2016-01-16 RobertWaldinger 这75年间,我们的研究显示:发展得最好的人是那些把精力投入关系,尤其是家人、朋友和周围人群的人。 来源|金融八卦女(id:jinrongbaguanv) Homeostasis (id:tongjixinli) 作者|同济大学赵旭东教授 演讲作者|罗伯特.瓦尔丁格教授 (哈佛大学医学院麻省总医院(MGH)精神科医师、精神分析治疗师。) 中文版编译|王皓洁 石志道 吴明蓉 以下为Dr. Robert Waldinger 演讲内容 ▼ 生命进程中,是什么让我们保持健康和幸福? 如果你现在开始着手规划未来最好的人生,你会把时间和精力花在哪里?回答有很多种,我们已经被无以计数的有关生活中最重要事物的图景轰炸了。媒体上充斥着那些富有、高声望、建立起自己事业帝国的成功人士故事。并且我们对这些故事坚信不疑。有个最新的调查,询问1980-2000年生的年轻人,他们最重要的人生目标有哪些。超过80%的人说,他们主要的生活目标是要变富有。这群年轻人中,还有50%说他们另一个主要生活目标是成名。 What keeps us healthy and happy as we go through life? If you were going to invest now in your future best self, where would you put your time and your energy? There are lots of answers out there. We are bombarded with images, what’s most important in life. The media are filled with stories of people who are rich and famous and building empires at work. And we believe those stories. There’s a recent survey of millennials asking them what their most important life goals were. And over 80% said that the major life goal for them was to get rich. And another 50% of those same young adults said another major life goal was to become famous. 我们总是被告诫要投入工作,努力奋斗,完成更多。我们似乎觉得要生活得更好,这些就是我们需要追求的。 可事实真是这样吗?这些真的是在人类生命历程中帮助他们保持幸福感的东西吗? And we are constantly told to lean into work, and to push harder, and achieve more. We are given the impression that these are the things that we need to go after in order to have a good life. But is that true? Is that really what keeps people happy as they go through life? 人一生中所做的选择以及这些选择怎样影响他们,我们几乎无从得知。 我们对于人生绝大多数的理解,是从他人的回忆中获得的。 我们知道,人是不可能有完整清楚的记忆的。我们生命中大部分发生过的事情我们都遗忘了。有时我们记忆形成过程简直充满创造性。马克·吐温曾经说过类似的话。他说道,“我人生中一些最悲惨的事情根本就没发生过。” 研究显示,随着年龄的增长,我们实际上以一种更积极的方式在保存我们的记忆。我想起一张广告上说的: “任何时候开始拥有幸福的童年,都不算晚。” Pictures of entire lives, of the choices that people make and how those choices work out for them,those pictures are almost impossible to get. Most of what we know about human life, we know from asking people to remember the past. And as we know,hindsight is anything but 20/20. We forget vast amounts of what happens to us in our lives. And sometimes memory was downright creative. Mark Twain understood this. He’s quoted as saying, “some of the worst things in my life never happened”.(Laughter) And research shows us that we actually remember the past more positively as we get older. And I’m reminded of a bumper sticker that says, ‘it’s never too late to have a happy childhood”. (Laughter) 但要是我们能够观察整个人生呢?要是我们能从人们青少年时期一直追踪到老年,去观察到底什么才是真正能够帮助人们保持幸福、健康的东西呢?我们已经做到了。 But, what if we could watch entire lives as they unfold through time? What if we could study people from the time that they were teenagers all the way into old age, to see what really keeps people happy and healthy? We did that. 哈佛成人发展研究可能是目前有关成年人生活研究中历时最长的。75年间,我们追踪了724位男性。年复一年,我们询问他们的工作、家庭生活、他们的健康状况,当然我们在询问过程中并不知道他们的人生将会怎样。 这样的研究极为稀少。几乎所有类似的研究都在10年内流产了,原因可能是失访率太高,或者没有足够的经费支撑,或者研究者兴趣点转移或去世以后没有其他人接手。但是多亏了运气以及几代研究者的坚持,这项研究成活下来了。 在最早的724名男性中,大约有60位还在世,并继续参与这项研究,他们绝大多数都已经超过90岁了。现在我们正开始研究他们总数超过2000个的孩子们。而我是这项研究的第四任领导者。 The Harvard Studyof Adult Development may be the longest study of adult life, that’s ever been done. For 75 years, we’ve tracked the lives of 724 men. Year after year asking about their work, their home lives, their health, and of course asking all along the way without knowing how their life stories were going to turn out.Studies like this are exceedingly rare. Almost all projects of this kind fallapart within a decade, because too many people drop out of the study or funding for the research dries up, or the researchers get distracted or they die and nobody moves the ball further down the field. But through combination of luck and persistence of several generations of researchers, this study has survived. About 60 of our original 724 men are still alive, still participating in the study, most of them in their nineties. And we are now beginning to study themore than 2000 children of these men. And I’m the 4th director of the study. 从1938年起,我们追踪了2组男性。第一组在加入研究时还是哈佛大学大二的学生。他们属于Tom Brokaw所说的“最伟大的一代”。他们都在第二次世界大战期间完成大学学业。之后绝大多数人为战争工作。 另外一组我们追踪的群体是波士顿最贫穷区域的男孩。正是因为他们来自于20世纪30年代波士顿麻烦最多、最底层的家庭,才被选入我们的研究。多数人都住在出租屋里,许多甚至没有热的或冷的自来水。当他们入选研究之后,所有的青少年都接受面谈和医学检查。我们去他们家里对他们的父母进行访谈。 后来这群青少年长大成人,进入社会各行各业。有的成了工厂工人,成了律师、泥瓦匠、医生,有一位成为美国总统。有的成了酒精依赖者,一些患上精神分裂症。有的从社会底层一路爬升到上流社会。而一些人却沿着相反的方向走过这段人生旅程。 Since 1938, we’ve tracked the lives of 2 groups of men. The first group started in the study when they were sophomores at Harvard College. They were from, what Tom Brokaw has called, the greatest generation. They all finished college during World War II. And then most went off to serve in the war. And the second group that we followed was a group of boys from the Boston’s poorest neighborhoods. Boys, who were chosen for this study specifically because they were from some of the most troubled and disadvantaged families in Boston of the 1930s. Most lived in tenements, many without hot and cold running water. When they entered the study, all of theseteenagers were interviewed, they were given medical exams. We went to their homes and we interviewed their parents. And then these teenagers grew up into adults who entered all walks of life. They became factory workers and lawyers and bricklayers and doctors, and one president of the United States. Some developed alcoholism. A few developed schizophrenia. Some climbed the social ladder from the bottom all the way to the very top. And some made that journey in the opposite direction. 这项研究的发起者无论如何也不可能想到,75年之后我能够站在这里,告诉你们这项研究仍然在继续。每两年,我们充满耐心和辛勤的研究人员打电话给我们的研究对象,询问是否能够再寄给他们一套有关他们生活的问卷。 波士顿城郊的许多研究对象问我们:“你们怎么总是不断地想要研究我?我的生活没什么意思啊。”而哈佛的毕业生从没问过这个问题。为了得到他们人生最清晰的画卷,我们不仅仅只是寄给他们问卷。我们在他们的客厅里对他们进行访谈。我们从他们的医生那里获取医疗记录。我们获取他们的血样,扫描他们的大脑。我们和他们的孩子们交谈。我们用摄像机记录他们和自己的妻子谈论最隐秘的担忧。大概十年前,我们终于询问他们的妻子们,是否愿意作为研究对象加入我们的研究。很多女士都说:“你知道,是时候了。” The founders of this study would never, in their wildest dreams, have imagined that I would be standing here today, 75 years later, telling you that the study still continues. Every 2 years, our patient and dedicated research staff calls up our men and asked them whether we could send them yet one more set of questions about their lives. Many of the intercity Boston men ask us, “Why do you keep wanting to study me? My life just isn’t that interesting”. The Harvard men never asked that question. (Laughter) To get the clearest picture of these lives, we don’t just send them questionnaires. We interviewed them in their living rooms. We get their medical records from their doctors. We draw their blood. We scanned their brains. We talk to their children. We videotaped them talking with their wives about their deepest concerns. And when about a decade ago we finally asked the wives if they would join us as members of this study, many of the women said, “you know,it’s about time”. (Laughter) 那么我们学到了什么?我们从这些人生活中提取出来的长篇累牍的信息到底教会我们什么? 其实,完全无关财富、名声或者拼命工作。 我们从这项长达75年的研究中得到的最清晰的信息是: 良好的关系让我们更快乐,更健康。就这样! So what have we learned? What are the lessons that come from that tens of thousands of pages of information that we’ve generated on these lives. Well the lessons aren’t about wealth or fame or working harder and harder. The clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this: good relationships keep us happier and healthier.Period! 对于关系,我们学到了三条。 第一条是,社会连结真的对我们有益,而孤独却有害。 事实证明, 和家庭、朋友和周围人群连结更紧密的人更幸福。 他们身体更健康,他们也比连结不甚紧密的人活得更长。而孤单的体验是有害的。和不孤独的人相比,那些比自己所希望的样子更孤单的人觉得自己更不幸福,他们到中年时健康状况退化地更快,他们的大脑功能衰退更早,而且他们的寿命更短。令人遗憾的是,任何一个时刻,每5个美国人中就有不只1个说自己孤独。我们知道,在人群中你也可能感到孤独,在婚姻中你也可能感到孤独。 We’ve learned 3 big lessons about relationships. The first is that social connections arereally good for us and that loneliness kills. It turns out that people who are more socially connected to family, to friends, to community are happier. They are physically healthier and they live longer than people who are less well connected. And the experience of loneliness turns out to be toxic. People, who are more isolated than they want to be from others, find that they’re less happy, their health declines earlier in mid-life, their brain functioning declines sooner, and they live shorter lives than people who are not lonely. And the sad fact is, that at any given time, more than 1 in 5 Americans will report, that they are lonely. And we know that you can be lonely in a crowd, and you can be lonely in a marriage. 所以我们学到的第二条信息是, 起决定作用的不是你拥有的朋友的数量,不是你是否在一段稳定的亲密关系中,而是你的亲密关系的质量。 事实证明,处于冲突之中真的对我们的健康有害。举个例子,充满冲突而没有感情的婚姻,对我们的健康非常不利,甚至有可能比离婚还糟。 而生活在良好、温暖的关系中是有保护作用的。 当我们追踪我们的研究对象到他们的80岁之后,我们希望回顾他们的中年生活,来看看我们是否能在那时预测谁会享有幸福健康的晚年,谁不会。当我们把所有有关他们50岁的信息都整合起来之后,发现能够预测他们晚年生活的不是他们的中年胆固醇水平,而是他们对所在亲密关系的满意程度。50岁时对自己的亲密关系最满意的人,80岁时最健康。 而良好、亲密的关系似乎能缓冲我们在衰老过程中遇到的坎坷。 我们生活的最幸福的伴侣,无论男女,在他们80岁之后都说,当他们感到更多躯体疼痛时,他们的心情依然快乐。 而那些处于不幸关系中的人,当他们感受到更多躯体疼痛时,这些疼痛被增加的情感痛苦给放大了。 So the 2nd big lesson that we learned is that it’s not just the number of friends you have, and it’s not whether or not you are in a committed relationship, but it’s the quality of your close relationships that matters. It turns out that living in the midst of conflicts is really bad for our health. High conflicted marriages, for example, without much affection, turn out to be very bad for our health - perhaps worse than getting divorced. And living in the midst of good, warm relationships, is protective. Once we’ve followed our men all the way into their 80s, we wanted to look back at them at mid-life, and to see if we can predict who was going to grow into a happy, healthy octogenarian and who wasn’t. And when we gather together, everything we knew about them at age 50, it wasn’t their middle age cholesterol levels that predicted how they were going to grow old. It was how satisfied they were in their relationships. The people, who were the most satisfied in their relationships at age 50, were the healthiest at age 80. And good close relationships seem to buffer us from some of the slings and arrows of getting old. Our most happily partnered men and women, reported in their 80s, that on the days when they had more physical pain, their moods stayed just as happy. But the people who were in unhappy relationships, on the days when they reported more physical pain, it was magnified by more emotionalpain. 第三条我们学到的关于关系对我们健康的影响是, 良好的关系不仅只是保护我们的身体,也能保护我们的大脑。 研究表明,在80岁之后依然处在对另一个人安全依恋关系中是有保护性的。在关系中真的感到自己能在需要时可以依赖另一个人的人们,他们的保持清晰记忆力的时间更长。而感到自己在关系中真的无法依赖另一个人的人群,他们将更早出现记忆力衰退。而那些良好的关系,并不一定要一直保持平顺。一些 80-89 岁老年夫妇,他们可能一天到晚都在吵架。但只要他们感到自己真的能在困难时刻依赖另一个人时,他们根本就不会记得那些争吵了。所以我们学到的是, 良好、亲密的关系有利于我们的健康和完好状态。 这是老智慧,是祖母和牧师的忠告。 And the 3rd big lesson that we learned about relationships on our health is, that good relationships don’t just protect our bodies, they protect our brains. It turns out, that being in a securely attached relationship to another person in your 80s is protective. And the people who are in a relationship that they really feel that they can count on the other person in times of need, those people’s memories stay shaper longer. And people in a relationship where they feel they really can’t count on the other one, those are the people who would experience earlier memory decline. And those good relationships, they don’t have to be smooth all the time. Some of the octogenarian couples could bicker with each other day in and day out. But as long as they felt that they can really count on the other one when they are going out tough, those arguments didn’t take a toll on their memories. So, this message, that good, close relationships are good for our health and well-being; this is the wisdom that’s as old as the hills. It’s your grandmother’s advice, and your pastor’s. 为什么明白这个道理这么难?就拿巨大的财富来说,我们知道, 一旦我们的基本物质需求被满足了,财富就帮不上什么忙了。 如果你从每年挣75,000美元提高到7500万美元,我们知道你的健康和快乐基本不会发生变化。而至于声望,媒体不断地入侵和缺乏隐私使得多数名人显著地不健康。这显然不会让人更快乐。至于拼命工作,有一条真理说,没有人在临死前觉得自己要是花更多时间在办公室就好了。 为什么这些这么难理解,这么容易就被忽视了?是啊,我们是人啊。 我们真正喜欢的是快速解决方案,一种我们能得到的,又能让我们生活得好并且一直保持下去的东西。 关系错综复杂,照顾家人和朋友是繁重的工作,一点也不性感也不光芒万丈。而这也是终生的,绝无尽头。 在我们的75年研究中拥有最幸福退休生活的人是那些主动寻找玩伴来替代工作伙伴的人。 正如调查中的年轻人一样,我们的研究对象中很多人在一开始还是青年的时候,真的相信声望、财富以及高成就是他们想要生活得更好就必须追求的。但随着时间的流逝,在这75年间,我们的研究显示: 发展得最好的人是那些把精力投入关系,尤其是家人、朋友和周围人群的人。 Why is this so hard to get? For example, with respectful wealth, we know that once your basic material needs are met, wealth doesn’t do anything. If you go from making 75,000 dollars a year to 75 million, we know that your health and your happiness will change very little, if at all. When it comes to fame, the constant media intrusion and a lack of privacy make most famous people significantly less healthy. It certainly doesn’t keep them happier. And as for working harder and harder, there is that truism that nobody on their death bed ever wished that they had spent more time in their office. (Laughter) Why is that so hard to get and so easy to ignore? Well, we’re human. What we really like is a quick fix - something we can get that will keep our lives good and keep them that way. Relationships are messy and they are complicated and they are hard work of tending to family and friends, that’s not sexy or glamorous. It’s also life-long. It never ends. The people in our 75-year study with the happiest retirement were the people who had actively worked to replace workmates with new playmates. Just like the millennials in that recent survey, many of our men when they were starting out as young adults, really believed that fame and wealth and high achievements were what they needed to go after to have a good life. But over and over, over these 75 years, our study has shown that the people who fared the best are people who leaned into relationships, with family, with friends, with community. 那么你们呢?假如你们今年25,或者你们40,或者你们60岁。投入关系对你们来说是什么样的?可能性可能是无限的。也许是简单到拿和屏幕打交道的时间来和人打交道,或者通过一起做点什么新鲜事,比如散步或者约会,或者联系那个多年来不曾说过话的人,来点亮一段死气沉沉的关系。 因为对一个总把小别扭放心里的人,这些看上去很平常的家庭敌对事件是会造成严重后果的。 So what about you?Let’s say you are 25, or you are 40 or you are 60. What might leaning into relationships even look like? Well, the possibilities are practically endless. It might be something as simple as replacing screen-time with people-time, or lightening up a stale relationship by doing something new together, long walks or date nights, or reaching out to that family member who you haven’t spoken to in years. Because those all too-common family feuds take a terrible toll on the people who hold the grudges. 我想用马克吐温的另一条名言来结束。一百多年前,当他回顾自己的一生时,他写下了, “生命如此短暂,我们没有时间争吵、道歉、伤心。我们只有时间去爱。” 所以说, 好的生活是建立在好的关系上的。 而这种理念是值得传播的。谢谢大家! I’d like to close with another quote from Mark Twain. More than a century ago, he was looking back on his life, and he wrote this,”there isn’t a time, so brief his life, for bickerings, apologies, heart-burnings, callings to account. There is only time for loving. ” But in instant, so to speak, for that, the good life is built with good relationships. And that’s an idea worth spreading. Thank you! 注: 演讲人罗伯特.瓦尔丁格教授是哈佛大学医学院麻省总医院(MGH)精神科医师、精神分析治疗师。作为著名的成人发展研究所第四任所长,正在继续其前面三任自1940年以来一直进行的两项精神医学领域最负盛名的“人生全程心理健康研究”,一项是“哈佛精英研究”,另一项是“波士顿背街男孩研究”。在过去的75年里,从这两个项目产生了大量的学术论文、书籍,许多成果影响了精神医学、心理治疗的理论与实践。 在这个TED-X演讲里,罗伯特聚焦于所有人都关心的“什么是美好人生?”这个问题, 用两个长达75年的纵向随访研究的成果,强调构成美好生活的最重要因素并非富有、成功,而是良好的心身健康及温暖、和谐、亲密的人际关系。 这两个研究项目的受试里,罗伯特提到,有一位后来成为美国总统的人。他出于医师、科学家的伦理操守而没有提其名,但有心人其实可以查到,1941年在哈佛读二年级的总统是哪一位。除了这位大人物,还有四位参议员、四位进过内阁的人。我2011年受罗伯特邀请,在其研究所做高级访问学者四周,研究了一位受试的卷宗,可惜只看到1967年的随访资料就得回国了。行前忍不住要罗伯特“剧透”一下,这位直到45岁还混得不怎么好的哈佛精英后来如何?他告诉我说,该人后来成为著名的剧作家!许多好莱坞电影与其有关。 罗伯特的前任乔治.范伦特可能是最高产的精神科医生之一。对这两个项目有兴趣的朋友可以看一本已经被翻译为中文的书——《怎样适应生活》。近期他出版了《Triumphs of Experience》。看完这个演讲觉得不过瘾的人就该去读这本书! 感谢关注 百丽百灵 欢迎投稿和反馈意见至3012908001@qq.com、 百丽百灵 公号(BL100BL)或加 百丽百灵 管理员微号(BL88BL88 )沟通。
Make our names on Karst Ecohydrology, based on sustainable international cooperation! http://www.bio.txstate.edu/contacts/faculty/susan-schwinning.html https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yun-peng_Nie
人才 卡罗尔·安·达菲 | 这个词就像拉紧的绳索。现在想象 一个男人,在空中,缓慢把它穿过 我们之间的想法。他禀住了我们的呼吸。 没有单纯的文字。 你想让他倒下,不是吗? 我猜得一样多 ; 他蹒跚但却成功。 掌声这个词写满了他。 -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Talent by Carol Ann Duffy | This is the word tightrope. Now imagine a man, inching across it in the space between our thoughts. He holds our breath. There is no word net. You want him to fall, don't you? I guessed as much; he teeters but succeeds. The word applause is written all over him.
推出天才的基因组测序遴选我国百名具冲击诺贝尔奖潜力人才 ?! 看到网上登出的大标题 : 陈安 :《中央将遴选百名具冲击诺贝尔奖潜力人才》( 本文引用地址 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-53483-737455.html) 俞强 :“遴选百名具冲击诺贝尔奖潜力人才?谁来选?怎么选?什么是标准?”(本文引用地址:( http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-276037-737543.html) 脑子里跳出的 : 当你阅读关于基因组的趋势 , 推出“我国将遴选百名具冲击诺贝尔奖潜力人才”的背景也许是有道理。在中国深圳的华大基因(前身为北京华大基因研究中心),“中国探测天才的遗传基因组学工程。”认定为 1600 数学早熟儿童的基因组测序 (Chinese projectprobes the genetics of genius: Bid to unravel the secrets of brainpower facesscepticism(见Nature 497 , 297-299;2013 )。 完美的运动员, 有 发挥超常运动性能 的 运动基因 (Refer to Science, below). 如果你有诺贝尔奖的基因,你 被 选择在这个100。如果你不 有诺贝尔奖的基因, ,你是不被选中。没有人可以争论。 问题是,你能不能从他 /她的基因组预测诺贝尔奖获得者? 其他人则说,他们也不会感到惊讶,如果研究发现,数学性向是天生成。“我觉得 '人才'的概念可能被高估,” 伯克利分校的数学家迈克尔·哈钦斯说,。“即使发现了遗传标记,它们可以用于好 - 不预先选择数学天才,而是为了帮助家长了解他们的孩子,并给他们的支持,他们需要的特殊能力。” 完成詹姆斯 · 沃森 (诺贝尔奖获得者,共同发现了 DNA 的双螺旋结构 )基因组测序。现在,企业家乔纳森 · 罗斯伯格已经把目光瞄准了另一个里程碑:发现数学天才的基因基础。寻求数学天才的根 “ 爱因斯坦龙头项目 400 顶部学者为他们的 DNA 基因组测序。 从个人来讲,一个人内在的力量最为强大,只由心而发的热爱,才能激发自己的想象力和创造力。如果内心没有愿望,那么无论外界的刺激有多大,都很难取得成就,不要迎合社会,要摒弃功名利禄,遵从自己内心的想法 ( 崔琦 -- 美籍华人物理学家, 1998 诺贝尔物理学奖获得者 ) 麻省理工学院的乔纳森 · 罗斯伯格是追捕数学实力的基因代码 (Nature, below)。 Science 1 November 2013: Vol. 342 no. 6158 pp. 560-561 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245795 BOOKS ET AL. GENETICS Deep Inside Champions, Just Genes? Dov Greenbaum , Jieming Chen , Mark Gerstein The Sports Gene Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance/What Makes the Perfect Athlete by David Epstein Current, New York, 2013. 352 pp. $26.95. ISBN 9781591845119. Yellow Jersey, London. £16.99. ISBN 978-0224091619. The reviewers are at the Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. E-mail: dov.greenbaum@yale.edu ; mark@gersteinlab.org Through a collection of examples, Epstein provides a balanced and nuanced consideration of genetic influences on athletic performance. MIT Jonathan Rothberg is on the hunt for the genesthat code for mathematical prowess. BGI (formerly the Beijing Genomics Institute) inShenzhen, China, that is sequencing the genomes of 1,600 people identified asmathematically precocious children in the 1970s (see Nature 497, 297–299;2013). Root of maths genius sought Entrepreneur’s ‘Project Einstein’ taps 400 top academics fortheir DNA. · Erika Check Hayden 29October 2013 http://www.nature.com/news/root-of-maths-genius-sought-1.14050 Jonathan Rothberg is on the hunt forthe genes that code for mathematical prowess. MICHELLEMCLOUGHLIN/REUTERS/CORBIS He founded two genetic-sequencing companies and sold themfor hundreds of millions of dollars. He helped to sequence the genomes of aNeanderthal man and James Watson, who co-discovered DNA’s double helix. Now,entrepreneur Jonathan Rothberg has set his sights on another milestone: findingthe genes that underlie mathematical genius. Rothberg and physicist Max Tegmark, who is based at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, have enrolled about 400mathematicians and theoretical physicists from top-ranked US universities in astudy dubbed ‘Project Einstein’. They plan to sequence the participants’genomes using the Ion Torrent machine that Rothberg developed. The team will be wading into a field fraught withcontroversy. Critics have assailed similar projects, such as one at the BGI (formerlythe Beijing Genomics Institute) in Shenzhen, China, that is sequencing thegenomes of 1,600 people identified as mathematically precocious children in the1970s (see Nature 497, 297–299;2013 ). The critics say that the sizes of these studies are too smallto yield meaningful results for such complex traits. And some are concernedabout ethical issues. If the projects find genetic markers for maths ability,these could be used as a basis for the selective abortion of fetuses or inchoosing between embryos created through in vitro fertilization,says Curtis McMullen. A mathematician at Harvard University in Cambridge,Massachusetts, and a 1998 winner of the prestigious Fields Medal, McMullen wasasked to participate in Project Einstein and declined. Rothberg is pushing ahead. “I’m not at all concerned aboutthe critics,” he says, adding that he does not think such rare genetic traitscould be useful in selecting for smarter babies. Influenced by a college classhe took from a pioneer in artificial intelligence, and by the diagnosis of hisdaughter with tuberous sclerosis complex, a disease that can cause mentalretardation and autism, Rothberg has long been interested in cognition. He is alsoin awe of the abilities of famous scientists. “Einstein said ‘the mostincomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible’,” hesays. “I’d love to find the genes that make the Universe comprehensible.” There is precedent to the concept of sequencing extremeoutliers in a population in the hunt for influential genes. Scientists haveused the technique to sift for genes that influence medical conditions such ashigh blood pressure and bone loss. Some behavioural geneticists, such as RobertPlomin at King’s College London, who is involved with the BGI project, say thatthere is no reason that this same approach won’t work for maths ability. Asmuch as two-thirds of a child’s mathematical aptitude seems to be influenced bygenes ( Y. Kovas et al. Psychol. Sci. 24, 2048–2056;2013 ). Related stories · Ethics:Taboo genetics · Dangerouswork · Chineseproject probes the genetics of genius More related stories But other geneticists say that intelligence is so complex atrait, influenced by so many genes, that not even a sample of thousands ofpeople would yield sufficient statistical power to get at its genetic basis.They point to studies such as one published in May that examined the genomes ofmore than 125,000 people and found only three genetic markers with a smalleffect on how long an individual stays at school ( C. A.Rietveld et al. Science 340, 1467–1471;2013 ). Project Einstein “is unlikely to have any statistical power”,says geneticist Daniel MacArthur at Massachusetts General Hospital in Bostonwho, with colleagues, has amassed a pedigree of 13 million related peopleto try to tackle the heritability of complex traits (see Nature http://doi.org/ppj; 2013 ). Some participants in Project Einstein are intrigued by thechance to learn about their own genetic sequences, which will be shared withthem. “As a science-fiction fan, I like the idea of having my own genomesequenced,” says David Aldous, a mathematician at the University of California,Berkeley. “Maybe I’ll print a segment onto a T-shirt.” Others say they wouldn’t be surprised if the study foundthat maths aptitude was not born so much as made. “I feel that the notion of‘talent’ may be overrated,” says Michael Hutchings, a mathematician also atBerkeley. He adds that even if genetic markers are found, they could be usedfor good — not to pre-select for maths geniuses, but to help parents tounderstand the particular abilities of their children and give them the supportthey need. However, McMullen is concerned that the project is appealingto participants’ self-interest without disclosing enough information. “Ithought it was strange that it was called ‘Project Einstein’, which seemeddesigned to appeal to the participants’ egos,” he says. He asked the project’sstaff and the New England Institutional Review Board, which approved the study,to explain how results would be used. “The uniform answer to my questions wasthat ‘we are not responsible for how the information is used after the study iscompleted’,” he says. The Rothberg Institute for Childhood Diseases, Rothberg’sprivate foundation based in Guilford, Connecticut, is the study’s sponsor. ButRothberg won’t say who is funding the project, which other geneticists estimatewill cost at least US$1 million. Some speculate that Rothberg is fundingit himself. In 2001, Fortune estimated his net worth to be$168 million, and that was before he sold the sequencing companies hefounded — 454 Life Sciences and Ion Torrent, both based in Connecticut — for acombined total of $880 million. Rothberg is adamant that the project is well worth the timeand the money, whoever is paying for it. “This study may not work at all,” hesays — before adding, quickly, that it “is not a crazy thing to do”. For amultimillionaire with time on his hands, that seems to be justification enough. Nature 502, 602–603 (31 October 2013) doi:10.1038/502602a
“我国将遴选百名具冲击诺贝尔奖潜力人才 “ (入选者被寄予厚望 —— 或冲击诺贝尔奖,或领军国家科技和产业发展,或推动哲学社会科学繁荣发展,或专注于课堂教学 ……) ( 作者:盛若蔚 来源:人民日报 ) I am so tired to say something about this topic. So, Ionly copy one sentence of this paper here and stick one my picture here. Best wish and see you all soon! Richard Qian,
捐资办学校是件好事。我们再来看看美国一些人如何把好事做绝。 前文 评论中有人惊叹Andover 的两平方公里的校园面积,我回复说这不算是最大的。 Hotchkiss School 600学生,有3平方公里的校园。校园比这更大的私立高中还有。美国夏威夷的私立学校 Kamehameha Schools 有几个校园,在2011-12 有从学前到高中的学生6千多人。 该校拥有 1480 平方公里的土地,可能是全球教育机构中最大的地主。 这所 学校也是美国私立学校的首富。2011年6月时的endowment是 90亿6千万美元 ,其土地估值占25%。第二最富有的私立学校是创办美国巧克力公司的 Milton S. Hershey 与他妻子成立的Milton Hershey School,该校在宾州,拥有 78 亿美元 endowment , 两千左右学生, 10 平方公里的校园 )。这两所学校的endowment都超过许多美国名牌大学(包括几所常青藤学校),仅次于六、七所全美最富有的大学。由于未去过这两所学校,就不详细介绍了。下面看看endowment在美国私立学校排第三的 Phillips Exeter Academy 。 2. Phillips Exeter Academy (简称 Exeter) Exeter 和 上文介绍的 Phillips Academy Andover 有渊源,所以两校共享了名字。1778年 Samuel Phillips Jr. 在他父亲和叔叔(John Phillips,商人和银行家)的帮助下,在麻省Andover办起了 Phillips Academy Andover 。三年后的1781年, 他叔叔JohnPhillips又在新罕布什尔州的 Exeter 办起了Phillips Exeter Academy。由于这层创办人的亲戚关系,这两所学校在很多统计数据上(basic facts/data of the schools)都非常相近,互相较劲,并在体育比赛上是美国私立中学中的一对死对头。 两校之间自1878年以来几乎每年进行足球比赛,在美国高中里是历史最长的。 Exeter 现有1082个学生,210个老师(Doctor40, Master 128),师生比5:1.课堂班级人数12人。 2013 年6月底账面的endowment为 10亿8千万美元 。在2013-14学年,1千8百40万美元用于为其 47% 的学生提供need-based(依据家庭经济状况,而不是学生成绩)助学金。 在知名校友中,眼下当数Facebook的创办人,高富帅少年英雄 马克·扎克伯格( Mark Zuckerberg )最有名。但 Exeter 传统上不是出这号人的。 Exeter 是首创 椭 圆桌教学法(Harkness Teaching)的学校。1930年石油大亨 Edward Harkness 写信给学校校长提出他想捐赠的一笔巨款怎样能够帮助改进教学,他写道: What I have in mind is a classroom where students could sit around a table with a teacher who would talk with them and instruct them by a sort of tutorial or conference method, where each student would feel encouraged to speak up. This would be a real revolution in methods. (照片来自网络, 非原创) 1930 年底,Edward Harkness捐给Exeter五百八十万美元实现了现在称之为Harkness方法的椭圆 桌教学法,即为了增加师生互动,鼓励学生相互讨论,不超过12人的学生与老师象开会一样围绕 椭圆 桌而坐着。这种方法被美国许多私立高中和高校采用。这很可能也是许多私立高中的课堂学生数是12或13的原因。这个桌子被称为 Harkness Table 。Exeter很为此首创的,在美国教育系统产生影响的 教学法而骄傲。这也是一个石油大亨对教育的贡献。 ( 下篇介绍华裔建筑师贝聿铭两次为其设计校园建筑的美国唯一一所拥有贝聿铭作品的私立高中 )。
也许很多人对的我观点有所保留,但这是我多年来的体会。穷人家的孩子是可以拿下高考高分,但高考只是一个人求知的开始,而不是结束。到了大学你要努力准备各种考试,如果想在学术领域继续发展最好的办法就是出国到美国的好大学,因为国内的名师太少,国内的明校太少,10个清华也赶不上一个哈佛或者麻省理工。清华在国际学术界能称得上的大师有几个啊,哈佛或者MIT至少有几百个吧,人家诺贝尔奖得主就50多,院士将近200,那可不是跟风院士,诺贝尔奖我们一个没有,这就是10个清华不如一个哈佛或MIT的理由。高校之名靠的是名家,就是古人说的山不在高有仙则名,水不在深有龙则灵,建一堆的高楼美厦没有大师坐镇还是死的。 但说到出国,里面的道道就多了,穷人家的孩子父母不懂,一不能为他们创造条件,二不能给予指导。比如我见过一个大学老师家的孩子,父母帮着刷瓶子做实验,孩子高中开始发文章,父母帮着报各种社会实践活动,有英国的,美国的,中国的,这些东西不仅需要钱,更需要父母的知识,于是当这些孩子申请出国的时候,简历非常漂亮,感觉就是神童。要个人能力有,组织了什么什么活动,要学术能力,发表了什么什么文章,参加了什么什么会议,做了什么什么演讲,如果你是农民家的孩子你拿啥跟人家竞争,那可不是你在图书馆奋发读书能补上的差距。现在90年代末2000年初海归那批子女都到了上大学的年纪,他们很多人从小受父母熏陶,如果这批人愿意搞科研,那农民家庭出来的孩子是根本没资格和他们相比的,他们每年都出国参加夏令营,英语比我在这呆了7,8年的人说得都好。 还有出国要写推荐信,这些孩子父母都在学术界,很多人由于同行或参加会议的缘故都认识美国明校的老师,他们自己出于避嫌肯定不会写推荐信,但找个关系好的同事,写个非常完美的推荐信,你一个农村来的孩子拿啥跟人家竞争啊。美国的学校申请,个人关系非常重要,他们不像我们那么看中分数,他们看中个人综合能力,但中国孩子的个人综合实际也是父母的综合能力,父母的能力不行孩子的简历就要缩水。美国的孩子父母引导,具体做成什么样,全看孩子自己,但中国的孩子有多少全靠自己,全靠爹,网上不是经常有我爸是谁谁的叫嚣吗。 三是出国留学要选方向,选导师,农村的孩子自己很少能有那么远见的选择,你毕竟只是一个学生,从见识跟别人的海归父母根本不在一个档次上。是,你可以经常打听,可以经常上网,但道听途说的东西你有多少可信啊。比如现在华裔牛人如庄小威,父母都是科大的教授,谢晓亮父母是北大教授,你的父母是谁呢。 这些所有因素不能说明农村出来的,或农民家庭出来的一定不行,但概率太低,几十万人里也出不了几个,个人运气也非常重要。头一阵搜狐有个关于父亲的视频,大意是一个石油大学的毕业生挣得不如当农民工的爸爸多,然后他的父亲每天还写日记讲孩子如何如何能成才,要励志立志等等,时不我予啊,在这个社会过渡的时代,农民的日子真不好过。上学没竞争力,工作靠关系,买房买不起,10几年前我也是北京蚁族大军中的一个,每天住在3平方米的蜗居,对此更深有感触。 看看下面这封推荐信你就明白为什么一些人靠推荐信就可以上明校,拿这这封推荐信再加上老板的地位啥学校啥实验室都能申请到。 Half a century ago, highly talented Chinese Americans with an interest in biomedical research would go to Europe to get training. In the 1960s this trend completely reversed itself and no other United States university profits more from this reverse stream than XX. Our graduate program attracts the very best students from China and XXX is a case in point.XXX was raised in a wonderfully loving Chinese family and received his undergraduate education at the University of XX, where he published several high profile papers as a student. He received support from the Chinse Natural foudation. Halfway during his training at XX he ventured across the ocean to get instruction in my lab. This was 1999 and XX made a strong impression on us. We apparently also impressed him, because he enrolled in our program a few years later. When XX joined my lab in September 2002, he did so on the condition that I would make sure he would get his Ph.D. fast. He was clearly in a hurry, rather typical of him. This was a promise I could easily make because I was by then familiar with XX’s exceptional experimental talent. I knew XX to be extremely committed, deeply serious about biology and endowed with an experimental pace that few people can match. And indeed, despite formidable setbacks, XX defended his hefty thesis four and a half years later, close to a record for students in my lab. In his doctoral thesis,XX, largely working alone, determined how a protein called HIV— not a name I chose — protects the ends of our TT. And when all is said and done, he’ll have four firstauthor papers, including a landmark paper in Cell , and several others from my lab. Rumor has it that until his third year,XX never had a decent meal, simply foraging on the leftovers of his roommates for lack of time between his experiments. Although XX may not have had a decent meal the first few years, I’m fairly sure that those leftovers were washed down with a decent amount of beer. I must admit, I’m a bit relieved that XX is graduating — not that I ever worried about a positive outcome; that was a given — but his graduation means that I will have a little bit more time to relax. XX expected me to keep up with his extraordinary pace, asking me to come in on weekend mornings to analyze his new data. And at more than one meeting in my office, he overwhelmed me with so much new information that I had to work hard to keep up with his conclusions and insights. XX essentially ran his own research project and all I could do was run after him. This fast moving set of hands, this strong will, this highly focused scientific mind will now leave us to go to the MIT. There he will join the lab of Michael to work on Hot spot. It is my prediction that that field will soon find out that a major force has joined them. I will miss XX, because there are few scientists of his caliber, and I will also miss him — as will other people in my lab — as a warm and generous friend.
(全文发表于《中华医院管理杂志》2011年第1期,发刊版与本文略有不同) 社区卫生管理人才岗位胜任能力研究 蔡雨阳 李际 杨薇 鲍勇 蔡仁华 【摘要】 目的 通过对上海社区卫生服务中心管理人员的调研, 探讨社区卫生一般管理人才的岗位胜任能力。 方法 ,以麦克利兰胜任力特征辞典为理论框架,设置 2 个基准岗位,采用行为事件访谈法和问卷调查法调研上海市 19 家社区卫生服务中心。 结果 以医务科长为基准岗位的胜任能力模型包括 6 个特征族、 11 个特征项、 27 个评价角度与 27 个典型行为描述,以社区团队长为基准岗位的胜任能力模型包括 5 个特征族、 8 个特征项、 21 个评价角度和 21 个典型行为描述。 结论 研究成果可为社区卫生管理人才的能力评估提供较客观的标准,也可以在制定社区卫生管理人才培养方案时起到借鉴作用。 【关键词】 社区卫生,管理人才,胜任能力 【中图分类号】 R197.1 A Pilot Study on Managerial Talent’s Competency Model ofCommunity Health Service CAI Yu-yang*, , Ii Ji ,YANG Wei, et al. * School of Public Health,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai,200025,China 【 Abstract 】 Objective To explore themanagerial talent’s competency of community health service and optimize healthhuman resource in Shanghai. Methods Based on McClelland’sCompetency Dictionary, two benchmark positions were extracted from 227 CommunityHealth Service Centers in shanghai ;Questionnaire Survey and Behavioral EventInterviewing were condcuted in 19 Community Health Service Centers in shanghai forseeking the typical competency data. Results There were two kinds of managerial talent’s competency model of communityhealth service generalized by statisticalanalysis, one was designed with the benchmark job ‘head of mdeical branch’,which included 6 character clusters, 11 characteristic items, 27 evaluation dimensionsand 27 typical behavior descriptions, the other was designed with the benchmarkjob ‘Team Leader’,which included 5 character clusters, 8 characteristic items, 21evaluation dimensions and 21 typical behavior descriptions in the employmentmodel. Conclusion The genernalcharacter items emerged by combining of similar terms in two sub-models of managerialtalent’s competency of community health service, which included 5 characterclusters and 8 characteristic items. This resarch provides one kind of the acceptedsystem for the managerial talent’s selection, evaluation and training in the communityhealth service. Key Words: Community health service; Managerial talent; Competency 由于体制和历史原因,社区卫生管理人才的供应渠道以技术人才为主。实践中,“医而优则仕”的职业生涯通道导致了优秀的医疗技术人才被提拔到管理岗位后,既难于成为优秀的管理人员,又影响了在临床和社区服务等方面做出持续贡献。传统的城市街道医院(一级医院)改造为社区卫生服务中心后,突出了对于预防、保健和社区服务的职能,这种基层服务组织形式对社区卫生管理人员提出了新的要求 。 本研究借助现代人力资源管理理论中的胜任能力理论,探索建立一套相对科学、客观、公正的聘任、评价和培训社区卫生管理人才的岗位胜任能力标准 ,推进上海社区卫生管理人才建设和提升社区卫生服务水平。 1 对象与方法 1.1 研究对象 研究对象为上海市社区卫生服务中心的管理人员。考察上海市的社区卫生服务中心227家,调研社区卫生服务中心的岗位设置与岗位职能。。以上海市中心城区的虹口区作为中心点,选择了19家社区卫生服务中心作为样本。其中,中心城区、次中心城区、城郊结合部三类地区的样本数分别为8家、7家和4家。 1.2 理论框架 胜任能力(Competency)是由哈佛大学的麦克利兰 (David C. McClelland) 教授提出的概念。他发现个体的态度、价值观和自我形象,动机和特质等潜在的深层次特征,能够比知识和智力更好地预测一个人在某一工作(或组织、文化)中的表现,这些特征被称作胜任能力 。评价胜任能力,即是去发掘那些能够真正影响工作绩效的个人条件和行为特征。这些行为特征能实质性的提高组织效率和促进个人事业成功。 麦克利兰和他的研究小组根据对26个国家200多人在工作中的行为及其结果的观察,结合行为事件访谈所得到的信息,建立了286项胜任特征模型数据库,其中包括一般组织中的技术岗位、管理岗位、决策岗位等的胜任力特征项。数据库记录了大约760种行为特征,其中与360种行为特征相关的21项胜任特征要素能够解释每个领域工作中80%-98%比例的行为及其结果。其余400种行为特征只描述较少提到的特征项。因此,这360种行为特征作为典型行为描述与作为特征项的21项胜任特征要素构成了胜任力辞典 。 1.3 岗位设计 在研究中应用了“基准岗位”的概念,所谓基准岗位是指其他岗位能与其比较而确定相对价值的一些岗位 。考虑到社区卫生服务中心的管理扁平化和一人多岗等情况,各管理岗位的职能和工作任务常有交叉,故无需设计过多的基准岗位。在实际设计中,将胜任能力分为通用能力和基本能力二个层次,通用能力层次以医务科长为基准岗位,描述其特征项与所应具有的典型行为;基本能力层次以社区团队长为基准岗位,描述其特征项与所应具有的典型行为。 1.5 调研方法 根据麦克利兰的胜任力特征辞典(Competency Dictionary),设计“上海市社区卫生管理人才岗位胜任力特征量表”和访谈提纲 。采用行为事件访谈法,访谈上海社区卫生服务中心主任和上级管理者,保证每位专家访谈时间均在1小时以上;采用问卷调研法调研上海市19家社区卫生服务中心各岗位职能的工作人员,保证被调研人员覆盖社区卫生服务的各岗位职能。 1.6 统计学分析 本研究采用epidata作为数据输入工具,SPSS11.0作为数据分析工具,Microsoft Excel 2000作为数据展示工具。 本研究的统计分析将秉承以下标准: (1)访谈记录的频度分析:将访谈记录编码后,提炼访谈纪要中的频度,并进行归类,分析出现关键词。经过进一步分析和归类,将形成了若干项关键性的要素,这些胜任能力要素的频度将是具有代表性的。 (2)调查问卷的信度分析:采用SPSS11.0的一致性检验(group)功能检查数据是否差别明显。将问卷随机编号后分成两组,单双号问卷各为一组,以是否≥0.5作为标准进行了特征项与等级值选择的一致性检查。 (3)调查问卷的频度统计:对于一致性检验结果超过0.5的候选特征项进行统计,计算了各特征项与所有被选等级值的出现频度,以此确定被调查者选择的优先性,并作为建立框架、体系与标准的依据。 (4)模型结构的选择标准:对于入选特征项的等级值的建模选择的标准建立在各个被选等级值的分布集中性的分析基础上,并以麦克利兰的胜任能力特征辞典中对应特征项的该等级值的典型行为描述为准,建立本研究中对应特征项的典型行为描述。在同一入选特征项中,如果出现多个具有同样最高频度的等级值,本着先进性原则,采纳较高的等级值。 经过该标准筛选的 基本要素,特征族,特征项及典型行为描述将出现在研究结果中。 2 结果 2.1 调研对象基本情况 调研过程中,共访谈了上海社区卫生服务中心主任和上级管理者共14位专家,每位专家访谈时间均在1小时以上,共整理访谈笔记近5万字。每份访谈记录的平均字数分别为3573字,平均时间为3812秒,数据符合方差齐性假设。调查问卷共发放250份,回收184份,回收率为73.6%,所有回收问卷均为有效问卷。 被参与问卷调查的人员中所涉及部门包括办公室、全科医学部、公共卫生部(预防保健科)、康复医学部、中医科、病房、药房、全科医学保障部,涉及岗位包括中心主任、党支部书记、副主任、办公室主任、院长助理、财务科长、人事科副科长、信息科长、助理会计师、医务科长、护士长、防保科长、门诊办主任、医生社区团队长、医生、检验师、护士,涉及职称包括副主任医师、主治医师、住院医师、检验师、护师、护士、实习医生,涉及学历包括本科、大专、中专,涉及工作年限从2个月到36年不等。 调研中,在编在岗社区卫生人员年龄≥45岁者占60.6%,3O~44岁者占19.2%;;5年内退休者占30.1% ;编制外聘用人员占在岗医务人员的11.3%;本科以上学历为8.2%;副高及以上技术职称者占1.1%,客观反映了上海市社区卫生服务中心的人力资源水平。 图1 回收有效答卷的被调查者学历层次分布 图2 回收有效答卷的被调查者职称层次分布 2.2 胜任能力模型构建 按本文1.6小节论述的统计规范,结合麦克利兰的胜任能力特征辞典,建立了社区卫生管理人才 胜任能力模型的 框架,包括特征族、频度检查确定的入选特征、频度检查确定的入选等级值对应的典型行为描述 。 本研究对于访谈信息进行了信度分析,编码信度系数值从0.654到0.839,总体编码信度系数0.812。计算两名编码者对被试编码频次的斯皮尔曼相关系数显示,在频次上只有2项相关性不显著.表明两名编码者编码一致性较高。本研究对于访谈信息进行了编码和频度分析,归类一致性的值从0.512到 0.73,总归类一致性0.714。胜任力要素频度经进一步归类后,形成了6项关键性的要素。这些要素在总频次之间的差异无显著统计学意义(t=1.927,P=0.061)。这表明,胜任力要素的频度是具有代表性的。 对于问卷信息进行频度分析,对于一致性检验结果超过0.5的候选特征项进行了统计,计算了各特征项与所有被选等级值的出现频度,以此确定被调查者选择的优先性,并作为建立胜任能力模型实证依据。对于特征项的建模选择的标准是参照统计学的常规标准。常规的统计学界定标准有75%、67%和50%三种选择,有鉴于本研究是一个探索性研究,应该考虑并接受适当扩大比例的假阳性率,所以采纳67%作为界定该特征项是否入选的标准。 根据访谈信息和问卷调研信息的一致性检查和频度检查结果,获得“社区卫生管理人才胜任能力通用模型”和“社区卫生管理人才基本胜任能力模型”2种胜任能力模型。 “社区卫生管理人才胜任能力通用模型” 是 以选聘医务科长为标准,包括6个特征族、11个特征项、27个评价角度与27个典型行为描述。 表1 社区卫生管理人才胜任能力通用模型 “社区管理人才胜任能力基本模型” 是以选聘社区团队长为标准,将特征项与所应具有的典型行为描述出来,其包括5个特征族、8个特征项、21个评价角度和21个典型行为描述。 表2 社区卫生管理人才胜任能力基本模型 3 讨论 “社区卫生管理人才胜任能力通用模型” 是 以选聘医务科长为标准,抽取其特征项与所应具有的典型行为,包括6个特征族、11个特征项、27个评价角度与27个典型行为描述。作为社区卫生通用管理能力标准,其胜任力特征项覆盖较为全面,适当强调了工作中人际交流(特别是病患)的影响能力和调整能力,突出了日常工作中与他人(特别是病患)直接接触的岗位特征。符合本标准的中级管理人才,不仅仅可以胜任中心的中层岗位,也可以胜任中心内一般的高级岗位 “社区管理人才胜任能力基本模型” 是以选聘社区团队长为标准,提炼其特征项与所应具有的典型行为,包括5个特征族、8个特征项、21个评价角度和21个典型行为描述。作为一般 管理人才的基本评价标准, 其胜任力特征项覆盖较为简单,突出了基本的胜任能力要求。 符合本标准的中初级人才,可担任中心内一般的中级岗位或重要的初级岗位。 综合“社区卫生管理人才胜任能力通用模型”与“社区管理人才胜任能力基本模型”, 可以得到 社区卫生管理人才岗位胜任能力的通用特征项,包括5个特征族、8个特征项。这些通用特征项体现了社区卫生管理人才岗位胜任能力的共性。因此,作为社区卫生管理人才,必须在工作态度(成就导向、主动性、自信)、人际交往(人际理解力沟通、病患服务导向、团队合作、团队领导)、专业知识(技术/职业/管理知识)等方面具有相应的胜任能力。 表3 通用特征项 作为社区卫生服务者管理能力的参考标准,本研究成果是建立在经典的麦克利兰胜任能力框架体系之上,并根据上海市的社区卫生管理人才情况进行分析和提炼, 经过专家评议和同行讨论,认为模型的 其胜任力特征项覆盖较为全面、客观、详细,操作性强,具有科学、公正和客观的特点。该岗位胜任能力模型可为社区卫生管理人才的能力评估提供较客观的评价标准,也可以为制定社区卫生管理人才培养方案时起到借鉴作用。 参 考 文 献 秦美娇,张青.张冬兰. 上海市社区卫生人力资源配置对医疗服务的影响 .中国卫生资源.2005,(6):258-259 李峰,方素珍,李琪等.卫生机构管理者岗位胜任力研究 .中华医院管理杂志,2006,10(2):666~669 张愈,董燕敏,方素珍等.社区卫生服务中心主任胜任力研究 .中华医院管理杂志,2006,22(10):673-675 McClelland David C..Testing for competency rather than intelligence . American Psychologist,1973,(28): 1-14 Spencer, L. M.,Spencer,S. M. Competence at Work . New York:John Wiley,1993 姚若松.点分法岗位评价指导薪酬管理公平性的探索 . 湘潭大学学报( 哲学社会科学版) . 2005,(3):82-85 蔡雨阳,李际,张君闻.上海市社区卫生服务中心的管理人才胜任力模型研究.上海预防医学,2008,Vol.20 Suppl:S110 基金项目:上海市教委重点科研项目( 07ZS44 );上海市教委优青科研专项基金( 18011 );上海交通大学医学院人文社科项目( 2007 ) 作者单位: 200025 ,上海,上海交通大学公共卫生学院(蔡仁华,鲍勇, 蔡雨阳 ); 100049 ,北京, 中国科学院研究 生院(李际), 200235 ,上海,上海生物信息技术研究中心(杨薇) 通讯作者:李际
数学界的同志都知道 Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich 的大名,他几乎囊括了数学界的所有的大奖: awards EMS Prize (1992) Henri Poincaré Prize (1997) Fields Medal (1998) Crafoord Prize (2008) Shaw Prize (2012) Fundamental Physics Prize (2012) 然而,今天无意中看了他的简历,发现他发表的论文并不多,大约50几篇,其中会议等方面的论文约占三分之一还多,而且发表期刊的级别并不是非常高(有两篇Invent. Mathematics)。当然Perelman也有类似的情况。 我很纳闷,在数学界数学分支那么多,搞数学的很多,怎么就知道 Kontsevich 的学术水平高,难道评委每篇论文都去看?或者评奖委员会去听同行的意见?为什么选出来的人选大家都很服(指大多数)? Kontsevich发表的论文目录: 52 - -- Symplectic geometry of homological algebra - pictures 51 - - Generalized Tian-Todorov theorems , talk on Kinosaki conference 2008 50 - Holonomic D-modules and positive characteristic , Japan. J. Math. 4, 1-25 (2009). 49 - Stability structures, motivic Donaldson-Thomas invariants and cluster transformations (with Y. Soibelman), 48 - Hodge theoretic aspects of mirror symmetry (with L. Katzarkov and T. Pantev), Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics vol. 78 (2008), From Hodge theory to integrability and TQFT: tt*-geometry, eds. Ron Y. Donagi and Katrin Wendland, 87-174, 47 - XI Solomon Lefschetz Memorial Lecture Series : Hodge structures in non-commutative geometry.(Notes by Ernesto Lupercio), Contemp. Math. vol. 462 (2008), 1-21, e-print 0801.4760. 46 - Motivic Donaldson-Thomas invariants , talk on Arbeitstagung 2007 45 - Notes on motives in finite characteristic , to appear in Manin's Festschrift ed. Yu. Zarkhin and Yu. Tschinkel, 44 - On Malliavin measures, SLE and CFT (with Yu. Suhov), Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, vol. 258 (2007), pages 100-146 43 - Notes on A-infinity algebras, A-infinity categories and non-commutative geometry . I (with Y. Soibelman), in Homological Mirror Symmetry: New Deevelopments and Perspectives (A.Kapustin et al. (Eds.)), Lect. Notes in Physics 757 (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2009) 153-219. 42 - Integrality of instanton numbers and p-adic B-model (with A.Schwarz and V.Vologodsky),Phys. Lett. B637 (2006), 97-101. 41 - Hochschild and Harrison cohomology of complete intersections, Appendix to Quantization on Curves by Chris Fronsdal, Lett. Math. Physics. 79(2007), no.2,124--129. e-print math-ph/0507021. 40 - Automorphisms of the Weyl algebra (with A. Belov-Kanel), Lett. Math. Phys., vol.74(2005), No. 2, 181-199. 39 - The Jacobian Conjecture is stably equivalent to the Dixmier Conjecture (with A. Belov-Kanel), Moscow Mathematical Journal, 7 (2007), no.2, 209-218. 38 - Symmetries of WDVV equations (with Y.Chen and A.Schwarz), Nucl. Phys. B730 (2005), 352-363. 37 - Affine structures and non-archimedean analytic spaces (with Y. Soibelman), in The Unity of Mathematics in honor of the 90-th anniversary of I.M.Gelfand, Progress in Mathematics Volume 244, Birkhauser, 2005, 312-385. 36 - CFT, SLE and phase boundaries , talk on Arbeitstagung 2003, 35 - Connected components of the moduli spaces of Abelian differentials with prescribed singularities (with A.Zorich), Invent. Math. 153 (2003), 631-678. 34 - Deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds , Lett. Math. Phys. 66 (2003), 157-216. 33 - Deformation quantization of algebraic varieties, Lett. Math. Physics. 56 (2001), 271-294. 32 - Homological mirror symmetry and torus fibrations (with Y.Soibelman), in Symplectic Geometry and Mirror Symmetry, Proceedings of 4th KIAS conference, Eds. K.Fukaya, Y.-G.Oh, K.Ono and G.Tian, World Scientific, 2001. 31 - Periods (with D.Zagier) , in Mathematics Unlimited, Year 2001 and Beyond, Eds. B.Engquist and W.Scmidt, Springer, 2001. 30 - The 1+1/2 logarithm, Appendix to On Poly(ana)logs I by Philippe Elbaz-Vincent, Herbert Gangl, Comp. Mth. 130 (2002), 211-214. e-print math.KT/0008089. 29 - Deformations of algebras over operads and Deligne's conjecture (with Y.Soibelman), in Conference Moshe Flato 1999, Quantization, Deformations, and Symmetries, vol. I, Ed. G. Dito and D. Sternheimer, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 255-307, e-print math.QA/0001151. 28 - Noncommutative smooth spaces (with A.Rosenberg), in The Gelfand Gelfand Seminars 1996-1999, ed. I.M.Gelfand, V.S.Retakh, Birkhauser 2000, 85-108. 27 - Operads and Motives in Deformation Quantization, Lett. Math. Phys. 48 (1999), 35-72, e-print math.QA/9904055. 26 - Rozansky-Witten classes via formal geometry , Compositio Mathematica, 115 (1999), 115-127. 25 - Statistics of Klein polyhedra and multidimensional continued fractions (with Yu.Suhov), in collection Pseudoperiodic topology, ed. V.Arnold, M.Kontsevich, A.Zorich. Amer. Math.Soc. Transl., Ser.2, vol. 197 (1999), 9-28. 24 - Frobenius Manifolds and Formality of Lie Algebras of Polyvector Fields , (with S.Barannikov), Int. Math. Res. 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我国知识产权运作和服务是新兴行业,中高端人才奇缺乏!并购和商业交易领域的知识产权顾问,将是未来在华跨国企业、外资和中资的发明投资公司与专利运营公司招揽人才的持续热点,大家可多加关注。 知识产权运营顾问,将是未来 IP 职业的持续热点 来源:智财黑马 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_608e169a0101jyc0.html (2013-07-18 08:41:09) 【原题】跨国公司招聘 “IP 运营顾问 ” ,推荐给你! 美国著名化学公司招聘 IP Commercial Counse ( IP 运营顾问),下面是来自 Linkedin 友人的站内讯息,推荐给你。 Subject : IP Commercial Counsel Good Morning Cyfer, I head up our legal search practice at our firm. I specifically place in-house counsels for US and European clients. I am currently searching for a IP counsel with MA and commercial transaction experience with multinational experience to be based in Shanghai China . You were recommended as someone I should speak to. My client is a US Global Chemical company. Are you aware of anyone we should be speaking with in regards to this opportunity? As well would you be open to a call this week to discuss. Best Regards,
价值不在技术和产品里 — 和吴飞鹏 蒋继平 2012 年 9 月 7 日 刚刚读到吴飞鹏老师的 ( 1 )一文,觉得很好。 他在文章中说:“技术的核心却不在这里面,是一些不在文字上的东西,那是一种经验化或者是细胞化后流淌在科研人员血液里的成分,是不可用几个文字简单描述出来的。所以一项真正有价值的技术不是一张纸,一个配方,而是在于人,人与技术是分不开的,那技术离不开这个人。”这段话在我心中激起一阵共鸣, 也使我情不自禁地想起自己以往人生中一段难以忘却的经历。 1999 年初, 出于两个重要原因, 我决定离开任职的公司到另一个具有竞争性质的公司做事。 当我向公司提出正式辞职通知后, 立即受到公司科研主管的召见。 他把我叫到他的办公室, 详细地询问我辞职的原因。 当我告许他第一个原因是公司目前的管理体制不利于公司的利益和长远的发展, 因而,我对公司的前途失去了希望; 第二个原因是个别同事对我的表现很妒嫉, 已经很明显地给我制造麻烦。 因而,我不想在一个具有不友好的环境气围下从事科研和生活。 而且这对双方都没有好处。 那位主管听了后, 立即向我保证他将尽力将那位同事摆平, 让我可以安心研究。 他让我回去好好想想, 给他一个星期时间, 下星期的同样时间再到他的办公室来继续谈论辞职的事。 另外, 他告许我, 只要我愿意留下来,工资待遇一定不会低于我要去的公司, 在 这点上他有绝对决定权。 一个星期后, 我如约来到他的办公室, 很坦率地告许他我去意已决, 没有商量的余地。 大老板听了后很是震动。 他仍然千方百计地想说服我, 并将他的私人秘书也叫来一起劝说。 万般无奈下, 我对他说:“ Although you have the absolute power to raise my salary and benefits, and improve my work environmental condition, you cannot change the management system currently in practice. The company goes wrong way and I lose my confidence to it. Anyway, you should not worry about my departure. I won’t bring any technology and seed products with me. Therefore, my departure won’t hurt the company ( 尽管你有绝对权力提升我的工资和福利,并可以改善我的工作环境,但是, 您没有能力改变现行的管理体制, 公司正朝着错误的道路上走, 我对此已经失去信心。再说, 您用不着担心我的离开。 我不会带走任何技术和种子产品。 因而,我的离开不会给公司带来任何伤害)。” 我话音刚落, 他就接着说:“ I know you won’t bring anything with you. However, you surely will bring your head with you. That is the most valuable asset to me, to the company, and to the world. That is the most worry about thing I have. It will hurt this company in the future when you work for a competitor ( 我知道你不会带走任何东西。 不过,你肯定会带走你的大脑。这对我, 对这个公司, 对世界来说是最有价值的东西。 这才是我最担心的地方。 你在将来为竞争者工作必定会伤及本公司的利益)。” 他的这段话的意思是,在科研领域, 最有价值的东西是人, 而不是技术和产品。 当然, 我们的对话很长。 但是, 最后我还是离开了。 那位主管为什么会对我如此怜爱 ? 这里只举一个小小的例子。 一个名牌大学的一个科研团队包含教授, 博士后和研究生花了五年时间, 用了五百万美元的科研经费, 做一个紧迫的科研项目, 没有成功。 我一个人只用六个月时间,花了不到五万美元的经费就把这个课题完成了。 写到这里, 我觉得国家的人才计划还是很英明的。 只不过在具体的执行过程中出了一些问题。 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-51814-610003.html
中国通 过出入境管理法 新增 “ 人才引 进 ” 签 证 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2012/7/266352.shtm ps. I used to apply for Chinese visa every year. Now, I can get 2-year visa, but two years goes by so quickly.
Growing Need for Agriculture Experts ISSUES RELATED TO THE SAFETY AND SECURITY of our food supply top the news on a regular basis . Yet the news media con- tinue to undermine the entry of students into the study of agriculture (3, 4). Statistical data from the U.S. Department of Labor (5) and U.S. Department of Agricul- ture (6) indicate an expected growth in most agriculture-related fields, including inspectors, scientists, and veterinarians (兽医) . The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that over the next fi ve years, there will be a 5% increase in the need for graduates in these disciplines, but a 10% decline in the number of students choos- ing these important programs as their career path (7). This means a shortfall of qualifi ed workers in the areas where we need them most —horticulture, animal husbandry, food science, and climate change or environmental analysis. There are also growing opportuni- ties in industries with activities linked to agri- culture, such as transporting food, specialty processing (e.g., coffee brewing), address- ing dietetic concerns, protecting animal wel- fare, and producing pet foods . The Bureau of Labor Statistics also suggests an 8% increase in the need for qualified, well-educated agri- culture managers to keep pace with quickly advancing technological methods of farming across the United States and abroad, along with changes in regulations at all government levels (7). The bottom line: Agriculture isn ’t dead. In fact, no other industry feeds the world ’s popu- lation, which could hit 9 billion by 2050 (8). The need for graduates in agriculture, hor- ticulture, and animal science programs will be critical to fi nding ways of safely doubling food production in order to meet the demand of a growing population. 1 JEFFREY VOLENEC, 2 KENNETH BARBARICK, 3 GARY PIERZYNSKI, 4 ELLEN BERGFELD * 1 Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafay- ette, IN 47907 –2054, USA. 2 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. 3 Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. 4 Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societ- ies, Madison, WI 53711, USA. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ebergfeld@sciencesocieties.org
从小咱中国的父母就要求孩子们“听话,不听话打屁股”,长期下去,孩子们就把“听话”当成了圣旨。小孩子们好奇心重,问“爸爸,苹果为什么要往地上落呀?”老实巴交的爸爸会说“苹果不掉地下,还能掉到天上啊,哪来这么多为什么,没事自己玩去吧。”牛顿看到苹果落地想探明究竟,受好奇心的驱使,发现了万有引力定律;咱中国人看到苹果落地,觉得那是天上掉下的馅饼,用水洗也觉得费事,用手搓搓灰尘,立马吃进肚子里了。 从小,我们的孩子不自觉被培养成了听话的绵羊,好奇心和质疑能力等被磨掉了不少。 从小学、中学乃至大学,学生学习的目的基本上是为了应付考试,老师教什么,学生就学什么,学生从不怀疑老师讲的对还是不对,从不怀疑教科书的正确性与局限性。每次考试题都有标准答案,答案对不对看看标准答案就行了。我想如果我们的考题没有标准答案就好了,出题灵活一些,答案有多样性,看哪个学生的答案有创意不就 ok 了。如果哪一天大部分考题没有标准答案了,说明应试教育改革了,学生的创新能力就逐步培养出来了。我们的应试教育改革刻不容缓,若旧习不改,则只能培养出国际奥数竞赛得第一的考试人才,培养不出创新人才,培养不出自己的学术大师,培养不出诺奖得主。为何许多国外培养的华裔科学家能得到诺奖,而占世界人口约 1/5 的土生土长的中国人至今未获此殊荣,难道不值得我国教育工作者的深思吗? 实际上,许多科研难题的突破方法都没有标准答案,如有了标准答案,科研人员都该下岗了。 到了研究生阶段,知识面过窄,缺乏质疑能力,听学术报告提不出尖锐的问题,甚至没有问题可提,已成为研究生们的通病。我曾经给一位研究生说,把这篇斜坡稳定性分析方法的文献看看存在什么问题,结果该生看了几天,说人家的研究引入了极限分析理论,经实例验证表明与其它方法的计算结果相近,没看出什么问题。我说,首先,他的计算方法假设坡体为刚塑性性质,而实际上坡体假定为弹塑性性质较合理;再者,如果他的方法更实用,怎么能用旧方法证明他的新方法正确呢?既然旧方法和新方法得到的结果差不多,还需要新方法吗?这说明他的方法存在缺陷,新方法之所以新,至少应该证明旧方法的不合理性,甚至是错误的,新方法的适用性如何应该用监测数据验证,而不是用旧方法验证。 再说说“创新”,尤其是重要的突破性创新这个老生常谈的话题,在目前的科研环境下,有多少人的研究有重要创新?牛 A 们不多,牛 C 们更少,介于牛 A 和牛 C 之间的人们整天为如何创新头疼,如何指导和要求科研青椒们创新?现在多数人搞的是模仿、跟踪或改进式的科研工作,多属于 homework 式的工作,还远谈不上原始创新。这也说明,人才的培养模式出了问题,最终会在科研创新能力方面显现出来,民谚“种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆”一语道破了天机。 科研创新要从人才培养的源头抓起,从小培养孩子们的好奇心和质疑能力,不能仅用“听话”、“按时完成作业”、“考试成绩优秀”作为好孩子、好学生的标准,这是解决创新型人才培养的本质所在。也就是说,我们要多培养具有“狼性”的人才,而不是“羊性”的人才。如果培养出的科研人员具有狼一样的观察、敏捷、出奇制胜的扑食能力,还愁做不出重要的创新性成果吗?
科研单位的人才培养关系到单位的长远发展,关系到一个单位的前途和命运。现代社会的竞争说到底就是人才的竞争,因此,重视人才问题如何强调都不过分。那么,怎样才能吸引人才,留住人才,让单位具有活力,我认为最重要的是要营造公平竞争的环境,建立公平公正、公开透明的人才竞争机制,让人才看到前途,看到希望,并从工作中感到快乐。 必须认识到,具有可持续性的优秀团队和成果都是继承基础上的创新。没有好的平台和团队,再优秀的个人也难以取得大的成果。因此,建立好团队和平台是人才培养和科技创新的核心内容。科研单位应该有稳定的学科设置和政策导向,保证学科的长远稳定发展。人事政策不能朝令夕改让人无所适从。 人的能力有大小,但是每个人都有他自己的特长。人事制度应该让每个人的长处最大程度地发挥,让团队成为一个取长补短的机器。鼓励个人主义的管理模式必定导致团队力量涣散,不利于促进团队的凝聚力。 根据以上认识,我提几点建议: l 营造尊重人才的环境,让有成就的人才得到最大的尊重: 大学和研究单位应该建立退休人才事迹展览馆,编写科学发展史册和人物传记。让优秀科研人员的业绩得到弘扬,万古流芳。漠视退休人员和他们的业绩,退休后就将他们遗忘,是不尊重人才的表现。只有尊重退休人员并铭记他们的业绩,才能激励青年奋发努力。对于在职的科研人员不宜过多地宣传。 l 建立容许流动的人事政策: 科研团队的领导应该向国内外公开招聘,根据业绩表现录用;团队领导有权根据经费多少和发展状况确定需要的人数和人选,有权确定岗位内的研究课题和发展方向; 建立人才流动机制,容许人才在不同团队流动,如每 3-5 年重组一次。让业绩好的人才有更多发展空间和机会,让不求上进的人多一点尴尬。 l 鼓励团队精神而不是个人英雄主义: 建立团队考核制:以团队的整体业绩作为考核依据,按照人均业绩排名。实行团队末位淘汰制;连续两年末位的团队予以解散或撤换团队领导;团队指标与该团队个人升迁挂钩,并作为个人升迁的依据之一。 l 健全科研业绩的评价方法: 以论文为指挥棒的管理模式容易导致急功近利,偏离科研的实质,不利于科研的可持续性发展。对科研团队的考核应该更重视基地建设、团队建设、平台建设、经费收入、著书立说和成果系统化等方面。
5.2. “教育是只有顺从和听话的人才能通过的滤网” (1991) (乔姆斯基 1991) 转载: http://www.chomsky-in-asia.info/onchomsky/?p=51 你曾提出“知识分子是民众中思想被灌输得最多的一群人…是最容易轻信宣传的那群人”。你解释说受到良好教育的阶层是“意识形态的经理人”,“控制着信息传播” 的同谋。为什么存在这种现象?这种现象是如何出现的?如何能改变这种状况? ‘ 知识分子’ 这个词必然意味着他具有以下特点;即所谓的知识分子都是那些穿过了各种各样的门槛或滤网,最终充当文化经理人的人。除了这些人之外,也有许多人同样聪明,或者更聪明,更独立,更有思想,但因为他们没有穿过这些门槛,因此我们不把他们叫做知识分子。 事实上,这个过程从小学就已经开始了。 下面我们说具体点。你和我都上了很好的研究院,在顶尖的大学任教,我们之所以能这样,是因为我们很听话。也就是说,你和我,以及其他和我们类似的人,能够到达今天的地位是因为我们从孩提时代开始就听从指挥。如果三年级时,老师让我们做某一件傻事,我们不会说“你看看,这件事情多么可笑,我才不做呢。”相反,我们会按他说的去做,因为我们想顺利升到四年级。我们会说“看,去做,别管它,老师是个傻子,去做,你会有进展的,不用担心。”我们就是在这样的背景下成长起来的。在整个学校教育的过程中,我们都这样,工作之后也是如此。在研究院,老师告诉你“看,不要研究那个东西,那个想法是错误的。你为什么不研究这个呢?你会有进展的。”不论这种命令以何种形式出现,包括很含蓄的形式,你都已经让自己被业已存在并一直试图塑造你的权威所塑造了。 有些人就是这样做的。他们顺从、听话,他们接受并且执行了命令,最终爬到了很高的位置——经济经理人,文化经理人,政治经理人。但是,你我的班上也有人没有这样做。三年级时,一旦老师要他们做某事,他们说“那样做太傻啦,我不会去做。” 这些人思想更为独立,对于这些人有一个专门的名词:“行为问题”。你不得不采取某种方法来对付他们,把他们送去看精神科,或者让他们接受特殊教育,或者把他们踢出教室,最后他们只能贩毒或是干别的。事实上,整个教育系统满是这种形式的滤网,只有顺从和听话的人才能通过。 在职业生涯中,这种滤网也一直存在。假设你是个记者,你打算写一篇文章曝光某个身处高位的人物的问题,而另一个人写的文章则满足了那些身处高位的人的需求,谁会成为办公室的头头立见分晓。过滤就是这样实现的。成功跻身于受尊敬的“知识分子”行列的当然不会是那些想要颠覆现有权力结构的人。他们只能是那些以这样或那样的方式服务于现有权力结构的人,或者至少是保持中立的人。那些喜欢唱反调的不会被称作知识分子,他们被称作疯子,或癫子,或“边缘的狂人”,正如麦克乔治.邦迪的用的词。 他说“有人明白我们必须去印度支那作战,只是在战术上意见有所不同,还有些边缘的狂人则认为侵略其他国家是错误的”(他的言论刊登在《外交事务》——一个主流媒体上面)道理就是这样。有些两侧的狂人不愿意接受权威,因此他们一直是边缘的狂人,不是知识分子、受尊敬的知识分子。当然,情况并非百分之百是这样,这只是趋势,很强的趋势,而且被其它趋势所强化。 (吴庄译,李行德校) “Education” as filtering toward submissiveness and obedience Noam Chomsky (1991) You have suggested that “intellectuals are the most indoctrinated part of the population…the ones most susceptible to propaganda.” You have explained that the educated classes are “ideological managers”, complicit in “controlling all the organized flow of information”. How and why is this so? What can be done to change this situation? Well, there is something almost tautological about that; that is, the people we call intellectuals are those who have passed through various gates and filters and have made it into positions in which they can serve as cultural managers. There are plenty of other people just as smart, smarter, more independent, more thoughtful, who didn’t pass through those gates, and we just don’t call them intellectuals. In fact, this is a process that starts in elementary school. Let’s be concrete about it. You and I went to good graduate schools and teach in fancy universities, and the reason we did this is because we are obedient. That is, you and I, and typically people like us, got to the positions we’re in because from childhood we were willing to follow orders. If the teacher in third grade told us to do some stupid thing, we didn’t say, “Look, that’s ridiculous. I’m not going to do it.” We did it because we wanted to get on to fourth grade. We came from the kind of background where we’d say, “look, do it, forget about it, so the teacher’s a fool, do it, you’ll get ahead, don’t worry about it.” That goes on all through school, and it goes on through your professional career. You’re told in graduate school, “Look, don’t work on that; it’s a wrong idea. Why not work on this? You’ll get ahead.” However it’s put, and there are subtle ways of putting it, you allow yourself to be shaped by the system of authority that exists out there and is trying to shape you. Well, some people do this. They are submissive and obedient, and they accept it and make it through; they end up being people in the high places—economic managers, cultural managers, political managers. There are other people who were in your class and in my class who didn’t do it. When the teacher told them in the third grade to do X, they said, “That’s stupid, and I’m not going to do it.” Those are people who are more independent-minded, for example, and there’s a name for them: they’re called “behavior problems.” You’ve got to deal with them somehow, so you send them to a shrink, or you put them in a special program, or maybe you just kick them out and they end up selling drugs or something. In fact, the whole educated system involves a good deal of filtering of this sort, and it’s a kind of filtering toward submissiveness and obedience. This goes on through professional careers as well. You’re a journalist, let’s say, and you want to write a story that’s going to expose people in high places, serves the needs of people in high places; you know which one is going to end up being the bureau chief. That’s the way it works. So in a way there is something all most tautological about your question. sure, the people who make it into positions in which they’re respected and recognized as intellectuals are the people who are not subversive of structures of power. They are the people who in one way or another serve those structures, or at least are neutral with respect to them. The ones who would be more subversive aren’t call intellectuals; they are called wackos, or crazies, or “wild men in the wings”, as McGeorge Bundy put it when he said, “There are people who understand that we have to be in Indochina and just differ on the tactics, and then there are the wild men in the wings who think there’s something wrong with carrying out aggression against another country.” (He said that in Foreign Affairs— a mainstream journal.) But that’s the idea. There are wild men in the wings who don’t accept authority, and they remain wild men in the wings and not intellectuals, not respected intellectuals. Of course, this isn’t 100 percent. These are tendencies, actually very strong tendencies, and they are reinforced by other strong tendencies. —————————————– * 这个访问记录了乔姆斯基和南弗罗里达州大学奥尔孙和菲格里两位教授的对话,取自“语言、政治和作文”,愿文发表于《高级作文学刊》 Journal of Advanced Composition 11.1, 4-35,收录于卡洛斯。奥特洛(主编),《乔姆斯基论民主和教育》,2003,洛特里奇法莫尔出版社。 麦克乔治.邦迪在二十世纪六十年代初期任美国国家安全顾问,参与制定美国对越南的政策。
人才引进的大手笔 ——母校的几个例子 昨天写议论中国科学院该不该做“国家队”的文章,今天不再说科学院了,换个题目,说说人才引进问题。这里就不学陈安无论事情大小都要长篇大论了(有的时候还要论若干次),下面就举几个例子。 所有的例子都来自我的母校。一个人的母校,从小学开始到拿到最后的学历,总有好几个。我这里说的母校是指我读博士的学校,全名叫做乔治梅森大学( George Mason University ),坐落在弗吉尼亚州北部,位于华盛顿郊外。对于把美国名校排名倒背如流的学子们而言,这个学校可能比较陌生。它不是名校,在全美的排名,因为是第三档( third tier )的学校,具体的排名都看不到。后来 US NEWS 把前三档的学校(大约 200 来个)都合到一起称为一流学校进行大排名,我才知道我们学校大约排在 140-150 之间。 之所以啰啰嗦嗦念叨排名的事儿,我是想再次用事实支持一下我昨天文章里面的观点:分散型的体制下,没有一个单位能够网络各行各业的所有顶尖人才。相反,人才竞争于流动才是保持整个科研系统创造力的关键。我的母校,这么一个三流学校,也有美国一流甚至毫不夸张地说是世界一流的人才。下面是几个例子: 1983 年,梅森从弗吉尼亚理工( VirginiaTech )把那里的一个研究团队整个挖过来,团队的领头人叫 James Buchanan ,他的团队叫做公共选择研究中心,这个中心目前仍然在梅森。三年后, Buchanan 得了诺贝尔经济学奖。今天,经济学、政治学、公共管理专业的人,几乎没有人不知道布坎南的公共选择理论的。这次人才引进,堪称大手笔,梅森赚了。 2002 年年初,梅森又引进了一个经济学团队,这次不是从本州的学校,而是从亚利桑那大学引进的。团队领头人叫 Vernon Smith ,他的团队是搞试验经济学的。这次的引进更邪乎,几个月后, Vernon Smith 也得了诺贝尔经济学奖。估计亚利桑那大学的校长当时的心里很不是滋味。这也是一次大手笔的引进,梅森也赚了。不过, 2007 年, Smith 教授 80 岁的时候,他又带着他的团队去了加州的一个叫做 Chapman 大学的地方,梅森失去了一个大牌教授。 上面这俩人都是诺奖得主,说他们是世界一流不过分吧。下面再说几个人,我觉得也称得上是一流的学者,他们也是被母校引进后来又流动到别的学校的。 Francis Fukuyama ,是个生在美国不会讲日语的日裔,他的日本姓翻译成中文叫福山。他是在中国很有名气的亨庭顿( Huntington )的学生。他在完成了给自己爆得大名的《历史的终结》( The End of History and the Last Man )一书后,被梅森从兰德集团挖过来。在梅森,他完成了另外两部很有名的著作《信任》( Trust )和《大分裂》( The Great Disruption )。我在念书的时候,他是我们学院的椅子教授( Endowed Chair ),很受学生爱戴。在我毕业的前一年,他被约翰霍普金斯大学给挖过去了。 在学术地位上,美国的椅子教授大致相当于国内的特聘教授,一般比普通教授享有更高的荣誉。跟国内不同的是,美国的椅子教授一般是由个人或者团体的捐赠来付工资的,一般是捐赠的利息用来发工资,椅子要按捐赠人的意思命名,很多是人名。比如,福山坐的椅子就叫做 Hirst Professor 。而国内特聘教授的工资多半是政府的拨款。 福山走了,空出来的椅子由另一位明星教授坐上了,他是梅森从卡耐基梅隆挖来的 Richard Florida 。 Florida 是以他的创新阶层( Creative Class )理论闻名于世的,在梅森,他出版了《城市与创新阶层》( Cities and the Creative Class )和《创新阶层的迁徙:争夺人才的全球新竞争》( The Flight of the Creative Class. The New Global Competition for Talent )两本书,为梅森带来了荣誉。 Florida 后来被多伦多大学挖走了。 Florida 空出的椅子,现在被一个名叫 William Schneider 的教授坐着。他是梅森从布蓝带斯大学挖过来的著名政治学者,我对他的领域不熟悉,就不多说了。 学术单位(高校、研究所等)互相竞争顶尖人才,好处是明显的。这种机制给了顶尖人才不断进取的动力,想提高自己的身价就得不断拿出硬通货来。
一位朋友发给我一组照片。这是发生在2007年1月12日纽约一个地铁站口的事情。它使我联想许多。现在照原来的顺序把这组照片发在下面。 是的,在一个不适当的环境里,要评价一个人才是非常困难的,即使像Bell这样世界最好的小提琴家之一也是这样。即使音乐这样为一般草民都能够普遍感兴趣的领域尚且是这样,至于那些偏僻的学科就更困难了。我国的阿炳,是一个世界级的音乐家,可是一直到他去世始终是在如乞丐般的生活条件下度过的。 下面是华盛顿邮报关于这件事的一篇报道,贴在这里供大家参考。 Pearls Before Breakfast Can one of the nation's great musicians cut through the fog of a D.C. rush hour? Let's find out. By Gene Weingarten Washington Post Staff Writer Sunday, April 8, 2007 HE EMERGED FROM THE METRO AT THE L'ENFANT PLAZA STATION AND POSITIONED HIMSELF AGAINST A WALL BESIDE A TRASH BASKET. By most measures, he was nondescript: a youngish white man in jeans, a long-sleeved T-shirt and a Washington Nationals baseball cap. From a small case, he removed a violin. Placing the open case at his feet, he shrewdly threw in a few dollars and pocket change as seed money, swiveled it to face pedestrian traffic, and began to play . It was 7:51 a.m. on Friday, January 12, the middle of the morning rush hour. In the next 43 minutes, as the violinist performed six classical pieces, 1,097 people passed by. Almost all of them were on the way to work, which meant, for almost all of them, a government job. L'Enfant Plaza is at the nucleus of federal Washington, and these were mostly mid-level bureaucrats with those indeterminate, oddly fungible titles: policy analyst, project manager, budget officer, specialist, facilitator, consultant. Each passerby had a quick choice to make, one familiar to commuters in any urban area where the occasional street performer is part of the cityscape: Do you stop and listen? Do you hurry past with a blend of guilt and irritation, aware of your cupidity but annoyed by the unbidden demand on your time and your wallet? Do you throw in a buck, just to be polite? Does your decision change if he's really bad? What if he's really good? Do you have time for beauty? Shouldn't you? What's the moral mathematics of the moment? On that Friday in January, those private questions would be answered in an unusually public way. No one knew it, but the fiddler standing against a bare wall outside the Metro in an indoor arcade at the top of the escalators was one of the finest classical musicians in the world, playing some of the most elegant music ever written on one of the most valuable violins ever made. His performance was arranged by The Washington Post as an experiment in context, perception and priorities -- as well as an unblinking assessment of public taste: In a banal setting at an inconvenient time, would beauty transcend? The musician did not play popular tunes whose familiarity alone might have drawn interest. That was not the test. These were masterpieces that have endured for centuries on their brilliance alone, soaring music befitting the grandeur of cathedrals and concert halls. The acoustics proved surprisingly kind. Though the arcade is of utilitarian design, a buffer between the Metro escalator and the outdoors, it somehow caught the sound and bounced it back round and resonant. The violin is an instrument that is said to be much like the human voice, and in this musician's masterly hands, it sobbed and laughed and sang -- ecstatic, sorrowful, importuning, adoring, flirtatious, castigating, playful, romancing, merry, triumphal, sumptuous. So, what do you think happened? HANG ON, WE'LL GET YOU SOME EXPERT HELP. Leonard Slatkin, music director of the National Symphony Orchestra, was asked the same question. What did he think would occur, hypothetically, if one of the world's great violinists had performed incognito before a traveling rush-hour audience of 1,000-odd people? Let's assume, Slatkin said, that he is not recognized and just taken for granted as a street musician . . . Still, I don't think that if he's really good, he's going to go unnoticed. He'd get a larger audience in Europe . . . but, okay, out of 1,000 people, my guess is there might be 35 or 40 who will recognize the quality for what it is. Maybe 75 to 100 will stop and spend some time listening. So, a crowd would gather? Oh, yes. And how much will he make? About $150. Thanks, Maestro. As it happens, this is not hypothetical. It really happened. How'd I do? We'll tell you in a minute. Well, who was the musician? Joshua Bell. NO!!! A onetime child prodigy, at 39 Joshua Bell has arrived as an internationally acclaimed virtuoso. Three days before he appeared at the Metro station, Bell had filled the house at Boston's stately Symphony Hall, where merely pretty good seats went for $100. Two weeks later, at the Music Center at Strathmore, in North Bethesda, he would play to a standing-room-only audience so respectful of his artistry that they stifled their coughs until the silence between movements. But on that Friday in January, Joshua Bell was just another mendicant, competing for the attention of busy people on their way to work. Bell was first pitched this idea shortly before Christmas, over coffee at a sandwich shop on Capitol Hill. A New Yorker, he was in town to perform at the Library of Congress and to visit the library's vaults to examine an unusual treasure: an 18th-century violin that once belonged to the great Austrian-born virtuoso and composer Fritz Kreisler. The curators invited Bell to play it; good sound, still. Here's what I'm thinking, Bell confided, as he sipped his coffee. I'm thinking that I could do a tour where I'd play Kreisler's music . . . He smiled. . . . on Kreisler's violin. It was a snazzy, sequined idea -- part inspiration and part gimmick -- and it was typical of Bell, who has unapologetically embraced showmanship even as his concert career has become more and more august. He's soloed with the finest orchestras here and abroad, but he's also appeared on Sesame Street, done late-night talk TV and performed in feature films. That was Bell playing the soundtrack on the 1998 movie The Red Violin. (He body-doubled, too, playing to a naked Greta Scacchi.) As composer John Corigliano accepted the Oscar for Best Original Dramatic Score, he credited Bell, who, he said, plays like a god. When Bell was asked if he'd be willing to don street clothes and perform at rush hour, he said: Uh, a stunt? Well, yes. A stunt. Would he think it . . . unseemly? Bell drained his cup. Sounds like fun, he said. Bell's a heartthrob. Tall and handsome, he's got a Donny Osmond-like dose of the cutes, and, onstage, cute elides into hott. When he performs, he is usually the only man under the lights who is not in white tie and tails -- he walks out to a standing O, looking like Zorro, in black pants and an untucked black dress shirt, shirttail dangling. That cute Beatles-style mop top is also a strategic asset: Because his technique is full of body -- athletic and passionate -- he's almost dancing with the instrument, and his hair flies. He's single and straight, a fact not lost on some of his fans. In Boston, as he performed Max Bruch's dour Violin Concerto in G Minor, the very few young women in the audience nearly disappeared in the deep sea of silver heads. But seemingly every single one of them -- a distillate of the young and pretty -- coalesced at the stage door after the performance, seeking an autograph. It's like that always, with Bell. Bell's been accepting over-the-top accolades since puberty: Interview magazine once said his playing does nothing less than tell human beings why they bother to live. He's learned to field these things graciously, with a bashful duck of the head and a modified pshaw. For this incognito performance, Bell had only one condition for participating. The event had been described to him as a test of whether, in an incongruous context, ordinary people would recognize genius. His condition: I'm not comfortable if you call this genius. Genius is an overused word, he said: It can be applied to some of the composers whose work he plays, but not to him. His skills are largely interpretive, he said, and to imply otherwise would be unseemly and inaccurate. It was an interesting request, and under the circumstances, one that will be honored. The word will not again appear in this article. It would be breaking no rules, however, to note that the term in question, particularly as applied in the field of music, refers to a congenital brilliance -- an elite, innate, preternatural ability that manifests itself early, and often in dramatic fashion. One biographically intriguing fact about Bell is that he got his first music lessons when he was a 4-year-old in Bloomington, Ind. His parents, both psychologists, decided formal training might be a good idea after they saw that their son had strung rubber bands across his dresser drawers and was replicating classical tunes by ear, moving drawers in and out to vary the pitch. TO GET TO THE METRO FROM HIS HOTEL, a distance of three blocks, Bell took a taxi. He's neither lame nor lazy: He did it for his violin. Bell always performs on the same instrument, and he ruled out using another for this gig. Called the Gibson ex Huberman, it was handcrafted in 1713 by Antonio Stradivari during the Italian master's golden period, toward the end of his career, when he had access to the finest spruce, maple and willow, and when his technique had been refined to perfection. Our knowledge of acoustics is still incomplete, Bell said, but he, he just . . . knew . Bell doesn't mention Stradivari by name. Just he. When the violinist shows his Strad to people, he holds the instrument gingerly by its neck, resting it on a knee. He made this to perfect thickness at all parts, Bell says, pivoting it. If you shaved off a millimeter of wood at any point, it would totally imbalance the sound. No violins sound as wonderful as Strads from the 1710s, still. The front of Bell's violin is in nearly perfect condition, with a deep, rich grain and luster. The back is a mess, its dark reddish finish bleeding away into a flatter, lighter shade and finally, in one section, to bare wood. This has never been refinished, Bell said. That's his original varnish. People attribute aspects of the sound to the varnish. Each maker had his own secret formula. Stradivari is thought to have made his from an ingeniously balanced cocktail of honey, egg whites and gum arabic from sub-Saharan trees. Like the instrument in The Red Violin, this one has a past filled with mystery and malice. Twice, it was stolen from its illustrious prior owner, the Polish virtuoso Bronislaw Huberman. The first time, in 1919, it disappeared from Huberman's hotel room in Vienna but was quickly returned. The second time, nearly 20 years later, it was pinched from his dressing room in Carnegie Hall. He never got it back. It was not until 1985 that the thief -- a minor New York violinist -- made a deathbed confession to his wife, and produced the instrument. Bell bought it a few years ago. He had to sell his own Strad and borrow much of the rest. The price tag was reported to be about $3.5 million. All of which is a long explanation for why, in the early morning chill of a day in January, Josh Bell took a three-block cab ride to the Orange Line, and rode one stop to L'Enfant. AS METRO STATIONS GO, L'ENFANT PLAZA IS MORE PLEBEIAN THAN MOST. Even before you arrive, it gets no respect. Metro conductors never seem to get it right: Leh-fahn. Layfont. El'phant. At the top of the escalators are a shoeshine stand and a busy kiosk that sells newspapers, lottery tickets and a wallfull of magazines with titles such as Mammazons and Girls of Barely Legal. The skin mags move, but it's that lottery ticket dispenser that stays the busiest, with customers queuing up for Daily 6 lotto and Powerball and the ultimate suckers' bait, those pamphlets that sell random number combinations purporting to be hot. They sell briskly. There's also a quick-check machine to slide in your lotto ticket, post-drawing, to see if you've won. Beneath it is a forlorn pile of crumpled slips. On Friday, January 12, the people waiting in the lottery line looking for a long shot would get a lucky break -- a free, close-up ticket to a concert by one of the world's most famous musicians -- but only if they were of a mind to take note. Bell decided to begin with Chaconne from Johann Sebastian Bach's Partita No. 2 in D Minor. Bell calls it not just one of the greatest pieces of music ever written, but one of the greatest achievements of any man in history. It's a spiritually powerful piece, emotionally powerful, structurally perfect. Plus, it was written for a solo violin, so I won't be cheating with some half-assed version. Bell didn't say it, but Bach's Chaconne is also considered one of the most difficult violin pieces to master. Many try; few succeed. It's exhaustingly long -- 14 minutes -- and consists entirely of a single, succinct musical progression repeated in dozens of variations to create a dauntingly complex architecture of sound. Composed around 1720, on the eve of the European Enlightenment, it is said to be a celebration of the breadth of human possibility. If Bell's encomium to Chaconne seems overly effusive, consider this from the 19th-century composer Johannes Brahms, in a letter to Clara Schumann: On one stave, for a small instrument, the man writes a whole world of the deepest thoughts and most powerful feelings. If I imagined that I could have created, even conceived the piece, I am quite certain that the excess of excitement and earth-shattering experience would have driven me out of my mind. So, that's the piece Bell started with. He'd clearly meant it when he promised not to cheap out this performance: He played with acrobatic enthusiasm, his body leaning into the music and arching on tiptoes at the high notes. The sound was nearly symphonic, carrying to all parts of the homely arcade as the pedestrian traffic filed past. Three minutes went by before something happened. Sixty-three people had already passed when, finally, there was a breakthrough of sorts. A middle-age man altered his gait for a split second, turning his head to notice that there seemed to be some guy playing music. Yes, the man kept walking, but it was something. A half-minute later, Bell got his first donation. A woman threw in a buck and scooted off. It was not until six minutes into the performance that someone actually stood against a wall, and listened. Things never got much better. In the three-quarters of an hour that Joshua Bell played, seven people stopped what they were doing to hang around and take in the performance, at least for a minute. Twenty-seven gave money, most of them on the run -- for a total of $32 and change. That leaves the 1,070 people who hurried by, oblivious, many only three feet away, few even turning to look. No, Mr. Slatkin, there was never a crowd, not even for a second. It was all videotaped by a hidden camera. You can play the recording once or 15 times, and it never gets any easier to watch. Try speeding it up, and it becomes one of those herky-jerky World War I-era silent newsreels. The people scurry by in comical little hops and starts, cups of coffee in their hands, cellphones at their ears, ID tags slapping at their bellies, a grim danse macabre to indifference, inertia and the dingy, gray rush of modernity. Even at this accelerated pace, though, the fiddler's movements remain fluid and graceful; he seems so apart from his audience -- unseen, unheard, otherworldly -- that you find yourself thinking that he's not really there. A ghost. Only then do you see it: He is the one who is real. They are the ghosts. IF A GREAT MUSICIAN PLAYS GREAT MUSIC BUT NO ONE HEARS . . . WAS HE REALLY ANY GOOD? It's an old epistemological debate, older, actually, than the koan about the tree in the forest. Plato weighed in on it, and philosophers for two millennia afterward: What is beauty? Is it a measurable fact (Gottfried Leibniz), or merely an opinion (David Hume), or is it a little of each, colored by the immediate state of mind of the observer (Immanuel Kant)? We'll go with Kant, because he's obviously right, and because he brings us pretty directly to Joshua Bell, sitting there in a hotel restaurant, picking at his breakfast, wryly trying to figure out what the hell had just happened back there at the Metro. At the beginning, Bell says, I was just concentrating on playing the music. I wasn't really watching what was happening around me . . . Playing the violin looks all-consuming, mentally and physically, but Bell says that for him the mechanics of it are partly second nature, cemented by practice and muscle memory: It's like a juggler, he says, who can keep those balls in play while interacting with a crowd. What he's mostly thinking about as he plays, Bell says, is capturing emotion as a narrative: When you play a violin piece, you are a storyteller, and you're telling a story. With Chaconne, the opening is filled with a building sense of awe. That kept him busy for a while. Eventually, though, he began to steal a sidelong glance. It was a strange feeling, that people were actually, ah . . . The word doesn't come easily. . . . ignoring me. Bell is laughing. It's at himself. At a music hall, I'll get upset if someone coughs or if someone's cellphone goes off. But here, my expectations quickly diminished. I started to appreciate any acknowledgment, even a slight glance up. I was oddly grateful when someone threw in a dollar instead of change. This is from a man whose talents can command $1,000 a minute. Before he began, Bell hadn't known what to expect. What he does know is that, for some reason, he was nervous. It wasn't exactly stage fright, but there were butterflies, he says. I was stressing a little. Bell has played, literally, before crowned heads of Europe. Why the anxiety at the Washington Metro? When you play for ticket-holders, Bell explains, you are already validated. I have no sense that I need to be accepted. I'm already accepted. Here, there was this thought: What if they don't like me? What if they resent my presence . . . He was, in short, art without a frame. Which, it turns out, may have a lot to do with what happened -- or, more precisely, what didn't happen -- on January 12. MARK LEITHAUSER HAS HELD IN HIS HANDS MORE GREAT WORKS OF ART THAN ANY KING OR POPE OR MEDICI EVER DID. A senior curator at the National Gallery, he oversees the framing of the paintings. Leithauser thinks he has some idea of what happened at that Metro station. Let's say I took one of our more abstract masterpieces, say an Ellsworth Kelly, and removed it from its frame, marched it down the 52 steps that people walk up to get to the National Gallery, past the giant columns, and brought it into a restaurant. It's a $5 million painting. And it's one of those restaurants where there are pieces of original art for sale, by some industrious kids from the Corcoran School, and I hang that Kelly on the wall with a price tag of $150. No one is going to notice it. An art curator might look up and say: 'Hey, that looks a little like an Ellsworth Kelly. Please pass the salt.' Leithauser's point is that we shouldn't be too ready to label the Metro passersby unsophisticated boobs. Context matters. Kant said the same thing. He took beauty seriously: In his Critique of Aesthetic Judgment, Kant argued that one's ability to appreciate beauty is related to one's ability to make moral judgments. But there was a caveat. Paul Guyer of the University of Pennsylvania, one of America's most prominent Kantian scholars, says the 18th-century German philosopher felt that to properly appreciate beauty, the viewing conditions must be optimal. Optimal, Guyer said, doesn't mean heading to work, focusing on your report to the boss, maybe your shoes don't fit right. So, if Kant had been at the Metro watching as Joshua Bell play to a thousand unimpressed passersby? He would have inferred about them, Guyer said, absolutely nothing. And that's that. Except it isn't. To really understand what happened, you have to rewind that video and play it back from the beginning, from the moment Bell's bow first touched the strings. White guy, khakis, leather jacket, briefcase. Early 30s. John David Mortensen is on the final leg of his daily bus-to-Metro commute from Reston. He's heading up the escalator. It's a long ride -- 1 minute and 15 seconds if you don't walk. So, like most everyone who passes Bell this day, Mortensen gets a good earful of music before he has his first look at the musician. Like most of them, he notes that it sounds pretty good. But like very few of them, when he gets to the top, he doesn't race past as though Bell were some nuisance to be avoided. Mortensen is that first person to stop, that guy at the six-minute mark. It's not that he has nothing else to do. He's a project manager for an international program at the Department of Energy; on this day, Mortensen has to participate in a monthly budget exercise, not the most exciting part of his job: You review the past month's expenditures, he says, forecast spending for the next month, if you have X dollars, where will it go, that sort of thing. On the video, you can see Mortensen get off the escalator and look around. He locates the violinist, stops, walks away but then is drawn back. He checks the time on his cellphone -- he's three minutes early for work -- then settles against a wall to listen . Mortensen doesn't know classical music at all; classic rock is as close as he comes. But there's something about what he's hearing that he really likes. As it happens, he's arrived at the moment that Bell slides into the second section of Chaconne. (It's the point, Bell says, where it moves from a darker, minor key into a major key. There's a religious, exalted feeling to it.) The violinist's bow begins to dance; the music becomes upbeat, playful, theatrical, big. Mortensen doesn't know about major or minor keys: Whatever it was, he says, it made me feel at peace. So, for the first time in his life, Mortensen lingers to listen to a street musician. He stays his allotted three minutes as 94 more people pass briskly by. When he leaves to help plan contingency budgets for the Department of Energy, there's another first. For the first time in his life, not quite knowing what had just happened but sensing it was special, John David Mortensen gives a street musician money. THERE ARE SIX MOMENTS IN THE VIDEO THAT BELL FINDS PARTICULARLY PAINFUL TO RELIVE: The awkward times, he calls them. It's what happens right after each piece ends: nothing. The music stops. The same people who hadn't noticed him playing don't notice that he has finished. No applause, no acknowledgment. So Bell just saws out a small, nervous chord -- the embarrassed musician's equivalent of, Er, okay, moving right along . . . -- and begins the next piece. After Chaconne, it is Franz Schubert's Ave Maria, which surprised some music critics when it debuted in 1825: Schubert seldom showed religious feeling in his compositions, yet Ave Maria is a breathtaking work of adoration of the Virgin Mary. What was with the sudden piety? Schubert dryly answered: I think this is due to the fact that I never forced devotion in myself and never compose hymns or prayers of that kind unless it overcomes me unawares; but then it is usually the right and true devotion. This musical prayer became among the most familiar and enduring religious pieces in history. A couple of minutes into it, something revealing happens. A woman and her preschooler emerge from the escalator. The woman is walking briskly and, therefore, so is the child. She's got his hand. I had a time crunch, recalls Sheron Parker, an IT director for a federal agency. I had an 8:30 training class, and first I had to rush Evvie off to his teacher, then rush back to work, then to the training facility in the basement. Evvie is her son, Evan. Evan is 3. You can see Evan clearly on the video. He's the cute black kid in the parka who keeps twisting around to look at Joshua Bell, as he is being propelled toward the door. There was a musician, Parker says, and my son was intrigued. He wanted to pull over and listen, but I was rushed for time. So Parker does what she has to do. She deftly moves her body between Evan's and Bell's, cutting off her son's line of sight. As they exit the arcade, Evan can still be seen craning to look. When Parker is told what she walked out on, she laughs. Evan is very smart! The poet Billy Collins once laughingly observed that all babies are born with a knowledge of poetry, because the lub-dub of the mother's heart is in iambic meter. Then, Collins said, life slowly starts to choke the poetry out of us. It may be true with music, too. There was no ethnic or demographic pattern to distinguish the people who stayed to watch Bell, or the ones who gave money, from that vast majority who hurried on past, unheeding. Whites, blacks and Asians, young and old, men and women, were represented in all three groups. But the behavior of one demographic remained absolutely consistent. Every single time a child walked past, he or she tried to stop and watch. And every single time, a parent scooted the kid away. IF THERE WAS ONE PERSON ON THAT DAY WHO WAS TOO BUSY TO PAY ATTENTION TO THE VIOLINIST, it was George Tindley. Tindley wasn't hurrying to get to work. He was at work. The glass doors through which most people exit the L'Enfant station lead into an indoor shopping mall, from which there are exits to the street and elevators to office buildings. The first store in the mall is an Au Bon Pain, the croissant and coffee shop where Tindley, in his 40s, works in a white uniform busing the tables, restocking the salt and pepper packets, taking out the garbage. Tindley labors under the watchful eye of his bosses, and he's supposed to be hopping, and he was. But every minute or so, as though drawn by something not entirely within his control, Tindley would walk to the very edge of the Au Bon Pain property, keeping his toes inside the line, still on the job. Then he'd lean forward, as far out into the hallway as he could, watching the fiddler on the other side of the glass doors. The foot traffic was steady, so the doors were usually open. The sound came through pretty well. You could tell in one second that this guy was good, that he was clearly a professional, Tindley says. He plays the guitar, loves the sound of strings, and has no respect for a certain kind of musician. Most people, they play music; they don't feel it, Tindley says. Well, that man was feeling it. That man was moving. Moving into the sound. A hundred feet away, across the arcade, was the lottery line, sometimes five or six people long. They had a much better view of Bell than Tindley did, if they had just turned around. But no one did. Not in the entire 43 minutes. They just shuffled forward toward that machine spitting out numbers. Eyes on the prize. J.T. Tillman was in that line. A computer specialist for the Department of Housing and Urban Development, he remembers every single number he played that day -- 10 of them, $2 apiece, for a total of $20. He doesn't recall what the violinist was playing, though. He says it sounded like generic classical music, the kind the ship's band was playing in Titanic, before the iceberg. I didn't think nothing of it, Tillman says, just a guy trying to make a couple of bucks. Tillman would have given him one or two, he said, but he spent all his cash on lotto. When he is told that he stiffed one of the best musicians in the world, he laughs. Is he ever going to play around here again? Yeah, but you're going to have to pay a lot to hear him. Damn. Tillman didn't win the lottery, either. BELL ENDS AVE MARIA TO ANOTHER THUNDEROUS SILENCE, plays Manuel Ponce's sentimental Estrellita, then a piece by Jules Massenet, and then begins a Bach gavotte, a joyful, frolicsome, lyrical dance. It's got an Old World delicacy to it; you can imagine it entertaining bewigged dancers at a Versailles ball, or -- in a lute, fiddle and fife version -- the boot-kicking peasants of a Pieter Bruegel painting. Watching the video weeks later, Bell finds himself mystified by one thing only. He understands why he's not drawing a crowd, in the rush of a morning workday. But: I'm surprised at the number of people who don't pay attention at all, as if I'm invisible. Because, you know what? I'm makin' a lot of noise! He is. You don't need to know music at all to appreciate the simple fact that there's a guy there, playing a violin that's throwing out a whole bucket of sound; at times, Bell's bowing is so intricate that you seem to be hearing two instruments playing in harmony. So those head-forward, quick-stepping passersby are a remarkable phenomenon. Bell wonders whether their inattention may be deliberate: If you don't take visible note of the musician, you don't have to feel guilty about not forking over money; you're not complicit in a rip-off. It may be true, but no one gave that explanation. People just said they were busy, had other things on their mind. Some who were on cellphones spoke louder as they passed Bell, to compete with that infernal racket. And then there was Calvin Myint. Myint works for the General Services Administration. He got to the top of the escalator, turned right and headed out a door to the street. A few hours later, he had no memory that there had been a musician anywhere in sight. Where was he, in relation to me? About four feet away. Oh. There's nothing wrong with Myint's hearing. He had buds in his ear. He was listening to his iPod. For many of us, the explosion in technology has perversely limited, not expanded, our exposure to new experiences. Increasingly, we get our news from sources that think as we already do. And with iPods, we hear what we already know; we program our own playlists. The song that Calvin Myint was listening to was Just Like Heaven, by the British rock band The Cure. It's a terrific song, actually. The meaning is a little opaque, and the Web is filled with earnest efforts to deconstruct it. Many are far-fetched, but some are right on point: It's about a tragic emotional disconnect. A man has found the woman of his dreams but can't express the depth of his feeling for her until she's gone. It's about failing to see the beauty of what's plainly in front of your eyes. YES, I SAW THE VIOLINIST, Jackie Hessian says, but nothing about him struck me as much of anything. You couldn't tell that by watching her. Hessian was one of those people who gave Bell a long, hard look before walking on. It turns out that she wasn't noticing the music at all. I really didn't hear that much, she said. I was just trying to figure out what he was doing there, how does this work for him, can he make much money, would it be better to start with some money in the case, or for it to be empty, so people feel sorry for you? I was analyzing it financially. What do you do, Jackie? I'm a lawyer in labor relations with the United States Postal Service. I just negotiated a national contract. THE BEST SEATS IN THE HOUSE WERE UPHOLSTERED. In the balcony, more or less. On that day, for $5, you'd get a lot more than just a nice shine on your shoes. Only one person occupied one of those seats when Bell played. Terence Holmes is a consultant for the Department of Transportation, and he liked the music just fine, but it was really about a shoeshine: My father told me never to wear a suit with your shoes not cleaned and shined. Holmes wears suits often, so he is up in that perch a lot, and he's got a good relationship with the shoeshine lady. Holmes is a good tipper and a good talker, which is a skill that came in handy that day. The shoeshine lady was upset about something, and the music got her more upset. She complained, Holmes said, that the music was too loud, and he tried to calm her down. Edna Souza is from Brazil. She's been shining shoes at L'Enfant Plaza for six years, and she's had her fill of street musicians there; when they play, she can't hear her customers, and that's bad for business. So she fights. Souza points to the dividing line between the Metro property, at the top of the escalator, and the arcade, which is under control of the management company that runs the mall. Sometimes, Souza says, a musician will stand on the Metro side, sometimes on the mall side. Either way, she's got him. On her speed dial, she has phone numbers for both the mall cops and the Metro cops. The musicians seldom last long. What about Joshua Bell? He was too loud, too, Souza says. Then she looks down at her rag, sniffs. She hates to say anything positive about these damned musicians, but: He was pretty good, that guy. It was the first time I didn't call the police. Souza was surprised to learn he was a famous musician, but not that people rushed blindly by him. That, she said, was predictable. If something like this happened in Brazil, everyone would stand around to see. Not here. Souza nods sourly toward a spot near the top of the escalator: Couple of years ago, a homeless guy died right there. He just lay down there and died. The police came, an ambulance came, and no one even stopped to see or slowed down to look. People walk up the escalator, they look straight ahead. Mind your own business, eyes forward. Everyone is stressed. Do you know what I mean? What is this life if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare. -- from Leisure, by W.H. Davies Let's say Kant is right. Let's accept that we can't look at what happened on January 12 and make any judgment whatever about people's sophistication or their ability to appreciate beauty. But what about their ability to appreciate life? We're busy. Americans have been busy, as a people, since at least 1831, when a young French sociologist named Alexis de Tocqueville visited the States and found himself impressed, bemused and slightly dismayed at the degree to which people were driven, to the exclusion of everything else, by hard work and the accumulation of wealth. Not much has changed. Pop in a DVD of Koyaanisqatsi, the wordless, darkly brilliant, avant-garde 1982 film about the frenetic speed of modern life. Backed by the minimalist music of Philip Glass, director Godfrey Reggio takes film clips of Americans going about their daily business, but speeds them up until they resemble assembly-line machines, robots marching lockstep to nowhere. Now look at the video from L'Enfant Plaza, in fast-forward. The Philip Glass soundtrack fits it perfectly. Koyaanisqatsi is a Hopi word. It means life out of balance. In his 2003 book, Timeless Beauty: In the Arts and Everyday Life , British author John Lane writes about the loss of the appreciation for beauty in the modern world. The experiment at L'Enfant Plaza may be symptomatic of that, he said -- not because people didn't have the capacity to understand beauty, but because it was irrelevant to them. This is about having the wrong priorities, Lane said. If we can't take the time out of our lives to stay a moment and listen to one of the best musicians on Earth play some of the best music ever written; if the surge of modern life so overpowers us that we are deaf and blind to something like that -- then what else are we missing? That's what the Welsh poet W.H. Davies meant in 1911 when he published those two lines that begin this section. They made him famous. The thought was simple, even primitive, but somehow no one had put it quite that way before. Of course, Davies had an advantage -- an advantage of perception. He wasn't a tradesman or a laborer or a bureaucrat or a consultant or a policy analyst or a labor lawyer or a program manager. He was a hobo. THE CULTURAL HERO OF THE DAY ARRIVED AT L'ENFANT PLAZA PRETTY LATE, in the unprepossessing figure of one John Picarello, a smallish man with a baldish head. Picarello hit the top of the escalator just after Bell began his final piece, a reprise of Chaconne. In the video, you see Picarello stop dead in his tracks, locate the source of the music, and then retreat to the other end of the arcade. He takes up a position past the shoeshine stand, across from that lottery line, and he will not budge for the next nine minutes. Like all the passersby interviewed for this article, Picarello was stopped by a reporter after he left the building, and was asked for his phone number. Like everyone, he was told only that this was to be an article about commuting. When he was called later in the day, like everyone else, he was first asked if anything unusual had happened to him on his trip into work. Of the more than 40 people contacted, Picarello was the only one who immediately mentioned the violinist. There was a musician playing at the top of the escalator at L'Enfant Plaza. Haven't you seen musicians there before? Not like this one. What do you mean? This was a superb violinist. I've never heard anyone of that caliber. He was technically proficient, with very good phrasing. He had a good fiddle, too, with a big, lush sound. I walked a distance away, to hear him. I didn't want to be intrusive on his space. Really? Really. It was that kind of experience. It was a treat, just a brilliant, incredible way to start the day. Picarello knows classical music. He is a fan of Joshua Bell but didn't recognize him; he hadn't seen a recent photo, and besides, for most of the time Picarello was pretty far away. But he knew this was not a run-of-the-mill guy out there, performing. On the video, you can see Picarello look around him now and then, almost bewildered. Yeah, other people just were not getting it. It just wasn't registering. That was baffling to me. When Picarello was growing up in New York, he studied violin seriously, intending to be a concert musician. But he gave it up at 18, when he decided he'd never be good enough to make it pay. Life does that to you sometimes. Sometimes, you have to do the prudent thing. So he went into another line of work. He's a supervisor at the U.S. Postal Service. Doesn't play the violin much, anymore. When he left, Picarello says, I humbly threw in $5. It was humble: You can actually see that on the video. Picarello walks up, barely looking at Bell, and tosses in the money. Then, as if embarrassed, he quickly walks away from the man he once wanted to be. Does he have regrets about how things worked out? The postal supervisor considers this. No. If you love something but choose not to do it professionally, it's not a waste. Because, you know, you still have it. You have it forever. BELL THINKS HE DID HIS BEST WORK OF THE DAY IN THOSE FINAL FEW MINUTES, in the second Chaconne. And that also was the first time more than one person at a time was listening. As Picarello stood in the back, Janice Olu arrived and took up a position a few feet away from Bell. Olu, a public trust officer with HUD, also played the violin as a kid. She didn't know the name of the piece she was hearing, but she knew the man playing it has a gift. Olu was on a coffee break and stayed as long as she dared. As she turned to go, she whispered to the stranger next to her, I really don't want to leave. The stranger standing next to her happened to be working for The Washington Post. In preparing for this event, editors at The Post Magazine discussed how to deal with likely outcomes. The most widely held assumption was that there could well be a problem with crowd control: In a demographic as sophisticated as Washington, the thinking went, several people would surely recognize Bell. Nervous what-if scenarios abounded. As people gathered, what if others stopped just to see what the attraction was? Word would spread through the crowd. Cameras would flash. More people flock to the scene; rush-hour pedestrian traffic backs up; tempers flare; the National Guard is called; tear gas, rubber bullets, etc. As it happens, exactly one person recognized Bell, and she didn't arrive until near the very end. For Stacy Furukawa, a demographer at the Commerce Department, there was no doubt. She doesn't know much about classical music, but she had been in the audience three weeks earlier, at Bell's free concert at the Library of Congress. And here he was, the international virtuoso, sawing away, begging for money. She had no idea what the heck was going on, but whatever it was, she wasn't about to miss it. Furukawa positioned herself 10 feet away from Bell, front row, center. She had a huge grin on her face. The grin, and Furukawa, remained planted in that spot until the end . It was the most astonishing thing I've ever seen in Washington, Furukawa says. Joshua Bell was standing there playing at rush hour, and people were not stopping, and not even looking, and some were flipping quarters at him! Quarters! I wouldn't do that to anybody. I was thinking, Omigosh, what kind of a city do I live in that this could happen? When it was over, Furukawa introduced herself to Bell, and tossed in a twenty. Not counting that -- it was tainted by recognition -- the final haul for his 43 minutes of playing was $32.17. Yes, some people gave pennies. Actually, Bell said with a laugh, that's not so bad, considering. That's 40 bucks an hour. I could make an okay living doing this, and I wouldn't have to pay an agent. These days, at L'Enfant Plaza, lotto ticket sales remain brisk. Musicians still show up from time to time, and they still tick off Edna Souza. Joshua Bell's latest album, The Voice of the Violin, has received the usual critical acclaim. (Delicate urgency. Masterful intimacy. Unfailingly exquisite. A musical summit. . . . will make your heart thump and weep at the same time.) Bell headed off on a concert tour of European capitals. But he is back in the States this week. He has to be. On Tuesday, he will be accepting the Avery Fisher prize, recognizing the Flop of L'Enfant Plaza as the best classical musician in America . Emily Shroder, Rachel Manteuffel, John W. Poole and Magazine Editor Tom Shroder contributed to this report. Gene Weingarten, a Magazine staff writer, can be reached at weingarten@washpost.com. He will be fielding questions and comments about this article Monday at 1 p.m .
摘要: 科学发展要以人才为本,人才工作要以人为本。以人为本是指对人的尊重,把人作为价值标准,尊重人的权利和需要,实现人的发展。尊重人的权利,就是在程序中贯彻民主原则。尊重人的需要,就是维护人们的合法权益,实现机会公平和程序正义。促进人的发展,要增加体制的开放性,让人们在自由竞争中成材,在自由流动中提高自身价值。当代应当提倡个性解放,支持人们发展兴趣,实现人的全面自由发展。 关键词:人才 以人为本 人的发展 公平正义 一、小康大业,人才为本。 在当代,经济和社会的发展问题促使人们重新发现人的价值,更加重视人才的作用。市场经济是全球竞争的经济,都是人才之间的竞争。知识经济是创新的经济,创新更是依赖人的主动性和创造性,依赖人才的巨大推动作用。从社会的发展看,一方面我们成就非凡,我们的社会处于伟大的机遇期,另一方面困难也在发展,我们的社会处于矛盾凸显期。这个时代是千头万绪风云际会的时代,是人才的大舞台。在这样的时代背景下,以人为本和人才强国战略成了必然选择。 人才工作也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。这一历史时期面临更加繁重的任务,包括经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设。世界政治经济格局发生转变,中国进一步走向世界,世界也进一步影响中国。一方面我们积累了雄厚的物质基础,发展了民主法治,提高了人民的文化水平,同时体制性障碍依然存在,统筹社会各阶层和统筹国内外事务的难度在加大,时代更加要求广泛调动人民的积极性,更加需要人才辈出,人尽其才。为此,中共中央、国务院于 2003 年 12 月召开了首次全国人才工作会议,作出了《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强人才工作的决定》。《决定》提出,小康大业,人才为本。 要做到人才为本,必须以人为本。首先什么是人才?人才就是数以亿计的高素质劳动者、数以千万计的专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才。人才工作本来就是做人的工作,更需要贯彻以人为本的理念。在 2003 年全国人才工作会议上,胡锦涛总书记概括了人才工作的指导思想,提出了以人为本的工作方针。他说,要牢固树立以人为本的观念,把促进人才健康成长和充分发挥人才作用放在首要位置。并且强调,人才工作要坚持以人为本,坚持尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的方针。 从而把以人为本作为人才工作指导方针的首要内容。 总起来说,小康大业,人才为本,而人才工作,以人为本。那么什么是以人为本,它在人才工作中什么意义呢? 二、以人为本在科学发展观中的涵义 以人为本是科学发展观的核心。《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》全面论述了以人为本的含义和要求。《决定》认为,必须坚持以人为本。始终把最广大人民的根本利益作为党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点,实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益,不断满足人民日益增长的物质文化需要,做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享,促进人的全面发展。根据这一论述,以人为本可以概括为三方面,一是尊重人民的权利,二是满足人民的需要,三是实现人的发展。 1 、以人为本是尊重人的权利。 温家宝说,坚持以人为本,就是要尊重和保障人权,包括公民的政治、经济、文化权利。 人民的政治权利就是人民的民主权利。民主的实质恰恰是尊重人民的权利,保证国家的一切权力属于人民,体现人民的历史主体地位。我国当前政治的新趋势是:人民群众的民主法制意识不断增强,政治参与的积极性不断提高,对发展社会主义民主政治基本方略提出了新要求。所以新的时代要做到以人为本,必须尊重人民的权利,特别是民主权利。 2 、以人为本是尊重人的需要。 坚持以人为本要满足人的需要,这样才能实现人民的利益,让人民高兴,充分调动人的积极性,从而让人才辈出。温家宝说,以人为本,就是要把人民的利益作为一切工作的出发点和落脚点,不断满足人们的多方面需求和促进人的全面发展。 马克思主义本来就重视人的需要。马克思认为:人的需要即人的本性,如果不是为了人的需要,人们就什么也不能做。 根据学术界的观点,人的需要是人对自身生存和发展条件的依赖。简单地说,需要就是人生存和发展的条件。反过来说,凡是生存和发展的条件,都是人的需要。 3 、以人为本就是关注人的发展。这本来是马克思主义的主题。《共产党宣言》提出,每个人的自由发展是一切人自由发展的前提条件。 恩格斯在晚年说,要恰当地表达马克思的思想,除了这句话,再也找不出合适的了。 马克思在《资本论》序言中认为,共产主义以每个人的全面而自由的发展为基本原则。 有学者据以提出:马克思主义的最高命题或根本命题,是一切人自由而全面的发展。 总之,以人为本就是尊重人,把人作为价值标准,尊重人的权利和需要,以实现人的发展为目的,根据人的特点和规律,充分发挥每个人的积极性和创造力,最终实现社会发展。 三、人才为本和以人为本的关系 胡锦涛总书记在首次全国人才工作会议上说,人才工作的活力取决于体制和机制。深化人才工作的体制改革,必须遵循人才资源开发规律。 那么人才工作的规律是什么呢?胡锦涛说,做好人才工作,要牢固树立以人为本的观念。在思想上要要牢固树立人才资源是第一资源的观念,要牢固树立人人都可以成才的观念。落实在制度上,就是把促进人才健康成长和充分发挥人才作用放在首要位置,努力营造的相应的社会环境。 本文根据这一思想,并且根据以人为本的含义,认为要把人才为本和以人为本结合起来,需要注意三个方面。 1 、尊重人的权利,在人才工作中加强民主。 尊重人的权利,关键是人民的政治权利,即民主权利。江泽民同志说,要按照民主、公开、竞争的原则,推进干部人事制度改革。 胡锦涛在党的十七大报告中说,坚持民主、公开、竞争、择优,形成干部选拔任用科学机制。扩大干部工作民主。因此民主完全是人才工作的基本原则。在人才工作中实行民主,是建设和谐社会和加强党执政能力的要求。胡锦涛说,我们所要建设的社会主义和谐社会,首先是民主法治的社会。民主也是加强党执政能力的要求,从而实现科学执政、民主执政、依法执政的总体目标。 民主体现为知情权、参与权、选择权和监督权,前提是公开透明。江泽民说,坚持扩大干部工作中的民主,落实群众对干部选拔任用的知情权、参与权、选择权和监督权。 ( p.173 )《关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》提出深化干部人事制度改革,继续推行和完善民主推荐、民主测评、差额考察、任前公示、公开选拔、竞争上岗、全委会投票表决、党政领导干部辞职等制度。这些思想和政策在实践中越来越丰富。中共江苏省委在 2004 年决定由省委全体委员投票表决由省委任命的干部,由此决定了苏州市的领导干部,受到社会的广泛关注。 在人才工作中发扬民主,必然给人民带来实在的利益,最终促进党的事业。相反如果忽视民主,必然损害人民群众的利益,最终损害党的事业。民主要合法有序,不是群众运动。民主给人们增加实现价值的机会,增加了维护自身利益和发表意见的场合,有利于及时纠正错误,有利于用和平与规范的方式进行权力交接,让人才脱颖而出。 2003 年山西省公开选拔 20 名副厅级干部,从学历层次看,本科以上的达 100% ,其中博士 1 名,硕士 6 名;从考察结果看,民主测评的优秀、称职率都在 94% 以上。 说明民主是选贤与能的有利渠道。 相反,如果忽视民主,必然带来消极后果。首先,它会扭曲人性。从人的心理规律来看,一个人掌握绝对的用人权,必然用自己了解的人,而所谓自己了解的人,必然是自己熟悉和亲近的人。这就使得用人的圈子比较狭窄,而且人心会忐忑不安,为了亲近领导,人们会想方设法取得领导的好感,这就容易诱发溜须拍马,出现亲小人,远君子。其次,它减弱人民的力量。民主集中制,在民主和集中之间必须平衡,如果权力过于集中,单纯依靠上级监督,必然使权力失控。上级的监督有便利的地方,也有不便利的地方。山高皇帝远,上级和下级往往不在相同的工作场所,甚至距离很远。从工作便利的角度看,也需要加强民主。过去腐败现象一度蔓延,北京的陈希同生活腐化,上海的陈良宇飞扬跋扈,安徽阜阳的肖作新敛财数千万,沈阳在慕马时期硕鼠成群,说明原有的干部人事制度不能很好实现德才兼备的目的。进才渠道不畅,首先损害了人民的利益,最终必然损害党的利益即党的事业。在人才工作中,必须以人为本,更加重视人民的权利,在程序中贯彻民主原则,才能更好地选贤与能。 2 、关怀人的需要,在人才工作中维护公平正义 温家宝说,坚持以人为本,具体地说,就是创造人们平等发展、充分发挥聪明才智的社会环境。 说到底就是公平正义。胡锦涛同志说建设和谐社会必须把维护社会公平放到更加突出的位置。 2008 年温家宝在两会答记者问时说,公平正义就是社会主义国家制度的首要价值。只有公平正义,人们才心情舒畅,积极性、主动性、创造性才能发挥出来。 人才的成长需要公平。公平就是权利上的公平,关键是机会公平。只要是人才,得到机会就能脱颖而出。有些干部压抑人才,方法就是不给下属机会,为了保住位子,硬是不开展工作,这样就显示不出他的弱点,也显示不出别人的能力。偶然上级布置了工作,他就被迫动员下属,有真才实学的下属马上有了表现的机会,他就开始感到岌岌可危。人才最需要机遇,应该从制度上保证所有人有一定的展示和工作的机会。没有机会,必然造成对人的压抑。有位公务员很有才干,在校时组织社团,毕业后到省级国家机关工作,但是单位死气沉沉,无所事事,他始终表现不出来。有一年单位工作多起来,有一次他向领导汇报工作,领导问你是科班出身吧!他说是。领导说,就是水平高!但是此前他已经晃荡十多年,一开始经商,后来也办工厂、开饭店、考律师,去年忽然到王府井书店买关于房地产的书籍,看来他又掉队了。这位公务员走了多么长的弯路,虚度了无数的青春岁月,真是人生的不幸!也是社会的损失。因此要做好人才工作,必须想方设法为人们提供舞台,让他们有展示才华。这不但是个人的福气,也是党和人民的福气。 人才的成长需要程序正义。程序正义就是不作弊,办事诚实无欺,没有行贿受贿,没有拉帮结派,大家都遵纪守法。正义的实质是不损害人民的合法权益。它给人们正确的行为导向,给人们健康的心理塑造。大环境好了,人们才会把精力都用在提高素质,而不是时刻想着钻营,心理会更积极善良。有位公务员,能力很突出,经历也很顺利,但他为了保住地位和更好的前程,充满了危机感。他的爱人说,他把工资都请客送礼了,一分钱也拿不回来,一家子的开销就靠我一个人的工资。在不公平的环境里,必然助长请客送礼的问题。所谓请客送礼实际就是剥削。这首先损害了人民的利益,最终也损害党的事业。 3 、促进人的全面而自由的发展,增加体制的开放性。 人才的成长实质就是人的全面而自由的发展。保证人的自由发展,要增加体制的开放性。开放是我国现代化建设的最重要的经验之一,开放不仅是对外开放,更重要的是对内开放,也即解放人民的创造力。开放的好处有二:一是开放意味着竞争,二是开放意味着价值。竞争是生物进化的重要动力,也是人才成长的规律。人才的成长有自主性,不仅要靠组织培养,也要靠自己打拼。当代人才学和人力资源理论主张:赛马不相马,就是说人才通过竞争而涌现出来,而不是单纯靠领导主观判断。 2005 年中共山西省委把公开选拔领导干部作为保先整改的重要内容,决定今后每年新提拔的副厅级领导干部中公开选拔的要占到三分之一以上。开放的第二个好处是增加人的价值。一个人在这个地方可能价值不大,在另外一个地方可能价值更大,因此开放有利于实现人的价值。人移活,树移死,就是这个道理。 人才的成长,要适应时代的要求,鼓励个性解放,推进人的自由发展。有心栽花花不开,无心插柳柳成行。过去我们高度强调集体主义,是完全正确的,但是在新的时代应该有所调整。全球化和知识经济的时代是竞争和创新的时代。江泽民同志说,科学的本质就是创新。经济方面我们需要创新人才,政治方面同样需要这样的人才。江泽民同志说,马克思主义是最讲科学精神、创新精神的。 要鼓励创新,就要鼓励思想解放和个性解放。创新活动也是内在人格的反映。 要鼓励创新还要支持人们发展个人的兴趣。哈佛大学校长萨默斯说,选择人生的道路,首先要根据你的激情,不要根据你的算计。( First, follow your passion, don t follow your calculation. )过去我国经济困难,必须在人才工作上实行实用主义,即按照国家战略和国民经济的迫切需要,统一分配人才。但是现在我们的经济条件好了,应该同时支持人们按照个人的兴趣,发展自己的专长,这样更能提高人们的创造性,最终有利于国家利益,有利于党的事业。 结语 我们这个时代是发现人的时代。新事物层出不穷,都是人的创造。以人为本的思想将越来越深入。我们这个时代更是发现人才的时代。全球范围内的市场竞争、制度竞争,说到底,都是人才的竞争。知识经济方兴未艾,是创新的经济,更需要高素质的人力资源。在民主法治的环境里面巩固党的执政地位,要赢得民心,关键是得到人才。这一切都需要我们重新理解人,尊重人,做到以人为本。只要我们尊重和维护人的权利,理解和实现人的需要,才可以最大程度地调动人的积极性和创造性,从而实现人人成材,实现人尽其才。 参考文献 中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强人才工作的决定( 2003 年 12 月 31 日) . 孙承斌:全国人才工作会议在京召开,胡锦涛发表重要讲话 . http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-12/20/content_1241175.htm 王伟光:科学发展观干部读本 . 北京:中共中央党校出版社, 2004 , p.2. 马克思恩格斯全集:第 3 卷 . 北京:人民出版社, 1979.p.514 马克思恩格斯选集:第 1 卷 . 北京:人民出版社, 1995.p.294 马克思恩格斯选集:第 4 卷 . 北京:人民出版社, 1995.p.730 马克思恩格斯选集:第 2 卷 . 北京:人民出版社, 1995. p.239 俞可平,马克思主义的最高命题 . 北京日报, 2004 年 5 月 24 日 . 江泽民:论三个代表 . 北京:中央文献出版社, 200108.p.116 雷丽华:省委公开选拔副厅级领导干部领导组负责人答记者问 .http://www.sxgov.cn/xwjj/200977.shtml2005-7-26 江泽民:论科学技术 . 北京:中央文献出版社, 2001.p.192 193 Relation between Human Resource and Humanism Abstract: Scientific development is based on human resource which is based on Humanism as to respect mans value, right and needs, and mans development. To respect mans right is to implement democracy in procedures. To respect mans needs is to guard man s legal interests comprising equal chance and fair play. For man s development it is necessary to be opening up for system. So talents are formed through competition , and man is perfected through personality liberation and going for interest. Key words: Talent; Humanism; Human developing; Equal; Fair
蒲慕明所长在 2005 年神经所年会上的讲话 ( 2005 年 11 月 26 日) 大家好,今天是神经所 2005 年年会,像往常一样,我先讲几句。先谈谈神经所 2005 年的发展。总的来说我们所 2005 年进展非常好。评估一个研究所的发展首先就是看它的科研产出。我们过去这一年的产出是建所以来最好的一年。在《神经科学杂志》以上的杂志共发表了十篇论文(包括徐天乐组前几天发表在 Neuron 上的文章)。单从论文质量来看,我们可以算取得了很大的成绩。看研究所发展状况的另一个标准就是这个所 PI 和学生的招聘情况。是不是有很多人来申请神经所 PI 的职位,是不是很多学生希望进神经所。从这两方面来说我们的进展也不错。神经所在开始的头几年,由于成绩还没有表现出来,并没有很多海外学者有兴趣来应聘。从 2003 年开始申请人数大大上升,在这二个月,我们就要面试五位 PI 候选人。神经所的发展目标是到 2010 年动态保持 30 个研究组,我们现在是 15 个组。大家也许注意到,神经科学领域很广,为什么我们现在招聘的 PI 多数是细胞分子神经生物学领域的?这主要是因为这几年我们招聘的条件不是依据研究领域,而是依据应聘人的科研水平。国外高水平的细胞分子领域的研究人员多,所以来应聘的这个领域也多。等我们到了二十个研究组以后,就要考虑哪些研究领域我们需要加强,较有针对性地对这些领域招聘。这是我们发展的策略,这样才能建立一个高质量的研究所。另一个好的进展就是我们建立了一个严格的学术评审制度,每个研究组都必须经过严格的定期的评审,研究员是每四年一次,高级研究员是每六年一次。能坚持真正做到严格的学术评审的国内研究所是不多的,我们可能是做得最彻底的。我们一定要继续做下去,还要做得更好。严格的评审制度一定要有一个相应的退出机制,就是对因不愿意参加评审或者评审未通过等种种原因而离开神经所的,我们建立了很好的退出机制。比如我们允许学生、仪器设备都可以带到新的单位去,这样就建立和推动了一个良性的流动机制。按正常理解所有的仪器设备都应属于研究所,过去惯例是人走空着手走,这对他重新建立实验室继续研究工作是有很大阻碍的,对国家资源也是一个浪费,因为留下来仪器设备相当部分很可能是其他组用不上的。所以我们制定出一个公正合理的退出机制,这是我们经过很多努力才做到的,也是我们建所过程中一个很重要的成绩。在国内呆久了的人应该知道这是很难做到的。最后我觉得神经所的发展很关键一点就是我们的行政支撑系统,办公室人员对提高我们所的工作效率、推动各种工作、打破国内旧的各种框框做了许多努力,这是非常难得的。没有我们行政、支撑人员我们这个所是办不好的,我们应该谢谢我们各个办公室和公用实验室的老师和工作人员(众鼓掌!)。 一流的研究所的标准 现在国内外对神经所的评价很高,随时都有许多神经科学家、访问那里?国内常常说要建立国际一流的研究所、办国际一流的大学,国际一流到底是怎样一个标准?我个人认为第一就是看科研水平 , 这个所每个实验室发表顶尖杂志文章的平均数 , 出来的文章是否在国际上有影响力。第二就是我刚刚讲的招聘情况,进我们所的 PI 是什么水平,在国外是什么单位在跟我们竞争?第三,我们有多少 PI 被他们所在领域的重要的国际会议邀请做大会报告?假如我们以这三个标准为准,我们在国际上是怎样一个地位呢?大家不是喜欢排名吗?我自己估计,只要我们能够保持每一年都能做到像今年这样,我们是可以与美国前四十名大学竞争的。假设前 20 名是一流的话我们还没达到一流,如果你认为前 40 名是一流的话,那我们可以算一流,这是非常粗的估算。 发展中的不足和期望目标 下面再说神经所发展中的缺点。第一是我们这里的科研骨干,也就是我们的组长们还比较年轻,大多数是起步不久。而在国际上已经有一定地位的组长很少。一般一流研究所和大学都有一大群资深的教授,年轻反而是少数。我们下五年、十年的目标就是我们的组长能够在国际上成为他们所在的领域的知名学者。大多数组长是这样的话,我们才可能与国外的一流研究所相提并论。要做到这点其实也不是那么难,假如一个组长和他的实验室在这个领域能连续性每年都有好的文章出来,持续五年、十年,大家就会注意到他,国际大会也会邀请他去做大会报告,这样他就成为国际知名学者。上面这个目标是可以预见的,也是做得到的。但对神经所来说比较困难的目标是有突破性的重大科学发现,能开创新的研究领域。大家不只是公认你是一流学者,而且把你看成领袖人物,能做到这样才能真正奠定我们神经所在国际上的地位。你们看 Harvard 、 Caltech 、 Berkeley 、 Stanford 这些学校都有几个这样的人物与诺贝尔奖获得者。这样的目标我们 只能期望,没有人可以保证我们一定能够有重大突破。只有当我们多数的实验室能达到刚才讲的一流水平,产生具有突破性的重大科学发现的可能性才会大大增加。时间久了总会有重大科学发现。要达到这个目标,很重要的一点就是必须钻研重大问题。我举个例子,英国的 Cavendish 实验室,也就是 DNA 双螺旋发现的地方,在上个世纪的前五十年是世界科学的主要中心,物理学和结构生物学发展的许多重大成果都是从 Cavendish 实验室出来的。进去的年轻人一个个变成大科学家,许多成了诺贝尔奖得主。那些年轻人都是天才吗? Cavendish 实验室选人都选得那么准吗?为什么那些年轻人进去都变成一流的科学家? Cavendish 实验室那个环境到底有什么特别?我觉得不是那里的仪器设备特别好,也不是那里的 大师 特别聪明,脑筋特别灵,出的题目特别好。最重要的一点就是那个环境给所有进 Cavendish 实验室的年轻人一个信心。自己建立了信心,持久下去就会有重大发现。这种信心是由 Cavendish 实验室的传统风气形成的,以前进这个实验室的人都能做到,那我也一定可以做得到,所以建立了信心。还有大师对他的期盼,他对自己的期盼。信心和期盼成就了 Cavendish 实验室辉煌的历史。要有突破性的科学发现,就要做重要的问题。重要问题大家都知道,并不是只有那些大师知道,外面的人也知道,但为什么外面的人做不好?因为别人没有那样的信心和胆识去做,而在 Cavendish 实验室你就可以去做。一篇新的、写得好的综述就会告诉你哪些是重要问题,每个领域都有一大堆重要问题,尤其是神经科学没有解决的重要问题很多,你不要挑选人家已经做得差不多的小问题,而是盯住那些没有解决的大问题。所以我希望神经所的老师、同学有信心做出最好的工作,有信心和胆识去做重要问题,最终会有突破性的科学发现。 研究生教育 下面我要讲一个很重要的事,今年开始我特别强调的就是我们研究生教育。一个所的成就不要只看它现在有什么成果,还有一个很重要的指标就是学生从这个所出去将来的发展怎样,他是不是变成一个好的科学家?他出去之后是不是觉得他在神经所待了那么几年确实学到怎么做科学,能够不后悔。让他重新做一次研究生的话,他还会选择到神经所。能够做到这一点那我们神经所教育才是真正成功了。我记得上次有个座谈会,一位老师问我 你觉得在神经所工作这几年有什么是你最遗憾的 ?我说我最遗憾的是我们神经所过去这几年有的学生走的时候是一肚子气走的,很不满意,觉得在这里很多时间是浪费掉的。这就表明我们所过去这几年没有真正办好。我希望我们能加强对研究生的关注。今年我们对于研究生转博考试、对于博士生向其论文指导委员会的进程汇报制定了更加全面、严格的要求。这也显示了神经所越来越关注、并尽力提高研究生的教育质量。我希望明年研究生工作能做得更好 , 学生们不仅仅感受到科研工作所带来的压力,同时有回报,也能渐渐体会享受做科研的乐趣,工作能做得愉快。这也是保证我们每个实验室能够成功的基础条件。 学习思考问题、解决问题 我在实验生物科学现在有一个趋势,就是年轻人一变成组长以后就不做实验了,招一大群博士后或学生,自己则整天坐在办公室里,跟实验台脱离了关系。老一辈的科学家都是自己动手。我做 PI 后还自己做了 15 年的实验。只有自己动手才会有感觉,知道实验做不出的时候是什么原因。十年前我还声称假如我们实验室细胞培养或电生理记录出了问题时,让我来做,我可以解决问题。因为我曾长期在实验台上,有感觉。现在的趋势是大部分年轻的 PI 不做实验了,真正跟自然对话的就是在实验台上的学生了,这是一个缺点。补救这个缺点就是 PI 应经常接触实验台,学生做实验的时候应该常坐在他们旁边陪他们做实验,这将有助于发现和找出问题的真正原因。 学习形成假说和检测假说 刚才说了研究生第一步是学习怎样去想问题、解决问题。进一步更重要的是学习怎样找问 题,怎样形成 (formulate) 假说和检测( test )假说。通常开始时由老师给一个问题,但是你要学到怎样找好问题、找大问题。这个步骤比较困难,要经过一段漫长的过程,其实这是一个科学家终身要学习的。我认为在生命科学领域目前有两种研究方法:一种是 探索性 ( exploratory )研究,搜寻未知的现象。另一种是 假说所推动的 (hypothesis-driven) 研究。在分子细胞生物学中的一些领域,假说所推动的研究占主要地位。已经有很多现象,你可以形成一个假说,去检测它,在检测过程中对自然现象有进一步了解。但是在系统和认知层面上的神经科学,很多是未知的,在形成一个有用的假说之前,需要收集更多的事实和发现新现象。探索性研究重视观察自然现象,要以尖锐的洞察力观察自然现象 (observation with a keen eye) ,观察时要专注、要想像,对这种情况下你看到的现象是不是有意思,要做恰当的判断,这种探索性研究很可能是未来神经科学发展有所突破的关键。我们神经所现在大部分的工作是假说所推动的研究。今天我化一点时间谈怎样形成假说、以及怎样检测你的假说。简单地说,别人发现那个现象,你看到这个现象,你把两种现象联成一个因果关系,形成一个有意思的假说。人家没有联想到你联想到了,这就是你的假说。下一步是去检测你的假说。首先,我想指出怎样才是好的假说。一个合理的假说并不一定是一个好的、有意思的假说。我认为一个好的假说应该有以下三个特性:首先,一个好的假说所引导出的因果关系是许多人意想不到的(就是我们常说的 surprising, novel 令人惊奇的 、 新颖的 假说)。第二、一个好的假说所引导的推断是可以立即用实验去检测的。第三,一个好的假说是可以立即引导出其他有意思的假说。通常一个假说就是要给一个有因果关系的联系。检测你的假说,其实就是为这个因果关系寻找证据。怎样检测因果关系其实是一个很普通的常识 (common sense) 。我举个例,你发现在你的系统里 AC ,在已知的另外一个系统里 BC ,你把它连到一起提出一个假说:就 是 AC 必须通过 B ,也就是 ABC 。要检测这个因果关系,最简单的方法就是拿掉 B ,看看 A 有没有办法产生 C 。假如没有 B , A 照样可以产生 C ,那你的假说就被推翻了,就没有继续下一步的必要了。反过来说,假如没有 B , A 就不能产生 C ,那么你的假说没有被推翻。假如没有 B 的话, A 就不能到 C , B 就是 AC 的必要条件。当然你还有其他要检测的 , 在你这个系统里你是否可以看到 AB ?可否看到 BC ?假如你的实验能得到 AB, 你同时也发现并不需要有 A , B 的出现就可以得到 C ,这就可以说 B 是 AC 的充分条件。 B 既是必要条件,又是充分条件,那么 ABC 的因果关系在你的系统里就暂时可以成立了。事实上大部分科研就是研究因果关系,如果你都检测清楚了,最后结果是你的假说在你的系统里可以暂时成立了 , 你就是已经解决了一个问题。当然还有很多细节,你拿走 B 时的处理是不是特异性的?是不是在拿走 B 时,其他的东西也被打坏了?例如你用药剂阻断 B ,这个药剂是不是有充分的特异性,其他条件有没有变?还有很多药理实验没有 100% 的效果,你怎么对待这样的结果?我们常见的就是 B 被阻断之后, A 造成 C 的数量大大减少,一般就会认为这个假设是成立的。但为什么 C 没有完全消失?是不是因为 B 阻断没有做到彻底?还是 A 还有不同的途径可以到达 C ,也就是说 ADC 。假如是后面所说的那种情况,你的假说就失去了强度,所以你一定要回来找原因,到底为什么阻断 B 只是部分有效果?是不是有更好的假说。如果用许多方法阻断 B ,你一直只能得到部分阻断,也许你就应该寻找 D ,从 AC 的作用中 D 可能比 B 更重要。这样你就要放弃原来的假说,即便你原来的假说非常新颖、非常吸引人。你是坚持还是放弃你原有的假说变成了一个关键的问题。 我们假定的因果关系是 ABC , B 是介导 A 到 C ,但是真正的因果关系可能是 ADC , B 可能只是影响 D ,是 D 存在的必要条件。假如 B 拿掉, A 到 C 可能会受影响,但并不马上表示 B 就是因果关系中的一环。即使 BC ( B 导致 C 是充分的 ) ,因果关系可能仍然是 ADC 。要真正的令人信服,你必须证明你的系统在实际生理条件下 A 能产生适当量的 B ,而产生的 B 的量足以产生 C 。这时候定量信息就很重要。如果没有定量信息支持你的假说,可能 B 只是 ADC 过程的一个必要的调控者 (modulator) ,而不是 AC 真正的介导者 (mediator) 。已往与当今文献中许多关于信号转导的争论就是由于缺乏对于信号转导途径的介导者与调控者的明确区分,而出现了太多的不可靠的相互矛盾的因果关系的假说。 还有,绝对不要说你的实验已经证实 (prove) 了你的假说。实际上没有一个假说是可以被证实的。假说是永远只能被推翻但不能被证实的,所有的实验结果最多只能说是支持你的假说。简单的说,在你这个条件下你得到的结果和你的假说不矛盾,所以你的假说在目前仍然成立。换一个条件你得到的结果可能会与你的假说有矛盾。因为永远有一些条件你无法或没有测试,所以你永远不能排除你的假说可能是错的可能性。在写文章或做报告时至多只能说 数据符合或支持我们的假说 。 学习做一个有品德的科学家 研究生必须学习的第三点,就是要学习做一个有品德的科学家。大家知道科学家不是生存在真空里,是在一个社会里面,在学术界、在社会上有品德的科学家才会受到多数人的尊重,他的工作才使人信服。有品德的科学家是严谨的 , 是讲公德的 , 是有诚信的 , 是尊重事实 , 并捍卫真理的。不要有了结果,即使数据靠不住,自己都不能信服的东西,也出文章。今年这文章出了,下面做不下去了,别人不能重复,那你的名声就毁了。假如你的发现是吸引大家注意的,将来大家知道这个工作是错的,你的科学生涯就会有污点。不可以因为眼前要出一篇文章,将来后患无穷。严谨态度要从小事做起,你到公用实验室使用仪器,该签名时就签,应该怎样操作就怎样操作,要守规矩。想省事走小路和占小便宜反映了你的态度,这种态度积累在一起成为习惯,到最后就会犯大错。我们在学习过程中,要培养严谨的态度,这是我希望我们每个同学都能注意到和重视的。科学家的品德同样也反映在与人合作的态度上。跟人家交流合作必须是公平互惠的。合作是一个科学家要学会的最重要的事情之一。假如你不会合作,在未来的科学世界里你必定是非常局限的。学会怎样做一个好的合作者是你成功的一个重要的因素。怎样合作,从做学生开始就要学习,因为在做学生时合作是最多的,老师交给你的工作是整个项目的一部分,你要跟别人合作。我发现很多年轻人,尤其是到了国外后,很常见的一种想法就是认为你要在这个社会生存,就要竞争,要竞争就要厉害,要抢,不能退让。中国人过去都是软弱,被欺负,所以现在要竞争 , 要抢,有一个便宜就占一个便宜,有好处不拿白不拿。我认为这是一个非常短视的浅薄的态度。你总是占便宜的话,人家就不跟你合作。最常见的问题就是出了文章谁做第一作者?都认为自己贡献最大,自己应该是第一作者。但是要量化贡献并使每个当事者都认为是完全公平的是非常困难的,每个人的算法都不一样。有些时候很难去断定你的贡献一定是 55 %,所以你是第一作者,别人贡献是 45 %,所以是第二作者。在很多情况下就是 PI 作主, PI 要公平,要做一个合适的评估。我们不要因为得不到第一作者就认为这世界太不公平。其实没有百分之百的公平,假如这次你感觉吃亏了,你采用一个和气的态度接受这个事实,下一次自然会有好的安排。即使你的合作者这次占了便宜,下一次他可能认为应该让你多得一点。这都是有来有往,不要以为目前此时此刻一定要什么事情都是你第一,要学会怎样与别人合作。我自己经历就是这样,与人家合作时 , 我不争文章排名,但到了真正很 吃亏 的时候我是会反对的,但一般我都是很容易商量。你会发现很多文章我是倒数第二名。当然我是 PI ,你们可能觉得不一样。其实学生也一样,在一项工作中谁的贡献怎样大家心中会有正确的估价。所以多年来我都有很好的合作,我自己有很多收获,因为通过这些合作我自己得到了学习,也扩展了研究领域,总的来说对做科学是有好处的。所以我希望大家合作时不要斤斤计较,要以做科学为主。不要为计较眼前的利益,把自己的名声搞坏。我就知道国内有些 PI 甚至对没有参与工作的学生或其他有关系的人也会给个好处,把他的名字放在文章上,给学生排名有时候也是乱来的。还有的 PI 跟人家合作就一定要坚持自己占绝对的好处。到最后常常导致不愉快的事件发生。另一个与科学家品德有关的事就是国内科技界普遍的浮夸风。用文字或在公开场合描述你自己的成就,有时候也许比较难做到完全客观。但现在国内许多对个人或单位研究工作的意义或取得的成就的描述,常常夸大得不成比例。有人辩解说 这是公关,为了经费和名声,这是必须做的 。 每个人都这样做,国外的科学家也是这样公关的 。我不赞同这种态度,如果过分夸大事实、不诚实的、欺骗的行为是所谓的国际趋势,我们也不应该遵循这样的趋势。我反对科学家像商人一样,用尽一切办法,包括欺骗,去 销售 他自己和他的单位。我坚信一个有品德的科学家应该是诚实的,即便是面向 无知 大众或那些不懂得他的研究领域的领导也必须是诚实的。当一个科学家成为科学管理者时,应更有义务坚守科学家的行为准则,讲实话,不浮夸。中国科技界盛行的浮夸,包括申请经费时的浮夸风,归根主要还是科学家不能坚守基本的品德。这种浮夸风已经成为中国科学事业的发展、中国科学得到国际科学界尊重的主要障碍。我希望我们的研究生、下一代的科学家能纠正这种不良的社会倾向,要对自己、对科学、对社会都能坚守诚信的品德。 我的时间已经到了,今天就讲到这里。在我结束之前,我送给大家两句座右铭,这都是著名的哲学家和文学家胡适说的。胡适当时讲的是考证工作,但同样也非常适合我们做科学。第一个是 大胆假设,小心求证 、第二个是 有一分证据说一分话 。如果能严守这二个座右铭,你将成为一个好的科学家。 最后讲一件事,就是最近有很多同学和外面的人问我,说我神经所所长是不是马上要被解聘了?(众笑)是不是还在做所长?我可以告诉大家,很简单的几句话,建立神经所是我这辈子重要的一件事,我什么都可以放弃,神经所是决不会放弃的,要赶我走还不容易呢 (众鼓掌!)。大家都知道我们神经所在国内科学做得好,什么人要赶我走还不是那么容易的事情,能够赶走我的是谁?是我们神经所的老师和同学,只要我们老师和同学认为我应该留在神经所,那我就在神经所,不做所长我也还会在神经所(众鼓掌!)。
网上流传很广的号称史上最牛的大学讲演,之所以说是最牛的讲演,是因为讲演者当场被耶鲁大学保安带离现场,被河蟹了,哈哈哈。 埃里森(甲骨文公司CEO)在耶鲁大学演讲 Graduates of Yale University, I apologize if you have endured this type of prologue before, but I want you to do something for me. Please, take a good look around you. Look at the classmate on your left. Look at the classmate on your right. Now, consider this: five years from now, 10 years from now, even thirty years from now, odds are the person on your left is going to be a loser. The person on your right, meanwhile, will also be a loser. And you, in the middle? What can you expect? Loser. Loserhood. Loser Cum Laude. In fact, as I look out before me today, I don't see a thousand hopes for a bright tomorrow. I don't see a thousand future leaders in a thousand industries. I see a thousand losers. You're upset. That's understandable. After all, how can I,Lawrence Larry Ellison, college dropout, have the audacity to spout such heresy to the graduating class of one of the nation's most prestigious institutions? I'll tell you why. Because I, Lawrence Larry Ellison, second richest man on the planet, am college dropout, and you are not. Because Bill Gates, richest man on the planet-for now anyway-is a college dropout, and you are not. Because Paul Allen, the third richest man on the planet, dropped out of college, and you did not. And for good measure, because Michael Dell, No.9 on the list and moving up fast, is a college dropout, and you, yet again, are not. Hmm ... you're very upset. That's understandable. So let me stroke your Egos for a moment by pointing out, quite sincerely, that your diplomas were not attained in vain. Most of you, I imagine, have spent four to five years here, and in many ways what you've learned and endured will serve you well in the years ahead. You've established good work habits. You've established a network of people that will help you down the road. And you've established what will be lifelong relationships with the word therapy. All that of is good. For in truth, you will need that network. You will need those strong work habits. You will need that therapy. You will need them because you didn't drop out, and so you will never be among the richest people in the world. Oh sure, you may, perhaps, work your way up to #10 or #11, like Steve Ballmer. But then, I don't have to tell you who he really works for, do I? And for the record, he dropped out of grad school. Bit of a late bloomer. Finally, I realize that many of you, and hopefully by now most of you, Are wondering, Is there anything I can do? Is there any hope for me at all? Actually, no. It's too late. You've absorbed too much, think you know too much. You're not 9 anymore. You have a built-in cap,and I'm not referring to the mortarboards on your heads. Hmm ... you're really very upset. That's understandable. So perhaps this Could be a good time to bring up the silver lining. Not for you, Class of '00. You are a write-off, so I'll let you slink off to your pathetic $200,000-a-year jobs, where your cheques will be signed by former classmates who dropped out two years ago. Instead, I want to give hope to any underclassmen here today. I say to you, and I can't stress this enough: leave. Pack your things and your ideas and don't come back. Drop out. Start up. For I can tell you that a cap and gown will keep you down just as surely as these security guards dragging me off this stage are keeping me down... (At this point The Oracle CEO was ushered off stage.) 耶鲁的毕业生们,我很抱歉如果你们不喜欢这样的开场我想请你们为我做一件事,请你好好看一看周围,看一看站在你左边的同学,看一看站在你右边的同学。请你设想这样的情 况:从现在起5年之后,10年之后,或30年之后,今天站在你左边的这个人会是一个失败者;右边的这个人,同样,也是个失败者。而你,站在中间的家伙,你以为会怎样?一样是失败者。失败的经历。失败的优等生。 说实话,今天我站在这里,并没有看到一千个毕业生的灿烂未来。我没有看到一千个行业的一千名卓越领导者。我只看到了一千个失败者。你们感到沮丧。这是可以理解的。为什么,我,埃里森,一个退学生,竟然在美国最具声望的学府里这样厚颜地散布异端?我来告诉你原因。因为,我,埃里森,这个行星上第二富有的人,是个退学生,而你不是。因为比尔盖茨,这个行星上最富有的人就目前而言是个退学生,而你不是。因为艾伦,这个行星上第三富有的人,也退了学,而你没有。再来一点证据吧,因为戴尔,这个行星上第九富有的人他的排位还在不断上升,也是个退学生。而你,不是。 你们非常沮丧。这是可以理解的。 现在,让我打击你一下。我要相当诚挚地指出:你们的文凭不是白拿的。你们中的大多数,我猜,已经在这里花费了四五年时光,你们将以各种方式在未来使用你所学的东西。你们已经确立了好的工作习惯。你们已经建立了能帮你沿这条路前进的人际网。你们已经将自己这辈子与治疗这个词建立了一种联系。一切很好。因为事实上,你们需要这些。 你们将来需要这些有用的工作习惯。你将来需要这种治疗。你需要它们,因为你没辍学,所以你永远不会成为世界上最富有的人。哦,当然,你可以,也许,以你的方式进步到第10位,第11位,就像史蒂夫鲍尔默,但,我没有告诉你他在为谁工作,是吧?根据记载,他是研究生时辍的学,开化得稍晚了些。 现在,我猜想你们中间很多人,也许是绝大多数人,正在琢磨,我能做什么?我究竟有没有前途?当然没有。太晚了,你们已经吸收了太多东西,以为自己懂得太多。你们再也不是19岁了。你们有了内置的帽子,哦,我指的可不是你们脑袋上的学位帽。 嗯你们已经非常沮丧啦。这是可以理解的。所以,现在可能是讨论实质的时候啦绝不是为了你们,2000年毕业生。你们已经被报销,不予考虑了。我想,你们就偷偷摸摸去干那年薪20万的可怜工作吧,在那里,工资单是由你两年前辍学的同班同学签字开出来的。事实上,我是寄希望于眼下还没有毕业的同学。我要对他们说,离开这里。收拾好你的东西,带着你的点子,别再回来。退学吧,开始行动。我要告诉你,一顶帽子一套学位服必然要让你沦落就像这些保安马上要把我从这个讲台上撵走一样必然(此时,Oracle CEO被带离了讲台) 您可能猜到了,這篇講演的確只是一個惡搞而已。大學教授們不必擔心,勤奮苦讀的博士生們也不必心裡不平衡。 不過,我們的高等教育需要反思和改進的地方也的確很多很多
关于我家老祖宗钱学森之问及中国的硬实力(编后语一) 未来中国大学科研教育的必须范例 ------- 写给科技专业大学生,博士及富有雄心和自信的科学家们,特别是生物医学人杰 Keywords: 钱学森之问 , 温家宝, RichardBG Qian, 中国 , 创新 , 去行政化 , 官本位 写完三篇关于我家老祖宗钱学森之问及中国的硬实力之后,静下心来前思后虑,想到这个话题事关之大,乃中国百年之计。但实难于写出更好的标题,故暂且就用这个未来中国大学科研教育的必须范例 . 如果想更好地明了它的含义,只能是请诸位看下去。 中国科技创新及发现的问题当由来已久,我不用多说,大家都很熟悉。但解决起来不一定就如许多人想象的那样艰难和漫长。科学家们最熟悉这样一句话 , 给我一个支点,我就可以撬动地球。今天我希望大家在这一小时里真正地相信这句名言。 中国的科技的未来在于以千万计的科技新人,也即关键是教育。那末科技教育的关键是什麽?第一当是知识和能力。但很明确,今天我们中国大学里,研究所里 知识足够丰富,不缺!第二当是自信和实现。这自信和实现最后将成为一件事,一个过程,因为科学的过程是不可以完全从语言逻辑的角度来看。其实从第一分钟起,在我心中这自信和实现是必须永远排在第一的。怕太多的人不理解而反对而不读我的文章,故而让步,故而调整顺序。如果中国科技的崛起关键是自信和实现,(而极可能去行政化只是它的必然附属产物,象现代许多国家已经发生的一样),那麽我们怎样去实现它? 看起来仍然很复杂,但过程却不是这样,却可以是简单:如果我们有一至几项当今最伟大的科学发现,并由这些发现者来展示来讲解 给年轻一代,甚至包括中年一代, 以真正建立起牢不可破的信心和意志 科技发明发现,我能,我最能 ,那末中国科技发现发明的如海狂潮就不再需要任何人忧虑,任何人推动。(如果您不是科学人士,不是百里挑一的人杰,请不要看这些。) 有人会问杨先生等不是已经作过了吗?没有,我说。其中的原因我今天不细说,留待未来。智者当能理解我说的有理。 那麽,这第一件当代最伟大的中国人的发明发现在那里?在这里,在我的脑子里,在我的指头上。在此之后,就会有足够的跟随者。 国内已有许多大牛大腕,但在我的洞察力里,那里是没有伟大到可以为国之栋梁的。洞察力是后天的亦是先天的,故能看穿三十年,看穿百年的洞察力,斯为神, 中国之强国之神。 给你一点证据:钱老曾强调说在科学发现过程中需要许多的强有力 的想象力,正如他在加州理工每日所呈现在大脑中的那样。给一个画面来展示以下想象力: 我儿在七岁时完全由他自己创作的一首小提琴曲子,尽管较短,但却充满了优美和热烈,充满了激情和变化, 并在聚会上表演而 大 受欢迎。我把这个事例放在这里,也作为这篇文章的例证 ,也作为想象力的重要例证。 在两至三年内,我必公开我的伟大发现,无论在哪个国度。我有我人神可怜的道理。在千万年轻学子中,如果有三千学子用电子邮件寄来你自己指定的特有识别标志,并在三年后看到我的发表在至高科学杂志上的文章, 其震动世界,以打开中国科学之巨闸,以享钱塘涌潮之壮之美,我们即有师生之谊,在一个生命的时刻,我会送上我的祝福或援助之手。这其中,必有一十二人 为中国 获得十二枚诺贝尔奖。 关于我的发明发现,请参阅我的博客。多谢诸位! 我将我的这块镇国之宝和氏璧 献给我的祖国,万望查之识之纳之! RichardBG Qian 我家老祖宗钱学森的继承者。 In Wisconsin (注:这里只有科学强国,只有师承继续,而没有任何宗教,商业行为。) ============================================================== 。 Notice: Please dont give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: 钱学森之问 , 温家宝, RichardBG Qian, 中国 , 创新 , 去行政化 , 官本位
关于我家老祖宗钱学森之问及中国的硬实力(结束语) RichardBG Qian 如前所述,我的发现将作为一座独木桥或一道唯一的绝壁峡谷通道引领中国以及世界的生物科学家冲进一片崭新而广阔的领域,以发现最常见而最重要的疾病的机理及其有效治疗方法为起点,来开启中国用三十年做出远超过西方三百年的现代生物医学发现总和的新历史。这块新领地,既将是中国第一块巨大的“科学殖民地”,并随之会有多个中国的“哥伦布”们探索到更多的“新大陆”“新美洲”。唯有如此,中国才会变成世界性的, 才会变成一个真正意义上的强国。到那一天,北京大学原校长所言 “中国还没有真正意义上的世界一流大学”才会变成昨日黄花,从此不再。 爱因斯坦在那一年发表了他的里程碑意义的四篇文章。在那之前,他只是一个专利局的技术职员,没有实验室,没有助手,比我今天还差许多。但他仍然可以将他的文章发表于他认可的家乡。今天,爱因斯坦成名百年后,当我试图把我的四篇将改变世界的文章送到中国去,所有的校长们,教授们都不敢考虑。而事实上,我的科学发现的基础及依据完全来自于现代医学和医学生物 学实践和理论。从这个历史事实出发,中国难以出现世界一流科学家,世界一流科学成果及世界一流大学的根本原因是由于生物学界,其他科学界,商界以及政界领袖们(除了少数几个)几乎完全没有准备好来迎接中国的世界一流创新和发现,几乎完全不相信中国人可以并已经拿到世界一流的创新和发现。而这正是我所给于我家老祖宗钱学森之问的答案的关键具体描白之一。 关于这个事实,变成口号就是“要努力提高 科学工作者及相关管理人员的 科学素质!要努力提高全民族的自信心 !” (但是决不可以再有“文革” . ) 这里给一个极端的事例 (我希望看不懂CRPS/Causalgia的不要发言。这一段只有科学上的意义,而决无法律意义及政治意义。所以非科学人士请勿参与评价。):在我将我的伟大科学发现信息跨过太平洋寄给尊敬的饶毅先生时,他不但不给于考虑,反而将其作为笑料的素材写进他的相声,并在北大新年聚会上表演。(请参见他的博客)其幼稚之青涩,其心胸之狭隘,其信心之匮乏,其闭目而塞听,其史实之无知,其知识之荒瘠,其目中之无人,其思维之偏执,其洞察之寸光,其疑深而难托,其患得而患失,其考虑之欠周,其时光之虚度,其喉舌之松弛,其幽默之肤浅,其行为对数千中国未来科学领袖的北大学子的自信心的不良影响,其误解“指点江山”偏差之遥远,..................................,几不可赦。 我所说的自信心,绝不是空洞无物的自大,而是建立在每日每时的实践和洞察力之上的自信。 那种小富则偏安,小得则自满的情形并不是我愿涉及的话题。 因 为我的来自于实验室的伟大科学发现,正是第一个最强有力的例证,以支持我对钱学森之问明确,清晰而可行的答案。所以,我在这里对这件事情的经历加以引申, 并作为答案的一部分,也从一个角度来阐明中国的科学强国信心来自于哪里,以及怎样去播种,怎样去培育,怎样每日每时全力避免摧之折之冻之。对于中国的科学 自信心 ------ 即创造力的源泉,发明力的慧眼,必当用十二分足够的爱护,象我对我儿一样让他在喜欢(享受 enjoy )音乐,喜欢(享受)运动,喜欢(享受)自然及科学发现等过程中长成参天大树,引领世界潮流。 最良好的祝愿,送给我的朋友们和我的祖国 ! 送给温家宝总理! RichardBG Qian 钱学森第二 At Milwaukee, USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ You can use Email to give comments on this paper (You can find the email address in the blog.). If I think your opinions is from the point of view of Science, I will publish it here. Thank you! Notice: Please don’t give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: 钱学森之问, 温家宝,RichardBG Qian, 中国,硬实力,科学,创新, 去行政化,官本位
我家老祖宗钱老先生问题的答案很简单 RichardBG Qian 钱学森之问, “ 为什么我们的学校总是培养不出杰出人才? ” 这是钱学森生前的疑问,也是钱老的临终遗言。 其实,我家老祖宗钱老先生问题的答案很简单:不要喜欢跟着别人走,只想着创新和发现, 伟大的惊人的历史性的创新和发现, 只想着我能,那末,你会得到最多的创新和发现。无它!!! 因为他知道没有人听得懂,或没有人有勇气去做,去实践之,故而把问题表达的很模糊,但命题中却包含了完整的答案,以留给他的最聪慧的子孙来回答,并完成历史使命。 “不要喜欢跟着别人走”这句话看起来很空洞,但其实不空洞。当你熟悉了近三百年以及近三千年的科学史后(但你是实验室中的研究者而绝不是科学史工作者),这句话的含义是非常明确的:不管科研文章发表在什麽级别的杂志上,如果它是“跟着别人走”,那末它仍然是这样。当我们的科研领袖们都公开地承认这个含义并应用于每一天时,我们将会启动我们自己的伟大创新和发明的新历史。从这一天开始,时代属于你们! 关于钱学森之问, 那末多大学,中学及小学的校长们,老师们,也包括九所名校的校长们说了许多意见和建议,并且许多人有资格直接说给总理听。但汇总成一条,却是“我也很无奈”。为什麽天下人都不喜欢的事,却必然会发生?自然和人类从来就是这样的。我也不喜欢看细节,也不喜欢去解决细节。因为细节解决了也毫无帮助于整体解决方案。而整体解决方案合理,大势向好的方向流去,做为领袖只要轻轻地向那个方向吹吹风即可。另外,事实看起来,沉默甚至比这种情形还强一些 : 校长们象个政府职员那样没有主人翁精神地去看问题,想问题,解决问题。在这里,似乎也缺乏洞察力(如威斯康辛医学院的院长一样,以阿米巴研究的经历竟不惭去做一方领袖。可见商业化的选择委员会在哪儿都经常很失职的。)我所想的是,要有远见,看得见未发生而必然会发生的重大好事情。有此一顺,万事皆因之而顺。因而工作的中心在此一件事,其他均是维持一定阶段的稳态罢了。 人才在美国,在中国均不是校长们,教授们培养出来的。他们是从自然的原野里自然长成的。象我儿学小提琴,老师也不神,家长也不富,只有一点钱家和赵家的中国人的智慧,只经两年学习,他已经达到惊人的高水平,并且学习能力,毅力得到极大的提高。他还没有见过中学大学的老师们校长们,这麽看来,人才不是原野里自然长成的吗?地球每年生长多少人才,必是永远会生长的庄稼 和野草 一样。不因校长们的焦虑而多长,也不因他们的无奈而不长。我的话只说给总理,副总理和所有智慧的家长们听。请相信我。 如果过几年我成就了伟业,你们才听得进我的话,可能你的孩子的教育过程已经迟了。 所以,大学的校长们请不要以为上苍在你们的肩上放了多少担子。如果研究生们能看到更多你们的笑脸,能听听你们讲几次有趣的或大或小的科学发现的故事,他们中的许多人就会成长为参天大树样的创新人才。 我就在这儿打住。多谢各位! 同时,我也将这段话送给我们的温家宝总理:上苍早已并永远照看我们;方法,道路,人才, 目的地,早已为你预备。不需担心,不须忧虑,带领你的人民,坚定地向前走去!这就足够了。 等一段时间,我会给你看我的清晰照片。从眼神中你所看到的只有自信和创新, 如同我家老祖宗一样。 最良好的祝愿,送给我的朋友们和我的祖国 ! RichardBG Qian USA Notice: Please don’t give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: 钱学森之问, 温家宝,RichardBG Qian, 中国,硬实力,科学,创新, 去行政化,官本位
Mitchell 的历史地位的再认可和中国的 硬实力 。 RichardBG Qian 在中国已有很多文章谈论如何增强软实力, 硬实力 , 我试着给大家一个全新的角度来看这个问题。当我研究神经科学一百五十年来在美国的发展过程,并试图从中找到神经病理疼痛以及 CRPS/Causalgia 的根本机理的这个期间,我从许多角度把威斯康星医学院的图书馆以及网上图书馆反复梳理搜索多少遍, 其中包括近两百年的专业和新闻相关信息。其中包括我用五百美金买了一本一百六十年前的原版书。简而言之,用尽了二十年来所学的文献检索技能。因之,所得甚丰:我的新结论,美国医学和神经科学之父应该是 S. Weir Mitchell ,而不是别人。正是 Mitchell ,并从他开始,美国医学脱离了完全跟随欧洲的历史,启动了伟大的创新和发现的历史。这里有两个里程碑性的标志:第一个里程碑包含两项, Mitchell 揭示了一种蛇毒是由两种毒性蛋白组成的(如果不懂生理生化的历史就不会懂得这个发现的伟大意义),随后他在 1864 年第一次命名并准确描述了 CRPS/Causalgia (神经病理疼痛之一)的临床表现,也既是他发现了 CRPS/Causalgia 。第二个里程碑是他,作为奠基人和第一任会长 (president) ,发起并建立了全美医学及生理学联合会。第二个里程碑很容易得到大众媒体的理解并被记住。但是对于第一个里程碑,即使在生物医学界内也承受了巨大的误解和遗忘。如果我们熟悉了现代医学及其进程,熟悉了神经科学,外科学,疼痛生理,基础生理生化实验研究 和神经精神病学,我们可以看到这个误解已经给人类造成了多麽大的创伤;当我看见许多可治的 CRPS/Causalgia 病人被送进精神病院,我总是为之泪下。由于这个巨大的误解和遗忘, Mitchell 以及他的 CRPS/Causalgia 发现完全没有在西方包括美国科学界获得应有的崇高历史地位和尊重。这个事实可以我们不能在 Osler 和 Cushing 的纪录中看到 Mitchell 的名字的事例来佐证 . 一百五十年后的今天,当我们认识了 CRPS/Causalgia 的基础病理生理,这段漫长的历史就变得很清楚了。 我不能在这里写下 Mitchell 必然代替谁的位置。或者说谁不合适占有这个位置。但我可以说,今天来看, Osler ( William Osler )其实只能是作为 Mitchell 的跟随者及被推荐人而在历史中占有他应有的地位。 一百五十年后的今天,当我们认识了 CRPS/Causalgia 的基础病理生理,这段漫长的历史就变得很清楚了。同时可喜的是, 我的发现将作为一座独木桥或一道唯一的绝壁峡谷通道引领中国以及世界的生物科学家冲进一片崭新而广阔的领域,以发现两个最常见而最重要的疾病的机理及其有效治疗方法为起点,来开启中国用三十年做出远超过西方三百年的 现代 生物医学发现总和的新历史, 来再次建立中国人在当代为人类做出了最重要的贡献的丰碑。这面丰碑上必将写满无数中国人的名字,以使任何人再也不敢重复“抄袭大国”这个字。这是几近完成的事实, 而绝不是梦想。 我用一个小事实来铺垫:我已经用一年时间将我儿训练成四城市的少年游泳冠军,如果你知道美国是一个超级游泳大国。如果你不懂医学,生理学及运动医学,这将是不可能的。 顺便说一句,由于历史的偶然,我的研究几乎完全交汇于饶毅先生的神经科学研究。我选择说我很幸运:能和最强者竞争和合作。 当然地,我更希望由他来精确预报我的发现将为中国获得第一枚诺贝尔奖, 一而 再。或是由他来精确预报为美国获得两枚诺贝尔奖。历史全由他或你今天来写! 两 年来我之所以抓住饶毅先生不放,是因为很多美国人听得懂我的发现,但我却不愿意讲;我想讲给中国人听,却几乎没有人听得懂。 我天天受太上老君的火烤着,所 以,我得拉一个朋友跟我站在一起。我的母校的老师韩济生韩老先生很同道,但他只比我的老父小几岁,我不忍心给他添麻烦。饶毅先生也懂神经科学,我也想与他 来个科学桃园三结义,来个饶毅加钱,或钱加饶 成为伯纳德第二。故而抓住饶毅先生不放 。其实, 我也知道他听完了,也会没底直接确认我的发现。这不要紧,你可以找几个人来讨论三天。如果我的发现在中国没一个人懂,还不如爱因斯坦幸运,我也不会哭泣。 想当年,爱因斯坦也不是被大美国发现的。可能一个国家大了,就太傲气了。我家老祖宗会告诉我该怎麽办,因为我知道苍天会照看我。其实,很多人听得懂,只看他们有没有这个意愿了。 我的话或我的发现真实地重现了历史,医学历史和科学史。同时,这段历史的重新阐释却清晰地展示了一个国家的软实力和硬实力(铁拳头)的来源,美国的或是中国的。如果中国的生物医学科学家及政治家们看了我的这段纪录而无动于衷,那末,高山流水仍然需要知音了。 最良好的祝愿,送给我的朋友们和我的祖国 ! RichardBG Qian USA Notice: Please don’t give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: 钱学森之问, 温家宝,RichardBG Qian, 中国,硬实力,科学,创新, 去行政化,官本位
关于国际四大会计师事务所人力资源管理的研究 摘 要 国际四大会计师事务所(简称四大),作为全球的大公司有着规范的管理和良好的客户,以及高薪,成为会计人追逐的目标。与此同时,四大对优秀的财会人员也是求才若渴。本次检索课题通过对四大基本发展概况、招聘、人才选拔培训、企业文化及价值体系等角度的检索及归纳,深入研究国际四大会计师事务所的人力资源管理状况,展现财会、审计行业人力资源领域的最新动态,并为立志进入四大的认识提供有效的建议及信息。 关键词:国际四大会计师事务所 人力资源管理 招聘 企业文化 人才 Research on Big Four International Accounting firms human resource management Abstract As the top 4 accounting corporations in the world, PWC, KPMG, DDT and EY are more and more preferred by professional people, with their great management, excellent customers and high salary .At the same time, the top four are eager to recruit outstanding employees. This research analyzes many aspects of big four's human resource management, such as recruiting, training system and enterprise culture, and provides the latest information about human resource management trends in financial accounting and auditing field. Furthermore, this report provides some effective suggestions and information for people who tend to get a position in big four firms. Keywords: the big four international accounting firms, human resource management, recruitment, enterprise culture, personnel 面对中国与世界接轨,国际化的人才受到越来越多的重视。国际四大会计师事务所(简称四大),作为全球的大公司有着规范的管理和良好的客户,以及高薪,成为会计人追逐的目标。与此同时,四大对优秀的财会人员也是求才若渴。本次检索课题通过对四大基本发展概况、招聘、人才选拔培训、企业文化及价值体系等角度的检索及归纳,深入研究国际四大会计师事务所的人力资源管理状况,展现财会、审计行业人力资源领域的最新动态,并为立志进入四大的认识提供有效的建议及信息。 一、 全球顶尖会计师事务所国际四大概况 合格会计人才紧缺,四大招聘不遗余力。俗话说知己知彼百战不殆,是否能够成为四大中的一员,必须对其有一定的了解。 四大国际会计师事务所,是全球最大的四家会计师事务所的合称,分别为:普华永道(PWC)、毕马威(KPMG)、德勤(DDT)和安永(EY)。 在传统的审计业务之外,四大会计师事务所还提供全面的税务、管理咨询、融资及财务顾问服务。四大会计师事务所的法定注册总部都在瑞士,管理及运营的总部则在美国纽约或者英国伦敦。 国际四大会计师事务所的具体业务:1. 法定审计 (包括: 独立年审、及上市前后独立审计)2. 税务服务 (包括: 税务计划、报税、及协助处理税务审查)3. 企业风险管理 (包括: 内部审计、收购合并。)4. 企业管理咨询 (包括: 财务、成本、人事、营运策略、资讯科技、及企业重组等等)。 (一)普华永道(Price Waterhouse Coopers) 普华永道是全球最具规模的专业服务机构。在全球一百四十二个国家拥有超过十二万五千名专业人士。普华永道融合他们所具备的渊博知识与丰富经验,以最高的职业操守为客户提供高质量的服务。每一家PricewaterhouseCoopers国际网络成员公司都是独立运作的法律实体。 PWC 的主要国际客户有埃克森、IBM、日本电报电话公司、强生公司、美国电报电话公司、英国电信、戴尔电脑、福特汽车、雪佛莱、康柏电脑和诺基亚等。 普华永道是在中国大陆、香港及澳门处于领先地位的专业服务机构,在中国大陆、香港及澳门共拥有员工约六千人,其中包括二百三十名合伙人,并在北京、重庆、大连、广州、上海、深圳、苏州、天津及西安等内地城市设立办事处。 (二)德勤(Deloitte WEF) Deloitte ( 德勤)泛指根据瑞士法律组成的社团性质的组织Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (德勤全球)、其成员所/公司,以及他们的附属机构和关联机构。德勤全球是一个由全球各地众多的成员公司所组成的组织,致力于提供卓越的专业服务及咨询。德勤全球重视客户服务,并在约150个国家切实执行其全球性客户服务战略。德勤依托由12万名专业人士组成的全球网络,在审计、税务、企业管理咨询和财务资讯等四个领域为超过一半的全球最大型企业。 主要国际客户有微软公司(Microsoft)、美国通用汽车公司(General Motors)、沃德芬公司(Vodafone)、克莱斯勒公司(Chrysler)等。 德勤中国是居领导地位的专业服务机构之一,于中国地区拥有约3,000名员工,分布在中国经济最繁荣的十个城市,包括北京、大连、广州、香港、澳门、南京、上海、深圳、苏州和天津。早在1917年, 德勤于上海成立了办事处。以全球网络为支持,德勤为国内企业、跨国公司以及发展迅速的企业提供全面的审计、税务、企业管理咨询和财务咨询服务。德勤中国拥有丰富的经验,并一直为中国会计准则、税制以及本土专业会计师的发展作出重大的贡献。在香港,德勤更为大约三分之一在香港联合交易所上市的公司提供服务. (三)毕马威(KPMG) 毕马威是网络遍布全球的专业服务机构,设有由优秀专业人员组成的行业专责团队,致力提供审计、税务和咨询等专业服务。毕马威的成员机构遍及全球超过140个国家717个地区,拥有近94,000名员工。毕马威的目标是把他们所掌握的知识升华增值,裨益他们的客户、员工,贡献资本市场。 主要国际客户有美国通用电气、壳牌公司、辉瑞制药、雀巢公司、奔驰公司、百事可乐、花旗银行等。 今天,毕马威中国和香港特别行政区共设有六家办事处,拥有专业人员约4,200人。在当今国际会计师事务所中,毕马威是唯一一家采用统一模式管理中国业务,并能够以最有效率的资源配置方式为广大中国客户服务的会计师事务所。由于率先打入中国市场,毕马威在中国积累了丰富的市场经验,并为国内多家知名企业提供专业服务。随着中国企业融入全球经济和境外企业大举进入中国市场,毕马威将结合其国际经验和对市场的深入认识这两大优势,在日趋复杂但又机遇处处的中国市场为客户提供高效服务。 (四)安永(Ernest Young) 安永是全球领先的专业服务公司,提供审计、税务及企业财务等服务。安永被公认能为客户增值,通过深入了解客户业务上的挑战,提供解决方案,协助客户实现公司的目标,安永的服务获得客户的推崇,成为各行各业值得信赖的业务顾问,为他们提供最优秀、最专业及最具诚信和独立性的服务。安永承诺在任何时间、地点和在任何一个项目,协助安永的客户收集所需的资料、做出正确的判断及适当的决策,从而提供最高质量的财务信息。安永的服务范围是基于我们在审计、税务及企业财务领域中丰富的财务、交易及风险管理知识,并结合全球132个国家、700多家办事处的110,000名专业人员,为客户提供全面和优质的服务。 主要国际客户有英特尔、可口可乐、沃尔玛、英国石油、时代华纳、美洲银行、麦当劳等。 安永于1973年在香港设立办事处,在1981年,安永成为最早获中国政府批准在北京设立办事处的国际专业服务公司之一。在1992年,安永获准在北京成立命名为安永华明会计师事务所的合作会计公司。在2001年,安永更进一步与位于上海的大华会计事务所合并。大华是中国最大和最受推崇的会计公司之一,这次合并在中国的专业服务业中尚属首例。目前,安永中国是一家拥有3,000名专业人员的顶级专业服务公司,办事处分设在香港、北京、上海、广州、深圳、澳门和成都。我们拥有一批在审计、税务和企业财务方面具有丰富知识和经验的专业人员,我们亦与各政府部门建立了广泛的网络,能协助国内外的客户满足中国法规的要求,并在国内及全球范围开展业务。安永在协助香港和国内企业在香港联交所挂牌上市方面,居领先地位,信誉超卓,另外,安永在协助中国企业在国内发行A股及B股上市方面也居前列地位。 二、 国际四大在招聘环节的人力资源管理 (一)四大招聘的指导思想: 国际四大招聘的员工都是作为未来的合伙人培养的,所以很重视候选者的团队合作精神和组织领导能力。四大并不强调工作经验,而是着重考察候选者的素质,看其是否能够共享国际四大的价值观,是否能够融入事务所的企业文化。四大的要求不仅仅是几个证书了,而是全面的素质。除了名牌院校和国内成熟事务所,海外事务所归国人员也是国际四大员工的来源之一。 从校园招聘来说,四大 会计师事务所校园招聘从来不限求职者的专业。毕业生最重要是具备学习意识、沟通和分析能力、团队精神、领导和组织潜能以及工作热情,而专业知识可以通过不断地在职培训和从实际工作中取得。本科或以上学历,对事务所具有高度热忱,具有强烈的学习意愿及学习能力、英语熟练、具备良好的交流沟通能力、出色的分析、计划和组织技巧、团队合作的能力,这是对应聘者的基本要求。四大欢迎任何专业的优秀毕业生加入。审计和税务虽然是专业课程,但其实这些专业知识本身并不难学,-一般有良好能力和素质的毕业生,即使非相关专业,通培训,也会很容易上手。因此各专业的学生只要有兴趣,都可以消除顾虑,大胆尝试据悉,四大的招聘之所以不受专业的限制得益于他们人才学校的培训能力。在四大,即使是一个没有任何会背景的大学生,也会在一两年内成长起来。 (二)招聘流程: 国际四大招聘一般包括网上申请、英语测试、笔试和几轮的面试。笔试题目往往内容多种多样,如脑筋急转弯、趣味数学等等,而题目主要考察的是应聘者的思维能力,有些题目根本没有一个固定的答案,关键是应聘者回答过程中体现出来的答题思路。从这点来说,解答的过程就显得比较重要。其实,从题目上就可以看出,四大更注重的是潜质和思维方式。四大的笔试考察的是求职者的英语、逻辑和对数字的捕捉能力等。通过首轮笔试,应聘者会进入第一次面试。面试会涉及公司事业在中国的发展前景和一些与专业相关的知识等问题,但不会考非常专业的难题。然后主要考察求职者是对审计、税务工作有足够的兴趣,还是光冲着四大的名气和薪酬来的。真正对这个行业感兴趣、已有进入这个行业工作打算的毕业生即使不是相关专业,也会在大学四年中不断关注这个行业的信息和基础知识。 四大的招聘往往包含招聘中最重要的几个环节,其一是职业能力倾向测试,它能够测试出一个人的性格,面对压力和挑战的承受能力和其他一系列职业征品质。在面试中它虽然只是作为参考因素,但往往在最后时刻对于你最终的去留有决定性的影响。第二是逻辑类题型和智力类题型。这类题目多在笔试时出现,内容多种多样,如脑筋急转弯、趣味数学等等,题目主要是考察应聘者的思维能力,有时候根本没有一个固定的答案,关键是应聘者在回答体现出来的思路。从这点来说,解答的过程更加重要。第三则是小组面试。在这个过中,面试者会被分为几个小组,互相交流介绍或讨论案例。这一部分通常包括阅读材料,讨论问题和解释问题。讨论以及解释问题时可以使用中文或英文。最后可以几个人各自分工全部上场,每人回答问题的一个部分,或者从小组中指派一到两名作为代表上场解释问题。通过小组面试,能够考察出应聘者的交流、合作能力和展现自我实力的能力。 三、 国际四大的人才观及人力培训晋升体系 国际四大培训世界闻名,多次被《财富》杂志评为世界最佳。四大系统的、完善的培训机制,可以很好地辅助高素质员工的职业发展规划,使他们逐步晋升为项目经理和高级经理,甚至合伙人。国际四大对培训的重视和投入十分惊人,如近期对16个高级经理培训却要8个合伙人,这种比例在世界上其他公司极为罕见。很多方面体现了国际四大对人才的珍惜,国际四大对人才的态度可以用一句话概括:我们最宝贵的财富是人才,最有价值的财产也是人才。 国际四大人力资源政策及机制为员工的职业发展作了很细致而长远的规划。国际四大对新员工有为期六周的培训,它使新员工能够很快熟悉国际四大,掌握基本的专业技能,从而顺利地进入工作角色。另外员工每年都要接受相适应其职业发展阶段的专业的及非专业的培训课程。在员工的职业发展中,国际四大通过绩效考核和逐级晋升对员工进行激励,考核分为项目考核和年度考核,项目考核是对员工参与超过80个小时的项目进行有效评价,年度考核涉及到年度晋升。员工考核首先要自评,然后由项目经理对其表现进行评价。 国际四大为员工的职业发展一般设立了五个职阶:审计员、高级审计员、经理、高级经理和合伙人。审计员升高级审计员需二至三年,高级审计员升经理需两年至三年,经理升高级经理三年,高级经理升合伙人没有设定年限,但从审计员成为一名合伙人大概需要十年左右的时间,并须经过管理委员会的批准。值得说明的是,高级审计员成为经理需要获得注册会计师的执业资格。国际四大的员工升任经理后,要到泰国曼谷培训一周,可以看作成为国际四大核心员工的标志。在那里汇聚了国际四大在亚太区所有经理级以上的员工,大家交流感想共同憧憬发展前景。国际四大的员工每年都有流失,符合这个行业的规律,但比例很低。员工离开的原因有很多种,有的因为不适合这个行业,的为了出国读书,有的因为辛劳而离开,也有的因为无法适应更高职阶的要求而离开。 虽然每年流失员工,但这丝毫不影响国际四大对每个员工在培训方面投入大量的人力及财力。 四、 国际四大的企业文化分析 企业文化是指在一定的社会经济条件下通过社会实践所形成的并为全体成员共同遵循的意识、价值观念、职业道德、行为规范和准则的总和,是一个企业或一个组织自身发展过程中形成的以价值为核心的独特的文化管理模式。企业文化是社会文化与组织管理实践相融合的产物 。良好的文化氛围能让工作轻松而有效率。公司文化是员工的精神旗帜,员工的心聚在这面旗帜下才能形成合力。 ( 一)普华永道(Price Waterhouse C0Opers) 1 .价值观的核心。促进学习、提供机遇、鼓励人们迎接新的挑战,都是普华永道一贯推崇的。普华永道想要创造一个环境可以使员工之间及员工与客户之间有建设性的长期合作关系。鼓励每一个人能够激励他人,欢迎挑战和责任、诚实正直,并认为公司和个人的共同成长才是真正的成功。其公司文化和价值观最核心的是:卓越、团队精神和领导能力。 2 .利益与原则。普华永道从其最初建立开始给人们带来的便是英国会计师谨慎保守的形象。在150多年以后的今天,普华永道依然保持着这样的风格。可以说这是普华永道的一个特点,其实也是其在鉴证业务上严格要求的体现。普华永道正是以这种谨慎使其在任何一个民族和文化中都能生存下来,并继续发展下去。在客户数量不断增加而员工数量保持一定的情况下,普华永道在服务质量与利益的追求上选择了一个平衡点,即在客户的选择及审计报告的出具上持十分谨慎的态度。普华永道对顾客的选择几近苛求。它不仅详细考察企业目前的状况,还要考虑它的发展前景;不但查看企业的财务报表,还仔细观察管理层的交流能力,甚至在道德层面进行考察。对于出具审计报告,如果财务报表含有水分,会损害投资者的利益,普华永道面对管理层的压力,宁愿失去客户也会坚持要求客户调整数学,去除水分。这一方面当然是出于公司本身利益的考虑,因为从长远看,放纵客户必然给自己带来风险;另一方面,注册会计师作为专业人员必须坚持职业操守和道德准则,这也是普华永道生存原则的质。 ( 二)德勤(Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu) 德勤与众不同的不是大量的资本、雄厚的资金或遍布全球的分支机构,而是它独一无二的企业文化。德勤企业文化的主要内容是:正直诚信,对文化差异的适应性,分工明确的责任委托关系和杰出公正的员工价值评价。用最简单的话来说就是:帮助客户及员工达到卓越。首先,从德勤如日中天的发展来看,英国人的绅士风度、法国人的浪漫情调加上日本人的谦恭礼仪组合出来的多元文化确实是公司发展的重要动力。在德勤不同国家的语文化本来就是大家认同的,不会出现文化歧视的事情。作为使用智慧的审计工作,因为它的评估标准,人们在这里工作得到了足够的满意。其次,在德勤文化中,诚信原则是审计业务的基石,也始终是咨询业务的基石。诚信不仅体现在具体业务上,更是一种企业氛围。整个公司的氛围提倡诚信,又有制度上的保障,德勤文化虽然和安达信一样敢做敢为,但是制度上的约束和整个公司遵守诚信的氛围,使得德勤能够保持自己的独立性,不会走向创新的反面。 ( 三)毕马威(KPMG) 像其他四大一样,毕马威的企业文化主要从两方面表达诉求。一是对人,对待人才以人为本;二是对客户,对待客户视为上帝,为客户提供尽善尽美的专业化服务。毕马威是在五大之中看到的最强调团结合作精神的。从其印制的宣传品到公司的网页上,不同形状的齿轮完美组合所带来的高效运转,所诠释的便是毕马威企业文化的另一层内涵。 ( 四)安永(Ernst Young) 安永所取得的一切成就都归功于公司独特的企业文化,即以人为本。安永公司一直努力帮助所有的员工实现其人生目标,公司一直在为员工提供一流的培训环境,帮助他们掌握新的知识和技能,帮助他们成长。因而,安永公司被诸如美国的《财富》杂志和英国的《泰晤士时报》评为世界级大公司中最适合工作的公司之一,并入选美国年度培训百强。 虽然安永已经是全球知名企业,并已拥有很多优秀人才,但培训依然是其能在业内保持持续优势的主要原因。安永的成功来源于全方位多元化的培训理念。其大部分的培训课程是通过传统的课堂教学来完成的,同时也结合远程在线培训、公司知识库及通过让员工亲历各类行业、各专业服务的实际案例等方法提供全方位培训,使员工积累更丰富的专业经验。安永公司的核心价值观是:领跑者、创造力、团队合作、顾客至上、互相尊重坦诚信任、正直忠诚。这些价值观使得安永公司和客户之间保持良好的合作关系,分布在不同国家的众多工作人员关系融洽得像在一个大家庭里一样。 五、 怎样为进入国际四大做好准备 随着中国经济继续跨越式发展,未来高层次财会人员和国际注册会计师的需求缺口会越来越明显,中国急需更多与国际接轨、熟练掌握国际财会界游戏规则的高级人才。国际四大对国内的优秀财会人员求才若渴,尤其是近年来,随着在中国业务的扩展,四大对国内人才市场的需求越来越大。 值得一提的是,四大非常看好国内大学毕业生这一人力资源群体。那么,立志进入行业顶尖领域,有意进入四大的认识,通过课题研究,提供以下几点有效的建议及信息: 1 、为进入四大做准备,耐心是很重要的。工作经验需要积累,事情需要一步步地去做,职业规划是一条清晰的线,在发展的某些阶段也许可以跳两步,但总体来看,需要按部就班地去做事情。进入任何行业都需要从初级做起的,基础性的工作看似简单,其实是很好的锻炼,在工作上应该多用心,琐碎的小事往往能学到很多东西,能力是在日积月累的小事上培养起来的。 2 、注重招聘流程,在简历制作、面试等方面掌握技巧。简历就是考察应聘者的第一关。简历制作应本着简明扼要的原则,无论是中文简历还是英文简历内容都应控制在2到3页纸以内。简历关键是要有自己的风格和特色。HR经理最注重的是与人沟通的技能,表达自己的能力,因此 在没有字数限制的简历表格中,希望应聘者能用具体的事例来证明自己。应聘者必须经过反复的掂量,围绕自己的求职目标来写,分辨功能相似的信息,选择那些更生动、更独特的信息,删除那些雷同的信息。 3 、从思想上认清,四大并不神秘。和许多大型公司的招聘也相差无几,所以面试者一定要保持良好的心态,展现自己的优势,获得招聘人员的认可。最重要的是,先做人后做事 ,有了良好的素质才可以获得别人的尊重和重用,否则一生难以事业有成。 4 、要进入 四大就要全面发展自己的能力,做一个复合性人才。面对中国与世界接轨,国际化的人才必然受到重视。四大看重的是你的英文水平。英语作为国际通用语言,成为国际化的一个沟通桥梁,所以会计人士要不断地把自己国际化,从各个方面充实自己。 最后,通过上述主体部分的分析研究,我们可以得出如下结论:国际四大都非常重视人力资源管理。由于注册会计师行业的特殊性,人才成了行业竞争中的决定性因素,成为最大的资产。只有吸引、招揽更多的专业人才,才能更快地提高公司的声望,并且在激烈的竞争中取得优势地位,而四大无一例外地均认识到了这一点,并且在争取和培养人才方面做得十分出色。 (1)以优厚的待遇、人性化管理吸引人才。 四大优厚的待遇、人性化的管理、更为宽广的工作平台都吸引着一批批毕业生和其他专业的人才。这些无疑很好地充实了事务所的力量,使他们在行业竞争中占尽优势。(2)不惜成本进行培训,拥有完善的职业规划系统。促进学习,提供机遇是四大一贯推崇的。四大不但会对刚进入公司的员工进行公司文化教育、道德教育和专业培训,每年都会有定期、不定期的员工培训。(3)以人为本的人性化管理,和谐高效的合作氛围。在四大,最宝贵的财富是人才,最有价值的财产也是人才。国际四大的合伙人对同事关心备至,并通过努力工作为同事作表率。国际四大通过营造企业文化加强员工的归属感。总之,国际四大会计师事务所作为行业领头羊在人力资源管理领域有鲜明的特色和先进的经验,进入国际四大将为广大财会精英提供广阔的职业发展之路。 【参考文献】 MBA 智库百科:《2007年Vault全球最具威望会计师事务所40强排名》, ,http://wiki.mbalib.Com Eric N. Johnson, D. Jordan Lowe and Philip M.J. Reckers :《Alternative work arrangements and perceived career success: Current evidence from the big four firms in the US 》, ,Accounting, Organizations and Society, Volume 33, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 48-72 中国百科网 :《四大国际会计师事所》, ,HTTP://www.chinabaike.Net ACCA ,中国会计视野:《事务所招聘情报》, ,会计师,Accountant,2007年03期 廖泉文:《企业人力资本的获取与校园招聘》, ,现代大学教育, Research In Higher Education Sponsored by Cmvc 李丹:《国际 四大 会计师事务所合伙制文化探索》 ,商业研究, 2006 年04期 李佳:《从企业文化看世界五大会计师事务所沉浮》, ,现代会计, 2005傅继红, Benjamin, Mark:Choose the Right Partner, ,Accounting Technology; Nov2007 Supplement, Vol. 徐宝忠,李斌:《进入四大,你准备好了吗》, ,《财会通讯》,2005年第9期 陈墨,《外企需要什么样的毕业生》, ,财会月刊,2003年第10期
RichardBG Qian RichardBG Qian 关于我家老祖宗钱学森之问, 我是很不同意的。原因很简单: 1 ,从我自己的经历和智力,我看到我们这一代人, 40 至 50 岁左右, 强于前辈 . 特别强调的是必有其中五人强于我家老祖宗钱学森,包括我; 2 , 从我的孩子身上,我同样看到下一代人强于前辈,当然也包括我。 必须记住,那是万里之强, 千年之强 。那是中国人的命定之得。只看有没有人懂得抓住这个机会。 不知是什麽原因,我觉得这个博客多是抱怨 和风花雪夜 而少于建设 , 建设性及有益性。 钱学森第二 总是必须有人来做的。当我在有限的年月内展示我的多个历史性创建和发现,我希望没有人再认为这个人很猖狂。我说,这不是猖狂, 这是站在高山之巅的清晰和鸟瞰。 ------------ 为了避免误解我必须强调,我的历史性创建和发现之一已经是现实而不是未来的事情 。如果没有这个事实,我的整个博客就没有任何意义。 站在(科学)高山之巅的清晰和鸟瞰不是诗文。只有经历了,才能有那种藐视天下的感受,正如钱学森老先生所曾经历和感受的。 这个经历了是哈维( Harvey )那样对心血管生理学的奠基,是伯纳德 (Bernard) 对现代生理学的几项最伟大的发现和创新, 是库欣( Cushing )作为神经科学 (特别是中枢神经系统),神经外科学和内分泌学之父的无与伦比的功绩和建树, 更是我家老祖宗钱学森在 46 年的透视人类航天未来的眼力和卓绝。同样地,我永远记得米歇尔(Weir Mitchell)作为神经学之父(周围神经科学),CRPS的发现者和我的科学精神来源。如果你相信你也能,你会成为他们之一;如果你不相信,你永远也不会拥有如上的建树。 等到中国有了更多几个科学家有了这种感受, 中国将无敌。 到那一天,任何关于中国科研创新与教育问题的质问 和讨论,包括去行政化和教授治校等,均会变的很可笑,幼稚而毫无意义。 高歌惊人十年后说的是今天, 而不是十年后。 如果中国没有人来应和我的声音,我只能等待。 很抱歉,在我的博客获得一万访问者和一百评论之前,我决定留下钱之问系列一至三后暂时停下我的笔。当然,我很期待那一天的到来。 并留诗一首, 为志: 数闻奈何伯乐稀 过隙一鸣震九关 高歌惊人十年后 乘浪穿云我为先 最良好的祝愿,送给我的朋友们和我的祖国 ! RichardBG Qian, From Qian's Family USA ================================================================= Notice: Please dont give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately. --------------------------------------------- Keywords: 钱学森之问, 温家宝,RichardBG Qian, 中国,硬实力,科学,创新, 去行政化,官本位
------- 给尊敬的温总理,饶毅博士及中国科学家们的信。 众多的人们都怀着急切的心情企盼中国很快取得第一项诺贝尔奖。但是当贡献诺贝尔奖给中国,有人愿接受吗?我看不见得。首先有没有人有胆气出来看看这个事情是真是假,都成问题。取得一项伟大的发明和创新是很不容易,同时有胆气出来看看这个事情是真是假,有胆气出来说说这个事情是真实的也一样地不容易。这第二项判断我原来一点都不明白,直到今天经历了以后,才确信无疑了。 为什麽有人说“科学治不了国”?我同意这样的观点,“治国是靠政治”,是依靠于中国 的每一位政治家和科学领袖去培育环境,去让科学创新之树更快地或更慢地发芽,成长,成才。我在这里给出一个现实世界的事例 : 当我说我已经拿到一个神经科学的开创历史性的医学发现,这个事实对于尊敬的温总理必会难于理解。同时,他也无法听到这个信息, 无 论他去参加几个“钱学森之问”的讨论会。我的发现这个事实怎样才能传递到温总理的手上?并且,为什麽这个信息就必须传递给他?我的答案是“如果没有 陈 叔通 老先生将钱的家信传给周恩来总理,在中国近代史上就没有钱学森这个伟大的名字。如果你同意钱先生对于中国是极其重要和特别的。 然而,回过头来看今天。虽然我知道我的发现必将改写人类科学和生物学历史,必将改写中国和美国的历史,必将改变世界,但是,在中国却没有一个科学家和科学 领袖愿意用一个小时听一听。我的科学发现在中国只有两个人能够理解。一个是北京大学北医的一位中国最资深的神经科学家。另一位正是当今中国最有名气的年轻 神经科学界科学家饶毅博士。 当这个伟大的医学发现就要震惊世界的历史时刻之前,他有意愿来听一听吗?事实是“决不”。这就是中国最杰出的几位生物医学科学家的答案。 因为他们还完全不相信一个中国科学家或者这个中国科学家能够做出历史性的创新发现;不相信一个中国科学家或者这个中国科学家第一次能够做出令世界震撼的创新发现。他们正在等待这条消息出现在 一天西方的早报上。 有人问我:“你为什麽不可以讲给我们听一听?” 我的答案很清楚:“我说出来后,这个发现就不再属于中国和中国人。它也就失去了引领中国科研创新发现的作用!”我清楚地看见这个发现打开了一片极广阔的生命科学新领域,并将为生理学和生命科学建立起一个全新的学科,或两个全新的学科。这正是中国科学家一百年来 的 梦想和目标! 我清楚地知道这个发现的意义必会远远高于钱永建先生的发现和他的诺贝尔奖。 我已经用国际航空邮件将信息寄给饶毅博士及其他人。“我愿意自费回国去讲解我的发现以及我的 90 页全文,包括其历史和充分的证据。”在他或他们写下许多无用的私人博客文章和无以计数的众多无用的科研文章之后,谁有勇气和胆量来面对我,面对钱学森第二,面对我的伟大发现。还有比“叶公好龙”更好的词来描述这个历史现状和事实吗? 一个历史性的科学发现很少是来自于一个很好的计划或规划,西方和东方都一样。当一切条件都准备好了,它只是来自于天才和幸运的唯一组合 。几乎没有例外! 作为钱家的子孙,我的眼泪正在顺颊而下。 只有一个人保持清醒并坚持做着最重要的事,但所有的其他人却一直沉睡着。 最良好的祝愿,送给我的祖国! Richard Qian 钱学森第二 USA. (see my email address in my blog, please.) ===========================================================. -------- My letter to Mr Premier Wen, Dr. Rao Yi and Chinese scientists Why did they say “ 科学治不了国 , 更救不了国!”? It is right “ 治理( 国 ) 是靠政治 ” it is dependent upon politicians of China to let the science tree growing up quicker or slower as same as American situation. I like to give you an example from real world: When I say I got a historical medical discovery in the neuroscience research, it is difficult to be understand by Mr. Premier Wen. It is even difficult to be known by him, too. How could my information be delivered to him and Why is it necessary to delivered to him? My answer is “There would not be Dr. Qian Xueshen for China and in China, if there was not Mr. Senator Sun Shu-Tong who delivered Qian’s information (The letter) to Premier Zou En-Lai. If you agreed the Qian is someone ( It means very "Important one") and unique to China. But, Today, My discovery could only be understood by tow persons in China, although I know it will change the history of Science and biology, Change China and America, and change the world. One is a senior leader of neuroscience in the Beijing Medical School. Another one is just the most famous scientist in young generation in present China, Dr. Rao Yi whose focus is neuroscience as my discovery. Does he have a willing to listen when the historical explosion will be detonating? It seems NO. It is only because they completely don’t believe a or the Chinese scientist can do it, they don’t believe a or the Chinese scientist can do such science thing to shake the world first time. They are waiting the news from Western newspaper’s morning edition firstly. Someone will ask me “Why could you show your discovery to us?” I answer is clearest: “ I will if you give me a signed confidential form.” I have given the same request to Dr. Rao and others. “ I will present you my 90 pages of the discovery to you, to China, if you give me a signed confidential form. ” Who have courage and gut to answer me, after they wrote down many useless blog and many useless research papers everyday as same as “Ye-Gong-Hao-Long”? A historical discovery is scarily from a nice plan of Western world and Eastern World. When all conditions are ready, it is from a luck or from a fortune only!!!! Without exception!!! I have heard of Vice-Premier Mr. Li Ke-Qiang has been a leader on Chinese science and technological research, so I keep hope Mr. Li can hear of this news by chance and before a publication from Western news. Of course, I prefer buying my airline ticket out of my packet and giving one-hour presentation to make clear my discovery in China. If there were Chinese asking me Why you don’t like do the first step in USA. Yes, I agree and I have done many things in USA except sending the historical Chance to A University in USA. You do satisfy the answer, don't you? I have tried all of my ways except last two. As a grandchild of the Qian’ family, my tear is falling down my face. Dear Mr. Premier Wen, Could I say you must be very tired? When one person keeps alert and continues doing something all other people of whole country are sleeping. When a snowstorm is coming (Wisconsin), I knew what I can do. I hope you knew what you can do too. The last question isn’t for Mr. Premier but for China. The hugest ancient country Chinese "Cu" was ruined by Chinese "King of Ching", which game would be repeated again, if you don't believe it!!! Best wish to my homeland!!! RichardBG ( USA) Notice: 1. Read my first blog to know why I use English to write down my blog and others issues. 2. Every Chinese friend can leave comments on this blog, if you fell it is difficulty to leave comments on other of my blog. 3. My email address: =====================. 科学治不了国 , 更救不了国! 说到底 , 一个国家 , 治理是靠政治 , 安危是靠文化 , 只有强弱才与科学粘点边 ! 本文引用地址: http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=214703
Some day when I reviewed a wonderful legend of the Qian, and recalled the Qians Last Question to education, I wrote down a poem here, even though I disagreed the Question on some deeply degree (to a grandfather) The poem is for today and the future rather than past. It is made for an ambitious science genius today. As you can see, it is no way to translate into English even there are many best female translators in the world. So, I just leave the Chinese edition here. For clear reasons, it is limited to hosts of Sciencenet blog to leave comments. (All my blog only talk about science, creation and discoveries issues and exclude political issue completely according my family rules.) A Harmony to Mr. Premier Wens with answer to the Qians question. 创学记 大鹏云游兮俯瞰万里 智凤飞舞兮愿慰苍天 钱门佑世兮温史创学 孙武再书兮自然千卷 ------------------RichardBG, 4/8/2010 创学 is a brand new word thatI try to useto be a short word with meaning of creation and discovering. I don't know for what kind of reasons, I feel it seems have strongest effects to encourage Chinese. It is possible many people have a fixed impression that creative and discoveringalmost belong to remote world. Hence, I use the new word to emphases the people in China and from China have more chances to create, to initiate, and to discover at highest levels. When we are willing changing and prefer changing our out-of-date concepts and Believe it after we heard of You just need believe it. You just need believe it, the wisdoms words during the long journey of three thousands of years would be resounded continuously forever in every living rooms, dinning rooms, and study rooms in China. Many or every Chinese could prefer seven-syllable Chinese poem style, so that I will modify it a little bit later into seven-syllable to let more friends enjoy it. Hope you like it. Thanks a million. Richardbg 大鹏云游兮俯瞰万里 智凤飞舞兮愿慰苍天 钱门佑世兮温史创学 孙武再书兮自然千卷 ===================. SomedaywhenIreviewed awonderfullegendoftheQian,andrecalled theQiansLastQuestiontoeducation,Iwrotedownapoemhere, eventhoughIdisagreedtheQuestiononsomedeeplydegree(toa grandfather)(Allmyblogonlytalkaboutscience,creationand discoveriesissuesandexcludepoliticalissuecompletelyaccordingmy familyrules.Thepoemisfortodayandthefutureratherthanpast. Itismadeforanambitioussciencegeniustoday. Asyoucansee,itisnowaytotranslateintoEnglisheventhereare manybestfemaletranslatorsintheworld.So,IjustleavetheChinese editionhere.Forclearreasons,itislimitedtohostsofSciencenet blogtoleavecomments. AHarmonytoMr.PremierWenswithanswertotheQiansquestion. 创学记 大鹏云游兮俯瞰万里 智凤飞舞兮愿慰苍天 钱门佑世兮温史创学 孙武再书兮自然千卷 ------------------RichardBG, 4/8/2010 ManyoreveryChinesecouldpreferseven-syllableChinesepoemstyle,sothat Iwillmodifyitalittlebitintoseven-syllabletoletmorefriends enjoyit.Hopeyoulikeit.Thanksamillion. Richardbg
Hi, Everyone! Here are my picture and my most favorite pictures. I believe you can understand what is the relationship to my topic. Dr. Qian Xueshen and his dear wife. ( Copyright of this picture is belong to Dr. Qian Xueshen. and his wife) My picture, see below: My another most favorite picture. Lang Lang is the BEST. -------------------------------------------------- Notice: Please dont give comment on this paper, if you want to say bad word and haven't given enough time to do your research on this history or haven't seriously thought those historical events. Otherwise, I will delete it immediately.
------------------------A bicentenary Mystery waiting for me, RichardBG Dr.Mitchellspicturecanbeenseeninmyphotoalbum. When we want to know WHEN and HOW the Science research center transferred into America from French and Germany during 19 Century, the answer could focus on one person, Weir Mitchell. After you read enough relevant information about American science history and biomedicine history, you will prefer to agree to me. ItishewhofirstdescribesCausalgia(CRPS)andleft this bicentenary mystery of Causalgia/CRPS tous,Chinese andAmerican or to me. Ifsomeonethinksitistinyandtrivialmedicalissuebecause he hasntknownit,pleaseletmetellyou. AfterIretrievedallnecessarydocumentsduringneartwohundredsyearsatUSAonCausalgia/CRPSand know moreandmore,Ibelieveitishugemedicalissuetoscience andChina or it is the one that could make and has made another movement of Science center in the world. Dr. S.WeirMitchellwasselectedfirstpresidentofTheAmericanAssociation ofPhysicians and Surgeons andTheAmericanPhysiologySociety, justbecausehisdescriptionof Causalgia (CRPS) duringAmericanCivilWarandanotherhistoricaldiscoveryonsnakevenoms. It is absolutely known, he didn't give us a believable answer for the disease as same as we can't. IhavebeenkepthishistoricalbookonCausalgiathatisoriginaleditionon1872.Ifanyonelikestoviewthe book, Icantrytocopysomeforyou.Andfortunately,Ialwaysdontcaretomuchaboutmoneyandtreasures. Imean IwilldonatethisbooktoTheBeijingMedicalSchool,BeijingUniversity,ofmy homeland, when finishedthe research. Accordingmyresearch,thediscoveryofmechanismsofCausalgiahasbeenleadingtoanothertwomedical discoveriesonanothertwodifferent,relevantandmostcommondiseasesthatIwilltalkatendofmyblogs time. Richard
AfterIknewCRPS(ChronicRegionalPainSyndrome),IhavecontinuedtheprojectandIbelieveIhavegotten the keymechanismofCRPS.HoweverIhopeIcantakethisdiscoverybacktoChinatowinNobelPrizefor Chinese fromMainlandandasaMainlanderfirsttimeinfivetotenyears.Hence,Isetupmyblogheretotalk thebasic informationofCRPSanditsdiscoveredtoletscientistsinChinatobelieveitassameas theTurtletellsMaster andPandaYouhavetobelieveit.Chinesescientistshavebeenontopofa highestscientificmountain, whichwillleadmoreChinesescientiststobelievetheycandoittomorrow. It could help to get ride of huge worry and anxious from some Chinese friends or scientists today. These are my two finalgoals. (Notices: 1.Thehostsofsciencenetblogcanleavemessageandcommentshere.Ihopeeverycomments have been considered overandover again beforeitgetspublished. 2. My Address: Richard Qian, Dept. Physiology, MCW, 8701 Watertown Pl Road, Milwaukee, WI53226, USA. 3. For the serious and scientific issue, it is limited to the blog hosts to leave comment. If other friends want to talk, You can leave comments on my first showing blog paper, or use my email which is in first showing blog paper. 3. MyEnglishwritingisntperfect.IpreferusingEnglish,the reasonisIhopethediscussionofmytopicwillbe betweenChinesebasicBiomedicalresearchers. 4. If there are some mistakes about formula of papers, please forgive me. It is possible my English edition of Words isn't complete compatible to sciennet formula.)
(根据日常所感,随时更新) 十年后如果你们还记得我,说我没有糊弄你们,我就知足了。 因为你们大学读的轻松,所以毕业了也不值钱。 知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者(子曾经曰过)。 I ask you solemnly whether by the given oath you undertake to promise and conform most conscientiously that you will defend in a manly way true science, extend and embellish it, not for gain's sake or for attaining a vain shine of glory, but in order that the light of God's truth shine bright and expand. 在中国,没有办不成的事,只有办不了事的人。
作者:王孝养 绿卡 ( Green Card )是国际上对 永久居留资格 的一种俗称。永久居留资格是一国政府依据本国的法律规定,给予符合一定条件的外国人在本国永久居留而不受居留期限限制的一种资格。 近几年,中国的移民政策也跟国际接上了轨,也有了高层次人才的绿卡签证,这对中国的教育、科学技术发展和社会进步将起到积极的推动作用。有人说 中国 绿卡 不好 拿,门槛太高。 这两天笔者饶有兴致地将中国 的高层次人才 绿卡 和美国的高层次人才 绿卡 的门槛高低作了个比较。 首先看看中国高层次人才和投资移民 绿卡的条件 (见中国公安部网站 http://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n1555903/n1555963/n1556053/n1640345/1713542.html ): 一、省(部)级国家机关邀(聘)请的高级顾问以及执行中央或者地方与外国签署的国家级和省(部)级科技合作项目、重点工程协议、人才交流项目的高科技、高层次管理人员; 二、对国家及社会等有重大或者突出贡献的人员以及执行政府间无偿援助协议的人员; 三、国家和省(部)级科研机构、重点高等院校聘用的学术、科研带头人以及有关单位聘用的具有副教授、副研究员以上职称或者享受同等待遇的学术、科研骨干; 四、在企业、事业单位中担任副总经理以上职务或者享受同等待遇的高级管理人员和重要专业技术人员; 五、在西部地区或者中部地区国家扶贫开发工作重点县投资 100 万美元以上,在其他地区投资 300 万美元以上的人员以及符合上述条件的外国企业或者其他经济组织派遣来中国的管理人员和专业技术人员; 六、国际重要科学奖项的外国籍华人获得者和其他杰出、重要外国籍华人。 上述人员的配偶和不满 18 周岁的子女。 再看看美国具有特别能力者或杰出教授或研究人员 绿卡的条件 (翻译件,原件见附页和美国移民局网站 http://www.uscis.gov/ ) 一.具有特别能力者〈 Persons of Extraordinary Ability 〉 条件:指在科学、艺术、教育、商业和体育领域中具有超出普通人能力的人。国际大奖的获得者或国内符合一定条件者〈条件附后,见 申请文件 〉。例如:运动员、演艺人员、艺术家等。 如果未获得国际公认的大奖,则应具备以下所列中至少三个条件并提供相应证明: ( 1 )由于其杰出成就获得过低于国际公认大奖的其他全国性或国际性奖励; ( 2 )作为必须具有杰出成就方能加入的专业协会或组织之成员; ( 3 )其专业成就为专门著作、行业出版物或重要媒体所记载或报导; ( 4 )曾经或现在仍然作为其行业评判或评选的评判员或评委委员; ( 5 )在有关领域取得过开创性成就; ( 6 )发表过专业著作或者在行业出版物或主要媒体上撰写过专业文章; ( 7 )其作品参加过艺术展出; ( 8 )身为某一著名机构的负责人或重要人物; ( 9 )身处高薪阶层; ( 10 )表演艺术有极好的商业收入。 二.杰出教授或研究人员〈 Outstanding Professors and Researchers 〉 条件:在某一学术研究领域中取得杰出成就的教授或研究人员。至少三年以上的教学或研究经验。曾接受过有任职期的研究职位。 如果是在美国大学担任教授,该学校须证明这一职位是终身职位或者将成为终身职位。如果雇主是私立机构,则应证明该雇主曾取得过突出的研究成果并雇有另外 3 名以上的全职研究员。除次之外,申请人还需符合以下所列中至少两个条件并提供有关证明。 〈 1 〉 因为学术成就而获得奖励。 〈 2 〉 作为必须具有杰出成就方能参加的有关学术协会的成员。 〈 3 〉 其工作或成就被他人在专业出版物中予以专门记载或介绍。 〈 4 〉 作为行业评委的成员。 〈 5 〉在科学或学术研究上取得过开创性成就。 〈 6 〉其学术著作或登载其学术文章的专业学术期刊为全世界发行。 把最容易做到的中美 的高层次人才绿卡的条件做个比较: 中国 绿卡的第三条 国家和省(部)级科研机构、重点高等院校聘用的学术、科研带头人以及有关单位聘用的具有副教授、副研究员以上职称或者享受同等待遇的学术、科研骨干是比较容易达到的,通常,只要博士毕业 2 年,发表几篇 SCI 论文,和 / 或申请到科研基金即可拿到副高的职称。 美国绿卡要求分别达到三个(具有特别能力者绿卡)或两个(杰出教授或研究人员绿卡)即可,而最容易做到的条件是:( 1 )获得过低于国际公认大奖的其他全国性或国际性奖励,比如全美国或国际会议的专门给学生和博士后的 Travel award 命中率较高,尤其是在比较小型的国际会议。( 2 )专业协会或组织之成员,一般只要博士毕业很多专业协会都可加入。( 3 )发表过论文,( 4 )给杂志审过稿,有些不太有名的杂志经常有 call for reviewers, 只要填个表就可能成为审稿人,( 5 ) 其专业成就为专门著作、行业出版物或重要媒体所记载或报导 ,在杂志出现有关你论文的评论或媒体报道你的成果都行。要达到上述容易做到的 5 项中的任何 3 项,通常都要博士毕业几年。 对照中国和美国 高层次或杰出人才绿卡的条件,其实中国的门槛并不比美国高,或者至少是相当。 中国是人口大国,每年毕业大量的本科、硕士和博士。美国是移民国家, 杰出人才绿卡只是职业移民中比较优先的一种。中国最缺的是具有国际视野的高端人才和让本土人才成才的环境和制度, 目前中国 高层次人才绿卡的条件总体还是适合中国国情的。 附: 美国具有特别能力者或杰出教授或研究人员 (原件) EB-1 Eligibility and Filing Aliens with extraordinary ability are those with extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics which has been demonstrated by sustained national or international acclaim and whose achievements have been recognized in the field through extensive documentation. You must be one of that small percentage who have risen to the very top of the field of endeavor, to be granted this classification. For example, if you receive a major internationally recognized award, such as a Nobel Prize, you will qualify for an EB-1 classification. Other awards may also qualify if you can document that the award is in the same class as a Nobel Prize. Since few workers receive this type of award, alternative evidence of EB-1 classification based on at least three of the types of evidence outlined below, is permitted. The worker may submit other comparable evidence if the following criteria do not apply: 1. Receipt of lesser nationally or internationally recognized prizes or awards for excellence; 2. Membership in associations in the field which demand outstanding achievement of their members; 3. Published material about the alien in professional or major trade publications or other major media; 4. Evidence that the alien has judged the work of others, either individually or on a panel; 5. Evidence of the alien's original scientific, scholarly, artistic, athletic, or business-related contributions of major significance to the field; 6. Evidence of the alien's authorship of scholarly articles in professional or major trade publications or other major media; 7. Evidence that the alien's work has been displayed at artistic exhibitions or showcases; 8. Performance of a leading or critical role in distinguished organizations; 9. Evidence that the alien commands a high salary or other significantly high remuneration in relation to others in the field; 10. Evidence of commercial successes in the performing arts. Outstanding professors and researchers are recognized internationally for their outstanding academic achievements in a particular field. In addition, an outstanding professor or researcher must have at least three years experience in teaching or research in that academic area, and enter the U.S. in a tenure or tenure track teaching or comparable research position at a university or other institution of higher education. If the employer is a private company rather that a university or educational institution, the department, division, or institute of the private employer must employ at least three persons full time in research activities and have achieved documented accomplishments in an academic field. Evidence that the professor or researcher is recognized as outstanding in the academic field must include documentation of at least two of the following: 1. Receipt of major prizes or awards for outstanding achievement; 2. Membership in associations that require their members to demonstrate outstanding achievements; 3. Published material in professional publications written by others about the alien's work in the academic field; 4. Participation, either on a panel or individually, as a judge of the work of others in the same or allied academic field; 5. Original scientific or scholarly research contributions in the field; 6. Authorship of scholarly books or articles (in scholarly journals with international circulation) in the field. Some executives and managers of foreign companies who are transferred to the U.S. may qualify. A multinational manager or executive is eligible for priority worker status if he or she has been employed outside the U.S. in the three years preceding the petition for at least one year by a firm or corporation and seeks to enter the U.S to continue service to that firm or organization. The employment must have been outside the United States in a managerial or executive capacity and with the same employer, an affiliate, or a subsidiary of the employer. The petitioner must be a U.S. employer, doing business for at least one year, that is an affiliate, a subsidiary, or the same employer as the firm, corporation or other legal entity that employed the foreign national abroad. Definitions of terms relevant to this EB-1 category are found in 8 CFR 204.5.
Dear Prof. Franklin , This is to recommend Dr. John Nash for a faculty position at your institution. John worked with me as a Ph. D. student at University of Illinois. John has a perfect academic record (straight A) and he has done extensive studies on complicated materials such as ### . Toward his Ph. D. thesis John has performed theoretical calculations on ### . His calculations take into the effects of ### . He made significant contribution to the understanding of the ### . His work with me has led to three publications. His work is of importance both from a scientific and a technological point of view. ###### . John is an intelligent and hard-working researcher. He has somewhat strong personality, but I had no problem getting along with him. He has exceptional skill that will make him an excellent researcher, once he devote to it. I think he will be a valuable asset to your department. Sincerely yours, John Bardeen Professor of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign _____________________________________________ ###### : technical description. Franklin, John Nash, John Bardeen : three virtual persons.
最近在研究一个区域管理学的组织模型: 设想一个组织,比如是区域组织,有大量的成员或者说人口,这些人口组成若干个人口集团,为了方便,不妨假设有 A , B , C , D 四个集团,四个集团的地理分布有一定的地域性,其中, A , C 集团地域分布是混杂的。其中, A 集团达到人口总数的大都市, B 集团, C 集团人口是少数, D 集团极少数。另外还有一种利益平衡力量,我们不妨叫它为权威。权威依据法律调协各人口集团。 现在这个区域的人口个体,或者说各个 agent 之间开始贸易,贸易的过程中利益冲突必然发生,并且以一定概率借助法律解决。现在权威因为某种原因要对少数人口群进行照顾,凡在贸易与民事冲突中,在法律上偏向少数人口集团,即社会实行有偏法律。 设想一个 A 集人与非 A 集人发生贸易,生意中冲突是经常发生的,发生了就要借助法律解决。可是按照有偏法律,必然导致对非 A 集人的优惠,非 A 集人在有偏法律下获得更多利益,由于资本追求最大利益的行为,非 A 集人就在下一次交易中再次挑战法律,结果 A 集人发现与非 A 集人交易使得自己充满风险利益,交易成本变大,这样他们就会选择尽可能地只与 A 集人交易。由于 A 集人群体大,他们内部的贸易足以支持自己的经济除非由于明显的地域分异导致的比较利益可以补偿不公平的交易。这时非 A 集人有三种选择: B 集人由于人口众多,可能形成自己的市场,因此自己有一定的发展前景,但是毕竟市场有限,在地域比较优势的引导下他们可能在具有比较优势的产业方面发展起来。他们的经济影响限制在有比较优势的产业,如果这个产业不是高额利润的,比方美国的高技术产品,他们由于市场的限制,经济就得不到发展,这时要求权威进一步优惠它们,如果权威进一步了,结果 A 集人与 B 集人的交易成本再次升高, A 集人就会发展替代产品,最终通过市场选择孤立 B 集人,进一步政策还其他非 B 集人也开始发现与 B 集人交易的风险和成本增大,也在市场上避开 B 集人;结果在这个区域中,虽然没有任何个人想孤立 B 集人,众多的非 B 集人不过是按照惹不起躲得起的鲁棒性原则行事导致了 B 集人的经济停滞。类似的情况也发生在 D 集人中,但是 D 集人口少,自己不能形成市场,他们为了交易,自愿放弃权威对非 A 集人自己的照顾,这样他们的贸易继续了。问题是 A 集人发现 D 集人的懦弱,结果为了追求最大利润,对 D 集人苛刻起来,弱小的 D 及人只能接受非 D 集人的选择。 D 集人聚集地区的比较优势被不平等贸易剥夺, D 集人贫困化。 C 集人没有自己的特定地域,他们没有地域比较优势可以利用,只有利用自己的一定人口规模和优惠地位与 A 集人博弈。如果 A 集人与 C 集人相互不可识别,同时地域的混杂性有使得 A 集人与 B 集人的转换没有迁移成本,许多 A 集人会选择把自己的身份变成 B 集人,这样 A 集人就孤立了。 在这个过程中,我们忽视的阶级的存在。现在建设每个集团存在两个阶级,其中一个需要大的贸易活动,是贵族,其他是平民。首先是 B 集贵族,他们感到除了比较优势产业没法与 A 集的贵族竞争,因此他们希望自己的集团截断与非 B 集人联系,独立,虽然这个独立对 B 集平民意味着更多的贫困,但是对贵族来说可以实现更多利益,所以他们是最坚定的独立战士。权威如果发现了这种独立倾向,一种方便的政策是用增强它们的贵族地位来安抚他们,可是这样使得他们更容易与 A 集各族频繁接触,而且权威不能不保护 A 贵族,因为权威是 A 贵族组成的,在不平等法律下,冲突就更多了, B 集贵族独立倾向各大。 A 集人的贵族由于利益存在转为 C 集人的概率很小,为了解决阶级平等, A 集平民则倾向于向 C 集人转移。 把这里的模型用在中国知识界,我们就会发现,广大土鳖是 A 集人,海龟是 B 集人或者 C 集人,错误的优惠政策使得土鳖与海龟对立的同时又使得土鳖努力变成海龟,主要依赖土鳖的权威让 A 集人特别离心离德起来,而 B+C 集人倾向把权威作为为自己不停提供优惠的工具而且处处防范自己成为没有权威优惠的 A 集人。同时 B 集贵族大海龟与 A 集各族院士和官员冲突更多,海龟的网站出现了中国院士的水平只相当于美国助理教授的挑战书, SCI 作为 B 集贵族的区域比较优势,被高度的特化。结果,整个国家 A , B , C 缺乏共同的利益目标,整个区域由于内部交易成本的升高,效率降低。 把这个模型用在国家,例如前苏联,格鲁吉亚人就是 B 集人,俄罗斯人 A 集人,而哈萨克人具有 D 集人性质,所以他们当年反对独立。就如经济贫困的贵州人、云南人。按照这里的模型,套用毛泽东的一句话:民族斗争,说道底是贵族阶级内部的斗争。大学生大抵是不关心龟鳖之争的,也不关心中国院士还是美国助理教授谁的水平高。 在我们中国有一件小事,是个秘密,我只告诉你一个人:重庆市有一个贫穷和艰苦的县,叫巫山县,艰苦到什么程度?国家批准的建设用地指标要不完,因为没有人愿意把钱投到那个鸟不拉屎的地方。于是土地置换给重庆市江北区,条件是招收自己的百姓做工人。这有点像印度的女人,嫁过去要带大笔嫁妆,是不是如歌曲唱的带上你的妹妹就不得而知了,反正小伙子不容易摊上个媳妇。就这个艰苦地方,出了一个孩子,破天荒考了重庆市高考第一名。可是人怕出名猪怕壮,一查,他把自己的身份改为少数民族了。再查,有 31 个孩子改了民族身份。于是乎 A 集贵族纷纷跳出来指责他们不诚实,有关权威也宣布取消他们的录取资格。那个什么香港大学也出来秀了一把。许多人想不通那个第一名的孩子为什么冒充少数民族呢?自己成绩都第一了?这是一个 A 集平民向 C 集平民转换的例子。这个例子的发生是因为少数民族可以得到优惠呀。在那么艰苦的一个县,孩子图自己有一个前程,想与已经得到优惠的重庆城里人,拉到一个起跑线。那些重庆城的孩子,进的好中学,可以得到北大、清华的优先录取,就要比这些得不到优惠教育条件的孩子更具有录取资格。在不平等环境下他们违法的实行身份置换,为了生存导致了孩子们的诚信丧失。 孔夫子说,治理一个区域:不患寡,患不均。 成员平等是组织和谐的基础 ,孔夫子是个管理学鼻祖。 顺便说一句,我支持对艰苦边远地区的学生入学实行优惠政策,无论他是那个民族的。也呼吁一下: 饶了巫山县的那些孩子吧!