大众文化中的科学（Science in Public Culture） 科普的历史几乎和科学一样悠长，至少科普的历史要比“正规的”学术的历史要长。在西方，最早的科普作家应该是埃及的Herodotus。而后罗马诗人Lucretius的著作《De rerum natura》中也纳入了科普的内容。伽利略被施以火刑的原因不在于其反对宗教对科学的控制，而在于他向公众普及了科学。有关科普报纸的历史也很久远。尽管如此，科普知识近代才得到历史学家和文化学者的重视。 科普时代的到来 当科学共同体形成的时候，科学和公众就在社会中出现了分野，科学的建制化也促进了科学从其他活动中分离出来。17世纪，科学革命促使科学发展成为一项独立的活动。1660年皇家学会成立，这时还有一些非科学家是皇家学会的会员，直到1820年左右，皇家学会才有了现在的形式—一个主要的科学论坛。 17 世纪，英国自然哲学的学术著作逐步取代了希腊语和拉丁语的出版物，但是在18世纪科普并不是一项事业，而是上层社会在茶余饭后的一种娱乐方式。只是后来的印刷技术才使得科普图书可以扩散到广大的公众。公开辩论也逐步成为文化生活的一部分。科学器具也得以生产并销售给那些把科学作为娱乐的人。 法国的启蒙运动使广大公众得以启蒙，18世纪晚期到19世纪早期科学自身也发生重大变化，第一个专门以支持科学家工作的实验室得以建立。1799年皇家学院成立了研究实验室。科学家也从私人住所里进入“公共”实验室。 公共辩论是由皇家学院的Sir Humphry Davy提出的，而后由Michael Faraday推动其发展。中上层人士把科学作为娱乐，而劳工们则把科学作为提升其劳动技能的方式，也有人认为劳工们掌握了一定的科学知识和问题可以维持社会秩序并加强社会和谐。劳工们也把获取科学知识看作是改善个人福祉的一种手段。 19 世纪科普的政治化与新媒体和新公众不谋而合。郊区的公众可以消费得起廉价的杂志。而一些书商也为公众提供科普图书服务。19世纪工业革命也促使了一些新受众的出现，即地主和企业主。科学成为大西洋两岸人们的一种追求。在美国的一些小镇都有自己的“科学学会”，公开讲演也吸引了大量观众。由于担心公众缺乏对科学的兴趣而使得英国科学落后于其他国家，BAAS成立。也是在BAAS年早期的会议上，William Whewell 杜撰了“科学家”这个名词。不同科学演讲的听众都是人满为患。1847年AAAS成立，其核心目标是在专业科学和业余科学间确立明确的界限，在美国内战之前，AAAS的会议形式是闭门的，公众只在有限的范围内可以参与。 在整个世纪中，科普工作者的目的是不同的。在19世纪上半叶，他们想告诉公众科学的愉悦以及知识的道德价值；想把科学从上帝的控制中摆脱出来；想让工人阶级接受（他们社会地位）现状。而后半叶，科普的目标则是让公众理解近代科学发现的神奇。 而后科学杂志走上历史舞台，比如《纽约时报》、《New York Sun》。19世纪美国的图书和杂志也冲印一些社会运动等方面的宣传材料。而一些科普文章的作者也是顶尖的科学家。父母也希望孩子们多读一些科学的图书，因而创造了一个巨大的市场。19世纪末，科学成为了一种职业，科学机构也使得科学和科普之间存在着分野。1938年，Lancelot Hogben写到19世纪的科学家需要进行科学传播。 新世纪的科普 19 世纪末，专业图书和科普图书开始分化。20世纪初，科普作家成为科普图书的主角，这取代了19世纪写科普图书的专业科学家，这些科普作家针对不同的受众会分别撰写科普文章和学术文章。而20世纪，科学传播进一步分化—即不同的学科之间，科学和公众之间。 20 世纪初，美国的科普很有序，他们的目标是让公众欣赏科学。这时第一个目标受众群体就是关注健康的人。 一开始科学故事都是由科学家撰写的，但是随着公众对科学兴趣的增加，这项工作逐步落到了科学新闻记者的手上。但是科学家仍然关注着这个领域。而在20世纪的世纪之交，科学新闻也反应了两个相反的议题，一个是科学是解决所有问题的方法，另一个就是科学是引发这些问题的“元凶”。 在改变公众对科学的态度方面，化学是一个很好的案例。因为化学被用到了战争当中。一战是一场技术战争，化学家在其中发挥了重要作用。战后化学家也被迫接受他们有义务向公众进行科普。战后不久，物理学也吸引了公众的注意力，有关爱因斯坦相对论的文章大量地出现在媒体中。在大西洋两岸，科学家称为了公众人物。 20 年代的经济复苏也对科普具有积极作用。有关科学的内容是报纸中较为稳定的一个版块。电影和广播也逐步成为科普的新媒体。但是在美国文化中，大众杂志在科普中的作用要强过于英国。后来，科普也出现在文学作品中，比如《伟大的盖茨比》。再后来，科幻走向科普的前台，科幻从50年代的新媒体中获得了动力：电视，尤其是电影把科学的形象和观念带入了大众文化之中。30年代的大萧条也使得科普的发展有所下降，当然公众也被政治化了。但是此时的观点是科普不是让劳工接受现状，而是解放劳工并给与他们权利，因而劳工打破了传统并创立了新的科普渠道。当然也有一些告诉人们如何写科普的图书，还出现了国际畅销书，比如《Mathematics for the Million》。 李约瑟等人的活动为英国的科普开辟了新渠道，广播，图书，论文，百科全书等都开始成为开展科普的渠道。 社会主义在英国成为科普的驱动力，但是资本主义在美国却不怎么奏效。一些人寿保险公司在其开展业务的过程中也做了一些科普工作（这类似于广告中的科普）。 政治中的科学 二战期间，前沿科学的科普终止。在美国，奥本海默成为战后一个科普先锋。来自于科学共同体的为政府和军方工作的科学家也开始关注科学在国家力量中的作用。 战后科普的博兴 二战的结束也预兆着科学信息的大爆炸，因为二战子啊很多领域产生的众多新技术，比如医学，能源生产，运输和通信。报纸再次开始关注科学。公众对科学的态度也是积极的，丘吉尔甚至坦言，如果没有科学，二战难以取得胜利。40年代，特别是50年代，是为科学庆功的时候，新型媒体也把科学家作为名人来宣传。但是在战争期间，科学在保密和公开方面是存在冲突的，因而科学家也分为两个群体，一个是保持沉默，另外一个就是继续向公众开展科普。但是二者在面对战后的形式的时候都存在着不足，这也为科学新闻记者担任科普责任提供了基于，科学家逐渐转变为权威信息的“信源”。 同时战后的科普也更加有序。每个专业组织都有自己的议程，使命，策略。莱温斯坦认为在40年代末期出现了四个群体，即科学组织，出版商，政府和科普作家。其中经历变化最大的是科普作家，因而战后科普的一个特色就是科学新闻记者的崛起，很多科学新闻记者本身也是科普作家。 Stephen White 提出了自己的关切，即读科学新闻的公众不理解科学，而物理学家也不理解科学新闻。因而科学家应该给科学记者提供一些背景材料，以便记者们可以写出大新闻。50年代末到60年代初是媒体报道科学的繁荣期。战后，电视也成为科普的主渠道，一些著名的电视媒体人出现在公众的视野中。1952年的《科学评论》是第一部标准长度的科学纪录片，BBC第一部科学连续剧则是《The Quatermass Experiment》。而后出现的一些节目包括《Zoo Quest》，《The Sky at Night》，《Your Life in Their Hands》。持续时间最常的科学记录片应该是《Horizon》，它于1964年首播。其他一些节目还包括《NOVA》，《Tomorrow’s World》。BBC的一些电视科学节目成为其他国家效仿的一个模板。在有线电视方面，《探索发现》频道是一个成功的案例，当然美国还有其他较为成功的方面，比如儿童电视科学节目（ 本人曾有博文翻译过这方面的内容 ）。这包括《Mr.Wizard’s World》,《Beakman’s World》,《Bill Nye the Science Guy》等。当时电视科学节目不一定就会产生拥护科学的效果，在1970年英国的电视科学节目开始承担看门狗的角色，比如《Dr Who》描述的就是不道德的科学研究。而在60年代的时候，科学新闻记者也不再是科学的传教士了，他们更多地变成了评论家或者批判者。60年代科学传播中更多地出现批判性的声音，这一部分是由于对战后的科学享乐主义失望的一种反应，一部分是由于对技术—特别是能源和环境方面的技术—失败的反馈。还有些原因是接受过科学训练的科学新闻记者的出现，他们批判性地参与到科学和科学相关的议题当中。 两种文化，还有第三种吗？ C.P.Snow 的两种文化的观点深深地影响了之后的科学传播，以及对科学和公众关系的理解。科学在公众的角色仍然是一个争议的话题，也是一个矛盾的话题。和艺术，文学，以及音乐相比，科学在社会中的关注度显然不够。而科学新闻记者往往不具有科学的背景，他们大多毕业于艺术专业，在科学上存在着盲区。
Genomic sequence variation 1000 Genomes Project http://www.1000genomes.org/ Data collection and a catalog of human variation dbSNP http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/ A catalog ofSNPs and short indels dbVar and Database of Genomic Variants http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/ http://projects.tcag.ca/variation/ A catalog of structural variants Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man http://www.omim.org/about OMIM is a comprehensive, authoritative compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes that is freely available and updated daily. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. It is updated daily, and the entries contain copious links to other genetics resources. Molecular function Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project http://www.genome.gov/10005107 http://encodeproject.org/ Data collection, integrative analysis, and a comprehensive catalog of all sequence-based functional elements Epigenomics (NIH Common Fund) http://www.roadmapepigenomics.org/ https://commonfund.nih.gov/epigenomics/ Data collection, integrative analysis and a resource of human epigenomic data International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC) http://www.ihec-epigenomes.org/ Data collection and reference maps of human epigenomes for key cellular states relevant to health and diseases BLUEPRINT Epigenome http://www.blueprint-epigenome.eu/ http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v30/n3/full/nbt.2153.html Data collection on the epigenome of blood cells Human BodyMap Viewable with Ensemble ( http://www.ensembl.org/index.html ) or the Integrated Genomics Viewer ( http://www.broadinstitute.org/igv/ ) Gene expression database from Illumina, from RNA-seq data Cancer CellLine Encyclopedia (CCLE) http://www.broadinstitute.org/ccle/home Array based expression data, CNV, mutations, perturbations over huge collection of cell lines FANTOM5 Project http://fantom.gsc.riken.jp/ Large collection of CAGE based expression data across multiple species (time-series and perturbations) Array Express http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/ Database of gene expression experiments Gene Expression Atlas http://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/ Database supporting queries of condition-specific gene expression on a curated subset of the Array Express Archive. GNF Gene Expression Atlas Viewable at BioGPS ( http://biogps.org/#goto=welcome ) GNF (Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation) human and mouse gene expression array data. The Human Protein Atlas http://www.proteinatlas.org/ Protein expression profiles based on immunohistochemistry for a large number of human tissues, cancers and cell lines, subcellular localization, transcript expression levels UniProt http://www.uniprot.org/ A comprehensive, freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information InterPro http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/ An integrated database of protein classification, functional domains, and annotation (including GO terms). Protein Capture Reagents Initiative http://commonfund.nih.gov/proteincapture/ Resource generation: renewable, monoclonal antibodies and other reagents that target the full range of proteins Knockout Mouse Program (KOMP) http://www.nih.gov/science/models/mouse/knockout/index.html Resource generation: create knockout strains for all mouse genes, Trans-NIH project Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) https://commonfund.nih.gov/LINCS/ Data collection and analysis of molecular signatures that describe how different types of cells respond to a variety of perturbing agents Molecular Libraries Program (MLP) https://commonfund.nih.gov/molecularlibraries/index.aspx Access to the large-scale screening capacity necessary to identify small molecules that can be optimized as chemical probes to study the functions of genes, cells, and biochemical pathways in health and disease Allen Brain Atlas http://www.brain-map.org/ Data collection and an online public resources integrating extensive gene expression and neuroanatomical data for human and mouse, including variation of mosue gene expression by strain. The Human Connectome Project http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/ Data collection and integration to create a complete map of the structural and functional neural connections, within and across individuals Geuvadis RNA sequencing project of 1000 Genomes samples http://www.geuvadis.org/web/geuvadis mRNA and small RNA sequencing on 465 lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) samples from 5 populations of the 1000 Genomes Project: the CEPH (CEU), Finns (FIN), British (GBR), Toscani (TSI) and Yoruba (YRI). Phenotypes and disease The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ Data collection and a data repository, including cancer genome sequence data International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) http://www.icgc.org/ Data collection and a data repository for a comprehensive description of genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic changes of cancer Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project https://commonfund.nih.gov/GTEx/ Data collection, data repository, and sample bank for human gene expression and regulation in multiple tissues, compared to genetic variation Knockout Mouse Phenotyping Program (KOMP2) https://commonfund.nih.gov/KOMP2/ Data collection for standardized phenotyping of a genome-wide collection of mouse knockouts Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap Data repository for results from studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype NHGRI Catalog of Published GWAS http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/ Public catalog of published Genome-Wide Association Studies Clinical Genomic Database http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/CGD/ A manually curated database of conditions with known genetic causes, focusing on medically significant genetic data with available interventions. NHGRI's Breast Cancer information core http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/bic/ Breast Cancer Mutation database ClinVar http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/ ClinVar is designed to provide a freely accessible, public archive of reports of the relationships among human variations and phenotypes, with supporting evidence. ClinVar collects reports of variants found in patient samples, assertions made regarding their clinical significance, information about the submitter, and other supporting data. The alleles described in submissions are mapped to reference sequences, and reported according to the HGVS standard. ClinVar then presents the data for interactive users as well as those wishing to use ClinVar in daily workflows and other local applications. ClinVar works in collaboration with interested organizations to meet the needs of the medical genetics community as efficiently and effectively as possible. Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/ The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) represents an attempt to collate known (published) gene lesions responsible for human inherited disease NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) Exome Variant Server http://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/ The goal of the NHLBI GO Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) is to discover novel genes and mechanisms contributing to heart, lung and blood disorders by pioneering the application of next-generation sequencing of the protein coding regions of the human genome across diverse, richly-phenotyped populations and to share these datasets and findings with the scientific community to extend and enrich the diagnosis, management and treatment of heart, lung and blood disorders. Genetics Home Reference http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ Genetics Home Reference is the National Library of Medicine's web site for consumer information about genetic conditions and the genes or chromosomes related to those conditions. GeneReviews http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116/ GeneReviews are expert-authored, peer-reviewed disease descriptions presented in a standardized format and focused on clinically relevant and medically actionable information on the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients and families with specific inherited conditions. Data integration UCSC Genome Bioinformatics http://genome.ucsc.edu/ Genome databases displayed through a genome browser for vertebrates, other eukaryotes, and prokaryotes, including sequence conservation, transcript maps and expression, functional annotation, genetic variation, and human disease information Ensembl http://www.ensembl.org/index.html Genome databases displayed through a genome browser for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species, including sequence conservation, transcript maps and expression, functional annotation, genetic variation, and human disease information Reactome http://www.reactome.org/ReactomeGWT/entrypoint.html Pathway database: open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/msigdb/index.jsp MSigDB is a collection of annotated gene sets for use with Gene Set Enrichment (GSEA) software KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes http://www.genome.jp/kegg/ Database of pathways, diseases, drugs BIOCARTA http://www.biocarta.com/ Pathway analysis resource Genomatix http://www.genomatix.de/ Proprietary genome annotation and pathway analysis software GOLD:Genomes Online Database http://www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/index.cgi Information regarding genome and metagenome sequencing projects, and their associated metadata, around the world Model organism databases (selected examples) Mouse Genome Informatics http://www.informatics.jax.org/ Includes genotypes with phenotype annotations, human diseases with one or more mouse models, expression assays and images, pathways, and refSNPs, Rat Genome Database (RGD) http://rgd.mcw.edu/ Repository of rat genetic and genomic data, as well as mapping, strain, and physiological information FlyBase http://flybase.org/ A Database of Drosophila Genes Genomes WormBase http://www.wormbase.org/ The genetics, genomics and biology of C. elegans and related nematodes The Zebrafish Model Organism Database (ZFIN) http://zfin.org/ Support integrated zebrafish genetic, genomic and developmental information XenBase http://www.xenbase.org/common/ Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis biology and genomics resource Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) http://www.yeastgenome.org/ Integrated biological information for budding yeast, along with search and analysis tools
http://scienceblog.com/ Researchers ask public for help to study Post-Sandy traffic in Manhattan Difficult-to-read font reduces political polarity Georgia Tech Study Grades Presidents on the Economy Predicting what topics will trend on Twitter Explosion of universe’s earliest stars New target for lung cancer treatment How the negative trumps the positive in politics Trickle-Down Anxiety: Parental Behaviors that Create Anxious Children Church-going teens go further with school Asteroid Belts of Just the Right Size are Friendly to Life Iskandar. Malaysia may offer model for urban growth Brain May ‘See’ More Than the Eyes
Tumor study misleads public by MMcCurrySchmidt Official statement from the American Society of Animal Science Board of Directors Sept. 20, 2012 — A new Journal of Food and Chemical Toxicology study titled “Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize” does not follow universal standards for a scientific experiment. The researchers’ conclusion that Roundup herbicide or a diet of genetically modified (GM) corn leads to tumors in rats is based on a poorly designed experiment and unreliable statistics. A scientific experiment requires that researchers compare results in an experimental group with a “control” group. In this new study, the control group was given non-GM corn and Roundup-free water. Unfortunately, the control group in this study had only 10 rats of each sex. Testing just twenty rats cannot lead to statistically significant results for this type of experiment. “This was a poorly designed study lacking in size—particularly in terms of control numbers—and lacking statistical power to make any conclusions about the results,” said Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, Cooperative Extension Specialist in Animal Genomics and Biotechnology at the University of California, Davis. “I am frankly shocked that any reviewer would have accepted this paper.” The researchers claimed that 50 to 80 percent of rats given GM corn or water with low levels of Roundup herbicide had tumors after two years. This is unsurprising. It is common knowledge that the rat strain used in the experiment has a more than 80 percent chance of growing tumors within two years under non-experimental conditions. “I think someone who had taken a basic biology or statistics class could have rejected this paper,” said Dr. Bruce Chassy, Professor Emeritus in Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois. Chassy said there have been over 200 studies comparing GM food and non-GM food in at least 15 animal species, and almost every study shows no difference in animal health. Chassy said researchers who use an unscientific method to warn against GM foods often have a political or economic goal. He explained that the lead author of the new study is also the leader of an anti-GM lobbying group called CRIIGEN. The American Society of Animal Science believes it is appropriate to test new foods for safety, and GM crops have proven safe in hundreds of scientifically rigorous experiments.
链接是： http://www-sop.inria.fr/neuromathcomp/public/index.shtml 在home上介绍说： NeuroMathComp is a joint project team between INRIA ( Méditerranée and Rocquencourt ), cole Normale Supérieure de Paris (DI), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis ( JAD Laboratory ) and CNRS (LIENS, UMR 8548. LJAD, UMR 6621). Neuromathcomp focuses on the exploration of the brain from the mathematical and computational perspectives. We want to unveil the principles that govern the functioning of neurons and assemblies thereof and to use our results to bridge the gap between biological and computational vision. Our work is very mathematical but we make heavy use of computers for numerical experiments and simulations. We have close ties with several top groups in biological neuroscience. We are pursuing the idea that the "unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics" can be brought, as it has been in physics, to bear on neuroscience. Computational neuroscience attempts to build models of neurons at a variety of levels, microscopic, i.e. the minicolumn containing of the order of one hundred or so neurons, mesoscopic, i.e. the macrocolumn containing of the order of 10 4 -10 5 neurons, and macroscopic, i.e. a cortical area such as the primary visual area V1. Modeling such assemblies of neurons and simulating their behaviour involves putting together a mixture of the most recent results in neurophysiology with such advanced mathematics as dynamic systems theory, bifurcation theory, probability theory, stochastic calculus, and statistics, as well as the use of simulation tools.. group leader 是:Olivier Faugeras,链接是： http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Olivier.Faugeras/index.en.html 其人也比较地老了，不过身为欧洲computer vision的老大，他地60岁生日还专门搞了个研讨会。 O.Faugeras 比较著名的学生有： -- Jean Ponce-UIUC -- lazebnik - -- Zhengyou Zhang-MSR -- Martial Hebert-CMU -- Nicholas Ayache - INRIA (Medical Image Analysis) http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Nicholas.Ayache/ayache.html
The devastating earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan in March 2011 will have a significant impact on the future of nuclear energy. The ultimate outcome of the Fukushima Daiichi accident will influence public opinion and government decisions about the future development of nuclear power worldwide. And the lessons we learn from the crisis will inform future decisions about nuclear fuel storage, appropriate safety standards and accountability measures, and emergency preparedness. However, our ability to respond effectively to the challenges presented by the Fukushima Daiichi accident has been, in large part, predicated on research, practices, and policies developed over the last three decades. What additional events or developments might surprise us in the future that could affect the spread of nuclear energy? How can we better anticipate such surprises so that we can more effectively mitigate the impacts of negative develop ments and maximize the impact of positive developments? Toward this end, in August 2010 the American Academy, as part of its Global Nuclear Future Initiative, cosponsored a meeting with the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University on Game Changers for Nuclear Energy. The conference brought together a small group of representatives from diverse energy backgrounds—including government, industry, NGOs, national laboratories, and academia—for an in-depth discussion of variables that could affect the future of nuclear power. These include reactor and fuel cycle technology and regulation, accidents and security incidents, climate change, and relevant politics. The purpose of the workshop was to explore what events, foreseen or not, could change the presently foreseen nuclear power “game.” What follows is the resulting paper from this meeting. This Occasional Paper is part of the American Academy’s Global Nuclear Future Initiative, which examines the safety, security, and nonproliferation implications of the global spread of nuclear energy and is develop ing pragmatic recommendations for managing the emerging nuclear order. The Global Nuclear Future Initiative is supported by generous grants from Carnegie Corporation of New York; the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Flora Family Foundation; and Fred Kavli and the Kavli Foundation. The American Academy is grateful to the principal investigators of the Global Nuclear Future Initiative—Steven Miller, Scott Sagan, Robert Rosner, and Stephen Goldberg—for contributing their time, experience, and expertise to the work of the Initiative. CISAC would like to thank the Flora Family Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for supporting the scholars’ work on this project. We would like to thank Thomas Isaacs, Michael May, and Kate Marvel for organizing a substantive meeting and the participants for their thoughtful contributions at the meeting and to this paper. We are grateful to Michael and Kate for bringing their knowledge and insight to bear on this important issue. Leslie Berlowitz President and William T. Golden Chair American Academy of Arts and Sciences Scott D. Sagan Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science Codirector, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University 原文见 http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/book_game_changers.pdf
Women who took folic acid supplements in the first two months of pregnancy were less likely to have kids with severe language delays in a new study from Norway. "We don't think people should change their behavior based on these findings," said Dr. Ezra Susser from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York, who worked on the study. "But it does add weight to the public health recommendation to take folic acid early in pregnancy," he told Reuters Health. The researchers gave surveys to close to 40,000 Norwegian women a few months into their pregnancies, including questions on what supplements women were taking in the four weeks before they got pregnant through eight weeks after conception. Then, when their children were three years old, Dr. Susser and his colleagues asked the same women about kids' language skills, including how many words they could string together in a phrase. Toddlers who could only say one word at a time or who had "unintelligible utterances" were considered to have severe language delay. In total, about one in 200 kids fit into that category. Four out of 1,000 children born to women who took folic acid alone or combined with other vitamins had severe language delays, compared to nine of 1,000 kids whose moms didn't take folic acid before and early in pregnancy. The link persisted after Dr. Susser's team adjusted for other factors that were associated with both folic acid supplementation and language skills, such as maternal weight, education, and marital status. The study can't prove that folic acid, itself, prevents language delay, the authors wrote today in the Journal of the American Medical Association. But Dr. Susser said the vitamin is known to affect the growth of neurons and could influence how proteins are made from certain genes. "Clearly it plays a role in development that starts very early in pregnancy," said Usha Ramakrishnan, a maternal and child nutrition researcher from Emory University in Atlanta who wasn't involved in the new study. However, she added, it's hard to separate out exactly when during pregnancy folic acid supplements would have an effect on later language development -- since women who are taking supplements early are more likely to take them throughout pregnancy. Dr. Susser said the results likely apply in the U.S. and other countries where grains are fortified with folic acid, because extra supplements are still recommended during pregnancy. But he added that more research is needed to support the new study. "The recommendation worldwide is that women should be on folate supplements through all their reproductive years," Dr. Susser said. Because of that, "we really need to know what the impact is on children, both benefits and risks." "I think this adds to what's already known about the benefits of folic acid," Ramakrishnan told Reuters Health. "It gives one more positive message of potential benefit." SOURCE: http://bit.ly/n9FPb6 JAMA 2011. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/751373
开发获取的生物医学期刊中，PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE和BIOMED CENTRAL公司出版的期刊声誉较高，绝大多数都被学术界认可为高水平期刊或者正规国际期刊。这些期刊绝大多数也被SCIE（即SCI扩展，Science Citation Index Expanded）收录了，从Web of Science可以检索到。但是国内还是有些单位，只认SCI（Science Citation Index）收录，不认SCIE收录。表面理由很简单，SCI收录3000多种期刊，SCIE收录8000多种期刊。只认可SCI收录期刊是为了提高标准。但实际上，我们发现，很多优秀的新期刊即使水平远远高于一些传统期刊，却迟迟不能被SCI收录。我曾就此致电THOMSON REUTERS公司，他们解释说SCI选刊标准除论文水平外，还考虑地区分布等很多因素；他们也不建议用SCI和SCIE来区分期刊好坏。 不管什么原因吧，现实就是如果投了非SCI收录的期刊，在一些单位评职称或者研究生毕业就会有麻烦。 今天无意中发现，BMC Evolutionary Biology已被SCI收录了。BMC Evolutionary Biology算是我们研究进化的人的一个主流期刊，难度适中。现在它进入了SCI，大家就可以毫无顾虑地投稿了。 PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE和BIOMED CENTRAL两个单位出版的期刊中，进入了SCI的还有： PLoS Biology PLoS Genetics GENOME BIOLOGY RETROVIROLOGY BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BREAST CANCER RESEARCH CRITICAL CARE MALARIA JOURNAL GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE OUTCOMES JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE NEURAL DEVELOPMENT VETERINARY RESEARCH ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA ARTHRITIS RESEARCH THERAPY SCI收录期刊目录 SCIE收录期刊目录 注： 1、BIOMED CENTRAL出版的少量期刊可能本来就被SCI收录，后来转到BIOMED CENTRAL出版后继续被SCI收录。 2、本人 支持现阶段 用SCIE收录、影响因子、引用率、H因子等客观指标评价科研人员的科研成绩，希望将来也许可以用同行评议等非客观手段。用这些指标是否合适科学网讨论甚多，不是本文所涉及内容，请原谅本人不回复与本文不相关的评论。
Best Values in Public Colleges 2011 1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Undergraduate Enrollment: 17,981 SAT: 73% scored 600 or higher on verbal/math; ACT: 83% scored 24 or higher Student/Faculty Ratio: 14 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 74%/87% Total In-State Cost: $17,000 Total Out-of-State Cost: $35,614 Average Debt at Graduation: $14,262 This outstanding research institution delivers its education for a total cost in-state of $17,000, only a little more than the average price -- $16,140 -- for public institutions nationally. It also offers generous financial aid to students with need, bringing the average cost after need-based aid to just over $7,000. Founded in 1789, Carolina attracts world-class faculty and leads the pack among public universities for producing Rhodes scholars. 2. University of Florida Undergraduate Enrollment: 33,628 SAT: 61%; ACT: 71% Student/Faculty Ratio: 20 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 58%/83% Total In-State Cost: $14,684 Total Out-of-State Cost: $36,961 Average Debt at Graduation: $15,932 With the lowest in-state cost -- $14,684 -- of our top-10 ranked schools, UF represents a bargain even for families who don't qualify for financial aid. Most in-state students do qualify for assistance, thanks to the merit-based program known as Bright Futures. At $9,759, the cost after non-need-based aid is among the lowest on our list. 3. University of Virginia Undergraduate Enrollment:15,464 SAT: 78% ACT: 84% scored 24 or higher Student/Faculty Ratio: 16 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 85%/93% Total In-State Cost: $20,647 Total Out-of-State Cost: $43,593 Average Debt at Graduation: $19,939 Also known as Mr. Jefferson's Academical Village (as in founder Thomas Jefferson), UVA posts the highest graduation rates in our rankings and offers the most generous need-based financial aid. The average need-based package -- $14,955 -- reduces the price for students who qualify to a bargain-basement $5,692.
Rank University of California--Berkeley Berkeley, CA 1 University of California--Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 2 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 2 University of Michigan--Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI 4 University of North Carolina--Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 5 College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA 6 Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 7 University of California--San Diego La Jolla, CA 7 University of California--Davis Davis, CA 9 University of California--Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 9 University of California--Irvine Irvine, CA 11 University of Washington Seattle, WA 11 University of Texas--Austin Austin, TX 13 University of Wisconsin--Madison Madison, WI 13 Pennsylvania State University--University Park University Park, PA 15 University of Illinois--Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 15 University of Florida Gainesville, FL 17 Ohio State University--Columbus Columbus, OH 18 Purdue University--West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN 18 University of Georgia Athens, GA 18 University of Maryland--College Park College Park, MD 18 Texas AM University--College Station College Station, TX 22 Clemson University Clemson, SC 23 Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey--New Brunswick Piscataway, NJ 23 University of Minnesota--Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN 23 University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 23 University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 27 Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 27 Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO 29 University of California--Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 29 University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 29 Indiana University--Bloomington Bloomington, IN 32 University of Delaware Newark, DE 32 Miami University--Oxford Oxford, OH 34 Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 34 SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 34 University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL 34 Auburn University Auburn University, AL 38 Binghamton University--SUNY Binghamton, NY 39 University of Colorado--Boulder Boulder, CO 39 Iowa State University Ames, IA 41 University of California--Riverside Riverside, CA 41 University of Missouri Columbia, MO 41 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 41 SUNY--Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 45 University of Massachusetts--Amherst Amherst, MA 45 Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 47 University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 47 University of Nebraska--Lincoln Lincoln, NE 47 University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 47 University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 47 North Carolina State University--Raleigh Raleigh, NC 52 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 52 University of Oregon Eugene, OR 52 University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 52 Washington State University Pullman, WA 52 Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 57 University at Buffalo--SUNY Buffalo, NY 58 University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 58 Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 60 Louisiana State University--Baton Rouge Baton Rouge, LA 60 Ohio University Athens, OH 60 Missouri University of Science Technology Rolla, MO 63 University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 63 University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 63 Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66 Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 66 Temple University Philadelphia, PA 66 University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 66 New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ 70 Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 70 Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 72 George Mason University Fairfax, VA 72 Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey--Newark Newark, NJ 72 University at Albany--SUNY Albany, NY 72 University of Illinois--Chicago Chicago, IL 72 University of Mississippi University, MS 72 University of Texas--Dallas Richardson, TX 72 Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 79 University of Alabama--Birmingham Birmingham, AL 79 University of Idaho Moscow, ID 81 University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 81 Illinois State University Normal, IL 83 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 83 Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 85 University of Hawaii--Manoa Honolulu, HI 85 University of Maine Orono, ME 85 University of Maryland--Baltimore County Baltimore, MD 85 University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 85 University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 90 Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 90 Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 92 South Carolina State University Orangeburg, SC 92 Utah State University Logan, UT 92 University of Louisville Louisville, KY 95 West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 95 Ball State University Muncie, IN 97 University of Alabama--Huntsville Huntsville, AL 97 University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 97 Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 97 Kent State University Kent, OH 101 Montana State University Bozeman, MT 101 San Diego State University San Diego, CA 101 Southern Illinois University--Carbondale Carbondale, IL 101 University of Massachusetts--Lowell Lowell, MA 101 University of South Florida Tampa, FL 101 North Dakota State University Fargo, ND 107 University of Colorado--Denver Denver, CO 107 University of Montana Missoula, MT 107 University of Nevada--Reno Reno, NV 107 University of North Carolina--Charlotte Charlotte, NC 107 University of North Carolina--Greensboro Greensboro, NC 107
Wu, J., Y. Yang L. Ma. - Public service outputs, social integration, and households' support for relocation compensations: evidence from a Hui Ethnic Community in Western China. International Public Management Network (IPMN) Conference 2010, Rotterdam (28 June - 30 June). http://www.eur.nl/fsw/english/publicadministration/conferences_and_events/ paper
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0911050 附件PDF: H1N1 in China Published at www.nejm.org December 9, 2009 (10.1056/NEJMe0911050) The Need for Science in the Practice of Public Health Nicole Lurie, M.D., M.S.P.H. PDF Disclosures Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited
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