who had just returned from an interview on the West Coast with a prestigious consulting firm. “Why am I doing this?” she asked. “I hate flying, I hate hotels, I won’t like this job.” Find work you love. It is hard to be happy if you spend more than half your waking hours doing something you don’t. 你也许喜欢做投行,或是做金融抑或做理财咨询。都可能是适合你的。那也许真的就是适合你的。或许你也会像我在Kirkland House见到的那个大四学生一样,她刚从美国西海岸一家著名理财咨询公司的面试回来。“我为什么要做这个?”她说,“我讨厌坐飞机,我讨厌住宾馆,我是不会喜欢这份工作的。”找到你热爱的工作。如果你把你一天中醒着的一大半时间用来做你不喜欢的事情,你是很难感到幸福的。 But what is ultimately most important here is that you are asking the question — not just of me but of yourselves. You are choosing roads and at the same time challenging your own choices. You have a notion of what you want your life to be and you are not sure the road you are taking is going to get you there. This is the best news. And it is also, I hope, to some degree, our fault. Noticing your life, reflecting upon it, considering how you can live it well, wondering how you can do good: These are perhaps the most valuable things that a liberal arts education has equipped you to do. A liberal education demands that you live self-consciously. It prepares you to seek and define the meaning inherent in all you do. It has made you an analyst and critic of yourself, a person in this way supremely equipped to take charge of your life and how it unfolds. It is in this sense that the liberal arts are liberal — as in liberare — to free. They empower you with the possibility of exercising agency, of discovering meaning, of making choices. The surest way to have a meaningful, happy life is to commit yourself to striving for it. Don’t settle. Be prepared to change routes. Remember the impossible expectations we have of you, and even as you recognize they are impossible, remember how important they are as a lodestar guiding you toward something that matters to you and to the world. The meaning of your life is for you to make. 但是我在这儿说的最重要的是:你们在问那些问题——不仅是问我,而是在问你们自己。你们正在选择人生的道路,同时也在对自己的选择提出质疑。你们知道自己想过什么样的生活,也知道你们将行的道路不一定会把你们带到想去的地方。这样其实很好。某种程度上,我倒希望这是我们的错。我们一直在标榜人生,像镜子一样照出未来你们的模样,思考你们怎么可以过得幸福,探索你们怎样才能去做些对社会有价值的事:这些也许是文科教育可以给你们“装备”的最有价值的东西。文科教育要求你们要活得“明白”。它使你探索和定义你做的每件事情背后的价值。它让你成为一个经常分析和反省自己的人。而这样的人完全能够掌控自己的人生或未来。从这个道理上讲,文科——照它的字面意思——才使你们自由。(英语里文科是Liberal Art,照字面解释是自由的艺术)学文科可以让你有机会去进行理论的实践,去发现你所做的选择的价值。想过上有价值的,幸福的生活,最可靠的途径就是为了你的目标去奋斗。不要安于现状得过且过。随时准备着改变人生的道路。记住我们对你们的我觉得是“过于崇高”的期待,可能你们自己也承认那些期待是有点“太高了”。不过如果想做些对于你们自己或是这个世界有点价值的事情,记住它们,它们将会像北斗一样指引着你们。你们人生的价值将由你们去实现! I can’t wait to see how you all turn out. Do come back, from time to time, and let us know. 我都等不及想看看你们都最终会如何。毕业以后和学校常联系,常回“家”看看,让我们了解你们的情况。 杨澜博文如下: 当化妆师给她上完唇彩之后,她戴上眼镜,急忙去找镜子,嘴里说: “ 不会把我化成电影明星吧! ” 她笑着,对镜子里的自己凝视了一会,看起来还比较满意。 她就是哈佛大学的第一位女校长 Drew Faust 。看上去她当然不像是电影明星 ―― 深色的宽条的西装、没有经过任何染烫的短短的直发,还有鼻梁上的那副眼镜,这一切让她看上去是一个十足的校长的派头。只有颈上的一根珍珠项链,散发出温婉的女性的光泽。 这是哈佛大学校长 Drew Faust 女士的第一次访华,我在北京采访了她。 在一般人的眼中,哈佛大学是以自由主义精神而著称的。但是也许很多人都不了解的是:直到 1946 年,哈佛大学才出现了第一批女生,而且当时她们必须和男生们在不同的校区里上学。到了 1964 年,女生们才第一次获得哈佛大学的毕业证,而一直要到 1973 年,她们才被允许搬到大学校区的宿舍居住。这也就难怪为什么 Drew Faust 在 2007 年被宣布担任哈佛第 29 届校长时,在全世界而不仅仅是学术界都引起了轰动――这不仅是因为哈佛大学是世界领先的高级学府,在教育和学术研究的领域有着强大的影响力。同时也是因为这所学校悠久的男性精英的传统。 作为哈佛大学 370 多年历史上第一名非哈佛毕业生的女校长, Drew Faust 对于她的任命安之若素。这位女历史学家在她的一生当中一直在寻求改变,而且为此不惧怕任何挑战。在她九岁的时候,她就曾经给当时的美国总统爱森豪威尔工工整整地写了一封信。生活在种族歧视严重的福吉尼亚州一个白人家庭的 Faust ,在信中准确地表达了自己的理念,那就是: “ 为什么黑人的孩子和白人的孩子,不能够在同一个学校上学。如果有一天,我把皮肤染成黑色,我的情感没有发生任何的改变,但是我却注定因此不能在现在的学校上学,您不觉得这很不公平吗? ” 当时, Faust 写这封信并没有事先征求过父母的意见,所以,当她的父母收到一封来自白宫的回函时,为此深感意外,不知道究竟发生了什么事。几十年后,当 Drew Faust 在艾森豪威尔总统的图书馆中找到自己当年写的那封信时,也不胜感慨。 小时候, Drew Faust 的妈妈总是告诉她: “ 你和你的哥哥和弟弟是不同的 ―― 你必须在晚上规定的时间回家。 ” 母亲同时告诫她说: “ 这个世界是一个男人的世界,你越早理解这一点,就越能生活得幸福。 ” 但是, Faust 似乎不买母亲的帐。在上大学的时候,她就曾经作为女生们的领袖去跟校方谈判,要求延长女生返回宿舍的时间限制,并且居然取得了成功。 在哈佛大学上任的时候, Faust 反复强调: “ 我是哈佛的校长,而不是哈佛的女校长。 ” 她的前任萨默斯曾任美国的财政部长,在美国的经济界一言九鼎。但是由于他发表了女性在智力上不适合从事科学研究的言论,深深激怒了女性团体和各方人士,所以不得不黯然辞职,在这样的背景下, Faust 成为哈佛的校长,外界不免要猜疑这是否是一个 “ 政治正确 ” 的结果。对此, Faust 早有心理准备 ―― 她确信女性不应因自己的性别受到歧视,也不需要因为自己的性别而得到某种优待。与此同时,当她收到来自世界各个国家女孩子的信件,看到她们在信中表达了自己由于 Faust 的上任而深感同为女性的自豪;同时表达出因此受到鼓励,更加有勇气去追求自己梦想的决心时。她深深地为自己可以在女性当中有这样的影响力,并能在社会上树立如此正面的形象而感到安慰。 在 Faust 上任之后,美国常青藤大学当中已经出现了 5 位女校长。当她们聚在一起的时候,当然会谈到高等教育改革的种种问题,但是同时也会及时交流一些关于如何平衡生活与事业的方法,比如如何谢绝一些社会活动以便来留出更多的时间给家人等等。 Faust 认为,今天的年轻人面临更多的就业压力,所以在寻求高等教育的时候,往往有比较直接的职业期待和需要速成的要求。但是她仍然认为高等教育是给人的知识以及求学能力方面打下一个全面的基础。因此, Faust 希望能在未来的哈佛本科教育的改革中,始终坚持以人的全面发展为最终目的。这位致力于研究历史的女学者,相信高等学府不仅仅要满足社会和学生当下的要求,更应该满足未来对于年轻人提出的要求。她最喜欢的学生是那种有好奇心的学生。因为在她看来,不断地探究和追求真理,正是教育的真谛所在。 虽然 Drew Faust 前方的道路不会平坦,但是在她的心中仍然跳跃着当年那位勇于给总统写信的小女孩的正直和勇气。她说:“所谓女性的权力,并不是去控制多少的资源,而是让人们看到如果你有梦想,是有可能去实现的。无论你是男性还是女性。”
三八节献礼:几则关于女性的英语谚语或名言 武夷山 辑译 Sure God created man before woman. But then you always make a rough draft before the final masterpiece. ~Author Unknown 上帝确实是先造的男人后造的女人。不过,一般在完成最终杰作之前,总要先画个粗糙的草图。 ――无名氏 The average woman would rather have beauty than brains, because the average man can see better than he can think. ~Author Unknown 一般的女性宁愿拥有美貌而不是拥有智慧,这是因为一般的男性能看得清楚,但想不明白。 ――无名氏 A woman can say more in a sigh than a man can say in a sermon. ~Arnold Haultain 女人的一声叹息,也许比男人的长篇说教更有内涵。 ―― Arnold Haultain ( 1857 - 1941 ,英国作家) Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult. ~Charlotte Whitton 女人无论做什么,要做到比男人做得好一倍,男人才觉得她们只及自己做得一半好。所幸的是,女人做到这些并非难事。 ―― Charlotte Whitton ( 1896 - 1975 ,加拿大女权主义者,曾任渥太华市长) The two women exchanged the kind of glance women use when no knife is handy. ~Ellery Queen 没有刀子在手边的时候,两个女人可用目光交锋。 ―― Ellery Queen (美国两位男作家创作侦探小说时用的笔名) Curve: The loveliest distance between two points. ~Mae West 曲线:两点之间最风情的距离。 ―― Mae West ( 1893 - 1980 ,美国著名性感女演员) Can you imagine a world without men? No crime and lots of happy fat women. ~Nicole Hollander 您能想象没有男人的世界会是啥样吗?没有犯罪,但是有一大帮嘻嘻哈哈的肥婆。 ―― Nicole Hollander ( 1939 年生,当代著名女漫画家) Women get the last word in every argument. Anything a man says after that is the beginning of a new argument. ~Author Unknown 女人是任何争论的最终赢家。哪个男人在争论终了后再多说一句话,那便是又一场争论的开端。 ――无名氏 A man's face is his autobiography. A woman's face is her work of fiction. ~Oscar Wilde 男人的脸是他写的自传,女人的脸是她写的小说。 ――大文豪王尔德 博主:在这个特殊的日子里,女性朋友若看了以上内容后笑了,是我的荣耀;若看了以上内容后怒了,我无路可逃。
法国纸片女模28岁病逝 曾裸拍反厌食症照片(图) http://www.sina.com.cn 2011年01月03日 08:35 环球时报 法国模特兼演员伊莎贝尔卡罗 伊莎贝尔卡罗身体皮包骨 伊莎贝尔卡罗病逝 伊莎贝尔死亡的具体原因目前还不清楚 Anorexic model Isabelle Caro dies at 28 According to the Yahoo News on December 30, Isabelle Caro, a French model and actress whose skeletal frame was featured to fight against anorexia died at 28 on November 17 after returning to France from a job in Tokyo but news of her death was kept secret until this week. The exact cause of death is not known but she was treated in hospital for a fortnight before her death。 据雅虎新闻网12月30日报道,曾用自己皮包骨身体拍摄照片抗击厌食症的法国模特兼演员伊莎贝尔卡罗在东京完成一项工作回到法国后于11月17日不幸病逝,时年28岁,但是她去世的消息直到本周才对外公开。伊莎贝尔死亡的具体原因目前还不清楚,但是她在去世两周内一直住院接受治疗。 一味地排斥饮食,就有可能发展成厌食症,造成身体机能急速下降。女性病人会因厌食而导致荷尔蒙不平衡、没有月经。如果减轻四分之一以上的体重,就会出现水肿或心脏危机。 厌食症病人常拒绝维持最低的正常体重,或是极度害怕变胖。目前病因未明,与内在体质、节食、外在压力及心理、社会因素均有关。厌食症近年来有渐增趋势,其中90%发生在女性中。厌食症常发生在10到30岁的女性,平均发病年龄是17岁。厌食症发病 在5到8年之内,有5%的死亡率;发病20年以上,则上升到13%-20%。
据英国《星期日泰晤士报》报道说,科学家们通过扫描女性性高潮时的脑部变化照片发现,女性性高潮过程涉及逾30个不同脑区,而且在达到高潮的每一阶段,脑部活动都会不同程度增加,不但影响脑内的回馈线路,负责理性思维的脑区也会受影响。女性的性高潮要比男性更加持久更加深入,这给神经系统带来了巨大的负荷,这种过度负荷同样也会使女性的痛楚感觉暂时纾减。 美国新泽西州罗格斯大学脑神经科的Barry Komisaruk教授及其研究小组利用计算机扫描,首次拍摄到女性在进入和达到性高潮时的脑部活动情况。研究中,8名女性躺进功能核磁共振成像扫描仪(fMRI)内,盖上毛毯自慰,仪器每隔两秒就拍下一张脑扫描照。大部分人能在5分钟内达到高潮,一些人则需时20分钟。 参加者以举手示意达到高潮,结果发现,部分女性在一个时间段内多次举手,而且仅相隔数秒,反映女性性高潮时间较长,而且会连续经历多次。女性性高潮大多维持10至15秒,而男性性高潮大概只能持续6秒钟左右。 研究人员下一步计划对男性进行同类的脑部扫描,以研究女性性高潮是否比男性更持久和更深入。 女性受试者躺进功能核磁共振成像扫描仪(fMRI)内,以手示意达到性高潮 Barry Komisaruk教授在仪器前记录脑部扫描影像 性兴奋开始至高潮过程中脑部功能活性变化 ( 来源: 环球网 ) 【博主评论】 众所周知,人类的性功能几乎都或多或少与大脑的神经系统有关,男人在情绪低落的时候,性欲也低下,勃起、射精功能也下降;反之,女性亦然。 美国神经科专家丹尼尔阿门曾经说过:性和爱都源于大脑。在他看来,大脑就是性爱的总司令:我们感受到性爱激情,是因为大脑中特定的神经化学体系,让我们产生了这些情感。大脑中的爱情和性念头是如何产生的?又如何在我们脑中徘徊的呢? 近几年,有关性功能在大脑中的功能定位研究方兴未艾,很多学者开始密切关注这一神秘的研究领域。但由于缺乏有效直观的研究手段,进展尤为缓慢。随着功能核磁共振成像技术(fMRI)的出现,为这一领域的研究打开了方便之门,通过该项技术,我们可以实时观察人类性活动中大脑功能区域的活动变化,从而了解性反应在大脑中的准确定位,换句话说,就是让我们能够分辨出大脑中哪些区域控制高潮,哪些区域控制勃起,哪些区域控制射精。。。 研究这些东西意义何在呢?意义在于,只要我们了解了性功能在大脑中的准确定位,我们就可以对这些功能区域进行细致的研究,寻找大脑控制性活动的内在机理,然后选择合适的调节手段,来调节大脑对性功能的控制,并最终用于性功能障碍的治疗。 男性大脑的大体功能定位 女性大脑的大体功能定位 【参考文献】 Secrets of the Female Orgasm Rutgers lab studies female orgasm through brain imaging Female orgasm 'overwhelms' Revealed: What goes on in a woman's brain when she has an orgasm 【原文】 What women think during an orgasm Sneak-a-peek inside a woman's brain while she is having orgasm would now be possible, thanks to a scan developed by American scientists. Rutgers University researchers have discovered that sexual arousal numbs the female nervous system to such an extent that she doesn't feel as much pain-only pleasure. Orgasm affects up to 30 different parts of the brain including those responsible for emotion, touch, joy, satisfaction and memory, found researchers. The researchers asked eight women to stimulate themselves while lying under a blanket inside a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner, a tunnel-like machine often used to detect brain tumours. Most women took less than five minutes to reach an orgasm although some took as long as 20. During that time, the MRI scanner took images of their brain every two seconds to show which parts became active during the orgasm. The scientists found that two minutes before the orgasm, the brain's reward centres become active, the areas usually activated when eating food and drink. Immediately before they reached the peak, other areas of the brain became affected such as the sensory cortex, which receives ''touch'' messages from parts of the body and the thalamus, which relays signals to other parts of the body. Once the orgasm has started other parts of the brain are activated such as those responsible for emotion. The final part of the brain to be activated is the hypothalamus, the ''control'' part of the brain, which regulates temperature, hunger, thirst and tiredness. At the same time another area responsible for pleasure is activated - the nucleus accumbens - as well as the caudate nucleus, which is responsible for memory. In women, orgasm produces a very extensive response across the brain and body, the Daily Mail quoted Barry Komisaruk of Rutgers University as saying. Some women raised their hands several times each session, often just a few seconds apart. So the evidence is that women tend to have longer orgasms and can experience several in rapid succession, said Komisaruk. A woman's orgasm last an average of 10-15 seconds, whilst a man's is thought to last for just six seconds.
2009 年, SCIENCE 专访 09 年四位获诺奖女科学家:经济学奖 Elinor Ostrom ,化学奖 Ada Yonath ,生理学或医学奖 Carol Greider 与 Elizabeth Blackburn 。她们就女性从事科研面临的种种问题阐述了各自的见解。 附件是我下载的 Science 刊登的英文原文件。中文版本可参考网址 : http://renwu.ebioe.com/show/760.htm 。 其中的几个观点值得我们借鉴: 1. 从博士、博士后到从事科研事业的转变期非常重要,大家的差距往往是在这个时候拉开的,而且这决定了你今后一生的方向和成就。 2. 对青年人的教育和引导,非常重要,因为他们是社会未来的主人。所以,有所成就的科学家和院士等不应该只呆在实验室或者研究所,应该走到年轻人中去,和他们沟通,给他们指导,关心一下下一代的发展。 3. 科学家的一生是艰苦的,需要高强度的劳动和大量的时间。但是,这个过程本身又是激动人心和令人兴奋的。 4. 要学会管理自己的时间。没有必要浪费很多时间在没有意义的事情上,把主要的精力放在自己喜欢的事情上,如陪家人,做科研等。 5. 做令你兴奋的事情,跟随你的热情。不必担心前方的阻碍和困难,因为终究会有办法解决这些困难的。做你热爱的事情,不受其它事情的干扰。 Do what excites you. Follow your passion. Dont necessarily worry about what obstacles might be there, because there are always ways to overcome them. But the most exciting thing is to be able to do what you love, and just dont let anything stand in the way of that. 6. 如果你不选择做你喜好的事情并为此做准备,那么你的一生就不是那么物有所值。 If you dont choose to do what youre really fascinated by, and then get yourself ready to do it, then your life is not a very worthwhile life. 2009 Science Nobel Women Awardees
Idol: Elinor Estrom 主要著作: Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Ostrom, Elinor, Cambridge University Press, 1990 Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective Ostrom, Elinor, and Schroeder, Larry, and Wynne, Susan, Oxford: Westview Press, 1993 Rules, Games, and Common Pool Resources Ostrom, Elinor, and Gardner, Roy, and Walker, James, Editors, Anne Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1994 with Crawford, Sue E. S., A Grammar of Institutions. American Political Science Review 89, no.3 (September 1995): 582600. Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons for Experimental Research {Volume VI in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust, Elinor Ostrom and James Walker, Editors, Russell Sage Foundation, 2003 Understanding Institutional Diversity Ostrom, Elinor, Princeton, Princeton University Press. 2005. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice Ostrom, Elinor and Hess, Charlotte, Editors, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2007
从网上看到一篇文章评述女性暴力的问题 。作者Kelly认为,亚拉巴马大学教师Amy Bishop枪击案可以被归入某些女性暴力范畴。她给出了一些很有趣的观点,比如女性出现暴力问题与男性是有所不同的。女性的暴力对象通常是跟自己最亲近的人有关。比如自己的丈夫、孩子等。而Amy Bishop这次则是枪杀了自己共事了六年的同事。由此看来从教师专业发展的角度来分析毕晓普枪击案还要考虑到女性教师的专业成长问题。这也是我在构建该教师专业发展阶段性理论的时候有所忽略的。 在有关的教师专业发展的文献中,专门论述女教师专业发展的文献相对来说比较少。不过很多文献中,所涉及到的问题,比如教师样本的抽取中,都还是会涉及到女教师的 。尤其是在基础教育中,这些样本所涉及到的女教师的比例更大 。一些文献也注意到了女教师的专业成长周期有其自身的特点 。还有一篇博士论文专门探讨了少数民主地区女教师的专业成长 。也有一些文献是专门论述女教师的专业发展特点的(pp.178~186) 。与此相对应的是,有关女教师的专业成长体验体会方面的文献则比较多,这些文献反映出了基础教育领域女教师在教学实践中的总结出来的有关女教师专业成长的各种经验 ,有助于我们更深入地探究女教师专业成长过程中所遇到的各种问题。不过这些经验还需要上升到新的理论高度。 在其他职业的专业发展领域,有关女性专业发展的文献则相对来说比较多一些,一些文献特别分析了导师在女性专业发展的重要作用 。另一些文献还建立了专门的女性专业发展的模型 。对于管理领域的女性的专业成长,也有不少的论述 。 探讨女教师的专业成长阶段问题,可以考虑到女教师的一些特点,并将其纳入到教师专业成长的阶段性理论中。 女教师具有两个方面的含义,一个含义是教师,另一个含义是女性。 作为教师,女教师的专业成长也符合一般性教师专业成长阶段的划分,即女教师的专业成长同样也可以分成4个阶段,分别是专业准备期、专业成长期、专业成熟期和专业稳定期。 作为女性,则由于生理结构上与男性不同,导致其在在整个社会环境中的成长,有着与男性有所区别的成长过程。 一般认为,女性的生理成熟主要在30岁之前,30岁左右是一个比较明显的界限。 女教师在其职业生涯中,与男教师有所不同的地方主要表现在两个方面: 一是个体成长过程中,体内激素分泌因素的影响。女性生理上分泌的是雌性激素。而男性分泌的是雄性激素。这两种激素水平对于人的心理活动是有影响的。而由于个体中所具备的不同的激素水平,又影响到女教师在整个社会环境中所起的作用。比如社会地位,与其他教师之间的关系等。与其他职业有所区别,在教师这一职业中,基础教育中女教师占多数,而到了高等教育阶段,女教师的数量则开始减少。因此了解这方面因素对于女教师的影响,就有了可以进行比较的两个很大的群体。如果认为由于女性占了少数,造成了不公平,则我们可以以基础教育的教师群体为研究对象来进行对比。如果认为是女性太多造成了问题,则我们可以以高等教育中的教师群体作为对比。 至于两种不同的激素水平对于教师学科研究能力的影响,目前还没有什么明显的证据。可以看到的就是在如同物理学、数学这样的学科中,女教师的数量明显偏少。但这并不足以证明雌性激素会影响到女教师的自然科学研究能力。相反无论是在美国还是在中国,从事自然科学研究的女科学家数量正在不断增加,各学科女学生的成绩也有全面超越男学生的趋势。因此这一方面的含义是否一定要引入教师专业成长阶段的划分过程中,是值得进一步探讨的。 尽管激素水平对于教师专业发展的影响还不是很清楚。但是和男教师相比,女教师在更年期的时候存在一个激素突变的过程。即女性到了50岁左右,体内激素会有一个明显的下降过程。这会在一定程度上影响到女教师的心理状态,自然也就有可能会影响到专业成长的过程。 这一过程正好与教师专业成长从专业成长期跨越到专业成熟期是一致的。由于从一个阶段跨越到另一个阶段总是会出现各种不稳定的状况。而女教师在这个时期同时出现了专业发展的阶段性变化以及人的生理方面的跨越性变化。相信同男教师相比,这一阶段的专业成长过程对女教师的心理状态所产生的冲击会更大一些。比如导致女教师的情绪出现更大的波动等。这一点似乎也在毕晓普枪击案中有所印证。据报道毕晓普的同事到现在都还存在一个疑问,就是不明白为什么她会对没有获得终身教职做出这么大的反应。因为她平时看起来似乎并不是这样的人。 二是生育子女的任务。这是男教师不具备的。在进入教师专业成长期以后,女教师还会有一个额外的任务,就是生育子女。由于孕期以及哺乳期需要一定的时间,所以表面上看,女教师的整个专业成长持续的时间比男教师要少一些。但这是基于女教师在这一期间不作任何专业发展的假设的基础上的。 实际上女教师的这一特殊时期也是女教师专业成长的重要组成部分。作为教师,需要对人的成长过程有更全面的了解,这一过程包含了从婴幼儿开始的几乎所有阶段。多出来的这样一个时期,使得女教师可以获得比男教师更多更为丰富的个体成长方面的经验。因此我认为女教师的专业成长过程,至少从专业准备期来看,比男教师更为丰富。 到了专业成长期以后,女教师的这一过程已经完成,而社会和家庭的约束,又使得男女教师可以承担相同的教育责任,所以在这一阶段以后,男女教师的专业成长过程就基本一致了。当然还有诸如女性更年期之类的因素也可能会对女教师的专业成长有所影响。 基于这样的考虑,在进行女教师专业成长阶段划分的时候,可以将这种一般性的四个阶段,作更进一步分类,使之能够适应女教师的特点。女教师的专业成长阶段可以进一步划分为下面的几个子阶段: 阶段1:专业准备期(年龄在25-35岁) 1.1 个体成长回顾期(年龄在25-30岁)在这期间,女教师通过生育等活动,并结合其他方面的专业发展,获得比较完善的个体成长以及教育方面的知识和经验。 1.2 专业准备完成期(年龄在30-35岁)在这期间,女教师开始调整自己的角色,逐渐完成专业准备期。 阶段2:专业成长期(年龄在35-50岁) ( ...... 这里似乎还可以做一些补充) 阶段3:专业成熟期(年龄在50-60岁) 阶段4:专业稳定期(年龄在60岁以后) Reference: 1. 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Redner, How mentoring affects the professional development of women in psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1985. 16(6): p. 851-859. 24. Palepu, A., et al., Junior faculty members' mentoring relationships and their professional development in US medical schools. Academic Medicine, 1998. 73(3): p. 318. 25. Noe, R.A., Women and mentoring: A review and research agenda. The Academy of Management Review, 1988. 13(1): p. 65-78. 26. Douvan, E., The role of models in women's professional development. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1976. 1(1): p. 5-20. 27. Schwartz, F.N., Management women and the new facts of life. Harvard Business Review, 1989. 67(1): p. 65-76. 28. Burke, R.J. and C.A. McKeen, Career development among managerial and professional women. Women in management: Current research issues, 1994: p. 65?9. 29. Nussbaum, M.C., Women and human development: The capabilities approach. 2001: Cambridge Univ Pr.
据《每日科学》报道,一项跨度32年,1500女性参与的研究表明:女性中年腰部积累大量脂肪,到老年患痴呆症的机率是对比组的2倍。 同时中年腰围大于臀围女性容易因心脏病和中风未老先逝。 详情见: Fat Around the Middle Increases the Risk of Dementia http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091123114803.htm
今天有闲工夫看了一下最近一期 Science 的采访和花边新闻,就顺手写篇博文吧。这里面最令我感兴趣的是对四位刚获得诺贝尔奖的女性科学家的访谈。 选择做科研是一件不容易的事情,女性选择这个行业,更是难上加难。因为科研工作者需要专注,需要在工作上投入大量的时间和精力。所以记者的提问也是一直围绕着女性如何做好科研这个中心话题。我在这里做一个简单的小结。但我建议有时间还是要看一些原文,因为从她们的谈话中,可以很容易看出她们的性格和风格,很有意思的。 做科研的动力:兴趣,好奇心,和满足感。这点很重要,也是她们做科研的理由。 Ada Yonath 在以色列出生和接受教育,出身贫苦,是孤儿。她认为自己做科研是为了 satisfy my intellectual needs 。够牛!但她们也有一点言下之意:如果对科学兴趣不足,最好别做科研。 事业发展的困难时期:从博士后到老板的角色转换。这不单是女性科研工作者面临的大问题,男性也如此。因为当了老板以后,除了做好自己的事情,还要有全局观,知道如何处理同事关系和师生关系,知道如何鼓励手下,帮助他们发展事业。所以 Elizabeth Blackburn 认为 leadership 的培养很重要,需要有意识地加强。 处理好事业与家庭的关系:兵来将挡,水来土掩。在四人中,只有 Elinor Ostrom 没有结婚,其他三位都结婚成家。 Elizabeth Blackburn 和 Carol Greider 认为科研的时间表很有弹性,可以找出足够的时间来做好科研又照顾好子女。一句话:时间是挤出来的,不用担心时间不够。 Ada Yonath 更直接:不能光瞻前顾后而不行动;只要你做了,自然就能想出解决的办法。 鼓励少女选择科研:如果对科学有热情,就勇往直前,无须顾忌。 Ada Yonath 认为现在中学或大学低年级的年轻人对科学没有足够的认识,因而,已经成功的科学家应该加强和年轻人的接触和交流。她们都建议女生们首先要考虑自己喜欢什么东西,而不是那样东西有多难。
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1221822/Why-women-future-shorter-fatter-healthier.html Why women of the future will be shorter, fatter and healthier By David Derbyshire Last updated at 9:00 AM on 21st October 2009 Comments ( 34 ) Add to My Stories Women of the future will be shorter and heavier but healthier scientists say (Posed by model) Women are getting shorter and fatter, according to research into the future of the human race. They are also likely to evolve healthier hearts and lower cholesterol, and will start the menopause later than they do now, researchers say. The predictions come from a study which claims to have the strongest evidence yet that humans are continuing to evolve. Some biologists have argued that medical advances and social welfare in the wealthiest parts of the world have caused evolution to ground to a halt. Without the fierce struggle for survival, they say, natural selection is no longer driving our species' development. But evolutionary biologist Dr Stephen Stearns of Yale University says he has found evidence that inheritable traits such as weight and height still influence how many children a woman has and how healthy they will be. Having more children increases the chance that beneficial characteristics which aid survival will be passed to future generations. Dr Stearns looked at the Framingham Heart Study - which has tracked the medical histories of 14,000 people in Framingham, Massachusetts since 1948. His team looked at the medical records of 2,238 middle-aged and elderly women who had gone through menopause and tested whether weight, height, blood pressure, cholesterol and other traits were linked to the number of children she had, New Scientist reports. Even after accounting for factors like education, income and health, they found that inherited traits were closely linked to family size. More... Gastric band surgery left these sisters 22st lighter Drinking and obesity fuel surge in liver disease among middle-age Britons Coming soon, the hips and knees that will never wear out Shorter, heavier women tended to have more children than lighter, taller ones. Women with lower blood pressure and lower cholesterol also had bigger families - as did those who became mothers at a younger age or began the menopause later. These traits were passed on to their daughters, who in turn tended to have more children. If the trend continues for ten generations, the researchers calculate that the typical woman in 2409 will be 2cm shorter and 1kg heavier than today's average. She will have her first child five months earlier - and go through the menopause ten months later. Dr Stearns said: 'It's interesting that the underlying biological framework is still detectable beneath the culture.' Print this article Read later Email to a friend Share this article: Digg it Del.icio.us Reddit Newsvine Nowpublic StumbleUpon Facebook MySpace Fark SCRIPT type=text/javascript DM.has("readerComments"); DM.has("formValidator"); DM.FormValidator.Manager.register({ 'id': 'readerCommentsCommand', 'custom_rules': { 'maxlength': { 'if': { 'value1': 'length', 'method': '', 'value2': 1000 }, 'then': 'error("You have exceeded the 1000 character limit for this field.")' }, 'mandatoryHR': { 'if': { 'value1': 'value', 'method': 'empty', 'value2': '' }, 'then': 'error("You must agree to our House Rules to post a comment.")' }, 'noEmail': { 'if': { 'value1': 'value', 'method': 'matches', 'value2': /@/ }, 'then': 'error("This field should not contain the following character: \'@\'.")' } } }); Add your comments Comments ( 34 ) Here's what readers have had to say so far. Why not add your thoughts below, or debate this issue live on our message boards. The comments below have not been moderated. Newest Oldest Best rated Worst rated View all "the typical woman in 2409..." Somehow I don't feel hopeful that Earth will last that long! - nuclear bombs/power, medical warfare, global warming - at least one of those will wipe us out way before then!! - B Gibson, London, 22/10/2009 00:02 Click to rate Rating (0) Report abuse Hmmm... If only there was a guarantee that all these 'short, fat but healthy' women would look like the nice lady in the photo that accompanies this article! I somehow doubt it... - Steven Brown, Rhondda, 21/10/2009 19:02 Click to rate Rating 9 Report abuse I thought each generation was supposed to be getting taller that's what we have been told and it is certainly the case in my mum's, mine my daughter's case. Fat puts pressure on the heart and vital organs so how can that be healthy? - SallyAnne,, Horley, UK, 21/10/2009 16:27 Click to rate Rating 20 Report abuse Oh I'm already a woman of the future. 我早已是一个未来女性啦! - Mary, Kent, 21/10/2009 15:48 Click to rate Rating 71 Report abuse As an aside, for those people reading that never read the actual medical studies referenced in these types of article, please take note that the Framingham study was originally devised to test the hypothesis that high saturated fat intake correlated directly with incidence of heart disease. The scientists couldn't actually find any link at all (even though they were desperate to, as shown by the wording in it's conclusions). The head scientist was quoted afterwards in saying that even though the study didn't show a link he still believed there was a connection. This in the face of complete disproval of the hypothesis. Double check anything that references this study yet still claims a saturated fat intake link to heart disease as it has never been proven ever. - Andy Robertson, Lincoln, 21/10/2009 14:53 Click to rate Rating 11 Report abuse What a load of jobby. All they've done is made a list of the things that people would like to see happen. Giving women the hope of being heavier but actualy healthier and more fertile. What next all men are going to be 6'5" and genetically incapeable of baldness? - CJ, Greenock, Scotland, 21/10/2009 14:46 Click to rate Rating 24 Report abuse The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1221822/Why-women-future-shorter-fatter-healthier.html#ixzz0UczkkPNa http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/10/224324.shtm 研究称人类仍在进化 未来女性更矮更胖更健康 一些生物学家认为,先进医疗技术和社会福利措施使人类不必为生存而战,物竞天择不再作用于人,人类进化发生停滞。美国一名进化生物学家则证明,人类仍在缓慢进化,未来女性将变胖、变矮、更加健康。 遗传特征 美国耶鲁大学进化生物学家斯蒂芬·斯特恩斯研究发现,体重、身高等遗传特征仍然对女性生育孩子的数量和这些孩子的健康程度有影响。从进化学角度而言,生育孩子越多,将有利人类生存的优良特质遗传给下一代的可能性就越高。 斯特恩斯的结论基于马萨诸塞州弗雷明汉心脏研究的数据。这项长达60年的研究始于1948年,记录了弗雷明汉约1.4万人的病历。 斯特恩斯带领研究人员分析了其中2238名绝经后女性的病历记录,并且测量了这些人的体重、身高、血压、胆固醇水平和其他一些身体特征,分析它们与生育数量的关系。 未来女性 综合考虑受教育程度、收入水平、健康状况等因素以后,研究人员发现,遗传特征与生育孩子数量密切相关。 与那些身材消瘦、个子高挑的女性相比,偏矮、稍胖的女性生育子女更多。此外,血压偏低、胆固醇水平低、生育较早、绝经较晚的女性,其家庭规模也相对较大。 这些有利人类繁衍的特征将遗传给女儿,使女儿们生育更多孩子。 研究人员根据这种自然淘汰的力量计算得出结论:如果遗传10代人,2409年女性平均身高比现阶段女性矮2厘米,平均体重胖1千克。那时,女性生育第一个孩子的时间比现在女性平均早5个月,绝经时间则比现在女性晚10个月。 仍在进化 英国《每日邮报》10月21日援引斯特恩斯的话报道,这些数据传递的信息就是“人类正在进化,自然淘汰法则仍在发挥作用”。 研究人员指出,人类变化过程虽缓慢,但事实上预测得出的变化速度与自然界其他物种没有区别。 斯特恩斯说:“发生在弗雷明汉地区女性身上的进化就像所观测到的发生在其他动植物身上的进化平均速度一样。” 他还说,发生在人类身上的进化速度相当于观测到的其他生物进化速度的中低水平,“那意味着,从进化速度来看,人类并无特别之处,他们只是处于平均水平”。 这项研究结果刊登于美国《国家科学院院刊》( PNAS )。 更多阅读 英国《每日邮报》相关报道(英文)
身边有好几个女的在学瑜伽,我们学校图书馆就有一个瑜伽班(其实我觉得户外更合适),现在工作生活节奏越来越快,身心的放松很有必要啊。电影《神话》里一个印度女孩在清晨练瑜伽给观众留下了很美的印象。在天涯论坛看到一个瑜者的帖子,觉得还不错,整理了一下。 瑜伽是宁静,平和,专注。。。 快乐的瑜者 淡定瑜者 云雀分享,迎接阳光 自信,快乐不可锐挡 舒展身枝,迎接朝阳 迎接阳光 鹫式的美丽 瑜伽是生活方式 Yoga is a lifestyle 瑜伽,就是和谐、自然。 Yoga is to relax and back to nature. 在练习瑜伽的时候,请体会自然状态下你身体的力量和舒展能力,并记住它,在你面临压力的时候运用它。 瑜珈是专注。 Yoga is to focus and enjoy yourself. 练习瑜伽的时候,时间像飞一样悄悄走过,因为你很投入,你很专注,记住这种专注,在任何时候运用它。那么在你工作并享受其中的时候,你就在瑜珈;在你专注做饭的时候,你就在瑜珈;在你于沙滩、阳光、椰树下、泳池边安然度假时,你就在瑜珈。 身在其中,心在其中,享受其中,这就是瑜珈。 You can yoga anytime and anywhere once you have yoga attitude