杨振宁 ( Chen-Ning Franklin Yang )老师的贡献评价 杨振宁,中国科学院院士。 1957年和 Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee (李政道)一起获得诺贝尔物理学奖: Chen Ning Yang,Prize share: 1/2; Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee,Prize share: 1/2。 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 was awarded jointly to Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles. 网上说: 在2000年的时候,《自然》评选了人类过去千年以来最伟大的物理学家,全人类总共只有20多人上榜(人类物理学终极封神榜单),杨振宁先生在这个评选中名列18位,并且他还是这个榜单里唯一一个活着的物理学家。与他一同登上这个榜单的其他人全部都是已作古的大牛,包括(牛顿,爱因斯坦,麦克斯韦,薛定谔,波尔,海森堡等等……)。 请教:怎样客观地评价杨振宁老师的科技贡献? 相关链接: 新华网,2017-02-21,杨振宁、姚期智正式转为中国科学院院士 http://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2017-02/21/c_1120503565.htm 杨振宁,中国科学院院士 http://casad.cas.cn/sourcedb_ad_cas/zw2/ysxx/sxwlxb/200906/t20090624_1808811.html http://casad.cas.cn/ysxx2017/ysmdyjj/qtysmd_124280/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/summary/ 2019-03-13,【物理学家】杨振宁真实身份曝光,让世人感到后怕 http://www.sohu.com/a/301068705_472787 http://www.sohu.com/a/331848003_120066058 凤凰网,2019-01-05,杨振宁为什么没得到霍金那么高的评价? http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20190105/45282056_0.shtml 2019-01-07,杨振宁为什么没得到霍金那么高评价? https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1621972671322985179wfr=spiderfor=pc 2019-07-15,对比霍金,我们的确欠杨振宁一个道歉 http://www.sohu.com/a/326945460_777213 2019-07-10,再谈霍金,我们的确欠杨振宁一个道歉 http://www.sohu.com/a/325847108_120116627 知乎,2019-06-03,杨振宁与霍金相比伟大的多吗? https://www.zhihu.com/question/268767437 美篇,2018-12-02,我们很多人误解了杨振宁! https://www.meipian.cn/1rwhilf4 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
前天刚开过Zoological Systematics(原动物分类学报)的编委会。会上,作为新编委成员,我建议开辟专栏,邀请专家围绕动物系统学的概念、理论、方法等方面的进展和对其它学科的贡献等进行述评。学术期刊是分享科学发现、研究成果的地方,更应该是学术观点纷呈的园地。 恰好最近英国皇家学会会刊发表了一篇传粉者多样性的论文。该论文弱化了最关键的物种鉴定部分,把作出重要贡献的分类学工作者放到了致谢中,忽略了他们在整个项目中的作用和投入的时间。这在蜜蜂分类学者圈中引起了较为热烈的讨论。我把问题也转到昆虫分类鉴定群、ResearchGate、LinkedIn等,期待同行的关注和思考。 实际上,这样的问题不仅仅出现在蜜蜂的研究工作中。以传粉者为例,膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目等四大目物种数量仍然占多数。每个类群的分类、鉴定都是建立在长期的积累基础之上。而到了物种水平,分类学者的结果是慎之又慎。英国拥有英国自然历史博物馆这样超级分类学机构,拥有丰富的模式标本和一流的分类学家。但是,即便是在那里,也有许多类群无法得到轻易的鉴定。以蜜蜂总科为例, Hylaeus , Lasioglossum 、 Nomada 、 Sphecodes 等种类仍然有大量的种类有待研究并定名。 如何优化分类学者和其他学科队伍的科学合理的互动? 其他学科工作者对分类学有什么样的需求? 分类学者本身有哪些环节有待改进? 分类学者和爱好者之间可以如何进行互动? 关于最后一点,引用Science上最近一篇综述的部分内容: 虽然 GBIF 是存放其它生物多样性来源数据的数据库,但是这些来源有待更多的注释。有些比如 Tropicos 很专业,拥有 420 万号标本。物种分布知识中增长最快的资料库来源于大量的爱好者提供数据。观鸟者是数量最多的, eBird 成为了一个国际储蓄库。在 2010 年已经有超过 10 万观鸟者和超过 1 亿的观测记录。这就允许做精密的动物分布图和以月份为单位的动物分布的动态变化。如此丰富的数据扭曲了更加全面的生物多样性的统计和评估,但也推动着其它非明星类群的研究。 要想做到有效,观测需要鉴定,而鉴 定需要训练和技能的掌握。最近在图片共享技术和社交网络提供新的机遇和进展。就拿 iNaturelist 来说,应用程序让业余的观测者和专业工作者之间进行分工。前者通过智能手机熟练地分辨并上传图片,后者鉴定并编目,形成观测结果。在业余观察者和专家的合作中,现在在不同的分类单元中有了高质量的产物。 iNaturalist 已经记录了超过了 50 万条记录,而且也成为了较受欢迎的应用程序。 自:Science 30 May 2014: Vol. 344 no. 6187 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246752 我在ResearchGate、LinkedIn上发起讨论: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chao-Dong_Zhu/questions Being a taxonomist, how and what do you contribute to teams or projects in other fields? I'm conceiving a few paragraphs to discuss on contributions from taxonomists, demands from other topics and gaps between taxonomists and other researchers. Here, taxonomists are not limited to alpha level who focus mainly on species identification and classification. Certainly, taxonomists have been spending much valuable time and rich expertise to contribute a lot to some important projects, especially those on biodiversity, ecology, evolutionary biology, invasion biology, plant protection, conservation biology, and emerging genome biology. Also, governments demands more for quarantine of pests. However, there is a trend that more and more teams appreciate taxonomists' contributions only in the acknowledgement part of papers. Why? How to fill in the gaps? How to optimise the interactions between taxonomists and other researchers? Your answers/comments are mostly welcome. If you are willing to act as the coauthor(s) of this potential manuscript to Zoological Systematics, please kindly email me at sea@ioz.ac.cn. 转自John Ascher博士在论坛的内容 Where is the UK's pollinator biodiversity? The importance of urban areas for flower-visiting insects Katherine C. R. Baldock , Mark A. Goddard , Damien M. Hicks , William E. Kunin , Nadine Mitschunas , Lynne M. Osgathorpe , Simon G. Potts , Kirsty M. Robertson , Anna V. Scott , Graham N. Stone , Ian P. Vaughan , Jane Memmott DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2849 Published 11 February 2015 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1803/20142849 Insect pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service, butare under threat. Urban areas could be important for pollinators, though theirvalue relative to other habitats is poorly known. We compared pollinatorcommunities using quantified flower-visitation networks in 36 sites (each 1 km2)in three landscapes: urban, farmland and nature reserves. Overall,flower-visitor abundance and species richness did not differ significantlybetween the three landscape types. Bee abundance did not differ betweenlandscapes, but bee species richness was higher in urban areas than farmland.Hoverfly abundance was higher in farmland and nature reserves than urban sites,but species richness did not differ significantly. While urban pollinatorassemblages were more homogeneous across space than those in farmland or naturereserves, there was no significant difference in the numbers of rarer speciesbetween the three landscapes. Network-level specialization was higher infarmland than urban sites. Relative to other habitats, urban visitors foragedfrom a greater number of plant species (higher generality) but also visited alower proportion of available plant species (higher specialization), bothpossibly driven by higher urban plant richness. Urban areas are growing, andimproving their value for pollinators should be part of any national strategyto conserve and restore pollinators. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mark Pavett, John Deeming, Brian Levey, Mike Wilson, Ray Barnett, Roger Ball and Stuart Morris for taxonomic expertise, along with land owners and managers for access to sites. We thank Daniel Montoya, Ian Cleasby and Beth Atkinson for statistical advice and the following field assistants: Sally Donaldson, Peter Harris, Joe Hicks, Jasmine King, Olivia Norfolk, Mark Otieno, Despoina Roumpeka and Juan Carlos Ruiz-Guajardo. This work is based on data provided through the NERC (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology), Ordnance Survey, Office for National Statistics, UK Data Service (EDINA UKBORDERS, and Casweb MIMAS), Natural England, Countryside Council for Wales and Scottish Natural Heritage, and uses boundary material which is copyright of the Crown. rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org John Ascher : These folks categorize bees as: bees, bumblebees, honeybees,and solitary bees. That more than one-quarter of bee species in the UK are obligate parasites does not seem to be of interest to them. I see that theyhave no known (to me) taxonomists as authors and those that were involved can,I suppose, count themselves fortunate to have their name cited in theacknowledgments. I suppose that's the formula for publishing bee ecology in agood journal Claus Rasmussen : The issue is probably deeper than this and relates toacademic appointment and funding for taxonomists in Europe. Some of the bestbee-workers in Europe are not to be found at Universities... John Ascher : I would say most of the best at the very least, and not inthe national collections either John Ascher : Interesting that the most important workers publishing inthe best journals are happy to rely on amateur researchers provided they don'thave to pay them or include such troublesome people as authors John Ascher : It certainly is important to know about parasites! Gidi Pisanty : Two questions: 1. Most ecological bee research involves IDing bees byseveral different experts, to cover all taxonomic groups. There are not manyexperts like John that can cover so many different taxa altogether, most limittheir expertise to anywhere from family to a single genus. Here in Israel weusually send our bees to around 10 different experts each year. Should allthese appear on our papers? Or just the ones of the common groups? Where do youdraw the line? And how many people, to start with, should appear on such apaper? 2. I thought the important work of taxonomists was to dospecies revisions and similar stuff, not to ID specimens. This is why L Packerand others promote bee barcoding, and this is why Brazilian experts train otherpeople to do their IDing work (so I heard?). So you disagree with theseinitiatives? John Ascher : 1. At least one person who has at least minimal competenceregarding bee diversity and life history should be respected. Maybe you can'tenlist Paul Westrich or Max Schwarz but at least you can get someone who has abasic understanding of these matters. Furthermore, the paper in question has 12non-taxonomist authors, which I find absurd, yet your comment implies that itwould be problematic to add a mere ten taxonomic experts. Gidi Pisanty : I don't imply anything, I wanted to understand yourposition. Waiting for No. 2... John Ascher : 2. The important work of taxonomists is to do speciesrevisions but this work is low impact so we can't do this if wewant to have viable careers. Statistical meta-analyses and the like are what ispermissible in good journals. Not having Stockholm Syndrome myselfI have little interest in supporting such efforts if senior taxonomists are notrespected. I am extremely disappointed by your comment as it implies that theability of those who can actually identify bees and know where they live tocontribute to an important paper is limited to trivial ID ofspecimens. On that subject, you can imagine the quality of the IDing done byparataxonomists. That's a failed model as shown by implosion of INBIO. Idisagree strenuously with any and all exploitative or ill-conceivedinitiatives! John Ascher : To be fair to Gidi his views are generally held by thecommunity so he is not personally to blame John Ascher : Regarding barcoding, that's another effort that, likeparataxonomy, has failed to reach its stated goals due to its fundamentaldisrespect of collections-based taxonomy and its practitioners Gidi Pisanty : As I said, I don't really have a strong view on the subject.This is what I used to think and I fully understand your points and open tochange my view. John Ascher : I suggest reviewing the science in good journals andprestigious status assessments asking yourself if it is correct and useful tous, policy makers, the public, and other stakeholders. If so, no worries. Ifnot, I suggest that we need to make a change starting now. James C. Trager : Not just a problem for bees. I see this for ants, plants,grasshoppers, etc. where great ecological conclusion are proclaimed while theauthors have an appalling lack of taxonomic and natural history knowledge John Ascher : I would ask for support from my peers in academia but few ofthese exist as they can't find jobs... John Ascher : Wouldn't mind if scientists in general were struggling butit seems they are doing fine as long as they say as far away as possible fromanything that might be construed as taxonomy John Ascher@James C.Trager : ants and grasshoppers are already too specific for animportant study. Don't get down in the weeds like that. Better to call themterrestrial arthropods Gidi Pisanty : I still find it a bit odd, that even for the fauna of theUK, which is not very diverse and is so well studied and characterised inpublications including detailed keys (correct me if I'm wrong) - even thisfauna, in your opinion, necessitates IDing by the professional taxonomiststhemselves and no-one else? (I acknowledge your point about the parasitesthough) Liz Day : IDing specimens never seemed trivial to me. John Ascher@Liz : the PIs of important studies surely agree that specimenidentification (etc.) is really important when it's becomes a bottleneck fortheir work, and then suddenly become quite friendly, but somehow are not sowelcoming when allocating funding, leadership of important projects, andauthorship or, if you do make the cut, when sorting out the more contentiousscientific issues (what does a mere content provider have to offer,having discredited themselves by generating actual data?) John Ascher : Point taken, Gidi, but the UK has an exceptionally small andexhaustively surveyed fauna and even there very few can hope to identify themore difficult Lasioglossum , Andrena , Nomada and Sphecodes etc.Also, we're still waiting for the definitive work on the British fauna aren'twe? Has Else published his masterwork? I thought the best European keys wereby, e.g., Scheuchl and Amiet et al., and the best photo documentation for CzechRepublic (i.e. non-British). Finally, did you miss my point that those who canidentify bees might perhaps also know enough about their behavior to preventthe 25% of parasites in the fauna being lumped in an amorphous beeor solitary bee category. The idea that professional taxonomistshave only their ID skills to offer diversity studies is ludicrous. You shouldknow better! Among other things, it is the taxonomists who bother to track downthe old literature. A lot to learn from that if you are a scholar, even if itwon't help you publish in good journals John Ascher : Also, did you miss my comment where I said you don't needthe best or all taxonomic experts involved, but consulting (and crediting!) atleast one of the better ones wouldn't hurt. Otherwise the work suffers (see anynumber of recent projects and publications) Stuart Roberts : As far as I am aware, every specimen collected in the UrbanBees project was identified to species by a properly paid bee specialist at theCardiff Museum. Their funding was an integral part of the bid process John Ascher : Too bad none the species-level or even thesubfamily-level information seems to have made it into the paper.Evidently in Britain you have advanced to the point where you can outsourcethis sort of tedious work to a contract bidder, as opposed toenlisting at least one academic peer, but at a cost to the final product,wouldn't you say? How come you never see the stats outsourced to non-authors? Gidi Pisanty : I agree that ecological community research can easilyneglect and exploit the field and experts of taxonomy which it so much reliesupon. When you send material to taxonomists, they can be reimbursed in severalways: 1) They get to keep duplicates from your material 2) They sometimes discover new species which they thenpublish 3) They benefit from the distributional data of yourspecimens 4) Some of them get paid directly for their work 5) Sometimes you add them as coauthor Our lab depends heavily on taxonomists for its work, and wemake an effort to keep up good relations with them. Some of them get paid, themajority don't. I admit that adding them as coauthors is usually not consideredan option. We could, theoretically, add one or two experts to each paper -probably those that received the majority of specimens. But since most of ourstudies are concerned with the community and not specific taxa, it then becomesa bit awkward why one is coauthor and not the other. No doubt, taxonomists are also a valuable and rare source oflife history information, which I personally acquired from them for my recentpublished paper. Specifically, the example of neglect of parasitic bees is nota sound one - this is neglect at the level of the ecologist, not thetaxonomist! Any serious bee ecologist should know and notice that, consideringthe parasitism usually characterizes whole genera or subgenera, and not onlyisolated species. John Ascher : Gidi, there may be misunderstanding in that my concern isnot about professional taxonomists per se (hardly any of those in Europe anywayto worry about) but rather that at least one of the authors understands beediversity and life history and ensures this is not neglected. Doesn't matter ifthat person is primarily a taxonomist or an ecologist or something else. Inmuch of the world it is the collections-based taxonomists doing extensivefieldwork and possessing taxonomic libraries of old lowimpact publications who have an adequate understanding of bee diversity,not ecologists, but that may not be the case in Europe or in Israel. Also,Gidi, please consider that most taxonomists who want any sort of aviable career cannot follow the model you give above, although that may workfor retirees and amateurs or those very few who have secured a strictlytaxonomic position. Many colleagues who could be considered the besttraditional taxonomists are also deeply involved with bee ecology,conservation, molecular systematics, and other relevant fields. This is bynecessity, as even with broadly relevant skills it is really difficult toadvance in a world where sometimes you add them is a fifth optionto be employed by hypothesis-based scientists in a far superiorposition if they are so inclined. John Ascher : The example is a very sound one Gidi, as in my experience itis always those who understand specific taxa (whatever you may wishto call such people and however they are or are not paid or employable) who cancorrectly characterize the community, networks, conservation status, etc. Ifthere is a case where someone contemptuous of specific taxa andthose who know them made a correct insight into bee community ecology pleasesend me the reprint and I'll stand corrected. John Ascher : Gidi, when I think of ecologists I tend to think of the statisticalor theoretical ecologists who are running the show rather than seriousbee ecologists who concern themselves with trivial empirical matters likewhat tiny insects do in nature. Of course the latter would know aboutcleptoparasitic bees, but would likely be in the same leaky boat as thetaxonomists professionally (and would likely be a taxonomist at some level),i.e. hoping to be at best tacked on belatedly as option #5 for funding orauthorship by a benevolent statistician. John Ascher : Here is what an urban ecologystudy can include when led by ataxonomist: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/27559/1/19%281%29_P190-250.pdf Also instructive to compare the quality of ecological work on bees led by E. G. Linsleywith modern efforts.
为扩大宣传效果,吸引中方科技伙伴共同参加欧盟2020地平线计划,欧盟使馆联合多个成员国代表联合出访多个具有科研实力和学术影响的中国内地城市,介绍自己国家的科技资源。 如过去曾在本博客介绍过的,在地平线计划中,原则上中方参与单位是不能分享欧盟科研经费的,需要自筹或者从中方的科研资助机构获得支持。但参加欧盟项目的最大优点仍然是彰显自己的学术能力受到欧盟同行的认可,而且可以分享整个团队的知识产权。所以,相比于过去少了一两百万人民币的经费资助,参加欧盟科研合作项目对中方的优秀科研团队来说,仍然是件值得认真对待而且对于人才培养和学术进步而言明显利大于弊的好事。 附件是欧盟代表团出访时将采用的最新版的中英文对照的、欧盟国家科研特点的介绍材料。 Intro EU for EU MS draft final.ppt
贡献,在国人的心目中,是一个与奉献、捐献相近的高尚字眼。 然而,在当代中国环境科学类文献中,贡献与贡献量的身价大跌、甚至与污献、劣献同流合污。 时下的新闻媒体中,除了环境污染的现实外,对于为环境作出贡献的人物与机构的嘉奖也层出不穷。然而,在学术舞台上,或明或暗的各种污染物质竟已端坐在为环境作贡献的名单里、出现在各种学术书刊中。将此贡献与彼贡献混为一谈,是不是有点不是滋味? 您看,在论文“环鄱阳湖主要工业城市对鄱阳湖水污染的贡献及污染物总量控制研究”中,贡献大好还是贡献少好?对于中小学生而言,可能类似脑筋急转弯。如果此术语仅出现在学者的书斋里、高深的杂志里,那也没有太多不便,学术圈可以有自已的一套行话系统(Jargon)。但是环境问题已经成为社会关注的热点、媒体鼓吹的对象,标新立异的伪“贡献”只能使真贡献黯然受伤。 上述用法的来由可以想见:系直接翻译自英文的contribute、contribution。问题是:英文的contribution是一个完全中性的词汇,而中文的“贡献”却是中文世界的“劳模”与“榜样”,富含美好的想象。 《英汉大词典》释contribution为:“捐款、捐献(物),捐助(物);贡献;促成作用”,对于“contribution”的赞美之情溢于言表,我手头的多本英汉词典都对contribution倾洒了褒奖词语。然而,例句中就明显露出破绽。此处介绍两个英文例句(引自《英汉大词典》contribution条目下): 1.The contribution of animal fats to deterioration of the arteries(动物脂肪对于动脉的损害作用)。 2.Alcohol was a contributor to the accident(酒是酿成这一事故的一个因素)。 此处来看一个contribution的同根词contributory,《新时代英汉大词典》释之为“I.1.(做出)贡献的;促成的;起作用的(笔者注:仅义项下有一个例句,但含义有些吊诡):The workman's own carelessness was a contributory cause of the accident.这个工人本身的疏忽大意是事故的引发原因。2.(退休金等)由捐款维持的。II.1.贡献者;捐助者 2.英 (企业倒闭时)负有连带偿还责任的人”。《新时代英汉大词典》释contributory negligence为“ 共同过失”。 我认为, 当前的各路英汉辞书对于contribution的释义遗漏了负面的一面,应当增加”对(过失等)负有责任”这一释项 ,以与中文的“贡献”拉开必要的距离。 尽管“工业污染源的贡献”、“农业污染源的贡献”、“服务业污染源的贡献”已经大行其道,但我仍然认为是不相宜的,应当换用其它更加中性化的词语,减少对于“贡献”的污染。 至于用什么词来替代“(负面的)贡献”,我也没有成熟想法,只是有一些零星思考。如:“归溯、归至、归由”,或“归溯量、归至量、归由量”,试图体现冤有头,债有主之意。有兴趣的博友不妨各抒高见。 当然,也可能找不到合适的替换词语,各路污染物质只能被“贡献”下去了。我至多只能一声叹息:又一个美好的字眼就这样被污染糟蹋了。
Andrew Fire 和 Craig Mello因发现双链RNA引发基因沉默现象而获Nobel奖。 评奖委员会认为突破性的进展发表于1998年nature上的一篇文章。 在这篇文章中,Andrew FIre是第一作者和通讯作者,而Craig Mello是最后一个作者。其余作者与诺奖无缘。 据我所知,通讯作者并不是中国人发明的。许多著名杂志明确定义了corresponding author的责任。 PNAS《美国科学院院刊》 We have codified a change in our interpretation of corresponding author. This term means literally the person who handles correspondence regarding a paper, but by implication and practice, it also identifies a guarantor of the published work. We now state explicitly that the corresponding author must be a guarantor of a significant part or all of the work. A coauthor can also be a guarantor as indicated in the opening statement of principles. 参见:http://www.pnas.org/content/101/29/10495.full Nature ----- Corresponding author - prepublication responsibilities The corresponding (submitting) author is solely responsible for communicating with the journal and with managing communication between coauthors. Before submission, the corresponding author ensures that all authors are included in the author list, its order has been agreed by all authors, and that all authors are aware that the paper was submitted. After acceptance, the proof issent to the corresponding author, who circulates it to all coauthors and deals with the journal on their behalf; the journal will not necessarily correct errors after publication if they result from errors that were present on a proof that was not shown to coauthors before publication. The corresponding author is responsible for the accuracy of all content in the proof, in particular that names of coauthors are present and correctly spelled, and that addresses and affiliations are current. Corresp onding author - responsibilities after publication The journal regards the corresponding author as the point of contact for queries about the published paper. It is this author's responsibility to inform all coauthors of matters arising and to ensure such matters are dealt with promptly. This author does not have to be the senior author of the paper or the author who actually supplies materials; this author's role is to ensure enquiries are answered promptly on behalf of all the co-authors . The name and e-mail address of this author (on large collaborations there may be two) is published in the paper. 参见:http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/authorship.html ----------- 中国的学术评价体系给通讯作者附加另一层含义,即责任作者。有些类似于PNAS中的定义,即为论文数据的真实性承担责任,同时较多地享有此论文可能获得的荣誉。 另外,在欧美体系的生物学杂志中,往往认为senior author排在最后。我想这可能是Craig Mello作为最后一名作者,可以与Andrew Fire共享Nobel奖的原因吧。
富兰克林与消防 看到武夷山老师的 《 了不起的富兰克林》 ,不禁想起富兰克林的消防贡献。作为学徒出身的富兰克林,其科学素养是很有限的,虽然他涉足很多领域,但没有突出的原创性的理论贡献。不过从实用和社会的角度,富兰克林的贡献很大。 第一, 富兰克林重新设计了取暖的炉子,后人取名为富兰克林炉,在节能和安全方面做出很大的贡献,某些北部乡村,仍然使用富兰克林的设计; 图1. 富兰克林取暖炉 第二, 富兰克林在法国担任大使期间(比 John Adams 时间长),与上流社会打成一片。他注意到石膏( Plaster of Paris )的贡献,把石膏引入美国,主要用于建筑防火材料,效果显著。美国建筑面积大,建设周期短,全靠干墙的贡献。而所谓干墙,不过是玻璃纤维增强的,内部发泡的,外部牛皮纸包裹的石膏板(见博文 《干墙风波之我见》 。美国建筑业的高效,快速和低成本,完全是干墙工业支撑起来的。经过专家研究,世贸大厦之所以倒塌,就是因为世贸大厦的核心部位使用了大量的干墙来防火。这些干墙缺乏强度,在飞机撞击下脱离原来的位置,导致核心部位的钢材强度在火焰的烧烤下降低,导致悲剧的不可扭转。为什么要用干墙呢?质轻体薄,隔热阻燃,防火降噪,加工方便。富兰克林是把石膏引入美国的第一人,其功劳是明显的。 第三, 富兰克林组织了全美第一支志愿消防队伍( Union Fire Company ),成立于 1736 年。今天,全美大约有 3 万多消防队伍, 90% 以上是志愿消防队伍,保护全美 39% 的人口,其组织的原则,大体与富兰克林的 Union Fire Company 差不多。不过该消防队后来也职业化了,以应付都市消防的专业化需要。都市的工业税和地产税高,可以保证消防队伍的职业化建设。乡村的消防只能是志愿的,可以节省成本。 图2.消防队员富兰克林 第四, 富兰克林组织了火灾保险互助组织( the Philadelphia Contributionship ),在 1751 年成立。所有投保单位共同捐献基金,帮助那些遭受火灾的单位避免损失。如果没有火灾呢,盈利则为所有投保单位所分享。著名保险公司 FM Global 仍然实用这一原则。 图3. 富兰克林创办的火灾互助保险公司标志 为什么富兰克林会做出如此杰出的贡献?富兰克林学徒出身,投身于当时社会最先进的知识加工领域:印刷业(相当于今天的互联网)。通过开办自己的报纸,他能够自由宣传自己的理念,团结一批志同道合者,学习欧洲最时髦的科学游戏,成立费城哲学学会。同时,他代表新生的美国出使欧洲,接触了欧洲最新的思想潮流,因此可以有很多对美国人来说很新鲜的贡献。富兰克林之所以可以取得无人比肩的成就,无他,有钱,有闲,顺从自己的好奇心而已。 图4.富兰克林组织的读书会,即后来的费城哲学学会前身。 有道是,科学顽童本杰明,知识经济累财富;学习欧洲多实验,格物致知多风流。 有兴趣的读者,请参阅下列网页: http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_citizen_networker.html
本书的作者简介中,获奖名目一段里以 个人获 三个字开头,把以单位名义获得的国家发明奖,泰国玛希顿医学贡献奖都包含在其中! 书中的开篇文章题目是 青蒿素的发现 ,其后注明为 中国中医研究院中药研究所供稿 ,这样的写法实际上是把记录青蒿素真相的责任推给了单位,不知道这一单位供稿是否得到这个单位的党组集体决定后同意屠呦呦发表在此,记录于历史的纸上。 这里把本书的勘误表及作者补充说明登出,请读者使用。注意其中对参考文献内容的修改,但这个勘误表并不包括本书第 190 页上以个人名义替代中国抗疟药青蒿素及其衍生物研究协作组的参考文献 3 ,特别是这是英文文献,实际这样的文献引用出现在很多地方,是作者有意给外国学者提供虚假内容,国际上会如何看待中国的科学工作者呢? 该文献正确的引用如下: China Cooperative Research Group on Qinghaosu and its Derivatives as Antimalarials, Chemical Studies on Qinghaosu (Artemisinine), Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1982, 2(1):3-8. 该书中参考文献的p69的【5】, p140的【5】,p190的【3】都引用了这篇文献,居然名字还有屠呦呦和Tu Y Y两种。英文文献中怎么会有中文人名?其实这篇文章被这样引用可能会出现在很多评奖、学术刊物上,在各种有利于个人的事务上被利用,甚至可以说用来欺骗其他学者和科技管理者,必须正视! 还值得思考的是,这个勘误表和补充说明为什么用作者,而不是编著者呢?难道这些错误是这个补充说明中参与编写的作者们补充说明的,而不是编著者屠呦呦的补充说明?