2017 年 2 月,教育部通过官网正式发布修订后的《义务教育小学科学课程标准》,并从 2017 年秋季学期开始执行。修订后的小学科学课程,最大的变化是,开课年级从此前的小学三年级,提前到小学一年级。 除了起始年级的变化之外,新版的小学科学课程标准还体现了一些新理念,也是值得各位科学教师关注的,下面我们就逐一梳理一下。 从课程性质的界定来看, 小学科学课程的地位得到了提高。实验稿的课程标准将小学科学课程界定为 “以培养科学素养为宗旨的科学启蒙课程”,而新标准则明确小学科学课程是“ 基础性课程 ”。同时,教育部还明确要求各地保证小学低年级的科学课时。从这个意义上看,科学课程已经成为与语文、数学地位相当的课程了。 从学段划分来看, 小学科学课程融入了 学习进阶 的理念与成果。学习进阶( Learning Progression ) 描述 了 学生的某一概念在一段时间或跨度内的认知思维路径 ,兼顾了学生的年龄特征及认知规律,并考虑了科学学科体系自身的特点。新标准将小学阶段的科学学习划分为三个学段,对于同一主题、同一概念,给出了不同学段不同的学习目标和具体内容要求,使得学生的科学学习呈现螺旋式上升趋势。科学教师由此也就更清楚地了解到,对于同一个主题的内容,在不同的学段,应该教到什么程度。这一点对于科学教材的编写、学生科学素养的测评都具有非常重要的指导意义。 小学科学划分为三个学段 1~2 年级 3~4 年级 5~6 年级 从课程内容上来看, 小学科学课程体现了 STSE 理念。 STS 是科学( Science )、技术( Technology )、社会( Society )、环境( Environment )的简称,关注科学、技术与社会的互动,指向培养学生的科学素养。小学和初中的科学课程结构基本相同,都包括科学探究,科学知识,科学态度, 科学、技术、社会与环境 四大领域。其中科学、技术、社会与环境是小学科学课程中新加的,旨在让学生通过科学技术与日常生活的联系、科学技术与社会发展的联系、人类与自然和谐相处几个方面,来感受科学技术与社会和环境的互动。 从科学知识的构成来看, 小学科学课程体现了 STEM 的理念。 STEM 是科学( Science )、技术( Technology )、工程( Engineering )、数学( Mathematics )的简称,是当今世界各国倡导的新科学教育理念。 STEM 理念重视实践,强调不同学科的融合。小学科学课程标准实验稿和初中科学课程标准 ( 2011 年版) 中的科学知识都包括物质科学、生命科学、地球与宇宙科学三个领域,修订后的小学科学课程标准将科学知识的范围进行了拓展,增加了技术与工程领域。需要注意的是,小学科学课程是整合的科学,不是四个知识领域的拼盘叠加,而是它们的有机融合,这也是 STEM 理念所倡导的。非但如此, 新版《课程标准》 还倡导科学课程与语文、数学、综合实践活动等其他课程的关联和整合,这就比 STEM 更进了一步。 小学科学课程结构 科学探究 l 提出问题 l 作出假设 l 制定计划 l 搜集证据 l 处理信息 l 得出结论 l 表达交流 l 反思评价 科学知识 l 物质科学 l 生命科学 l 地球与宇宙科学 l 技术与工程 科学态度 l 探究兴趣 l 实事求是 l 追求创新 l 合作分享 科学、技术、社会与环境 l 科学技术与日常生活的联系 l 科学技术与社会发展的联系 l 人类与自然和谐相处 从科学概念的选择上来看, 小学科学课程突出了 核心概念 的学习。在信息爆炸的时代,靠在学校里堆砌知识显得不再现实;同时,从培养核心素养的角度出发,学校教育应该让学生学习到对其终身发展有益的知识和能力。就小学科学教育而言,激发学生对科学的兴趣、促进有意义的学习,要比追求知识的完整性和系统性更重要。新标准在四个知识领域选择了 18 个主要概念,并将科学、技术、社会与环境的内容融入其中,贯穿三个学段。 领域 主要概念 物质 科学 l 物体具有一定的特征,材料具有一定的性能。 l 水是一种常见而重要的单一物质。 l 空气是一种常见而重要的混合物质。 l 物体的运动可以用位置、快慢和方向来描述。 l 力作用于物体,可以改变物体的形状和运动状态。 l 机械能、声、光、热、电、磁是能量的不同表现形式。 生命 科学 l 地球上生活着不同种类的生物。 l 植物能适应环境,可制造和获取养分来维持自身的生存。 l 动物能适应环境,通过获取植物和其他动物的养分来维持生存。 l 人体由多个系统组成,分工配合,共同维持生命活动。 l 植物和动物都能繁殖后代,使它们得以世代相传。 l 动植物之间、动植物与环境之间存在着相互依存的关系。 地球与 宇宙 科学 l 在太阳系中,地球、月球和其他星球有规律地运动着。 l 地球上有大气、水、生物、土壤和岩石,地球内部有地壳、地幔和地核。 l 地球是人类生存的家园。 技术 与 工程 l 人们为了使生产和生活更加便利、快捷、舒适,创造了丰富多彩的人工世界。 l 技术的核心是发明,是人们对自然的利用和改造。 l 工程技术的关键是设计,工程是运用科学和技术进行设计、解决实际问题和制造产品的活动。 从课程的设计来看, 小学科学课程与初中科学课程实现了初步衔接。 两个阶段的科学课程都以培养和提高学生的科学素养为宗旨,面向全体学生,体现探究式学习,课程框架也渐趋一致。相信在不久的将来,我国的科学教育将实现从学前教育到高中教育的贯通,到时候我们将看到完整的 K-12 科学教育体系。 新标准体现了新理念,新理念需要新行动。期待全国的科学教育工作者共同努力,将科学教育的新理念落到实处,取得新成效。 说明:本文首发于北京师范大学出版社“北师大基础教育教材”微信公众号。
全称为 Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School,简称 King School。是美国伊利诺伊州厄巴纳学区6所小学之一。学生来自50多个国家,能讲40多种语言。学校的使命是让学生学习知识,提高能力,丰富人生,为社会多做贡献。 学校的图书馆离大门口很近,面积不大,功能比较齐全。
在国内常听家长抱怨中国的家长难当,每天要检查家庭作业,签字。女儿来美国上小学之后发现美国的小学家长也一样不好当啊,尤其是对我们这些不了解美国教育的老外来说,确实不容易。 女儿圣诞节前来美,倒完时差去了趟波利斯的儿童博物馆和奥兰多的迪士尼就开始了她的小学生活。从开学起从来没有完整的上过一个星期的课,因为一遇到低温天气或者下雪,学校就会延迟2小时上课或者干脆就不上课了。有一次据说是因为天气原因停课,但我觉得那天阳光明媚,气温也不是很低啊。西拉法叶的冬天应该和东北差不多,我们国内的孩子哪有说天冷就不上课的呀,天再冷咱不在户外活动,坐在有暖气的教室里上课有什么关系呢?!每天关注学校的通知就是家长的一个人任务。 刚从国内来女儿只会只言片语根本不知道老师的意图,只知道模仿别的小朋友,作业也是别人写什么她就抄什么。不过这对她来说似乎不是什么事,孩子每天都很开心,经常回家会给我说一些学校的事。比如说涂颜色别的小朋友都把太阳涂成了黄色,她觉得红色的太阳更漂亮,所以他就涂成了红色;别的小朋友把船都涂成了蓝色,而她喜欢粉色就涂成了粉色;她邻桌的小孩把她写的6擦掉,帮她写了一个反着写的6。有美国小女孩拉着她的书包对她说“you好”,……看着她开心的上学,我们之前担心她不习惯的顾虑就烟消云散了。 直到有一天老师把孩子们在学校完成的作业发下来我才知道原来作业纸是图文并茂的,画了太阳让涂颜色,旁边写着:The sun is yellow;另一张作业纸上写的是:The boat is blue.尽管孩子涂错颜色,老师也只是在旁边用正确的颜色做了个标注,依然画上了笑脸。女儿看到笑脸就很开心。而我却笑不起来了。老师没法用中文和孩子交流,有些东西没法演示明白,再这样放任自流混沌下去,恐怕女儿的英文也不会有什么长进啊!看来我们得加油啦!
Many families have a skeleton in the closet/cupboard. 这句话中“家( family )”换成“大学( university )”或“地方( place/region )”也没什么大错。 大家谁也别笑话谁。乌鸦别笑猪黑。说不定那天丑闻就发生在你那地方。前两天南昌大学校长周文斌疑严重违纪被调查,但实际上校长出事的学校也不少。详见: 南昌大学校长周文斌疑严重违纪被调查 违纪校长大盘点 。有一个段子说“关起门来 “ 搞三讲 ” ,认认真真走过场;腐败分子前三排,枪毙的都在主席台”,谁敢说你那儿的校长经得住调查? “ 海南受害女生自述经历 : 校长整宿欲行不轨未成 / 海南受害女生自述经历:校长整宿欲行不轨未成 ( http://edu.gmw.cn/2013-05/16/content_7647572.htm ) ”让海南丢了脸,但愿这只是最后一次、最后一个地方发生这样的丑闻。 安徽潜山县一小学校长涉嫌性侵9名女童 http://tv.sohu.com/20130516/n376091513.shtml
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4fb72f170102e58q.html (该校小学的Kindergarden应该算学前班?) 学期报告单对学生的评价分为五部分:社会责任、社交情商发展、智力发展、体育发展和健康、审美和艺术发展。从这五方面分类,可以看出加拿大教育体制对5岁孩子的发展要求是全方面的,排在第一位的是社会责任, 第二位的是社交情商发展,第三位是的智商发展。在中国的教育体系来说,智力发展肯定是排第一的,但这里只能排在第三,排第一的居然是责任感的教育!这的确出乎我的意料。 一、Social Responsibility. 这部分的是指:对班级和学校所做的贡献;用和平方式解决遇到的问题;尊重个体差异和人权;实践民主权利和责任。真没想到加拿大对5岁的孩子居然已经提到人权和民主等社会问题的教育,真是要从小培养人人平等的价值观,从小培养孩子树立起是正确的世界观和价值观,这点的确非常重要!老师在这部分给儿子的评语是这么写的:Alex是个好奇的、快乐的孩子。自从来到幼儿园,他的英语水平取得了巨大的提高,使他能更好地理解同学们的想法。他现在已经能用更丰富语言进行交流,这对他继续练习轮流、分享和遵守班级的制度非常重要。Alex需要在指导下才能完成日常行为(比如记得换鞋、上午工作时间坐在位置上、清扫工作等),还未能发现日常活动的规律。 二、Emotional and Social Development. 这部分内容指:为了未来身心健康人生而建立起一种积极的现实的人生态度;培养出一种独立地建立目标和做决定的能力。老师的评语:Alex正在开始与同学们建立起社交关系。在游戏时间,他交替性地自我玩和与1-2个小朋友一起玩。他最喜爱的是艺术、写字和玩橡皮泥。在室外活动中,他经常和朋友们玩追逐游戏(play tag game)。他已经理解了如何参与集体活动。Alex在日常坐着时还需要经常提醒他交叉好两条腿。 三、Intellectual Development. 这部分内容:发展思考能力和学习能力,语言方面发展听、说、读、写能力,数学、社会学和科学。老师评语也是分听、说、读、写、数学、社会学、科学来写的,总体老师认为Alex在这些部分都符合期望,由于这部分内容比较多,我就挑几句翻译吧。“说”方面,老师说Alex能自信地上台去表达他的show and tell(每周我们根据老师提供的首字母为他准备一张画和三段话,让他去班级里说,其它小朋友猜他说的什么东西)。“读”的方面,老师说Alex读书时还不能从上到下,从左到右读。我估计儿子是只找自己认识的单词读吧。“写”方面,对写字表现出强烈的兴趣和积极的学习态度。“数学”能够1-10正确的排列,“社会学”方面,能理解班级的制度和作为班里一员的责任,“科学”方面,能用五种感官来观察。 四、Aesthetic and Artistic Development. 发展欣赏能力和技能--对舞蹈、戏剧、音乐和可视艺术。老师评语:展示出一种参与体验各种不同音乐的愿望;能用剪刀剪出一条直线;对各种艺术活动表现出兴趣和参与热情。 五、Physical Development and Well-Being.培养一种积极健康的生活习惯。老师评语:正在开始和小朋友们一起玩体育活动,正在练习尊重他人的个人空间;体育活动中能够遵守游戏规则。
浅谈学前教育最后一年设置在小学 黄安年文 黄安年的博客 / 2011 年 11 月 22 日 ( 美东时间 ) 发布 我国普及中小学教育的学制是小学 6 年、中学 6 年总共 12 年。美国也是 12 年制 , 其中小学5 年 , 中学7 年, 小学除5年外还含一年学前教育最后一年,一般说小学6年 , 而真正的小学只有 5 年 。 美国将幼儿教育即学前教育最后一年放在小学的第一年(不是一年级,而是 kindergarten )。两者相比 , 将学前教育最后一年放在小学里对于孩子的学习成长更加有利。 从孩子家长的角度考虑 , 公立学校美国的免费的,而幼儿教育全部是自费的 , 所以经费上节省了一笔开支。 从孩子的角度来考虑 , 加快了孩子们过渡到小学阶段的适应过程。 从学校的角度来考虑 , 并不存在资源利用上的困难 , 而可以更有效地引导孩子适应小学阶段的学习。为此学校配备了对于 5 岁左右孩子年龄特征熟识的有经验老师任教,对 kindergarten 学生给予特殊的照顾,例如坐校车为这些孩子专门挂牌 , 以免丢失;允许他们带食品上课;安排他们在最佳时间吃午饭;对于课程要求注意游戏和图画教育等等。 学制上看 , 同样的小学 包含一年的 kindergarten ,等于孩子们上中学的时间早于中国学生一年 , 这一点在现代化和电脑网络化的今天是占有有利地位的。 11月23日7:45分修订,感谢网友提醒。 ********************* Kindergarten From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation) . China In China, the equivalent term to kindergarten is 幼儿园 (yòu ér yuán). The children start attending kindergarten at the age of 2 until they are at least 6 years old. The kindergartens in China generally have the following grades: 1. Nursery/ Playgroup ( 小班 /xi ă o bān): 2–3 years old children 2. Lower Kindergarten/ LKG ( 中班 /zhōng bān): 3–4 years old children 3. Upper Kindergarten/ UKG ( 大班 /dà bān): 4–5 years old children 4. Preschool ( 学前班 /xué qián bān): 5–6 years old children Some kindergartens may not have preschool ( 学前班 /xué qián bān). United States In the United States, kindergartens are usually part of the K-12 educational system. It is only one school-year. Children usually attend kindergarten around age 5 to 6. Kindergarten is considered the first year of formal education, although the child may have gone to preschool or Pre-K (formerly nursery school ). While kindergarten was viewed as a separate part of the elementary program, it is now fully integrated into the school system and is a full participant in schooling, except that in many places it is only offered for half-a-day. Depending on the state, children may be required to attend their kindergarten year because compulsory schooling laws in many states begin at age 5. In other states, compulsory laws begin at 6 or 7, although these states still offer free kindergarten. In practice, 43 states require their school districts to offer a kindergarten year. There are many positive learning and social/behavioral benefits for children in kindergarten programs. At the same time, it is widely felt that what children are doing during the kindergarten day is more important than the length of the school day. " High/Scope Learning" is a style of learning that is used in many kindergartens in the United States. This learning style is very interactive and requires a great deal of the children and the teacher. It employs a "plan, do, review" approach which enables children to take responsibility for their learning. First the children "plan" their activities. The teacher provides choices of activities for the children which are age-appropriate and initiate learning, whether through problem solving, reading, language, mathematics, manipulatives, etc. This planning takes place, usually, when the children walk in the classroom. Then they "do" their activity. Some of these activities include such things as a water table, building blocks, a creative dance area, "dress up" area, a reading area, and a drawing table. The majority of the children's time is spent in this "do" activity. The last part of this approach is the review part. This is where the children and the teacher go over what they have done that day. This can be done in a large group, especially if there is a theme for the day that is used in all activities, or individually. The children discuss what they did and how they liked it and what they learned from it. This high/scope learning has grown in popularity and is accepted largely because it allows for the children to be responsible for their own learning. Compulsory schooling laws were adopted before the widespread provision of kindergarten or preschool. In some states, it is not required for children to attend kindergarten. Mandatory age of enrollment varies by state between 5 and 8. Generally, in all states, a child may begin kindergarten in the fall term only if age 5 by a state-set date, usually in the summer or fall. If they are older than 5 in a non-mandatory state, then they will be directly placed into first grade for compulsory education, even if they have not attended kindergarten. 摘自 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten#China
以下摘自 东升西点 博客的“ 美国小学三年级学些什么? ”一文的数学章节。 目录 V. 数学 (Mathematics) 引言 (Introduction) 推荐资讯 (Suggested Resources) 乘法 ── 第一部分 (Multiplication -- Part One) 乘法用语 (Multiplication Words) 竖式乘法 (Multiplication Vertically) 乘法的表达 (Showing Multiplication) 乘法表 (The Multiplication Table) 平方和平方根 (Square Numbers and Square Roots) 括号,三个数的乘法 (Parentheses, Multiplying Three Numbers) 除法 ── 第一部分 (Division -- Part One) 运算 (Operations) 除法一例 (An Example of Division) 解决除法问题 (Solving Division Problems) 除法名词 (Division Words) 除法的性质 (Division Facts) 除法中0和1的规则 (Division Rules for 0 and 1) 除法应用题 (Division Word Problems) 图解乘除法的性质 (Picturing Multiplcation and Division Facts) 带空格的乘除法的图解 (Picturing Multiplication and Division Facts with Blank Spaces) 除法和分数 (Division and Fractions) 十万位以内的数 (Numbers Through Hundred Thousands) 千位数 (Thousands) 读写四位数 (Reading and Writing Four-Digit Numbers) 万和十万 (Ten Thousands and Hundred Thousands) 展开形式 (Expanded Form) 千位数计数 (Counting with Thousands) 千位数间隔计数 (Skip-Counting with Thousands) 四舍五入 (Rounding Numbers) 千位数的比较和排列 (Comparing and Ordering Thousands) (Working with Numbers) 等式和不等式 (Equations and Inequalities) 百以内的序数 (Ordinal Numbers Through One-Hundredth) 使用数轴 (Using Number Lines) 加法和减法 (Addition and Subtraction) 竖式加法 (Column Addition) 心算加法 (Mental Addition) 更多的心算加法技巧 (More Mental Addition Techniques) 估计合与差 (Estimating Sums and Differences) 多于一个运算 (More Than One Operation) 心算减法 (Mental Subtraction) 四位数的和与差 (Sums and Differences of Four-Digit Numbers) 千位数加法 (Adding with Thousands) 减法:多于一次借位 (Subtraction: Regrouping More Than Once) 高位是零时的借位 (Subtracting Across Zeros) 四位数减法 (Four-Digit Subtraction) 加减钱数 (Adding and Subtracting Amounts of Money) 时间,钱和图 (Time, Money, and Graphs) 到分钟的时间 (Time to the Minute) 以分钟计的时间段 (Elapsed Time in Minutes) 用日历 (Working with the Calendar) 写日期 (Writing Dates) 钱 (Money) 图像的读和写 (Reading and Writing Graphs) 几何 (Geometry) 多边形 (Polygons) 角度 (Angles) 全等和对称图形 (Congruent and Symmetric Figures) 周长 (Perimeter) 面积 (Area) 立体 (Solids) 度量 (Measurement) 美国习惯系统和公制系统 (The U.S. Customary System and the Metric System) 度量应用题 (Measurement Word Problems) 度量和画线段 (Measure and Draw Line Segments) 估计线性度量 (Estimating Linear Measurements) 测量重量 (Measuring Weight) 测量体积 (Measuring Volume) 测量温度 (Measuring Temperature) 乘法 ── 第二部分 (Multiplication -- Part Two) 乘以十、百和千 (Multiplying Tens, Hundreds, and Thousands) 乘法的一个方法 (A Way to Multiply) 乘法的简便算法 (The Short Way to Multiply) 乘以三位数和四位数 (Multiplying Three-Digit and Four-Digit Numbers) 乘法的检验 (Checking Multiplication) 另一种展开形式 (Another Way to Write Expanded Form) 用乘法解应用题 (Solving Word Problems Using Multiplication) 除法 ── 第二部分 (Division -- Part Two) 余数 (Remainders) 除以十、百和千 (Dividing Tens, Hundreds, and Thousands) 两位数商 (Two-Digit Quotients) 检查除法 (Checking Division) 除以三位数 (Dividing Three-Digit Numbers) 罗马数字 (Roman Numerals) 分数 (Fractions) 分子和分母 (Numerator and Denominator) 从1/2和1/10认识分数 (Recognizing Fractions from 1/2 and 1/10) 等价分数 (Equivalent Fractions) 比较分数 (Comparing Fractions) 带分数和整数 (Mixed Numbers and Whole Numbers) 小数:十位小数 (Decimals: Tenths) 小数和百位小数 (Decimals and Hundredths) 钱的乘法和除法 (Multiplying and Dividing Amounts of Money) 应用题 (Word Problems) 两步走应用题 (A Two-Step Word Problem) 一个估计问题 (An Estimation Problem) 一个你需要估计的问题 (A Problem Where You need to Guess)
以下摘自 东升西点 博客的“ 美国小学二年级学些什么? ”一文的数学章节。 目录 V. 数学 (Mathematics) 引言 (Introduction) 100以内数的练习 (Working with Numbers to 100) 有间隔地数数 (Skip-Counting) 一些特殊数学用语 (Some Special Math Words) 偶数和奇数 (Even and Odd Numbers) 在…之间,多一个,和少一个 (Between, One More, and One Less) 用标签计数 (Counting with a Tally) 使用图像 (Using Graphs) 把数写成文字 (Writing Numbers as Words) 读有计数的直线 (Reading a Number Line) 复习:12以内的加法 (Review: Addition Facts to 12) 复习:12以内的减法 (Review: Subtraction Fact from Numbers to 12) 和数为13,14,15,16,17,及18的加法 (Addition Fact with Sums of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18) 差数为13,14,15,16,17,及18的减法 (Subtraction Facts from 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18) 任意顺序的加法,三个数的加法 (Adding in Any Order, and Adding Three Numbers) 加倍和减半 (Doubles and Halves) 和数位10的加法 (Sum of 10) 加法和减法的检验 (Checking Addition and Subtraction) 加减法的几组基本性质 (Fact Families) 添出等式中空缺的数 (Find the Missing Number) 在大於和小於式中空缺的数 (Missing Number Problems with Greater Than and Less Than) 等式运算 (Working with Equations) 十和一 (Tens and Ones) 两位数加法 (Adding Numbers with Two Digits) 交换加数和被加数来检验 (Checking Addition by Changing the Order of Addends) 三个数的加法 (Adding Three Number) 两位数的减法 (Subtracting Numbers with Two Digits) 两位数减法的检验 (Checking Two-Digit Subtraction) 横向、纵向和心算加减法 (Adding and Subtracting Horizontally, Vertically, and in Your Head) 加9和减9的心算 (Adding and Subtracting 9 in Your Head) 到十的四舍五入 (Estimating and Rounding to the Nearest Ten) 分数 (Fractions) 一千以内的数 (Working with Numbers to 1,000) 百位数 (The Hundreds) 百位数之间的数数 (Counting Between Hundreds) 继续数数 (Count On!) 不同位上数的值 (Place Value) 展开式 (Expanded Form) 比较三位数 (Comparing Three-Digit Numbers) 三位数加法 (Adding Three-Digit Numbers) 进位加法 (Regrouping Tens as Hundreds) 三位数减法 (Subtracting from a Three-Digit Number) 百位数上的借位减法 (Subtraction and Regrouping Hundreds) 钱 (Money) 硬币和纸币 (Coins and Dollar Bills) 多少硬币是一圆钱? (How Many Make Up a Dollar?) 二十五分硬币和(Quarters and Counting by 25) 数钱 (Counting Money) 钱的加减 (Adding and Subtracting Money) 应用题 (Word Problems) 度量 (Measurement) 测量长度 (Measuring Length) 测量重量 (Measuring Weight) 测量时间:日历 (Measuring Time: The Calendar) 测量时间:(Measuring Time: Clock Time to 5 Minutes) 测量时间:(Measuring Time: Half and Quarter Hours) 测量时间:(Measuring Time: How Much Time Has Passed?) 几何 (Geometry) 平面图形 (Plane Figures) 立体图形 (Solid Figures) 点、线和线段 (Point, Lines, and Segments) 对称的线 (Lines of Symmetry) 乘法 (Multiplication) 什么是乘法 (What Is Multiplication?) 乘法练习 (Practicing Multiplication) 乘以10 (Multiplying by 10) 乘法的三个规则 (Three Rules for Multiplication) 应用题和找出乘法因子 (Word Problems and Missing Factors)
以下摘自 东升西点 博客的“ 美国小学一年级学些什么? ”一文的数学章节。 目录 V. 数学 (Mathematics) 引言 (Introduction) 模式和分类 (Patterns and Classifications) 数和数的认知 (Numbers and Number Sense) 从一到十 (Numbers from 1 to 10) 多一个和少一个 (One More and One Less) 序数 (Numbers for Things in Order) 整数的数位 (Place Value) 从20到100的整数的数位 (Place Value from 21 to 100) 一百以下数数 (Counting to 100) 十二是一打 (Twelve Is a Dozen) 大於和小於 (Greater Than and Less Than) 课堂练习: 以前和以后 (Activity: Before and After) 课堂练习: 数字卡片游戏 (Activity: Number Flesh Card Activities) 图形的使用 (Using Graphs) 分数 (Fractions) 课堂练习: 用骰子做加法(Activity: dicey addition) 三个数的加法 (Adding Three Numbers) 减法:拿走后剩下差数 (Subtraction: Taking Away Leaves the Difference) 比较差与和 (Comparing Differences and Sums) 加减法的几组基本性质 (Fact family) 课堂练习: 找出神秘数 (Activity: Find the Mystery Number) 课堂练习: 加减的故事 (Activity: Addition and Subtraction Stories) 课堂练习: 一百以内数表 (Activity: a Hundred Table) 两位数加法 (Two-digit Addition) 两位数减法 (Two-digit Subtraction) 计算 (Computation) 12以内加法 (Addition Facts to 12) 0到12的减法 (Subtraction Facts from 0 to 12) 钱 (Money) 课堂练习: 硬币组合 (Activity: Coin Combinations) 几何 (Geometry) 平面图形和立体图形 (Flat and Solid Shapes) 课堂练习: 我说你做 (Activity: Simon Says) 度量 (Measurement) 日历 (Calendar Time) 课堂练习: 说出时间 (Activity: Telling Time)
立委按:这篇女儿小学四年级写的配图“自传”非常有趣,是我最喜欢炫耀的文字。小学是孩子最天真烂漫的时光,几乎没有课业负担,身边大多是白孩子,她轻轻松松全班第一。上中学以后,被课程压着,加上teenager特有的成长苦恼,是再也写不出这样简单飘逸的文字了。一叹。 老友有评: 哇,大有比“朝华午拾”青出于蓝之势! Posted by: 吴礼 照片也隐然有立委风范。老李后继有人!有知识,有才能的华人后裔不算稀奇,但如此有见地,有抱负的就凤毛麟角了。 【原按语】这是甜甜在我出差的时候独立完成的作品,有文有图。甜甜在我的帮助下完成了HTML图文电子版。 看孩子写的她的过去以及对未来的想像,很有意思。世界观就是这样慢慢形成的。影响她的因素除了父母、学校、书籍,还有大众媒体,如电视。 跟我们小时候对金钱不屑一提,视之为资产阶级铜臭不同,在北美的成长环境下,挣钱是理所当然的目标。所以,甜甜选择当既能挣大钱也能为无辜者(the innocent)辩护的律师,她想像中的丈夫也是高薪职业-大夫。两个人挣了很多钱,买下了自己的庄园。 甜甜愿意努力学习,想像用自己的成绩赢得上哈佛大学的奖学金。但是看样子,她不相信光靠努力工作就可成功,于是她有了两次乐透大奖。有了钱,她首先想到的是捐献给慈善机构,并给父母尽孝心,剩下的才给自己偿付教育费用和购买时装。 她对自己谈恋爱和婚嫁的描述也很有意思。平时,她就跟我说,OK, I will not start dating too early, but Dad, I cannot be like you, dating and marrying so late. How about 17? I will start my first date in senior prom (高中临毕业),OK? 我跟她说,最好上大学以后再谈恋爱。她坚决不同意,说如果到了 senior prom 还没有 date, 很丢人的。我说,那如果一上大学就要分开怎么办?她说,no problem, we are supposed to date a few guys and get some broken hearts before we finally marry. 这些观念,都是耳濡目染从 teenager movie 和书籍里面学的,跟我们当年的观念迥异。 她根本没有计划生育的概念,倒是心甘情愿生养一串孩子,并随时准备放弃专业做一个家庭主妇,培养自己的新兴趣,跟孩子玩耍,培养孩子成人。 " ========================================= 又,这孩子做事还是粗心,记述有误. 有些我们过去的事情她也不很明白,但是她总很感兴趣,老让我给她讲我们过去的故事(她不听我念书上的故事)。比如,我说我高中毕业不能上大学,插队了一年,她就理解成大学的头一年必须到农场去。我妹妹从小挑食,只吃肉,不吃任何带绿色的菜肴,成为我们教育她营养平衡的“反面”教材,她也记住了,但妹妹一直到高中学习都不错,高考却砸了,却被记述成姑姑学习成绩只好到了四年级。 我也懒得帮她改了。作为四年级的 project, 也算合格了。 +++《甜甜花絮:甜甜的传奇生涯》(图文电子版) (22753 bytes) Posted by: 立委 Date: December 25, 2006 05:45PM Tanya’s Amazing Life By Tanya Lee Illustrated by Tanya Lee 4th Grade GL Elementary School • Published April, 2006 Chapter 1. The birth of an angel Chapter 2. Introducing me Chapter 3. Customs and traditions Chapter 4. Start of my education Chapter 5. Tales of 1st grade Chapter 6. 2nd grade capers Chapter 7. Welcome to 3rd grade Chapter 8. 4th grade fun Chapter 9. Numerous 5th grade memories Chapter 10. Finally, middle school Chapter 11. Good luck in high school Chapter 12. The long years of college Chapter 13. Adulthood Chapter 14. Hobbies and favorite activities Chapter 15. Important memories Dedication To my wonderful teacher (who is a genius) for helping me edit this book, and to my best friends, Haoling, Pam, Purplehead, and Brittney (Purplelina) for helping and encouraging me to finish my book!! Oh, I almost forgot to also dedicate this book to my other friends. Chapter 1. The birth of an angel Here I am! Ten years ago in March 1996, Ahh, Ahh, screamed my mom in pain and agony. It was the 2nd week I was in the hospital. I was finally going to be born after being 2 weeks late for my birth. This is the day I am going to be born in the Vancouver Women's Hospital. As soon as I was born, spank! The doctor had spanked me. Immediately I cried, wah wah!! My mom and dad were so happy that they had brought me a 50 centi., 7.5 pound baby into the world. As soon as I cried, my mom was immediately thinking of a name for me. First my Mom exclaimed, let‘s name her Tian Tian. But my Dad disagreed and corrected, Mary, that's a Chinese name. If you want to translate that to English you can choose either Tanya or Tina. So my mom quickly decided to choose the name Tanya because Tanya sounded like a better name. Chapter 2. Introducing me Mom, Dad and Me My family is the best Currently, my family includes my mom, my dad and of course me!!! I was the 1st person in my family to be born in Canada. Anyways, my mom was born in Beijing, China. She has a bachelors degree in software engineering. My dad (A.K.A. Wei Li) was born in the small town of Wuhu. He spent one year of university on the farm, his last degree was a P.H.D in Linguistics. His trait and hobbies include making people laugh, staring at the computer, and playing with me. Next on my mom‘s side of the family, I have Grandpa and Grandma, they both are retired and like to enjoy the more relaxing parts about life. For example one time my cousin came to my Grandparents house for supper, but instead of eating, my grandparents and my cousin played a game called war by throwing balls of tissues and empty water bottles at each other. On my dad’s side of the family I have Grandpa. He was born in the town of Wuhu, China in 1936. Grandpa was born on the farm in a poor family and did not go to Elementary School. Even though he didn’t go to Elementary School, at least he had gone to middle school. Unfortunately, he didn‘t go to high school either, but instead continued his education in medical college. As soon as he had gone to Medical College, he met Grandma as his colleague. My Grandpa is still working as a famous surgeon in Wuhu. His hobbies are playing chess and fiddling with electronics. Next is my dad’s brother Da Bai, he was born in 1958 and he is just 2 years older than my dad. Like my dad, he has gotten straight A‘s through middle school. His last degree was a bachelor degree and he went to Lanjing University. His current hobby is swimming, but sometime he's careless. My dad's sister got good grades until Grade 4. Unfortunately she did not go to college, but instead she went to night school. Her hobby is eating meat, but she doesn't have enough nutrition. Chapter 3. Customs and traditions I love Chinese New Year Every family has a tradition, mine just happens to be Chinese New Year. Every year after January 21, our family would celebrate Chinese New Year by going to China to visit all my relatives. First my cousin and I would run around our Grandparents house and find something fun to do. Then my Aunt Caihong would take us to the Carnival and give us red bags with $20 in them (my cousin and I usually spend it on presents). As soon as we go back to our grandparents house, our whole family dresses up and goes to a restaurant for a banquet. At the banquet, usually me and my cousin Jing Jing would finish dinner first and drew on the wallpapered walls with water. When we were done, Jing Jing's mom would say, what did you do with the walls?! Quickly we would reply, we were drawing on the walls with water. A minute later Jing Jing's mom would calmly and quickly ignore me and Jing Jing. When cousin Alex was done with dinner, he would try to annoy us. When cousin Alex's dad drove our family and relatives back to my Grandparent's house, since we don't have firecrackers, we stomped on balloons and pretend they are firecrackers. Ten minutes later, we would dress up in a traditional clothing called Tan Zhuang and take a family photo. The last event is me, my cousins Jing Jing and Alex would line up by age and take one red bag from either my Grandma or Grandpa's hand. Chapter 4. Start of my education My hometown is Buffalo As you know you have already read a chapter about my birth, so I'll just go on to preschool. That’s me! June 12th 2000, I was slowly walking toward the front door of the childcare preschool when my dad comforted, don't be scared. But what he said just made me more nervous. When I entered the building, my teacher Mrs. Casey guided me to her room, I saw 6 colorful rooms with awe. But 3 of the rooms were for babies. Two minutes later, my teacher dragged me into her blue classroom. As soon as I entered the blue classroom my dad was about to leave, my eyes started to well up with tears. As soon as my welled up, my dad didn't leave. While I was making crafts and playing, I watched Dad and made sure he didn't exit the classroom. But the principal came and convinced Dad to leave. Soon my eyes welled up with tears again, and I cried non-stop. My teacher tried to comfort me, but there was nothing she could do, so I kept crying until at lunch time I threw up on my clothes. That was my first and worst day of school ever. At preschool my favorite book was Clifford the Big Red Dog. My favorite movie was Lady and the Tramp” and I loved to watch Arthur on television. My hobby was running, and my favorite food was pizza. My mom made me memorize every letter in the alphabet, how to add and subtract, how to write simple sentences and how to say my address. I went on to North Forest Elementary for Kindergarten. My teacher was Mrs. Hagadorn. My best friend Rena is smart and loves to cheer me up. I loved to listen to music and my favorite food is Chinese dumplings. Chapter 5. Tales of 1st grade Remember when... top student You just read about preschool and kindergarten, now on to First Grade. ;My best day ever is when my work is the best in the class, for example one time we were learning to write different sentences, my teacher Mrs. Frietag, she used my story sentences as an example!! That made me smile so much that I thought my smile was glued onto my face. My worst day ever is when I got humiliated by my best friend, Rena. One day in January I made another best friend, her name is Amanda. My favorite sport is soccer, and my favorite music is Lilo and Stitch. Chapter 6. 2nd grade capers Forest Elementary Second Grade is about the same as 1st Grade. The only things that are different about Second Grade is Mrs. Corrigan is my teacher now and the person who bothers me the most (M.) will now be in my class. This was currently the worst year at my life! M. said, I transferred classes because I was so annoying, but that's not true. At least I'm here with you though (giggle). What annoys me the most about her is she always giggles when she talks, she copies every move I had done (including copying my work) and she always tries to get attention by breaking up friendship to get new friends for herself. So you can say I complain a lot in 2nd Grade. My teacher Mrs. Corrigan is very kind. I think so because every math time we would grab partners and practice multiplication facts and at the end of math our class would play games. My favorite subject is math because I was so good at it. I'm so good at math because my Mom made me chant my multiplication facts in Chinese and made me do extra math at home.That year was kind of awkward for me because every day I came home, I jumped around the house and acted hyper. So I thought that I turned into a Pogo Stick when I came home. My best friends are still Rena and Amanda. But I can't see Rena as often because she's in a different classroom. Chapter 7. Welcome to 3rd grade I love China Welcome to 3rd Grade, my teacher Mrs. Lennert screamed. As soon as I took a glimpse at my teacher, I thought she looked a bit old, but seemed very cheery, until, when I started 3rd Grade she made us learn extra writing. She made us write essays, and persuasive letters to our moms. No matter how much I try, she is always nice to specific people, such as Meagan and Emily who seemed to be the smartest people in the class according to Mrs. Lennert's opinion. In 3rd Grade, Rena and I broke up our friendship because we started arguing a lot. Fortunately I made a new best friend, her name is Cieran. That year was the most exciting year because, when spring came I went to China. My trip to China was so fun I bought souvenirs, I visited my relatives, all very fun things, except I had to write a page every day for my teacher to read. My favorite subject was math, and my favorite TV series was Full House. Bye bye Buffalo Chapter 8. 4th grade fun The typical day of 4th Grade goes like this. First I would enter the classroom while my teacher would say cheerfully, Good morning, Tanya. Later, about 5 minutes to be exact, I would go to my desk and wait for everybody to settle down. At 12:15 (after lunch), what almost everybody in 4th Grade is waiting for, specials time. At specials, I would keep my mouth shut while my neighbor, M., (A.K.A. Blabbermouth) would blabber on and on, while I would ignore her completely. The bad part of all this is I had to move in the middle of the year. I thought this was bad news until my dad told me we would move to the City of D. I was overjoyed, and on November 29th our family took a plane to D. while every morning for 2 days, I threw up. When I started school in D., my teacher Mrs. Hagens was the best teacher I had ever had, except there was one problem: I did not have a clue what work they were doing. All I know is, it is much harder than New York school work. My first and only friend when I came here was Haoling. My favorite subject will always be math and my favorite music album is High School Musical. Chapter 9. Numerous 5th grade memories BBF (Best Friends Forever!) my new pals Last year of Elementary In 5th Grade I got Mrs. White for math and Mrs. K for homeroom. Mrs. White lets us play games all the time (she's only here for math), except at the beginning of math class we have to do a little bit of learning or else Mrs. White's classroom wouldn't be part of school!! Mrs. K. is very kind, but sometimes strict too, if you get her mad, she seems like a volcano erupting. In 5th grade Haoling, Purplehead, Brittney, and Pam were my best friends!!! We would always be friends because at the beginning of the 5th grade year we all signed a homemade treaty, so that we would all remain best friends forever. My favorite activities were soccer, talking, and going to the mall. I like soccer because I started trying out the soccer team and I made it (just barely). Ever since I made the soccer team, our team had won almost every single soccer game, we were unbeatable. Also I like talking because Pam and I have the common trait of talking (a lot). My friend Pam and I can talk and laugh for hours. That's the funniest and funniest part of our friendship. Chapter 10. Finally, middle school I am a teenager! Wonder years Middle School seemed to be the busiest year ever! When I first started middle school, I was worried about what teacher was I going to have?! Also Will I make any friends?! I actually had the right to worry. My teacher, Mrs. Kase had brown hair, blue eyes, and she was extremely kind, but she gives an awful lot of homework. In 7th Grade I started taking math club, orchestra, and basketball. At first the boys in the basketball club thought that girls are bad at sports, but they changed their minds when I challenged the leader of the boy's basketball team in a basketball contest. To my surprise I won by one point. The people in the math club treated me like the queen of math. They treated me that way because we entered the math national tournament at the beginning of the year and I answered most of the questions and lead my math team to victory. I started orchestra in the middle of the freshmen year and took up violin. To my surprise, I was in lots of concerts even before my senior year in Middle school. Middle School was still a challenge because I had to fit basketball practice, violin lessons, practicing violin, studying for math club, and hanging out with my friends all in one schedule. Another bad thing about middle school is, they have ranks, there are the losers, the normal kids, and the popular kids. The most popular group in school, or called royalties, are a bunch of girls who think they're the next queens of the earth. The group is led by a snobby, blond haired, blue eyes (that glare at unpopular kids) girl (whose name is Jamie Montez) whose idea of studying is blowing bubble gum while thinking about boys. They call their group royalties because of acting like royal, spoiled brats. Even though Jamie always thinks and talks about boys, it's really not that bad because I have a crush too: it is named Danny Purplestone. He has brown hair, and blue eyes, and also he is in the football team. Everyday after school, I go hang out with my best friends Pam, Haoling, Brittney, and Purplehead. We usually study and hang out at my house. Chapter 11. Good luck in high school First date at senior prom SATS, SATS Jasper High School is a stressful and busy year because we have to take SATS and decide what career were we going to have. The good part about high school is you get to take extra curricular activities. I myself joined the orchestra, the math team, and the basketball team. Since everybody had to pick a 2nd language, I picked Chinese. I had an advantage because when I was in 1st Grade I skipped a grade in Chinese School. Everyday was tiring because I had to practice violin, study Chinese, practice basketball with my friend Pam, do my homework, and make time to hang out with my best friends Purplehead, Pam, Brittney, and Haoling. Anyways when I was in 12th Grade I took a test and got a merit scholar in math and language. Even though I'm overjoyed, the pain-in-the-neck leader of “The Royalties”, Jamie Montez, had more trouble on the way. This time there is another girl that is going to bully other people around, her name is Hannah Medley, otherwise known as person who knows all insults. Every time I see her, she either ignores me or shows the signal loser, but I was actually one of the most popular girls in school. But how would she know, her brain is the size of a peanut. In my last year in high school I got a job as a ticket checker at the Starlight Movie Theater and made $25,000.00 by the end of high school. I became richer and richer because when I learned how to drive, the next time I got a lottery ticket and I watched TV, I won the lottery of $50,000,000,000,000,000!!!!! Anyways my favorite class was language and math because my dad taught me extra languages which make me particularly good at language and my mom is a math genius and taught me college math. Of course, everybody by this time would most likely have a crush, I was one of those people. But I didn't date him and he didn't agree to go with me until senior prom. My new crush's name is Bobby Candid, he is in the football team, already won the grand award, and he has haze eyes and black hair. In my opinion, he is perfect!! When I took the SATS, I was sure I have gotten the worst grade, but surprisingly, I got the highest score and got a 5 year scholarship to Harvard. Chapter 12. The long years of college Tanya or ...Miss Lee??? Harvard college did not seem any better than high school. Except for one thing, my new teacher is Mr. Wu, this was the first time I got a man for a teacher. Mr. Wu teaches my math class and I'm his best and most miserable student. I was miserable because Mr. Wu kept calling me Miss Lee, but I was used to being called Tanya. One day I actually cried because I thought that I would never be called my own name again. But as long as I saw my friends, I didn't cry any more. In 12th Grade, I joined the science, cheerleading and math clubs. Now I continued to study the language of Chinese until college was over. I got a bachelor degree in music, and my major was math and my minor is language. After bachelor degree, I attended law school to get another degree. Two years later I got a law degree and my education was finally over. Oh and by the way, I had a roommate through college, Brittney. Lottery again Soon after law school, I went to the supermarket to buy some shampoo and I passed by a lotto machine and bought a lotto ticket. To my surprise, I once again won the lottery of $50,000,000,000,000,000,000. I donated some to charity, mom and dad, and used the rest to pay off my education, with still some money left for me to buy food and clothes. Chapter 13. Adulthood My own castle After winning the lottery (AGAIN!!!), I worked as a lawyer in the Tanya Lee's Lawyers for the innocent (named after me). I married a man named Joey Birmingham. Joey and I got married in St. Paul Church, in New York, near my old school. In March 2026, we decided to get married on my birthday because we could have double the celebration and Joey loved celebrations. While we had our wedding, my mom was sobbing because she thought I was growing up too fast. Later my mom said, “you could stand on top of your own wedding cake. New generation Later I earned $5,000,000 per week and my husband, the doctor makes $3,000,000 per week. Soon we bought a castle the size of the Empire Building. On June 10th 2029, I gave birth to Amy and on August 12th 2032 I gave birth to Kara. The babies just keep coming. On September 15th 2034 I gave birth to twin boys, Tim and Erin. Lastly, on October 17th 2040, coming the girl Emily. Chapter 14. Hobbies and favorite activities After marriage and the agony of birth, I started developing new hobbies and started to attend Yoga and acrobatic classes. My favorite hobbies were shopping, listening to music, going on the Internet, spending time with my kids, helping Amy with her homework, playing footsball with Tim and Erin, playing tennis with Kara, playing doctor with Emily, and hanging out with my pals Brittney, Purplehead, Pam and Haoling. I suspected I would be with Brittney, Purplehead, Pam, and Haoling forever, and I was correct. Chapter 15. Important memories Good old days I may have had lots of memories, but these are the most memorable. My first memories are when I was in high school I got a merit scholar and a 5 year scholarship to Harvard. I got married to a boy named Joey Birmingham and gave birth to 5 kids, Amy, Kara, Erin, Tim and Emily. I became a successful lawyer and my husband is a successful doctor. I won the lottery twice. My next memory is I got the highest score in the SAT. As I got older more people wanted me to be their lawyer. Later my husband and I bought a mansion and we didn't use a mortgage. One day I heard Amy say, “I have finally decided my career, I'm going to be a lawyer just like you”, I was grinning from ear to ear. The author Tanya Lee currently lives in City of T in USA. She has written many books including Hamtaro, Remember When..., and the Winnie the Pooh Postman. One of her books (Winnie the Pooh Postman) was made into a movie. In her free time she likes to play pokemon on her gameboy, draws animals or flowers, and fiddle with electronics. WARNING: This book is only for certain people to read, or else !!
不说大学了,说个小学的话题。今天上午我去参加了儿子小学里的一个活动,叫Living Museum,是由他们四年级班上的同学扮演美国独立战争中的重要人物并讲述自己角色的生平,其实就是一堂公开的历史课。儿子扮演的是大英帝国的君主 King George III,我问他怎么选了个反动角色,他不知道反动是什么意思,说这个角色服装很cool,再说他的好朋友 Zack 选了乔治华盛顿(George Washington),他只能选个比对方更大的官,那就是国王了,当然最后也没能把Zack给赢了。在家排练的时候他老跑我书房来跟我唠叨战争的细节,说他早知道的话就多派点英军过去镇压了,那些Continental Army不行的。我只能说,别啊,您当初要是增派了援军那可就出大麻烦了,后面就全乱了套了。我还建议King George不用佩戴那把剑,做君王的要有风度,以德服人嘛,结果现场表演人家压根没听我的,把剑高高地插在皮带上来耀武扬威。另外,我还发现今天陛下靴子有点别致,问是哪来的,陛下坦白说是拿了姐姐的,保证放学后会立即放回去。 整个活动过程很有意思,一进大厅便发现学生扮演的各种人物摆着pose一动不动,我们观众把一张票放进任何一个人物面前的杯子里,这个人便活了,站起来声情并茂地讲述自己的生平,讲完后又恢复到原先的pose。看了他们全副武装和全神贯注的样子(见照片1-5),心里也不禁感叹美国小学的课堂教育形式之灵活,学生自己查资料、做展板、选服装、准备讲稿,每个人都很投入,亲历亲为。别管它有多么短,这段历史只怕儿子这辈子会记住了 - 谁还能忘了自己亲手发动的战争呢?当然我也在想,咱们国内的历史课现在是不是还在以我们当年那样的形式留在人的脑海里 - x朝末年的农民起义,第一次提出了xx战斗口号(革命思想),猛烈地冲击了封建制度,沉重地打击了封建地主阶级,推动了历史的前进 照片1:后悔当初没有增兵的King George III 照片2:戴假发的头上有点冒汗了 照片3:熟悉台词 照片4:和King George III私下是死党的George Washington 照片5:摆好姿势的学生
美国教育观察(4 ): 看看美国小学生午餐吃什么? http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=301126 发表于 2010-3-8 22:35:19 关键词:美国;教育;小学;午餐 关于美国教育之话题似有海量的资讯。有些文章非常吸引眼球,如:谈哈佛、说耶鲁;有些报告讨论美国教育体制,但很笼统。任何教育制度都不是尽善尽美的,美国的教育也是如此。全面而系统地观察和研究美国教育是一个大工程。尽管我已草拟一个长长的《美国教育观察》之提纲,但我很难快速推进这项工作。不过,我会努力地将自己的观察资料记录下来,为关注美国教育的专家和公众提供一些有用的 原始数据(original data)即客观事实。毫无疑问,自然科学和社会科学的研究都必须尊重原始数据或客观事实。而且,任何科学的判断和政策都应该建立在客观事实的基础之上。 现在,让我们关注 美国小学生的午餐,这并非小事。每月初家长们会收到一份 Lunch Menu, 请看 2009 年 12 月 Elementary School Lunch Menu (附后) ,看看 美国小学生午餐吃什么?学校让家长知道早餐和午餐的价格,还告诉家长如何申请免费午餐等事宜。 问题: ( 1 )美国小学生午餐的科学依据和法律依据? (2) 美国小学生午餐的经费来源? (3)谁负责监督 美国小学生的午餐(营养及卫生标准)? ( 4 ) Lunch Menu是如何制定的? ( 5 ) Lunch Menu的调整与变化? (6)学校Cafeteria的运行机制? 这些问题期待进一步调查。 孙启高 2009年12月6日星期日写于美国康州 ----------------------------- Elementary School Lunch Menu A Public Elementary School of Conn., December 2009 1. MISSION Our mission is to provide students with healthy, nutritious and appealing foods ina timely manner and in a pleasant environment every day. 2. PRICES School lunch price: $2.75 Elementary. $.40 Reduced School breakfast price: $1.25 Elementary, $.30 Reduced. Milk varies served at breakfast lunch: 2% Milk, Skim Milk, Low-fat Chocolate Strawberry 3. CHOICES OF SCHOOL LUNCH School Lunch includes choice of one entree selection, grains or grains bread, choice of vegetables, fruit or fruit juice and one 8 oz. Container of milk. 4. APPLICATIONS FOR FREE REDUCED MEALS To: Parents Free Reduced Meal Applications are available all year long whenever you need to apply please fill out forms which are at your school. This application is also on our website. 5. Elementary School Lunch Menu (2009年12月份第一周) Dec. 1, Tue. Long Dog on Roll or Pepperoni Hot Pocket, Hot Vegetable, Chilled Fruit Dec. 2, Wed. Cheeseburger on Roll or Cheese Quesadilla, Tossed Garden Salad, Chilled Fruit Dec. 3, Thu. Chicken Patty on Roll or Elbow Pasta Meatsauce, Tossed Garden Salad, Fruit Dec. 4, Fri. Cheese Pizza or Egg Cheese on Bagel, Tossed Garden Salad, Frozen Slushie (2009年12月份第二周) Dec.7, Mon Chicken Nuggets Roll or Totally Taco Triangles, Oven Baked Fries, Hot Vegetable, Fruit Dec. 8, Tue. Long Dog on Roll or Pepperoni Cheese Bosco Stix, Tossed Garden Salad, Hot Veg., Fruit Dec. 9, Wed. Cheeseburger on Roll or Maple Flavored Mini-Pancakes, Tossed Garden Salad, Chilled Fruit Dec. 10, Thu. Chicken Patty on Roll of Cheese Calzone with Sauce, Tossed Garden Salad, Chilled Fruit Dec. 11, Fri. Pepperoni Pizza of Grilled Cheese Sandwich, Tossed Garden Salad, Shape-Up Juice Bar (2009年12月份第三周) Dec.14, Mon Chicken Nuggets Roll or Tuna Salad on Roll, Oven Baked Fries, Hot Veg., Fruit Dec. 15, Tue. Long Dog on Roll or Trix Yogurt / Bagel/ Cheese, Hot Vegetable, Chilled Fruit Dec. 16, Wed. Cheeseburger on Roll or Meatball/Cheese/Sauce on Roll, Tossed Salad, Fruit Dec. 17, Thu. Chicken Patty on Roll or Chef Salad W/ Turkey Cheese, Hot Vegetable, Fruit Dec.18, Fri. Cheese Pizza or Cheese Lasagna, Tossed Garden Salad, Frozen Slushie (2009年12月份第四周) Dec.21, Mon Chicken Nuggets Roll or Cheese Quesadilla, Oven Baked Fries, Hot Vegetable, Fruit Dec. 22, Tue. Pepperoni Pizza or Long Dog on Roll, Hot Vegetable, Chilled Fruit Dec. 23, Wed. Breakfast onlyserved. Dec. 24, Thu. Holiday break begins. ---------------